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Speaker 1: Welcome to Stuff you should know, a production of iHeartRadio.

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Speaker 2: Hey, and welcome to this podcast. I'm Josh, and there's

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Speaker 2: Chuck and Jerry's here too. Did I flub that line?

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Speaker 1: Yes?

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Speaker 2: Am I going to retake it? No?

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Speaker 1: I am not welcome to the pod broadcast.

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Speaker 2: This is stuff you should know, by the way, the

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Speaker 2: Far out edition.

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Speaker 1: That's right, it's in stuff out there in space.

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Speaker 2: Yeah, and not just stuff in general. We're actually gonna

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Speaker 2: zero in on one specific piece of stuff that's out

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Speaker 2: there in space, a little planet called Saturn.

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Speaker 1: That's right. The ring to beauty. That's they'd like to

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Speaker 1: say in the biz it is.

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Speaker 2: Yet that's what the astrophysicists I'll call it. Uh huh

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Speaker 2: uh yeah. Or Saturn does have rings. It's not the

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Speaker 2: only planet with rings, as we'll see, or we can

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Speaker 2: see now. I think Jupiter and Uranus and is it

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Speaker 2: Mercury also that has rings, but they're just they don't

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Speaker 2: hold the candle the Saturn's rings.

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Speaker 1: Hey, get the candle away from Minis.

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Speaker 2: Saturn's also a really ancient planet in that, as far

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Speaker 2: as human experience goes, is for as long as we've

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Speaker 2: been looking up in the night sky, we've seen Saturn

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Speaker 2: because it is the sixth planet from the Sun. It's

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Speaker 2: also the furthest planet away that you can see with

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Speaker 2: the naked eye here on planet Earth.

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Speaker 1: You want to know something funny before we go any further. Yeah, always,

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Speaker 1: before we recorded, Emily was asking, as she sometimes does,

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Speaker 1: what we're recording, and I told her the two episodes

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Speaker 1: and she asked about Saturn and I was like, not

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Speaker 1: very interesting to me, and she said, so, what are

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Speaker 1: you gonna what do you do in those episodes? Just

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Speaker 1: like to commentary and make jokes. I went, well, there's

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Speaker 1: probably not gonna be a lot of jokes, and she said, well,

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Speaker 1: as long as you can make one about your and

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Speaker 1: I said, I don't think i'll be able to because

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Speaker 1: it's about Saturn and lo and behold a minute and

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Speaker 1: twenty end.

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Speaker 2: Yeah. Wow, Now you have two more times to bring

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Speaker 2: it back and then you'll have completed the comedy try.

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Speaker 1: I think that's a wonner, as they say, But I'm

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Speaker 1: just excited to report back to Emily that that happened

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Speaker 1: unexpectedly and delight delightedly.

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Speaker 2: Well, way to go, Chuck, I thought you said it

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Speaker 2: was going to be funny though, huh.

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Speaker 1: Hey you laughed? Was that bitty?

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Speaker 2: Let's just move on all right?

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Speaker 1: Great?

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Speaker 2: So oh yeah, Like I said, people have known about

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Speaker 2: Saturn for a very very long time, and in fact,

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Speaker 2: I think twenty five hundred years ago the first people

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Speaker 2: to document it were the Sumerians, and not too long

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Speaker 2: after that or around that time, in India the world's

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Speaker 2: oldest astronomy book, the Suriya Siddanta. Obviously whoever wrote it

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Speaker 2: was like, I'm going to try to guess the diameter

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Speaker 2: of Saturn, and I don't think they guessed at it,

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Speaker 2: like you know how many jelly beans are in this jar?

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Speaker 2: Kind of guess like they used math and geometry and

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Speaker 2: all sorts of great stuff. Sure, but this is long

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Speaker 2: before they should have. So what makes it impressive is

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Speaker 2: that they were only off by one thousand miles. So

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Speaker 2: today we believe that the diameter of Saturn is about

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Speaker 2: seventy four thousand, five hundred and eighty miles. In the

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Speaker 2: Suria Sedanta they guessed seventy three thousand are estimated seventy

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Speaker 2: three thousand, five hundred and eighty. That, my friend, is remarkable.

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Speaker 1: Yeah, the regular Lewis and or Clark kind of weren't

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Speaker 1: they famous for like almost guessing the distance.

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Speaker 2: Oh yes, yeah, great, great analogy. Sorry it was lost

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Speaker 2: on me. Yeah.

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Speaker 1: First, so the name itself, Saturn is named after Saturnus,

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Speaker 1: which is the god of agriculture and harvest. So it

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Speaker 1: came from the Romans. And you know, Saturn goes pretty

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Speaker 1: slowly across the sky. So the day Saturday is named

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Speaker 1: for Saturn, which is the last day of the week. Yeah,

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Speaker 1: and now we're going to compare Saturn to Earth in

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Speaker 1: a lot of scintillating ways. And we could start with

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Speaker 1: just the massive size, because it makes Earth look like

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Speaker 1: just a pee and a pocket. Basically, it makes.

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Speaker 2: It look like a nickel if Saturn was a volleyball.

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Speaker 2: NASA loves that one. If you ever look up Saturn,

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Speaker 2: NASA uses that every chance they get.

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Speaker 1: I wonder if when they got they got the nickel part.

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Speaker 1: And they were like, all right, well, we got to

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Speaker 1: find something laying around here that's as big as this distance.

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Speaker 1: And some guy was like, you know, there was one

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Speaker 1: sporty guy in the corner like practicing setting a volleyball spike.

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Speaker 1: He said, what about Jim over there is that.

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Speaker 2: Low hanging fruit Phil who is about.

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Speaker 1: To do that oh Man pork bill. But you know,

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Speaker 1: you're right, nickel compared to a volleyball is pretty good.

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Speaker 1: But let's talk equator. The equator's close to ten times

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Speaker 1: larger than Earth at two hundred and twenty seven miles around,

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Speaker 1: compared to Earth badly little twenty five thousand miles.

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Speaker 2: Yeah, it's got an extra spare tire compared to Earth's,

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Speaker 2: you know, totally. One of the things about Saturn though,

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Speaker 2: if you were, if you aren't like an astronomy type,

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Speaker 2: the kind of planet that Saturn is is a gas giant,

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Speaker 2: which means that it's made largely of gas or gases.

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Speaker 2: So to be a gas giant, you don't have to

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Speaker 2: just be a big ball of gas, but you're made

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Speaker 2: of things that typically are considered gases on the periodic table.

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Speaker 2: Let's just get that straight right out of the gate. Okay, right,

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Speaker 2: But if you put the whole thing together, Saturn doesn't

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Speaker 2: have a surface to speak of. If you can go

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Speaker 2: far enough in toward the center, you might eventually hit

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Speaker 2: something you could stand on, but you would be under

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Speaker 2: so much heat and pressure that you wouldn't be thinking

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Speaker 2: about standing on the surface anymore. You'd have other problems.

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Speaker 1: Yeah, it's a very not dense planet, and some say

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Speaker 1: could even float in water if there was water that large.

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Speaker 1: A pool, yeah, or I don't know. A pond.

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Speaker 2: Sure, isn't that what they call lakes up in the Northeast.

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Speaker 1: You know, I don't know the difference between a pond.

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Speaker 2: And a lake in Maine. There is no difference.

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Speaker 1: I would think a pond is human made, but there

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Speaker 1: are many human made lakes too, so I don't know.

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Speaker 1: I'll have to look that up.

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Speaker 2: I always assumed it was size like pond is smaller,

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Speaker 2: lake is larger. Well that's what That's how you remember

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Speaker 2: lake l large.

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Speaker 1: Large l and pond puny nice one. I mean that

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Speaker 1: seems obvious, but surely there's something else, but maybe not.

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Speaker 1: We'll look into that. More to come on, ponds and links.

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Speaker 2: Okay, I'll keep talking while you look at it.

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Speaker 1: Well, I was going to talk, So why don't you

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Speaker 1: look it up. Earth is the third planet out as

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Speaker 1: modest mouse will tell you. They're about ninety two million

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Speaker 1: miles away, or we are rather. Saturn is the sixth

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Speaker 1: planet away from the Sun, and things really pick up

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Speaker 1: after you after you get away from Earth about eight

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Speaker 1: hundred and eighty six million miles, which is going to

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Speaker 1: mean they're gonna be a very cold planet because they

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Speaker 1: get not nearly as much sun They get about one

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Speaker 1: point two percent of the sunlight that we get, which

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Speaker 1: means the average temperature in the upper atmosphere of Saturn

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Speaker 1: is a very chilly negative two hundred and twenty degree fahrenheit.

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Speaker 2: Or negative one hundred and forty celsius for our non

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Speaker 2: American liberian or can't remember the third one friends, that's right.

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Speaker 2: So there's some other interesting things that happen because it

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Speaker 2: gets such little sunlight. But one of the things that

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Speaker 2: astronomers were surprised by at first was Saturn's atmosphere that

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Speaker 2: is very cold, but it's not nearly as cold as

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Speaker 2: you would expect for how far away from the sun

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Speaker 2: it is and how little sunlight it gets. And they

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Speaker 2: finally figured out the reason why is because Saturn generates

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Speaker 2: its own internal heat. That's why it's not as cold

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Speaker 2: as it as it should be. That'sn't me yeah, exactly,

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Speaker 2: you could never be cold if you tried.

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Speaker 1: Man, I've been cold, but and when I get cold,

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Speaker 1: I have a very hard time warming up.

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Speaker 2: I meant, in like the figurative sense, you know, like.

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Speaker 1: Like a cold emotional individual. Yes, yes, oh well.

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Speaker 2: Thank you. So there's a couple other things about being

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Speaker 2: that far away from the Sun. I think it takes

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Speaker 2: eighty minutes for sunlight to get there. That's a long

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Speaker 2: time to stand around and wait for sunlight. We only

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Speaker 2: have to wait like eight minutes here on Earth.

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Speaker 1: Yeah, So when they flick that switch on, you just

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Speaker 1: got it. You got a huddle, hunker down, right.

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Speaker 2: And then so in its orbit around the Sun, it

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Speaker 2: takes almost thirty earth years for Saturn to complete a year.

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Speaker 1: Yeah, because you know, they're rotating very very quickly on

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Speaker 1: its axis, second fastest in the Solar system, second just

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Speaker 1: behind Jupiter. But if you're talking rotation speed here on Earth,

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Speaker 1: we're going at about nine hundred and seventy eight miles

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Speaker 1: an hour. Saturn is twenty three thousand miles an hour.

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Speaker 2: Yeah, almost, no more than twenty three times faster than he.

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Speaker 1: And that's going to give it a short day, about

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Speaker 1: a ten point seven hour day.

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Speaker 2: Yes, And here on Earth, for comparison, a day is

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Speaker 2: more than twenty hours long.

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Speaker 1: That's right.

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Speaker 2: So I said earlier, Chuck, that Saturn's a gas giant

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Speaker 2: and the two gases that it's most fond of our

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Speaker 2: hydrogen and helium, and overall, the I think the composition

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Speaker 2: of its atmosphere is about three quarters hydrogen one helium,

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Speaker 2: but in the planet itself it has far less hydrogen

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Speaker 2: than helium. That's about all you really need to know

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Speaker 2: about those two for now. But the point of the

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Speaker 2: whole thing is that there is an atmosphere. There are

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Speaker 2: different layers, and the atmosphere itself is about thirty seven

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Speaker 2: miles thick, and it is just generally gas, but it's

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Speaker 2: also super freaky, as we'll see. But if we zoom

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Speaker 2: in a little further, drop down a little further into Saturn,

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Speaker 2: into its center, and we make it through the thirty

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Speaker 2: seven mile thick atmosphere, we're suddenly going to find out

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Speaker 2: that the pressure is extraordinarily great in the next layer,

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Speaker 2: which is a layer of liquid hydrogen.

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Speaker 1: Yeah, and it's liquid hydrogen because of that pressure. It's

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Speaker 1: the It's just such a massive planet that here on Earth,

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Speaker 1: if we want to make liquid hydrogen, you have to

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Speaker 1: cool that gas down to very very low temperatures like

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Speaker 1: negative four hundred and twenty three degrees fahrenheit. But it's

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Speaker 1: just the pressure on Saturn. Even though those are high temperatures,

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Speaker 1: that pressure alone can make that gas a liquid, which

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Speaker 1: is incredible.

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Speaker 2: It really is. And then it gets even crazier because

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Speaker 2: so further in towards the core, toward the center of

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Speaker 2: the planet, that liquid hydrogen turns into a completely different

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Speaker 2: kind of thing that they call liquid metallic hydrogen. It's

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Speaker 2: still again on the periodic table, the gas even though

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Speaker 2: it's in liquid form, but it behaves like a metal

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Speaker 2: and that it can conduct electricity. So imagine hydrogen gas

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Speaker 2: conducting electricity. And once you put your head back together,

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Speaker 2: because it got blown so wide open from that, you

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Speaker 2: will understand now how heat is generated inside Saturn. It's

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Speaker 2: from that liquid metallic hydrogen just acting like it ain't

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Speaker 2: supposed to. The reason why is because it's so compressed

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Speaker 2: from the pressure toward the center that everything, even the

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Speaker 2: electrons you remember like electrons are they are to like

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Speaker 2: a nucleus of an atom. What you know. I think

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Speaker 2: the outer planets in our Solar system is to the Sun,

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Speaker 2: they're really far away from it. This pressure is so

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Speaker 2: great in saturn center that their electrons are touching. It's

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Speaker 2: all mushed together. And that's why it's behaving weirdly, because

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Speaker 2: the electrons can conduct electricity a lot more easily.

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Speaker 1: And then if you want to go further down to

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Speaker 1: the core, you talk about hot. We don't know for

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Speaker 1: sure because you can't get in there. They've tried, they've tried,

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Speaker 1: But the current belief right now is that it's basically

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Speaker 1: compressed molten iron into a ball about the size of

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Speaker 1: fifty five earth and a temperature of about fifteen thousand

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Speaker 1: degrees fahrenheit.

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Speaker 2: Which is hotter than the surface of the Sun.

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Speaker 1: Hot hot stuff in there.

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Speaker 2: But if we're going to compare core to core, the

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Speaker 2: core of the Sun is twenty seven million degrees fahrenheight.

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Speaker 2: Note I saw one other thing about the core of Saturn,

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Speaker 2: and then maybe we'll take a break. Apparently some researchers

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Speaker 2: have concluded that it's actually slushy, so it's not solid,

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Speaker 2: which makes sense. I mean, you'd think it'd be kind

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Speaker 2: of moltener in some weird state, but that it's also

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Speaker 2: made of in addition to iron, ice, rock and gas,

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Speaker 2: and how there could possibly be ice in the core

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Speaker 2: that's fifteen thousand degrees fahrenheit is totally beyond me. I

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Speaker 2: couldn't see a good explanation of this whatsoever. It's possible

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Speaker 2: that the researchers who've proposed this completely off their rockers.

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Speaker 2: I don't know, but I thought it was worth mentioning

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Speaker 2: because I think that's fantastic if it is true. And

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Speaker 2: hopefully there's the stuff you should know listener who is

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Speaker 2: out there as like grave and I'm going to email

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Speaker 2: in and explain to Josh and Chuck how there could

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Speaker 2: possibly be ice there.

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Speaker 1: That would be great.

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Speaker 2: Yep, Okay, you want to take that huge four promised break.

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Speaker 1: Yeah, let's do it and we'll be back on I

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Speaker 1: don't know. Let's talk about like how Saturn was sworn

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Speaker 1: to begin with, right after this. All right, So there

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Speaker 1: are a couple of theories about how Saturn was formed.

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Speaker 1: If you're a if you're a regular human walking around

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Speaker 1: planet Earth, you might hear both of these and say

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Speaker 1: sounds like like you're kind of talking about basically the

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Speaker 1: same thing.

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Speaker 2: Yeah.

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Speaker 1: If you're an astrophysicist, you might glavin out as you

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Speaker 1: mentioned before, that's two Glavin's and say, oh no, no, no,

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Speaker 1: it is a very very polarizing question in astrophysics, and

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Speaker 1: to us this different is very large. So yeah, so

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Speaker 1: if you're an astrophysicist out there, this might really excite you.

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Speaker 1: If you're not, would I would dare you. I would

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Speaker 1: urge you to try and be delighted in the minutia

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Speaker 1: of the difference of science and how important that can be.

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Speaker 2: The question about how Saturn or gas giants like Saturn

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Speaker 2: form is more polarizing than the proposal to rename Uranus. Right,

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Speaker 2: if we work together, that's two.

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Speaker 1: That's two.

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Speaker 2: So I'm going to explain the difference because I find

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Speaker 2: this fascinating. There's the main generally accepted model of how

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Speaker 2: planets form, including gas giants like Saturn, is called the

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Speaker 2: core accretion model, and that is basically, when a star forms,

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Speaker 2: like our Sun, it forms out of dust and gas

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Speaker 2: and all sorts of crazy stuff, and there's a lot

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Speaker 2: of other debris that starts swirling around it, forming a disc,

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Speaker 2: and that's where planets form from. There's all sorts of

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Speaker 2: collisions and things get bigger and kind of clump together,

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Speaker 2: and as they get bigger, they attract more stuff. And

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Speaker 2: the closer you are into, the closer you are to

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Speaker 2: the star, the more likely you are to attract heavy

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Speaker 2: stuff like say, iron, nickel, stuff that makes up rocky planets, right,

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Speaker 2: And everybody's like corecretion model, that's just how planets form.

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Speaker 2: But then there's a group of like renegade astrophysicists led

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Speaker 2: by a guy named Alan Boss, who are basically like no.

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Speaker 2: That leaves a couple of questions out there. One is

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Speaker 2: that there's less rocky debris in the outer reaches of

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Speaker 2: this disc that's swirling around the Sun, so you know,

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Speaker 2: how can a gas giant be made out of rocky core?

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Speaker 2: And then secondly that the remnants that are out there,

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Speaker 2: say like dust and gases like hydrogen and helium, they

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Speaker 2: will float away into outer space and out of the

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Speaker 2: Solar System and out of reach before a gas giant

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Speaker 2: could form using the core accretion model. So what they've

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Speaker 2: come up with instead is called the disk instability model.

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Speaker 2: And they said, you don't need rocky stuff like iron

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Speaker 2: and nickel to form a gas giant. It forms from

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Speaker 2: gases from the start, And the core accretion model people said, okay,

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Speaker 2: smart guys, how how could that possibly happen? And the

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Speaker 2: disk instability model people said that that swirling disk becomes

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Speaker 2: so compressed and so dense from swirling around the Sun

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Speaker 2: for so long that when it breaks up, some of

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Speaker 2: that dust and gas has enough density that it can

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Speaker 2: attract other dust and gases and hence form a gas giant.

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Speaker 2: And the core accretion model people were a gog.

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Speaker 1: I love that word, by the way, I do too.

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Speaker 2: It works really well well.

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Speaker 1: Another remarkable thing about Saturn are the just incredible storms

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Speaker 1: that have and around Saturn. There's a very large temperature

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Speaker 1: difference between the very hot interlators that we were talking about.

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Speaker 1: I can't remember how many degrees fahrenheit.

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Speaker 2: We said, but fifteen thousand, yeah.

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Speaker 1: Fifteen thousand, and then the very icy atmosphere out there

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Speaker 1: is very very cold I see obviously, and so near

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Speaker 1: the equator you're going to have winds that are going

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Speaker 1: about one thousand miles an hour. You've got a very

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Speaker 1: erratic atmosphere, so it's not like it's just constantly stormy.

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Speaker 1: There may be years that go between storms, but then

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Speaker 1: they might go through a storm that lasts like literal

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Speaker 1: years and years and years. They photograph one with the

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Speaker 1: Cassini probe in twenty ten, and this storm was so

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Speaker 1: big and this is you know, on a big planet

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Speaker 1: that it went all the way around and met itself

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Speaker 1: like a single storm system like Borros. Yeah, that is

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Speaker 1: just I mean, we've seen some crazy storms here in

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Speaker 1: recent years where like, you know, from middle Mexico all

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Speaker 1: the way up through like the northeast of the United States.

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Speaker 1: I'll and I'll look at a Doppler and be like,

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Speaker 1: that's incredible to see a storm that large. So imagine

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Speaker 1: when going all around the entire planet of Earth, and

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Speaker 1: then imagine Earth's size and relation to Saturn, and that'll

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Speaker 1: kind of tell you how big of a storm we're

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Speaker 1: talking about.

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Speaker 2: Yeah, it's absolutely nuts. And the reason why that it's

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Speaker 2: got such a crazy atmosphere is because of that temperature difference,

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Speaker 2: the temperature gradient. So remember we were talking about how

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Speaker 2: tornadoes form on Earth and the tornado alley short stuff

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Speaker 2: that you have to have a temperature gradient. Apparently the

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Speaker 2: same thing happens on Saturn as well. But there's also Chuck,

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Speaker 2: a really weird weather system that does not come and go.

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Speaker 2: It's essentially a feature, it seems like, because it was

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Speaker 2: first photographed in nineteen eighty one when the Voyager two

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Speaker 2: probe did a fly by of Saturn and when the

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Speaker 2: Cassini mission arrived I think in like two thousand and

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Speaker 2: nine or ten or something like that, it saw the

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Speaker 2: exact same thing was essentially there. So what they figured

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Speaker 2: out is it's not a storm. It's a really really

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Speaker 2: fast jet stream. But the thing about it, I'm sure

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Speaker 2: people out there who are familiar with jet streams are like,

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Speaker 2: so big, whoop, Well get this. This jet stream forms

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Speaker 2: a hexagon around the top of the planet. It's one

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Speaker 2: of the weirdest things I've ever seen.

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Speaker 1: Yeah, it's like you said, they photographed it in nineteen

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Speaker 1: eighty one, and then I think the Cassini Huygens mission

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Speaker 1: ended in twenty seventeen and it was still there and

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Speaker 1: still basically looked the same, and I can only reckon

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Speaker 1: that it's still like that today.

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Speaker 2: Yeah, I think that's a good reckon.

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Speaker 1: We're talking five hundred mile an hour winds at the

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Speaker 1: center of this vortex, and they think that weird shape

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Speaker 1: is due to the really fast rotation, which makes a

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Speaker 1: bulge at the equator and flattens things out at the pole.

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Speaker 1: So it's just created this really strange kind of jet stream,

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Speaker 1: this strange shape.

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Speaker 2: Yeah, So I think, Chuck, we can't really put it

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Speaker 2: off any longer. I believe that it's time to talk

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Speaker 2: about Saturn's rings because I mean, imagine if we didn't

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Speaker 2: in this episode.

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Speaker 1: Yeah, I mean you mentioned, you know, it's not the

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Speaker 1: only one with rings. I know you mentioned myanus.

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Speaker 2: Sorry that's three.

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Speaker 1: I know that's the lowest of lowing fruit.

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Speaker 2: Though Phil would be like, that's fine.

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Speaker 1: Yeah, Phil would love it. But Neptune and Jupiter, I'm

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Speaker 1: not sure if you mentioned those. Those are some other

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Speaker 1: ringed planets. But Saturns are like, those are the show stoppers.

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Speaker 1: They're incredible. If you've ever you know, do yourself a favor,

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Speaker 1: if you've never looked at like real pictures, like telescopic

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Speaker 1: pictures of Saturn, like, do so, because oh it's incredible

378
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Speaker 1: looking these pictures.

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Speaker 2: I have an anecdote about that.

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Speaker 1: Let's hear it.

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Speaker 2: So remember we did an Australian tour a few years back.

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Speaker 1: It was great.

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Speaker 2: Yes, yeah, it was on one of the days off.

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Speaker 2: You mean, I went to the Sydney Observatory one night.

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Speaker 2: Oh cool, and they had just happened to have one

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Speaker 2: of their telescopes trained on Saturn and you could lean

387
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Speaker 2: over and look through the eyepiece. And we did, and

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Speaker 2: both of us just started laughing because it looked so fake,

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Speaker 2: like a little white cutout of Saturn, just fat as.

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Speaker 2: It just looked like they were like, we can't find Saturn,

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Speaker 2: so we're gonna.

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Speaker 1: Have to put this slide exactly.

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Speaker 2: But the volunteer was looking at us like, what do

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Speaker 2: you what's so funny about Saturn. Basically we just moved along.

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Speaker 2: But that was our that's my Saturn annexode.

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Speaker 1: And you said it looked fake, and he's like, that's real, man.

397
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Speaker 2: No, we didn't. We didn't bother to say anything. It

398
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Speaker 2: was mine and Yumi's little joke.

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Speaker 1: That was the worst aussy accent I've ever done, and

400
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Speaker 1: I've done some pretty good ones over the years. I

401
00:22:52,320 --> 00:22:53,120
Speaker 1: don't know what happened.

402
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Speaker 2: It sounded like Billy Ray Cyrus trying.

403
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Speaker 1: To be h It came out so wrong. It was

404
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Speaker 1: very strange. It sound about in my head right before

405
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Speaker 1: I said it. So yeah, any aside from the telescope

406
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Speaker 1: slide fake, it's just incredible looking and the sort of

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Speaker 1: knockout fact is we're still not exactly sure where these

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Speaker 1: rings came from.

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Speaker 2: And we've known about the rings, so I remember people

410
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Speaker 2: have known about Saturn since we started looking up at

411
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Speaker 2: the sky, but you can't see the rings. But right

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Speaker 2: when people started inventing telescopes, they noticed that Saturn had

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Speaker 2: something weird going on. In sixteen ten, Galileo, the astronomer

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Speaker 2: made famous by the Indigo Girls, he spotted Saturn's rings

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Speaker 2: in his telescope, but it wasn't of high enough quality

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Speaker 2: for him to be like, those are rings. He thought

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Speaker 2: they were like bulges on the side, like handles on

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Speaker 2: a pot or something like that. He wasn't quite sure

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Speaker 2: what the heck it was. He actually, I think thought

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Speaker 2: it was like a three body system, like two huge

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Speaker 2: moons in a planet, and it wasn't. But I mean,

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Speaker 2: fifty years later, I guess even less that. Christian Huggins said,

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Speaker 2: I've got a much better telescope now, and those are rings.

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Speaker 2: I bet my bottom dollar on it. That was his

425
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Speaker 2: famous quote.

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Speaker 1: You know what Galileo's crime was.

427
00:24:13,480 --> 00:24:17,600
Speaker 2: Loving too much looking up the truth? Is that what

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00:24:17,720 --> 00:24:18,439
Speaker 2: the lyric is?

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Speaker 1: Yeah, that's a great song, sure it is. You know

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Speaker 1: I went to the same orthodontist as Emily from Indigo Girls.

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Speaker 1: Oh that's great, that's my claim to fame.

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Speaker 2: Did I can't even come up with a joke. But yes, that's.

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Speaker 1: Great, shout out to oh God, doctor Blake. Hope he's

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Speaker 1: still around. He may not be. This was in the

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Speaker 1: eighties and he was okay and is probably. I mean,

436
00:24:48,480 --> 00:24:50,840
Speaker 1: he looked at seventy, but that means he was probably.

437
00:24:50,600 --> 00:24:52,040
Speaker 2: Fifty right in the eighties. Sure.

438
00:24:52,640 --> 00:24:55,480
Speaker 1: Yeah, And just for my teenage gays, you know, I.

439
00:24:55,400 --> 00:24:58,320
Speaker 2: Was gonna say that's that was mean, Like this is

440
00:24:58,320 --> 00:24:59,840
Speaker 2: like a recent person he went to.

441
00:25:00,800 --> 00:25:02,560
Speaker 1: No, he could still be around. He could be in

442
00:25:02,600 --> 00:25:04,720
Speaker 1: his nineties probably, But I hope he is. I hope

443
00:25:04,720 --> 00:25:06,040
Speaker 1: he's still putting braces on kids.

444
00:25:06,119 --> 00:25:09,160
Speaker 2: Yeah, they don't want them, but he's doing it anyway.

445
00:25:09,480 --> 00:25:12,520
Speaker 1: He's putting like nineteen eighties braces on kids, though they've

446
00:25:12,520 --> 00:25:14,359
Speaker 1: come a long way. And he's like, no, these metal

447
00:25:14,359 --> 00:25:15,560
Speaker 1: bands go around your teeth.

448
00:25:15,840 --> 00:25:17,399
Speaker 2: The lip slashers.

449
00:25:17,800 --> 00:25:21,720
Speaker 1: Oh god, all right, So back to the rings. They

450
00:25:21,800 --> 00:25:25,919
Speaker 1: are ninety five percent ice. It's rock and ice, but

451
00:25:26,040 --> 00:25:30,200
Speaker 1: ninety five percent of it is ice. And these are particles.

452
00:25:30,200 --> 00:25:33,360
Speaker 1: But when you say particles, it could be a particle

453
00:25:33,440 --> 00:25:36,240
Speaker 1: like a sandy grain, but it could also be like

454
00:25:36,280 --> 00:25:41,359
Speaker 1: a large boulder like they very widely in size. And

455
00:25:41,440 --> 00:25:44,400
Speaker 1: here's the thing about those rings too. They are very

456
00:25:44,480 --> 00:25:49,119
Speaker 1: very wide, but comparatively they are very very thin. I

457
00:25:49,119 --> 00:25:52,560
Speaker 1: think the farthest ring, which is one hundred and seventy

458
00:25:52,640 --> 00:25:57,080
Speaker 1: five thousand miles from the upper atmosphere of Saturn, is

459
00:25:57,119 --> 00:26:01,679
Speaker 1: seven thousand times the diameter of planet, but only about

460
00:26:01,720 --> 00:26:04,520
Speaker 1: thirty to sixty feet wide or thick, I guess.

461
00:26:04,240 --> 00:26:08,040
Speaker 2: And that nuts. Yeah, I mean that's crazy. Like, how

462
00:26:08,040 --> 00:26:10,560
Speaker 2: does that thing even exist? Is my question.

463
00:26:10,560 --> 00:26:11,520
Speaker 1: We're about to tell you.

464
00:26:12,119 --> 00:26:16,560
Speaker 2: So if you look at Saturn, especially through a Sydney

465
00:26:16,600 --> 00:26:20,560
Speaker 2: based telescope, you're gonna see that it looks like it's

466
00:26:20,600 --> 00:26:23,720
Speaker 2: it basically like kind of cocked its rings to the

467
00:26:23,840 --> 00:26:26,959
Speaker 2: side like a hat, a jaunty cap, as I put it.

468
00:26:27,560 --> 00:26:30,000
Speaker 1: Yeah, I do that sometimes with certain caps exactly.

469
00:26:30,040 --> 00:26:33,399
Speaker 2: Who doesn't. Everybody's familiar with that. Now, the thing is

470
00:26:33,400 --> 00:26:37,320
Speaker 2: is Saturn's not doing that. Actually, if you straighten Saturn out,

471
00:26:37,440 --> 00:26:42,760
Speaker 2: its rings would be roughly parallel to its equator. It

472
00:26:42,800 --> 00:26:47,159
Speaker 2: turns out that Saturn itself is jauntily cocked to the

473
00:26:47,240 --> 00:26:50,720
Speaker 2: side too, to the tune of twenty seven degrees and

474
00:26:50,840 --> 00:26:54,840
Speaker 2: Earth's axial tilt I think is what it's called. So

475
00:26:54,880 --> 00:26:59,080
Speaker 2: the tilt relative to the plane of orbit around the Sun,

476
00:26:59,400 --> 00:27:02,800
Speaker 2: black plane tilted planet. Let's just leave it at that.

477
00:27:03,480 --> 00:27:07,600
Speaker 2: Earth's twenty three degrees, so twenty seven isn't that much more.

478
00:27:07,840 --> 00:27:11,560
Speaker 2: But Saturn's rings like really point out how angled the

479
00:27:11,600 --> 00:27:13,080
Speaker 2: whole thing is. Yeah.

480
00:27:13,119 --> 00:27:15,800
Speaker 1: Yeah, if we had a little jaunty cap, then Earth

481
00:27:15,840 --> 00:27:18,080
Speaker 1: would look good jaunty as well, I guess.

482
00:27:18,119 --> 00:27:19,920
Speaker 2: Yeah. But the other thing about it too, is with

483
00:27:20,080 --> 00:27:24,399
Speaker 2: an axial tilt that pronounced like Earth's and like Saturns,

484
00:27:25,400 --> 00:27:28,280
Speaker 2: that's how you have seasons. Some parts are closer to

485
00:27:28,320 --> 00:27:31,320
Speaker 2: the Sun at different times of the year. Same thing

486
00:27:31,359 --> 00:27:34,800
Speaker 2: on Saturn. But since Saturn's years are almost thirty Earth

487
00:27:34,880 --> 00:27:38,000
Speaker 2: years long, that would mean that the seasons are like

488
00:27:38,160 --> 00:27:43,199
Speaker 2: seven years long on Saturn. Yeah, seven year spring. Who

489
00:27:43,240 --> 00:27:44,680
Speaker 2: wouldn't want that.

490
00:27:44,680 --> 00:27:45,960
Speaker 1: That's a good band name right there.

491
00:27:46,160 --> 00:27:48,080
Speaker 2: It is, It really is, Chuck.

492
00:27:49,640 --> 00:27:52,480
Speaker 1: These rings are separated, obviously. When you look at them,

493
00:27:52,480 --> 00:27:54,879
Speaker 1: you can tell there are gaps in between, and some

494
00:27:54,960 --> 00:27:57,200
Speaker 1: are brighter than others, some are more dense than others.

495
00:27:57,720 --> 00:28:00,200
Speaker 1: And because of that, they you know, when they knowed

496
00:28:00,240 --> 00:28:02,440
Speaker 1: the rings, they didn't know about all of them. They

497
00:28:02,440 --> 00:28:07,520
Speaker 1: were discovered individually over time and named A, B, C, D, E, F,

498
00:28:07,560 --> 00:28:10,480
Speaker 1: and G. And order of when they were found, but

499
00:28:10,600 --> 00:28:12,720
Speaker 1: that's not the actual order of where they are. If

500
00:28:12,760 --> 00:28:14,840
Speaker 1: you just started at Saturn and work your way out, right,

501
00:28:15,119 --> 00:28:18,600
Speaker 1: in that case, it would be DCB, A, F, G

502
00:28:18,920 --> 00:28:19,720
Speaker 1: and then E.

503
00:28:20,520 --> 00:28:22,920
Speaker 2: The best mnemonic device I could come up to, remember

504
00:28:22,960 --> 00:28:27,040
Speaker 2: that is, don't choose brunch and four go grits and eggs.

505
00:28:29,960 --> 00:28:30,600
Speaker 1: That's pretty good.

506
00:28:30,640 --> 00:28:31,600
Speaker 2: Yeah, I thought so too.

507
00:28:32,000 --> 00:28:34,560
Speaker 1: I thought just a nonsense joke was coming my way,

508
00:28:34,560 --> 00:28:39,200
Speaker 1: But no, that one actually makes sense. Yeah, nice, nice work, Yeah,

509
00:28:39,280 --> 00:28:39,760
Speaker 1: Phil A.

510
00:28:39,880 --> 00:28:44,240
Speaker 2: Bruise, good. Thanks Phil. So if you ever noticed Saturn's

511
00:28:44,280 --> 00:28:46,960
Speaker 2: rings also, there's like dark stripes in between them that's

512
00:28:46,960 --> 00:28:50,920
Speaker 2: actually voids in between the rings, right that Saturn's got

513
00:28:51,000 --> 00:28:55,200
Speaker 2: tons of rings, some are bigger than others, and when

514
00:28:55,240 --> 00:28:57,120
Speaker 2: you kind of look at them from afar, it just

515
00:28:57,120 --> 00:29:01,560
Speaker 2: looks like they have what is that seven seven rings,

516
00:29:01,760 --> 00:29:03,680
Speaker 2: but there's actually way more. These are just the rings

517
00:29:03,680 --> 00:29:06,840
Speaker 2: that we can see and identify, and they're they're differentiated

518
00:29:06,880 --> 00:29:09,440
Speaker 2: by these gaps, and there's a huge gap I think

519
00:29:09,480 --> 00:29:13,320
Speaker 2: between the B ring and the A ring. So it's

520
00:29:13,360 --> 00:29:15,480
Speaker 2: about in the middle of Saturn's rings. It's called the

521
00:29:15,520 --> 00:29:20,440
Speaker 2: Cassini division and it's about three thousand miles across.

522
00:29:21,200 --> 00:29:22,200
Speaker 1: Yeah, and it's a gap.

523
00:29:22,360 --> 00:29:24,000
Speaker 2: Yeah, it is a big gap. And kind of put

524
00:29:24,040 --> 00:29:28,320
Speaker 2: this in perspective, especially for our American friends. If you

525
00:29:28,440 --> 00:29:32,120
Speaker 2: took Seattle and you took Boston, and you erase the

526
00:29:32,120 --> 00:29:35,360
Speaker 2: country in between them and replace it with the void

527
00:29:35,360 --> 00:29:39,000
Speaker 2: of space, the people in Seattle and Boston could look

528
00:29:39,000 --> 00:29:42,080
Speaker 2: out from one another across what was roughly the size

529
00:29:42,120 --> 00:29:47,640
Speaker 2: of the Cassini Division. I like that analogy. I don't

530
00:29:47,680 --> 00:29:49,120
Speaker 2: know what's so funny about.

531
00:29:48,840 --> 00:29:53,120
Speaker 1: It, Daddy, how far is three thousand miles?

532
00:29:54,120 --> 00:29:57,040
Speaker 2: Okay? But it was replacing it with the void of

533
00:29:57,120 --> 00:29:59,280
Speaker 2: space that I think really drove it home. If you

534
00:29:59,360 --> 00:30:03,240
Speaker 2: ask me, Yeah, do you know how long I went

535
00:30:03,320 --> 00:30:06,440
Speaker 2: into a distance calculator to figure out two cities that

536
00:30:06,520 --> 00:30:09,560
Speaker 2: most people know are roughly three thousand miles apart.

537
00:30:10,800 --> 00:30:17,280
Speaker 1: Did you come up with that? Yeah? So the Cassini Division.

538
00:30:17,280 --> 00:30:21,040
Speaker 1: The cause of that whole thing is the interaction gravitationally

539
00:30:21,080 --> 00:30:23,840
Speaker 1: speaking with the moon. And we'll talk about the various

540
00:30:23,840 --> 00:30:27,080
Speaker 1: moons coming up. But the moon, I guess, is it mimis.

541
00:30:27,080 --> 00:30:28,080
Speaker 1: It is not mimas, is it.

542
00:30:28,400 --> 00:30:29,560
Speaker 2: I've been saying mimis.

543
00:30:30,080 --> 00:30:31,720
Speaker 1: Yeah, I've been saying mimis in my head.

544
00:30:31,560 --> 00:30:33,120
Speaker 2: Although Mimas makes sense too.

545
00:30:34,320 --> 00:30:37,680
Speaker 1: Yeah, but I like Mimas okay, because it's not Titan.

546
00:30:37,760 --> 00:30:41,520
Speaker 1: It's Titan depending on where you live, though, I guess so.

547
00:30:42,360 --> 00:30:45,560
Speaker 1: But the particles in that b ring orbit about two

548
00:30:45,680 --> 00:30:51,840
Speaker 1: times for each of Mimis's trip around Saturn, and each

549
00:30:51,880 --> 00:30:54,960
Speaker 1: time they're going to pass, Mimis has the chance to

550
00:30:55,800 --> 00:31:00,640
Speaker 1: inflict a little gravitational influence on those particles, and that

551
00:31:00,840 --> 00:31:04,440
Speaker 1: just accumulates, basically, and it creates a very steady gravitational

552
00:31:04,480 --> 00:31:07,440
Speaker 1: force on those particles. It's just going to hold them

553
00:31:07,520 --> 00:31:09,720
Speaker 1: right there in place, and they're not gonna drift into

554
00:31:09,760 --> 00:31:11,280
Speaker 1: the gap. They're gonna stay nice and tight.

555
00:31:11,400 --> 00:31:14,080
Speaker 2: Yeah, that's pretty cool. That's how that's how the Cassini

556
00:31:14,120 --> 00:31:18,480
Speaker 2: division is created by that gravitational pull and me Mimis

557
00:31:18,520 --> 00:31:22,360
Speaker 2: also is nicknamed the Death Star because if you look

558
00:31:22,360 --> 00:31:24,680
Speaker 2: at a picture of Mimis, it looks an awful lot

559
00:31:24,760 --> 00:31:27,840
Speaker 2: like the Death Star. Yeah, and the death Star that's

560
00:31:27,880 --> 00:31:33,400
Speaker 2: a it's like a space fortress in the Star Wars movies.

561
00:31:34,280 --> 00:31:37,080
Speaker 1: That's no planet, that's right, But no, it's a moon.

562
00:31:38,720 --> 00:31:40,120
Speaker 1: Oh that's no moon. Was that what it was?

563
00:31:40,160 --> 00:31:42,480
Speaker 2: No? I'm saying he was right. It isn't a planet,

564
00:31:42,560 --> 00:31:43,040
Speaker 2: it's a moon.

565
00:31:44,120 --> 00:31:46,080
Speaker 1: I can't remember the line that was it that's no planet.

566
00:31:46,120 --> 00:31:46,880
Speaker 1: I think that's what it was.

567
00:31:46,920 --> 00:31:49,960
Speaker 2: I'm pretty sure when the Hans solo is saying that, Yeah.

568
00:31:49,800 --> 00:31:51,560
Speaker 1: I think so. But you know, it's no big deal

569
00:31:51,600 --> 00:31:52,720
Speaker 1: if you gets Star Wars stuff wrong.

570
00:31:52,800 --> 00:31:55,640
Speaker 2: Right now, everybody's very easy going about that stuff.

571
00:31:57,520 --> 00:32:01,200
Speaker 1: Uh, should we know, should we break or should we not?

572
00:32:01,440 --> 00:32:03,240
Speaker 2: Let's talk about how the rings formed and then we'll

573
00:32:03,240 --> 00:32:05,040
Speaker 2: come back into it. Now, let's take a break.

574
00:32:05,760 --> 00:32:08,560
Speaker 1: You want to take a break, Yeah, okay, and then

575
00:32:08,600 --> 00:32:09,920
Speaker 1: we'll talk about how those rings form.

576
00:32:10,040 --> 00:32:39,400
Speaker 2: Right for this, So, Chuck, you said a little early on,

577
00:32:39,480 --> 00:32:42,280
Speaker 2: I think that the people who study this kind of

578
00:32:42,280 --> 00:32:45,920
Speaker 2: stuff are not one hundred percent sure how Saturn's rings formed.

579
00:32:46,520 --> 00:32:47,760
Speaker 1: Right.

580
00:32:47,800 --> 00:32:49,800
Speaker 2: There's a lot of different competing theories. There's a whole

581
00:32:49,880 --> 00:32:52,040
Speaker 2: camp that's like they're as old as the planet, so

582
00:32:52,080 --> 00:32:55,880
Speaker 2: there are multi billion year old rings, and other people

583
00:32:55,920 --> 00:32:59,560
Speaker 2: are like, that's just stupid. And specifically, there's a researcher

584
00:32:59,640 --> 00:33:02,560
Speaker 2: from NASA who in nineteen eighty six wrote a paper.

585
00:33:02,560 --> 00:33:05,840
Speaker 2: Its name's Jack Connerney. I don't think he actually said

586
00:33:06,040 --> 00:33:08,480
Speaker 2: your idea is stupid. To other people But what he

587
00:33:08,600 --> 00:33:13,720
Speaker 2: did do he calculated the rate of what came to

588
00:33:13,760 --> 00:33:18,320
Speaker 2: be called ring rain, and that is those particles falling

589
00:33:18,560 --> 00:33:22,800
Speaker 2: into Saturn. And when they do that, that ring becomes

590
00:33:22,840 --> 00:33:25,720
Speaker 2: slightly depleted, and it happens more and more and more,

591
00:33:25,760 --> 00:33:28,640
Speaker 2: and on the scale of tens or hundreds of millions

592
00:33:28,640 --> 00:33:34,120
Speaker 2: of years. Saturn is eventually steadily losing its rings. And

593
00:33:34,200 --> 00:33:39,520
Speaker 2: apparently the particles fall into Saturn when they become charged,

594
00:33:39,880 --> 00:33:43,000
Speaker 2: and I guess they're more attracted by Saturn's gravitational pull

595
00:33:43,240 --> 00:33:46,880
Speaker 2: and they travel down the magnetosphere just like particles bombard

596
00:33:46,960 --> 00:33:50,960
Speaker 2: Earth's magnetosphere and produce the auroras. Same thing happens to Saturn,

597
00:33:51,000 --> 00:33:55,040
Speaker 2: but it's paying the price. It's at the expense of

598
00:33:55,320 --> 00:33:56,320
Speaker 2: losing its rings.

599
00:33:57,360 --> 00:34:00,320
Speaker 1: Does it come does it become part of Saturn itself?

600
00:34:00,360 --> 00:34:02,400
Speaker 1: Does it suck that up into Saturn?

601
00:34:02,840 --> 00:34:05,680
Speaker 2: Yes, I believe so, and I think it melts as

602
00:34:05,720 --> 00:34:07,959
Speaker 2: it gets further and further toward the center.

603
00:34:08,560 --> 00:34:12,320
Speaker 1: Okay, so Saturn isn't necessarily becoming larger as the rings deplete.

604
00:34:12,600 --> 00:34:14,400
Speaker 2: No, Leon's becoming larger.

605
00:34:15,480 --> 00:34:21,600
Speaker 1: Okay, So all right, that means a lot of stuff.

606
00:34:22,040 --> 00:34:25,440
Speaker 1: That means that we are living on Earth at a

607
00:34:25,480 --> 00:34:29,360
Speaker 1: time where we just happened to live and it's a

608
00:34:29,360 --> 00:34:31,120
Speaker 1: long period of time, but if you if you zoom

609
00:34:31,160 --> 00:34:34,160
Speaker 1: out on a macro level, cosmically speaking, it's not that long.

610
00:34:34,600 --> 00:34:37,160
Speaker 1: But we happen to be living in a time where

611
00:34:36,680 --> 00:34:39,480
Speaker 1: we're probably at like peak ring, don't you think?

612
00:34:39,600 --> 00:34:42,759
Speaker 2: Yeah, because guys like Jack Connor and he calculated that

613
00:34:43,200 --> 00:34:47,560
Speaker 2: based on the rate of ring rain, the rings probably

614
00:34:47,600 --> 00:34:50,560
Speaker 2: aren't more than one hundred million years old, right, So

615
00:34:51,080 --> 00:34:54,200
Speaker 2: one hundred million years before this, Saturn wouldn't have had rings,

616
00:34:54,800 --> 00:34:57,479
Speaker 2: And they also calculated one hundred to three hundred million

617
00:34:57,560 --> 00:35:00,759
Speaker 2: years Hence Saturn's not going to have rings. The way

618
00:35:00,800 --> 00:35:02,800
Speaker 2: that they came up with that one hundred million year

619
00:35:02,840 --> 00:35:07,880
Speaker 2: old estimate is because any older than that there should

620
00:35:07,880 --> 00:35:10,359
Speaker 2: be far less rings based on the rate of ring rain,

621
00:35:10,760 --> 00:35:13,200
Speaker 2: and if it were younger, there should be more rings

622
00:35:13,239 --> 00:35:16,879
Speaker 2: than that. So that group is pretty self satisfied right now.

623
00:35:17,560 --> 00:35:21,560
Speaker 1: Yeah, I bet they are. We also talked about, well,

624
00:35:21,600 --> 00:35:24,080
Speaker 1: we still haven't really talked about where the actual stuff

625
00:35:24,560 --> 00:35:28,439
Speaker 1: that makes up those rings come from. And again there

626
00:35:28,440 --> 00:35:32,359
Speaker 1: are competing theories, one of which is that there used

627
00:35:32,400 --> 00:35:34,680
Speaker 1: to be and again we'll get to the moons Saturn

628
00:35:34,719 --> 00:35:36,920
Speaker 1: has lots of moons, but one theory is that there

629
00:35:37,000 --> 00:35:38,799
Speaker 1: used to have even a lot more moons than they

630
00:35:38,800 --> 00:35:41,920
Speaker 1: have now. And one of those moons that may have existed,

631
00:35:41,960 --> 00:35:45,719
Speaker 1: they actually named Chrysalis, was in a little bit of

632
00:35:45,960 --> 00:35:48,279
Speaker 1: a push and pull with Titan, the largest moon, a

633
00:35:48,320 --> 00:35:52,640
Speaker 1: gravitational battle or Tin or titin. Yeah, it fell out

634
00:35:52,680 --> 00:35:55,320
Speaker 1: of orbit because of that battle, I guess Titan wins

635
00:35:55,920 --> 00:35:59,560
Speaker 1: and Chrysalis verr too close to Saturn, was basically just

636
00:35:59,600 --> 00:36:04,440
Speaker 1: busted apart by the gravity of this enormous gas giant,

637
00:36:04,920 --> 00:36:08,799
Speaker 1: and then that debris field is what formed that ring.

638
00:36:09,320 --> 00:36:12,160
Speaker 1: And then over time, over millions and millions of years,

639
00:36:13,080 --> 00:36:17,240
Speaker 1: Chrysalis continued to sort of crash into itself and created

640
00:36:17,280 --> 00:36:20,480
Speaker 1: like the smaller rings around itself or above and below.

641
00:36:20,440 --> 00:36:22,480
Speaker 2: And also some of the bigger ones because you know,

642
00:36:22,640 --> 00:36:25,239
Speaker 2: like you said, some of the some of the particles

643
00:36:25,239 --> 00:36:27,200
Speaker 2: in the rings are like grain of sand size, but

644
00:36:27,320 --> 00:36:30,319
Speaker 2: other like bowler size, and those bolder ones are just

645
00:36:30,360 --> 00:36:33,200
Speaker 2: ones that haven't crashed into the proper other boulders yet

646
00:36:33,239 --> 00:36:35,880
Speaker 2: to create those sand grains. They just it's just a

647
00:36:35,920 --> 00:36:37,120
Speaker 2: matter of time eventually.

648
00:36:37,680 --> 00:36:39,160
Speaker 1: Yeah, what's what's the other theory?

649
00:36:39,200 --> 00:36:42,600
Speaker 2: There's another theory, which, by the way, Saturn apparently is

650
00:36:42,719 --> 00:36:46,760
Speaker 2: like a thunderdome for astrophysicists. There's so many different theories

651
00:36:46,800 --> 00:36:50,600
Speaker 2: about so many different things. Yeah, but the other theory

652
00:36:50,680 --> 00:36:53,840
Speaker 2: is that a bunch of Saturn's moons collided together. It

653
00:36:53,880 --> 00:36:56,719
Speaker 2: wasn't just one getting pulled towards Saturn. They all just

654
00:36:56,840 --> 00:36:59,200
Speaker 2: kind of got all tripped up and boom boom boom

655
00:36:59,239 --> 00:37:01,440
Speaker 2: boo boo boom, and all of a sudden, you've got

656
00:37:01,480 --> 00:37:05,960
Speaker 2: this dbris field that got smaller and smaller, more particulate

657
00:37:06,360 --> 00:37:08,719
Speaker 2: over time, just like the chrysalis theory too.

658
00:37:09,520 --> 00:37:12,320
Speaker 1: So they don't fight over this one, probably as much.

659
00:37:12,719 --> 00:37:16,120
Speaker 2: Not as much, but they do dress like master Blaster

660
00:37:16,200 --> 00:37:18,800
Speaker 2: when they talk about it. They just don't actually fight.

661
00:37:21,080 --> 00:37:24,120
Speaker 1: Some of these rings are formed by these moons. There's

662
00:37:24,200 --> 00:37:27,920
Speaker 1: one called one of the moons ensilattice.

663
00:37:28,640 --> 00:37:32,799
Speaker 2: I'm going with enceladus, enceladus o encilatus sounds way too

664
00:37:32,880 --> 00:37:33,680
Speaker 2: much like salad.

665
00:37:34,640 --> 00:37:40,440
Speaker 1: Yeah, en solata. Yeah, this thing is erupting saltwater kind

666
00:37:40,440 --> 00:37:44,560
Speaker 1: of constantly into the atmosphere and that turns into ice crystals,

667
00:37:44,960 --> 00:37:47,760
Speaker 1: and those ice crystals, as we see, can very easily

668
00:37:48,000 --> 00:37:50,840
Speaker 1: form into rings. And that is, in fact where we

669
00:37:50,880 --> 00:37:53,319
Speaker 1: get our e ring around Saturn. If you know, you're

670
00:37:53,360 --> 00:37:56,680
Speaker 1: looking at the letters, So I guess the ABC the

671
00:37:56,719 --> 00:37:58,200
Speaker 1: fifth one discovery.

672
00:37:58,239 --> 00:38:00,920
Speaker 2: Well no, remember they are out of or oh yeah,

673
00:38:00,920 --> 00:38:05,319
Speaker 2: the fifth one discovered. You're right? Sorry, nice save. So

674
00:38:05,640 --> 00:38:08,160
Speaker 2: there's also another ring that they discovered as recently as

675
00:38:08,200 --> 00:38:11,400
Speaker 2: two thousand and nine, because our telescopes just keep getting

676
00:38:11,400 --> 00:38:14,160
Speaker 2: better and better, from Galileos in sixteen ten to the

677
00:38:14,200 --> 00:38:19,120
Speaker 2: Spitzer space telescope. Surprisingly hard to say, Yeah, they found

678
00:38:19,200 --> 00:38:23,400
Speaker 2: a new ring that basically follows the orbit of Saturn's

679
00:38:23,440 --> 00:38:25,480
Speaker 2: furthest moon out Phoebe Buffe.

680
00:38:25,680 --> 00:38:29,399
Speaker 1: Yeah that's right. I was gonna say Bridgers, but sure.

681
00:38:30,360 --> 00:38:33,320
Speaker 2: Yeah, yours is a little more art housey than mine.

682
00:38:35,239 --> 00:38:37,920
Speaker 1: Who I love that boy, genius record so good. I

683
00:38:38,000 --> 00:38:41,879
Speaker 1: believe Phoebe's is a very faint ring, is that right?

684
00:38:42,120 --> 00:38:45,480
Speaker 2: Yeah? Yeah I do. Yeah, it's very That's why it

685
00:38:45,480 --> 00:38:46,920
Speaker 2: took so long for us to find it.

686
00:38:47,440 --> 00:38:47,640
Speaker 1: Yeah.

687
00:38:47,760 --> 00:38:51,680
Speaker 2: I think we knew Phoebe existed the moon. It could

688
00:38:51,680 --> 00:38:54,600
Speaker 2: be fau Abbe they might be pronouncing it like that,

689
00:38:55,360 --> 00:38:57,960
Speaker 2: but we didn't know the ring was there until two

690
00:38:58,000 --> 00:38:58,640
Speaker 2: thousand and nine.

691
00:38:59,320 --> 00:39:01,960
Speaker 1: Yeah, but were mentioning all this is the fact that

692
00:39:02,320 --> 00:39:07,600
Speaker 1: those rings are they're dynamic, they're changing, they're reshaping, and

693
00:39:08,200 --> 00:39:10,360
Speaker 1: like we said, and you know, maybe as little as

694
00:39:10,400 --> 00:39:12,600
Speaker 1: one hundred million years, they might may not even be there.

695
00:39:13,160 --> 00:39:17,160
Speaker 2: Yeah. I just think that's really fascinating. You know, you

696
00:39:17,200 --> 00:39:19,640
Speaker 2: can thank the Good Lord that we're alive at a

697
00:39:19,680 --> 00:39:22,920
Speaker 2: time when Saturn has rings and we have telescopes.

698
00:39:23,480 --> 00:39:23,959
Speaker 1: That's right.

699
00:39:24,200 --> 00:39:26,960
Speaker 2: So we also talked a lot about the moons just now,

700
00:39:27,000 --> 00:39:29,799
Speaker 2: and it turns out that Saturn's moons are really fascinating

701
00:39:29,920 --> 00:39:33,440
Speaker 2: in and of themselves. It has a bunch of moons,

702
00:39:33,520 --> 00:39:35,719
Speaker 2: as many as one hundred and forty six that we

703
00:39:35,760 --> 00:39:39,879
Speaker 2: know about right now. Just last year, well two years ago,

704
00:39:39,920 --> 00:39:44,000
Speaker 2: when this comes out in twenty twenty three, the International

705
00:39:44,040 --> 00:39:47,960
Speaker 2: Astronomical Union, they added sixty two more moons. And I

706
00:39:47,960 --> 00:39:49,839
Speaker 2: don't know if they were saving up and just wanted

707
00:39:49,840 --> 00:39:53,040
Speaker 2: to do a batch edition of moons. Yeah, if they

708
00:39:53,360 --> 00:39:56,040
Speaker 2: found a bunch in quick secession, I'm not sure, but

709
00:39:56,080 --> 00:39:58,480
Speaker 2: they're like, there are definitely more moons there.

710
00:39:59,440 --> 00:40:02,160
Speaker 1: Yeah, our moon's coming, I mean, because yeah, just a

711
00:40:02,160 --> 00:40:03,560
Speaker 1: couple of years ago they were under one hundred and

712
00:40:03,560 --> 00:40:06,400
Speaker 1: now there's one hundred and forty six. So big changes.

713
00:40:06,440 --> 00:40:09,920
Speaker 1: So keep collecting those moons, everybody, and hit us in

714
00:40:09,960 --> 00:40:11,600
Speaker 1: a few years with a number that's going to knock

715
00:40:11,600 --> 00:40:12,200
Speaker 1: our socks off.

716
00:40:12,239 --> 00:40:15,480
Speaker 2: Collect all one hundred and forty six, that's right. So

717
00:40:16,280 --> 00:40:18,600
Speaker 2: the other thing about the moons too is that they

718
00:40:18,719 --> 00:40:22,440
Speaker 2: orbit outside of the rings, which makes sense because the

719
00:40:22,440 --> 00:40:25,680
Speaker 2: moons that were inside of the rings were what make

720
00:40:25,800 --> 00:40:29,360
Speaker 2: up the rings. Probably. Yeah, so these moons haven't smashed

721
00:40:29,360 --> 00:40:31,799
Speaker 2: into anything else and they're just orbiting around. And like

722
00:40:31,840 --> 00:40:36,480
Speaker 2: you said, mimis that one exerts a gravitational influence that

723
00:40:36,520 --> 00:40:40,680
Speaker 2: creates the Cassini division, which means that it's really close

724
00:40:40,800 --> 00:40:46,120
Speaker 2: to those rings. It's actually the nearest moon to Saturn's atmosphere,

725
00:40:46,840 --> 00:40:50,480
Speaker 2: but it's only about half the distance of the moon

726
00:40:50,920 --> 00:40:53,560
Speaker 2: we have here on Earth. Whi's about two hundred and

727
00:40:53,560 --> 00:40:56,040
Speaker 2: thirty seven thousand miles, as every shining.

728
00:40:55,680 --> 00:41:00,239
Speaker 1: Fan knows, that's right. But this thing hauls it. It

729
00:41:00,280 --> 00:41:02,760
Speaker 1: has an orbital speed of about thirty two thousand miles

730
00:41:02,800 --> 00:41:06,520
Speaker 1: an hour. It's so fast that it completes an orbit

731
00:41:07,440 --> 00:41:09,600
Speaker 1: in less than an Earth day, about twenty two hours.

732
00:41:09,640 --> 00:41:12,279
Speaker 1: And if you consider our moon here on Earth, what

733
00:41:12,320 --> 00:41:14,839
Speaker 1: does it take about a month to complete its orbit.

734
00:41:14,920 --> 00:41:16,440
Speaker 1: That's that's really cooking.

735
00:41:16,600 --> 00:41:19,800
Speaker 2: In fact, the month is based on the moon taking

736
00:41:19,840 --> 00:41:24,960
Speaker 2: a month. They're inextricable basically, So is there a month.

737
00:41:26,239 --> 00:41:26,680
Speaker 1: Two hours?

738
00:41:26,719 --> 00:41:27,120
Speaker 2: I guess so?

739
00:41:27,520 --> 00:41:29,600
Speaker 1: Yeah, because what was their day? What did you say

740
00:41:29,600 --> 00:41:31,800
Speaker 1: their day was tennish?

741
00:41:31,840 --> 00:41:33,640
Speaker 2: I think ten point six?

742
00:41:34,360 --> 00:41:35,279
Speaker 1: Yeah, that's right. Ten.

743
00:41:35,600 --> 00:41:39,600
Speaker 2: So there's a bunch of different moons, different sizes, but

744
00:41:39,800 --> 00:41:42,719
Speaker 2: Saturn has some really really big ones. Titan, which we've

745
00:41:42,719 --> 00:41:46,000
Speaker 2: already talked about, is enormous and what a moon. It

746
00:41:46,080 --> 00:41:50,000
Speaker 2: is a great moon. Its size is large enough that

747
00:41:50,040 --> 00:41:53,040
Speaker 2: it can actually hold an atmosphere in place. It's one

748
00:41:53,080 --> 00:41:55,120
Speaker 2: of the very few moons that we know about that

749
00:41:55,239 --> 00:41:58,960
Speaker 2: has an actual atmosphere to speak of. And boy are

750
00:41:59,000 --> 00:42:00,000
Speaker 2: we gonna speak about it?

751
00:42:00,920 --> 00:42:04,920
Speaker 1: Yeah, it is. It's a It's Titan is quite striking.

752
00:42:04,960 --> 00:42:09,480
Speaker 1: It is has mountains made of ice, has seas made

753
00:42:09,520 --> 00:42:14,920
Speaker 1: of ethane and liquid methane. So it's just an incredible moon.

754
00:42:15,000 --> 00:42:19,480
Speaker 1: It has an atmosphere much like ours. It's composed of nitrogen,

755
00:42:20,239 --> 00:42:23,600
Speaker 1: but it has an air pressure that just knocks ours

756
00:42:23,680 --> 00:42:25,960
Speaker 1: out of the park. It's I think one hundred and

757
00:42:26,000 --> 00:42:30,520
Speaker 1: fifty percent stronger at sea level, which is it's going

758
00:42:30,600 --> 00:42:33,440
Speaker 1: to be like you'd think you were on LSD or

759
00:42:33,480 --> 00:42:36,279
Speaker 1: something if you you plopped yourself on Titan and you

760
00:42:36,280 --> 00:42:38,040
Speaker 1: would look around and you were being like, wait, there's

761
00:42:38,080 --> 00:42:42,040
Speaker 1: odd things happening, like it's raining really slowly, and someone say, well,

762
00:42:42,040 --> 00:42:43,799
Speaker 1: what does that even mean. It's like, well, look at

763
00:42:43,800 --> 00:42:45,800
Speaker 1: the literal rain. It's coming down at about three and

764
00:42:45,800 --> 00:42:48,200
Speaker 1: a half miles an hour on Earth, it rains down

765
00:42:48,200 --> 00:42:51,640
Speaker 1: at about twenty miles an hour, and it just it's

766
00:42:51,760 --> 00:42:54,080
Speaker 1: it sounds funny and it looks funny.

767
00:42:54,280 --> 00:42:56,960
Speaker 2: And the one of the friends there was like, rains

768
00:42:57,000 --> 00:42:59,239
Speaker 2: of weird word have you ever thought about that word rain?

769
00:43:00,920 --> 00:43:02,120
Speaker 1: But why does it sound funny?

770
00:43:02,960 --> 00:43:07,680
Speaker 2: Because the atmosphere is so thick that vibration sound can

771
00:43:07,719 --> 00:43:11,280
Speaker 2: travel much more efficiently through it. So if you shouted

772
00:43:11,320 --> 00:43:14,320
Speaker 2: like hello, you would burst the eardrums of your friend

773
00:43:14,360 --> 00:43:15,000
Speaker 2: on LSD.

774
00:43:15,920 --> 00:43:18,120
Speaker 1: Yeah, if you said look how slow the rain is.

775
00:43:18,480 --> 00:43:20,799
Speaker 2: They just tap their hands over their ears and like

776
00:43:20,880 --> 00:43:22,000
Speaker 2: double over and pain.

777
00:43:23,760 --> 00:43:27,759
Speaker 1: But it's not a hospitable place, like nothing could could

778
00:43:27,760 --> 00:43:29,960
Speaker 1: live on the surface of Titan. I think it has

779
00:43:30,280 --> 00:43:32,840
Speaker 1: a negative two hundred and forty I'm sorry two hundred

780
00:43:32,840 --> 00:43:37,319
Speaker 1: and ninety degree fahrenheit average temperature and like we said,

781
00:43:37,320 --> 00:43:40,920
Speaker 1: the liquids there are methane and ethane, so that's you

782
00:43:40,960 --> 00:43:43,239
Speaker 1: know what, you can't do anything with those two.

783
00:43:44,080 --> 00:43:47,760
Speaker 2: No, but there is a liquid ocean about fifty miles

784
00:43:47,800 --> 00:43:52,760
Speaker 2: below the surface that methane and ethane and ice surface.

785
00:43:53,360 --> 00:43:56,000
Speaker 2: And this ocean is actually made of salt water.

786
00:43:58,160 --> 00:44:01,000
Speaker 1: Yeah good fishing, yea from what I hear for sure.

787
00:44:01,280 --> 00:44:03,399
Speaker 2: But that's the point. They're like, wait a minute, there's

788
00:44:03,400 --> 00:44:06,320
Speaker 2: salt water. There's it's heated by the core of Titan.

789
00:44:06,719 --> 00:44:10,640
Speaker 2: There's also hydrocarbons on the planet's surface. Like if you

790
00:44:10,719 --> 00:44:13,040
Speaker 2: put this stuff together in just the right arrangement, you

791
00:44:13,160 --> 00:44:15,920
Speaker 2: might have some sort of bizarre form of life. Like

792
00:44:15,960 --> 00:44:20,040
Speaker 2: these are organic materials that you could conceivably create life from.

793
00:44:20,280 --> 00:44:23,080
Speaker 2: So who knows what's swimming around or floating around in

794
00:44:23,120 --> 00:44:27,600
Speaker 2: that ocean underneath Titan's surface. Yeah, that's why people are

795
00:44:27,600 --> 00:44:28,800
Speaker 2: so jazzed about Titan.

796
00:44:29,000 --> 00:44:31,480
Speaker 1: Yeah, totally. And it's Titan, I mean, come.

797
00:44:31,360 --> 00:44:36,600
Speaker 2: On, yeah, you know there's also what'd you say, ensaladus.

798
00:44:36,719 --> 00:44:39,239
Speaker 1: Insuladus, That's right, what'd you call it?

799
00:44:40,080 --> 00:44:42,920
Speaker 2: Uh? I said enceladus? You said something else. It sounded

800
00:44:42,960 --> 00:44:45,279
Speaker 2: like salad. Are you Enceladus.

801
00:44:46,160 --> 00:44:49,520
Speaker 1: I think I said, enceladus. We'll let the listeners decide.

802
00:44:49,600 --> 00:44:51,719
Speaker 2: Have you ever thought about that word in soladus?

803
00:44:54,400 --> 00:44:56,680
Speaker 1: What's the deal with that one? That's I know it's

804
00:44:56,760 --> 00:45:00,319
Speaker 1: about the size of Arizona and also has the salt

805
00:45:00,360 --> 00:45:02,480
Speaker 1: water ocean under the crust.

806
00:45:02,480 --> 00:45:05,719
Speaker 2: That is so so far Titans two for two that

807
00:45:05,760 --> 00:45:08,879
Speaker 2: we've talked about. We've talked about two moons and both

808
00:45:08,920 --> 00:45:12,880
Speaker 2: of them happen to have salt water oceans. Yeah underneath Yeah,

809
00:45:13,040 --> 00:45:15,759
Speaker 2: that's a big one too. So like it's underneath its

810
00:45:15,960 --> 00:45:19,279
Speaker 2: icy crust, which means that it's protected and heated and

811
00:45:19,320 --> 00:45:22,560
Speaker 2: heated so much in fact that I think we said enceladus.

812
00:45:22,680 --> 00:45:26,280
Speaker 2: Now I don't know how to say. It bursts ice

813
00:45:26,600 --> 00:45:29,960
Speaker 2: from its ocean out into the atmosphere, creating the e ring,

814
00:45:31,239 --> 00:45:33,840
Speaker 2: which is pretty cool in and of itself, But that

815
00:45:33,960 --> 00:45:37,640
Speaker 2: also means that there's geysers, and where there's geysers, there's

816
00:45:37,760 --> 00:45:41,960
Speaker 2: probably hydrothermal vents on the ocean floor, the floor of

817
00:45:41,960 --> 00:45:45,839
Speaker 2: the salt water ocean, and that means that life could

818
00:45:45,880 --> 00:45:50,480
Speaker 2: conceivably create or start up there, because that's a really

819
00:45:50,520 --> 00:45:53,720
Speaker 2: popular theory these days about how life started on Earth.

820
00:45:53,920 --> 00:45:57,760
Speaker 2: Around hydrothermal vents in the ocean. Yeah, so who knows.

821
00:45:57,800 --> 00:46:01,520
Speaker 2: And then the Cassini probe wrote back, wrote home from

822
00:46:01,600 --> 00:46:04,080
Speaker 2: camp not too long ago, and was like, hey, I

823
00:46:04,120 --> 00:46:06,479
Speaker 2: sampled some of this water and it's got some mind

824
00:46:06,480 --> 00:46:07,480
Speaker 2: blowing stuff in there.

825
00:46:07,600 --> 00:46:10,840
Speaker 1: Yeah for sure. And you know we mentioned earlier the

826
00:46:10,880 --> 00:46:16,040
Speaker 1: Cassini spacecraft finished up in twenty seventeen. It was called

827
00:46:16,040 --> 00:46:18,800
Speaker 1: the Grand Finale when it wrapped up its mission because

828
00:46:18,920 --> 00:46:23,160
Speaker 1: it on purpose says like, hey, let's just get really

829
00:46:23,160 --> 00:46:26,680
Speaker 1: close and just kamikazi this thing and just see what

830
00:46:26,760 --> 00:46:28,319
Speaker 1: kind of readings we can get up to the last

831
00:46:28,320 --> 00:46:30,719
Speaker 1: second there. So that's how it ended its mission. But

832
00:46:30,760 --> 00:46:34,840
Speaker 1: there's a new and dragonfly that's coming up, I believe,

833
00:46:35,280 --> 00:46:38,640
Speaker 1: launching in twenty twenty eight and will arrive on Titan

834
00:46:38,719 --> 00:46:42,000
Speaker 1: by twenty thirty four, so I mean, hang on to

835
00:46:42,080 --> 00:46:45,239
Speaker 1: your hat. So it'll be a decade. But then from now,

836
00:46:45,280 --> 00:46:47,080
Speaker 1: but then we're going to start get some I mean

837
00:46:47,200 --> 00:46:49,600
Speaker 1: imagine the changes that were going to happen between now

838
00:46:49,600 --> 00:46:49,879
Speaker 1: and then.

839
00:46:50,360 --> 00:46:54,520
Speaker 2: Yeah for sure. And there's actually a really cool animation

840
00:46:55,360 --> 00:47:00,200
Speaker 2: artist interpretation of that Grand Finale of the Cassini pro bit.

841
00:47:00,200 --> 00:47:04,200
Speaker 2: It's worth watching on YouTube. Oh cool, you got anything else?

842
00:47:05,719 --> 00:47:06,520
Speaker 1: I got nothing else.

843
00:47:07,520 --> 00:47:09,160
Speaker 2: I got one more thing. It turns out in the

844
00:47:09,200 --> 00:47:12,759
Speaker 2: northern hemisphere September twenty twenty five will be the best

845
00:47:12,800 --> 00:47:15,719
Speaker 2: time to view Saturn because it'll be on the opposite

846
00:47:15,719 --> 00:47:17,399
Speaker 2: side of the Sun from Earth, so it'll be nice

847
00:47:17,440 --> 00:47:19,759
Speaker 2: and bright and easy to see. Oh cool.

848
00:47:19,840 --> 00:47:23,200
Speaker 1: Well, we'll either think to remind you and we'll probably forget.

849
00:47:23,560 --> 00:47:26,360
Speaker 1: But I imagine that'll be a newsmaker like people on the

850
00:47:26,400 --> 00:47:28,399
Speaker 1: news will be saying, like, hey, go out and look

851
00:47:28,440 --> 00:47:30,560
Speaker 1: for Saturn. For sure, might be able to see it

852
00:47:30,600 --> 00:47:31,280
Speaker 1: with your eyeballs.

853
00:47:32,080 --> 00:47:34,960
Speaker 2: Okay, well, Chuck mentioned eyeballs, so we have no choice

854
00:47:34,960 --> 00:47:36,479
Speaker 2: but to unlock listener mail.

855
00:47:39,360 --> 00:47:44,560
Speaker 1: Hey guys, this is from Rockney. I'm the mother of one.

856
00:47:46,000 --> 00:47:49,120
Speaker 1: This is another, but I bet they met mother probably

857
00:47:49,880 --> 00:47:51,879
Speaker 1: I'm the mother of one aber longtime listeners. I don't

858
00:47:51,880 --> 00:47:53,879
Speaker 1: remember exactly when I started listening, but it was back

859
00:47:53,920 --> 00:47:56,480
Speaker 1: in high school I graduated.

860
00:47:56,520 --> 00:48:00,520
Speaker 2: Wait a minute, wait, wait, wait, so Rockney is the

861
00:48:00,560 --> 00:48:02,760
Speaker 2: mother of one of our listeners.

862
00:48:03,280 --> 00:48:06,560
Speaker 1: I bet you anything they meant to say, I'm another

863
00:48:06,640 --> 00:48:09,840
Speaker 1: one of your longtime listeners. Now that I'm reading it

864
00:48:09,880 --> 00:48:10,359
Speaker 1: and doing the.

865
00:48:10,320 --> 00:48:12,960
Speaker 2: Math, okay, okay, here we go.

866
00:48:13,080 --> 00:48:15,200
Speaker 1: Hey guys, my name is Rockney. I'm another one of

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Speaker 1: your longtime listeners.

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Speaker 2: Nice.

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Speaker 1: My girlfriend Anna has never listened to a single episode

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Speaker 1: of your podcast. English is her second language, so she's

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Speaker 1: probably ana and English spoken word entertainment doesn't quite feel

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Speaker 1: relaxing for her yet, so don't hold it against her.

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Speaker 1: But over the past few weeks, I've been on a mission.

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Speaker 1: I've been humming, whistling, and vocalizing these stuff you should

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Speaker 1: Know theme song non stop around her, trying to make

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Speaker 1: it familiar. And this past weekend my experiment finally succeeded.

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Speaker 1: I called her humming it on her own, completely unprompted.

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Speaker 1: I came clean, told her I'd been training her ears,

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Speaker 1: explaining it's the theme song of my podcast. She's familiar

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Speaker 1: with stuff you should Know through my constant mentions, and

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Speaker 1: she just calls it my podcast. We've both had a

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Speaker 1: great laugh about it. Recently, I heard a listener mail

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Speaker 1: from a mom who casually used as a verb, so

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Speaker 1: I figured i'd share my similar success story. So thanks

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Speaker 1: for over one point two decades of entertainment, and that

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Speaker 1: is from Rockney.

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Speaker 2: Thanks a lot, Rockney, we appreciate that. Thanks for trying

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Speaker 2: to spread the good word by creating earworms. It's right

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Speaker 2: if you want to be like Rockney and let us

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Speaker 2: know your situation. We love to hear that kind of stuff.

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Speaker 2: You can wrap it up, spank it on the bottom,

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Speaker 2: and send it off to Stuff podcast at iHeartRadio dot com.

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Speaker 2: Stuff you Should Know is a production of iHeartRadio.

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Speaker 1: For more podcasts my heart Radio, visit the iHeartRadio app,

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Speaker 1: Apple Podcasts, or wherever you listen to your favorite shows.