WEBVTT - Title 42, Pt 4: The Border Patrol 0:00:05.360 --> 0:00:08.000 The history of the border and its enforcement begins in 0:00:08.039 --> 0:00:10.559 fourteen ninety two with the colonization of what would become 0:00:10.560 --> 0:00:13.600 known as the Americas. It goes through the eighteen forty 0:00:13.600 --> 0:00:16.600 two Mexican American War and a curl of indigenous people's 0:00:16.680 --> 0:00:18.919 lands without their knowledge or consent in the eighteen fifty 0:00:18.960 --> 0:00:22.120 three Gasden Purchase, and of course, through the eighteen eighty 0:00:22.160 --> 0:00:25.400 two Chinese Exclusion Act and numerous other explicit attempts to 0:00:25.400 --> 0:00:29.000 prevent non white people from moving to the USA. From there, 0:00:29.120 --> 0:00:31.760 it weaves its way through the Mexican Revolution and the 0:00:31.760 --> 0:00:34.440 First World Wars German proposal to ally with Mexico to 0:00:34.440 --> 0:00:37.720 reclaim those territories it had lost in the decades before then. 0:00:37.960 --> 0:00:41.680 The Border patrol story itself begins in May nineteen twenty four, 0:00:42.240 --> 0:00:44.479 and in the ninety nine years since it has encompassed 0:00:44.479 --> 0:00:46.800 everything from David Duke to nine to eleven in its 0:00:46.840 --> 0:00:50.440 journey to becoming the biggest and least accountable law enforcement 0:00:50.479 --> 0:00:54.000 agency in the federal government. People from the colonial periphery 0:00:54.080 --> 0:00:56.959 have always migrated to the metropol. It's why a man 0:00:57.000 --> 0:00:59.320 called fat Led singing a song about Vindulu is basically 0:00:59.320 --> 0:01:02.319 in my country's secon national anthem, and why every four 0:01:02.360 --> 0:01:04.720 years France accepts black french Men onto its football team 0:01:04.760 --> 0:01:07.240 before it returns to vilifying them in other forms of discourse. 0:01:08.240 --> 0:01:11.400 Migration to the United States is no different. Climate change 0:01:11.400 --> 0:01:14.400 in US imperiodism have destabilized in impoverished nations from the 0:01:14.440 --> 0:01:18.040 Americas to Afghanistan and driven people to the US border 0:01:18.080 --> 0:01:21.360 looking for a better life. What's distinct about the US 0:01:21.440 --> 0:01:23.760 is how obsessed it has become with keeping these people 0:01:23.800 --> 0:01:27.480 out and enforcing the longest land borders in the world. 0:01:27.640 --> 0:01:29.399 But the US border is much bigger than the land 0:01:29.400 --> 0:01:31.920 boundary between the USA and Mexico to the south and 0:01:32.000 --> 0:01:34.319 Canada to the north. If you're listening to this in 0:01:34.360 --> 0:01:36.600 the United States, the chances are that you live in 0:01:36.640 --> 0:01:40.240 the Border Enforcement Zone. This swath of territory outside the 0:01:40.280 --> 0:01:43.920 Constitution has been established since the Immigration and Nationality Act 0:01:43.959 --> 0:01:47.480 of nineteen fifty two. Established at a reasonable distance of 0:01:47.520 --> 0:01:50.960 the border would extend one hundred air miles around the 0:01:50.960 --> 0:01:54.400 outline of the country. Two thirds of the US's population 0:01:54.560 --> 0:01:58.280 live within this zone. Washington, d C. San Francisco, Chicago, 0:01:58.400 --> 0:02:01.080 New Orleans, and Boston are all within it, and that 0:02:01.160 --> 0:02:04.040 means that cbpagents can search vehicles and vessels to look 0:02:04.040 --> 0:02:06.200 for property that's in the country without the right documents. 0:02:06.680 --> 0:02:09.680 They can board public transportation or set up interior checkpoints 0:02:09.720 --> 0:02:13.320 and stop, interrogate, and search citizens and non citizens without 0:02:13.360 --> 0:02:16.200 the need for a warrant. Within twenty five miles of 0:02:16.240 --> 0:02:18.359 the border, they can enter your property provide it's not 0:02:18.440 --> 0:02:22.040 a domicile. The Fourth Amendment, part of a foundational bill 0:02:22.040 --> 0:02:24.119 of rights at US likes to tout as what makes 0:02:24.160 --> 0:02:26.600 it different from the rest of the world, doesn't apply 0:02:26.760 --> 0:02:29.880 when you're near the border, and all encompassing history of 0:02:29.880 --> 0:02:32.160 the border and its enforcement is beyond the scope of 0:02:32.160 --> 0:02:34.919 this podcast. Even a history of the Southwest border could 0:02:34.919 --> 0:02:37.360 take up a whole bookshelf, but we will try and 0:02:37.360 --> 0:02:40.720 skim the high points here. Let's start with a Gadsden purchase, 0:02:41.040 --> 0:02:43.679 when a party of military surveyors first bumped into horn 0:02:43.800 --> 0:02:46.720 Art and elders as they attempted to draw a line 0:02:46.919 --> 0:02:50.000 dividing to horn Autumn people from to horn Autum people. 0:02:51.120 --> 0:02:53.040 The southern border is no more obvious today than it 0:02:53.160 --> 0:02:55.560 was then, and of course to the Autumn it was 0:02:55.560 --> 0:02:57.920 and remains, and aberrations that divides them from much of 0:02:57.919 --> 0:03:02.080 their ancestral and current homelands. It has over the years 0:03:02.200 --> 0:03:05.120 seen violent enforcement on members of the nation and a 0:03:05.200 --> 0:03:08.040 growing encroachment of the border patrol into today's the Horn 0:03:08.120 --> 0:03:11.359 Autumn Reservation, which is the second largest in the USA, 0:03:11.639 --> 0:03:14.840 it only represents a fraction of the tribe's historical homeland. 0:03:16.000 --> 0:03:18.320 These surveyors were in the process of finalizing most of 0:03:18.360 --> 0:03:21.600 the California and Arizona border, a border I drove most 0:03:21.600 --> 0:03:24.400 of in the days after Title forty two. The southern 0:03:24.440 --> 0:03:27.000 border as it looks now, was largely shaped by the 0:03:27.000 --> 0:03:30.600 Treaty of Guadalupe Hidalgo, which Mexico lost fifty five percent 0:03:30.639 --> 0:03:34.160 of its territory, including all of what is today California, Arizona, 0:03:34.200 --> 0:03:36.760 New Mexico, Utah, and Nevada, and parts of what is 0:03:36.800 --> 0:03:41.720 today Colorado, Wyoming, Kansas, and Oklahoma. The Gaston purchase of 0:03:41.760 --> 0:03:44.720 eighteen fifty three added more of southern Arizona. In New Mexico, 0:03:45.560 --> 0:03:48.600 the specific border in Santa Cedro withdrawn that San Diego 0:03:48.600 --> 0:03:50.920 Bay would fall to the north of the line. The 0:03:50.960 --> 0:03:54.200 border in Cucumber seems more arbitrary, a straight line in 0:03:54.240 --> 0:03:57.360 the desert that runs into a pile of rocks. Of course, 0:03:57.760 --> 0:04:00.520 long before the border divided San Asiedra fifty one, this 0:04:00.640 --> 0:04:03.200 was kumia Land, and despite the border, it still is. 0:04:03.960 --> 0:04:07.320 The name Tijuana derives from Tijuan, which means by the 0:04:07.360 --> 0:04:11.480 sea in Kumiai. Despite this, the Kumii and many other 0:04:11.480 --> 0:04:14.400 indigenous peoples were ignored when the border crossed them, and 0:04:14.440 --> 0:04:16.640 it's becoming harder and harder for them to cross it. 0:04:17.760 --> 0:04:19.680 In parts of desert, it can be pretty hard to 0:04:19.720 --> 0:04:22.920 see the border at all. In twenty twenty, while out 0:04:22.920 --> 0:04:25.000 with a group of Kumii people who were in ceremony 0:04:25.000 --> 0:04:27.720 to honor their ancestors whose burial sites have been and 0:04:27.760 --> 0:04:31.120 continue to be desecrated by border war construction, I had 0:04:31.120 --> 0:04:32.880 to be worried of stepping over it to better frame 0:04:32.880 --> 0:04:36.600 my shots. The emerging declaration Donald Trump made allowed war 0:04:36.640 --> 0:04:39.919 construction to sidestep legislation in place to protect archaeological and 0:04:39.960 --> 0:04:42.920 sacred sites, but it didn't allow me to sidestep into 0:04:42.920 --> 0:04:47.200 Mexico to get a better shot. Luckily, Bortak, a team 0:04:47.320 --> 0:04:49.640 of armed Border patrol agents who you might remember from 0:04:49.640 --> 0:04:52.479 Portland in twenty twenty, provided a guy addressed like he 0:04:52.520 --> 0:04:54.800 was in the Battle of Falluja. To help me, I 0:04:54.800 --> 0:04:56.400 would say the border is a line in the sand, 0:04:56.400 --> 0:04:58.400 but at the time there wasn't a line that was 0:04:58.480 --> 0:05:01.520 visible at all. Sally the Moon, a few miles east 0:05:01.520 --> 0:05:03.960 to where that Bortac patrol guard shouted at people stepping 0:05:03.960 --> 0:05:06.800 too close in twenty twenty. The border wall is about 0:05:06.800 --> 0:05:10.000 waist high, rusty, and essentially comprised of a single strand 0:05:10.000 --> 0:05:14.240 of barbed wire. In Cucumber, the thirty foot trump wall 0:05:14.240 --> 0:05:16.719 pushes right up to a boulder pile and then stops 0:05:17.600 --> 0:05:19.679 the logic as much as there can be any logic, 0:05:19.720 --> 0:05:22.080 and spending twenty five million dollars a mile to desecrate 0:05:22.160 --> 0:05:25.280 sacred spaces and defile the landscape is that people will 0:05:25.320 --> 0:05:28.120 be deterred from crossing by the harsh landscape brutally hot 0:05:28.200 --> 0:05:32.440 days and brutally cold nights. This logic, of course, fails 0:05:32.480 --> 0:05:36.080 to consider not just where people are going, why they're leaving, 0:05:36.120 --> 0:05:39.680 the places they've come from, risking one's life crossing the 0:05:39.680 --> 0:05:43.120 border makes sense only when one considers the danger that 0:05:43.200 --> 0:05:45.479 many people and places around the world face every day. 0:05:46.279 --> 0:05:49.480 It hasn't always been this way. Fear reference here in 0:05:49.640 --> 0:05:52.559 Reagan and Bush talking about migration in nineteen eighty. 0:05:52.839 --> 0:05:54.440 Hey, I'm going to ask you what you would do 0:05:54.480 --> 0:05:56.919 about Cuba. But now I'm going to hold you. 0:05:57.720 --> 0:05:59.880 Now we're going to have some questions from the audience. 0:06:01.400 --> 0:06:02.080 Yes, my name is. 0:06:02.120 --> 0:06:04.160 David Grosbrug, and I'd like to know do you think 0:06:04.200 --> 0:06:06.599 the children of illegal aliens should be allowed to attend 0:06:06.680 --> 0:06:08.320 Texas public schools free? 0:06:08.600 --> 0:06:10.120 Or do you think that their parents should pay for 0:06:10.200 --> 0:06:10.839 their education? 0:06:12.720 --> 0:06:13.719 Who are you addressing that to? 0:06:13.880 --> 0:06:16.240 I think first, who was looking right at you? 0:06:16.520 --> 0:06:18.320 I said he was love. 0:06:19.520 --> 0:06:22.320 I'd like to see something done about the illegal alien 0:06:22.400 --> 0:06:25.799 problem that would be so sensitive and so understanding about 0:06:25.920 --> 0:06:28.480 labor needs and human needs that. 0:06:28.480 --> 0:06:29.800 That problem wouldn't come up. 0:06:30.120 --> 0:06:34.160 But today, if those people are here, I would reluctantly 0:06:34.200 --> 0:06:37.280 say I think they would get whatever it is that 0:06:37.320 --> 0:06:41.280 they're you know, what the society is giving to their neighbors. 0:06:41.560 --> 0:06:44.120 But it has the problem has to be solved. The 0:06:44.240 --> 0:06:48.360 problem has to be solved because as we have kind 0:06:48.360 --> 0:06:51.600 of made illegal some kinds of labor that I'd like 0:06:51.680 --> 0:06:54.560 to see legal, we're doing two things. We're creating a 0:06:54.600 --> 0:06:59.359 whole society of really honorable, decent, family loving people that 0:06:59.400 --> 0:07:02.440 are in violent of the law. And secondly, we're exacerbating 0:07:02.440 --> 0:07:06.440 relations with Mexico. The answer to your question is much 0:07:06.480 --> 0:07:10.320 more fundamental than whether they attend Houston schools. It seems 0:07:10.360 --> 0:07:12.080 to me, I don't want to see a whole if 0:07:12.080 --> 0:07:13.800 they're living here, I don't want to see a whole 0:07:14.400 --> 0:07:17.560 I think is six and eight year old kids being 0:07:17.600 --> 0:07:22.160 made one totally uneducated and made to feel that they're 0:07:22.200 --> 0:07:23.480 living with outside the law. 0:07:23.680 --> 0:07:25.640 Let's address ourselves to the fundamentals. 0:07:25.720 --> 0:07:26.640 These are good. 0:07:26.400 --> 0:07:30.840 People, strong people. Part of my family is in Mexican. 0:07:32.960 --> 0:07:35.480 And I added that I think the time has come 0:07:36.120 --> 0:07:39.000 that the United States and our neighbors, particularly our neighbor 0:07:39.040 --> 0:07:41.400 to the south, should have a better understanding and a 0:07:41.440 --> 0:07:44.120 better relationship than we've ever had. And I think but 0:07:44.240 --> 0:07:47.560 we haven't been sensitive enough to our size and our power. 0:07:48.000 --> 0:07:50.600 They have a problem of forty to fifty percent unemployment. 0:07:51.320 --> 0:07:56.520 Now this cannot continue without the possibility arising with regard 0:07:56.560 --> 0:07:58.960 to that other country that we talked about off Cuba 0:07:59.000 --> 0:08:02.000 and what it is stirring up of the possibility of 0:08:02.080 --> 0:08:04.200 trouble below the border, and we could have a very 0:08:04.240 --> 0:08:07.960 hostile and strange neighbor on our border, rather than making 0:08:08.000 --> 0:08:11.400 them or talking about putting up a fence. Why don't 0:08:11.440 --> 0:08:15.040 we work out some recognition of our mutual problems make 0:08:15.080 --> 0:08:17.120 it possible for them to come here legally with a 0:08:17.160 --> 0:08:20.240 work permit, and then while they're working and earning here, 0:08:20.440 --> 0:08:22.880 they pay taxes here. And when they go on to 0:08:22.920 --> 0:08:24.480 go back, they can go back, and they can cross 0:08:24.520 --> 0:08:29.360 and open the border both ways. By understanding their problem. 0:08:29.080 --> 0:08:31.640 The mutineer of border enforcement began. As far as we 0:08:31.680 --> 0:08:35.200 can pinpoint a single date with Silvestre Reyes, that then 0:08:35.240 --> 0:08:39.360 sector chief of the Border Patrol in McAllen, Texas, and 0:08:39.480 --> 0:08:43.280 his operation hold the line the community around McAllen, who 0:08:43.280 --> 0:08:46.160 got tired of border patrol snooping around businesses and even 0:08:46.240 --> 0:08:50.680 schools in a Rio Grand valley. Instead, Rayes deployed his 0:08:50.800 --> 0:08:53.120 agents forward in a sort of human fence along the 0:08:53.200 --> 0:08:56.400 Rio ground. Rays would later become the chief of the 0:08:56.400 --> 0:08:59.640 Opaso sector and a Democratic Congressman. He lost his seat 0:08:59.640 --> 0:09:02.800 to be to Aro in twenty thirteen, but this strategy 0:09:02.800 --> 0:09:06.680 would long outlive his career with border patrol. The following year, 0:09:06.880 --> 0:09:11.280 on September seventeenth, nineteen ninety four, US Attorney General Janet 0:09:11.320 --> 0:09:15.760 Reno announced the start of Operation Gatekeeper, the first phase 0:09:15.760 --> 0:09:18.040 of the operation focus on the first five miles of 0:09:18.080 --> 0:09:20.880 the western border, including the place where I recorded all 0:09:20.920 --> 0:09:24.480 those interviews you heard earlier this week. According to a 0:09:24.480 --> 0:09:26.160 piece written a quarter of a century later in the 0:09:26.240 --> 0:09:29.480 La Times, the strategy was to deter migrants from illegally 0:09:29.480 --> 0:09:33.160 crossing in the first place, and for those who remained undeterred, 0:09:33.679 --> 0:09:36.480 to encourage him to cross in more isolated wilderness areas 0:09:36.480 --> 0:09:38.760 to the east, where they could be more easily captured. 0:09:40.040 --> 0:09:42.959 There were already fences in nineteen ninety four, first a 0:09:43.080 --> 0:09:45.959 chain link fence, and then one made of helicopter landing 0:09:46.000 --> 0:09:49.040 mats left over from Vietnam that had horizontal struts that 0:09:49.200 --> 0:09:53.440 closely resembled and were used as a ladder. Anti migrant 0:09:53.480 --> 0:09:57.000 rhetoric was already there too. California Governor Pete Wilson became 0:09:57.040 --> 0:09:59.760 an outspoken advocate for Prop one to eighty seven, a 0:10:00.000 --> 0:10:02.439 a measure that cut off state services like healthcare and 0:10:02.559 --> 0:10:06.520 education to undocumented people. Here's a clip of Wilson's reelection 0:10:06.640 --> 0:10:07.640 ad they. 0:10:07.559 --> 0:10:11.840 Keep coming two million illegal immigrants in California. The federal 0:10:11.840 --> 0:10:14.839 government won't stop them at the border, yet requires us 0:10:14.880 --> 0:10:18.040 to pay billions to take care of them. Governor Pete 0:10:18.040 --> 0:10:20.920 Wilson sent the National Guard to help the border patrol. 0:10:21.320 --> 0:10:22.200 But that's not all. 0:10:22.360 --> 0:10:25.880 For Californias, who work hard, pay taxes and obey the laws. 0:10:26.160 --> 0:10:28.760 I'm suing to force the federal government to control the 0:10:28.800 --> 0:10:32.599 border and are working to deny state services to illegal amigrants. 0:10:33.160 --> 0:10:36.040 Enough is enough, Governor Pete Wilson. 0:10:36.520 --> 0:10:39.480 Under the operation, a much higher number of agents were 0:10:39.520 --> 0:10:43.440 deployed to the border. Apprehensions increase, and with them, so 0:10:43.520 --> 0:10:47.240 did funding for border enforcement. It was around this time 0:10:47.280 --> 0:10:50.080 that the narrative around the border began to change. It 0:10:50.160 --> 0:10:52.720 was also around this time, a few months earlier, in fact, 0:10:52.800 --> 0:10:55.880 that the US, Mexico, and Canada entered into the North 0:10:55.920 --> 0:10:58.959 American Free Trade Agreement, which made it easier than ever 0:10:59.000 --> 0:11:01.560 for capital to move across the border and take advantage 0:11:01.600 --> 0:11:04.440 of low wages in Mexico. To learn a little bit 0:11:04.480 --> 0:11:06.920 more about Operation Gatekeeper, I spoke to one of the 0:11:06.920 --> 0:11:08.800 agents who was tasked with executing it. 0:11:10.000 --> 0:11:12.240 My name is Jen budd and I'm a former senior 0:11:12.320 --> 0:11:15.920 Patrol agent with the United States Border Patrol. I was 0:11:15.960 --> 0:11:20.479 a senior intelligence agent as well as San Diego Sector Headquarters. 0:11:20.880 --> 0:11:23.600 Jennison's left the border patrol, but she realizes the impact 0:11:23.640 --> 0:11:26.640 of Operation Gatekeeper on migrants was anything but positive. 0:11:27.000 --> 0:11:30.440 Yeah. Operation Gatekeeper started in nineteen ninety four, in October 0:11:30.520 --> 0:11:33.440 of nineteen ninety four, and I got to Campo in 0:11:33.880 --> 0:11:39.880 November of nineteen ninety five, and so right afterwards, the 0:11:39.920 --> 0:11:43.080 fence was just getting to Takata when I got there. 0:11:43.160 --> 0:11:46.319 So most of my class, I think we had I 0:11:46.360 --> 0:11:48.839 don't know, forty people graduate or something. Most of them 0:11:48.880 --> 0:11:52.160 went down to Imperial Beach and they had a wall 0:11:52.200 --> 0:11:55.080 there there, and so that was the idea, is to 0:11:55.160 --> 0:11:57.880 fill the San Diego City area with as many agents 0:11:57.960 --> 0:12:00.480 and weapons and all this, and then that would push 0:12:00.480 --> 0:12:02.520 the traffic further up to the mountains, making it more 0:12:02.559 --> 0:12:05.720 difficult for them to cross, and some of them get injured, 0:12:05.720 --> 0:12:07.400 and we knew some of them would die, So it 0:12:07.480 --> 0:12:11.640 was intentional. The death and the injuries, according to management, 0:12:11.679 --> 0:12:15.120 would deter future crosses, but of course that that's not 0:12:15.240 --> 0:12:15.680 the case. 0:12:16.200 --> 0:12:19.840 Alan Berson, US attorney in San Diego, was named the 0:12:19.880 --> 0:12:22.679 so called Borders Are by President Bill Clinton a few 0:12:22.760 --> 0:12:26.280 years later to implement that same Gatekeeper strategy across the 0:12:26.280 --> 0:12:29.000 rest of the Southwest border. Burst In saw things a 0:12:29.040 --> 0:12:29.720 little differently. 0:12:30.240 --> 0:12:33.600 Neither side claims it, but Gatekeeper was probably the most 0:12:33.600 --> 0:12:37.640 important domestic achievement accomplished in a purely bipartisan manner through 0:12:37.679 --> 0:12:41.800 three administrations, and the greatest accomplishment since President Eisenhower and 0:12:41.800 --> 0:12:44.200 the Democrats put together the state highway system in the 0:12:44.200 --> 0:12:45.240 mid nineteen fifties. 0:12:45.600 --> 0:12:48.520 But in fact, while apprehensions did drop in San Diego, 0:12:48.880 --> 0:12:51.280 they spiked by five hundred and ninety one percent in 0:12:51.320 --> 0:12:54.240 the Tucson sector between nineteen ninety two and two thousand 0:12:54.280 --> 0:12:58.199 and four. The La Times quotes the non partisan Congressional 0:12:58.240 --> 0:13:03.160 Research Service as saying, one unintended consequence of this enforcement 0:13:03.240 --> 0:13:06.040 posture and the shift in migration patterns has been an 0:13:06.080 --> 0:13:09.680 increase in the number of migrant deaths each year. On average, 0:13:09.880 --> 0:13:13.000 two hundred migrants died each year in the early nineteen nineties, 0:13:13.520 --> 0:13:15.960 compared with four hundred and seventy two migrant deaths in 0:13:15.960 --> 0:13:19.280 two thousand and five. Many of those deaths are now 0:13:19.320 --> 0:13:22.880 in a sector that encompasses the Autumn Reservation. The desert 0:13:22.880 --> 0:13:25.719 there is particularly hard to cross, and the enforcement that 0:13:25.760 --> 0:13:29.040 began with Operation Gatekeeper pushes more and more people onto 0:13:29.080 --> 0:13:32.600 the reservation. Dahn or Autumn people used to travel between 0:13:32.600 --> 0:13:35.880 the United States and Mexico fairly easily are roads without 0:13:35.960 --> 0:13:39.080 checkpoints to visit family, go to school, visit a doctor, 0:13:39.280 --> 0:13:43.800 or perform their traditional ceremonial practices. But after nine to eleven, 0:13:43.960 --> 0:13:46.160 the United States and its Border Patrol began a more 0:13:46.240 --> 0:13:50.720 visible and violent occupation of the reservation. It started with 0:13:50.760 --> 0:13:53.240 a vehicle barrier in two thousand and seven, and it 0:13:53.280 --> 0:13:57.559 continued with CBP's quote unquote virtual wall of surveillance technology, 0:13:58.000 --> 0:14:02.200 cameras and drones. The Israeli company Elbit Systems has built 0:14:02.280 --> 0:14:05.679 fixed surveillance towers, which they pioneered in the West Bank 0:14:05.920 --> 0:14:10.160 on tribal land with the permission of tribal council. Meanwhile, 0:14:10.600 --> 0:14:13.280 other members of the nation strongly oppose the militarization of 0:14:13.280 --> 0:14:16.080 their homeland in the name of security of whatever homeland 0:14:16.080 --> 0:14:19.960 the Department of Homeland Security is securing. I'll quote here 0:14:20.000 --> 0:14:22.360 from Todd Miller, whose excellent work on the borders required 0:14:22.400 --> 0:14:26.600 reading for anyone interested in the subject. Amy Juan and 0:14:26.640 --> 0:14:29.600 Nellie Joe David members of the Horn Autumn her Magicum 0:14:29.640 --> 0:14:34.160 Writes Network. Tohrn joined a delegation to the West Bank 0:14:34.240 --> 0:14:38.000 in October twenty seventeen, convened by the Palestinian Organization to 0:14:38.000 --> 0:14:41.680 stop the war. It was a relief, one says, to 0:14:41.760 --> 0:14:44.640 talk with people who understand our fears, who are dealing 0:14:44.720 --> 0:14:50.320 with militarization and technology. In twenty seventeen, to Horn, Autumn 0:14:50.400 --> 0:14:53.120 vice chairman Verlin Jsse said that a war will be 0:14:53.120 --> 0:14:56.720 built quote over my dead body, and the tribe released 0:14:56.720 --> 0:14:59.480 a video saying there is no Autumn word for war. 0:15:00.040 --> 0:15:02.280 The sixty two miles of the border on their reservation 0:15:02.520 --> 0:15:06.240 would remain without one, they said. By twenty twenty, the 0:15:06.280 --> 0:15:08.440 Trump administration had four through a wall or much of 0:15:08.440 --> 0:15:10.840 the border using what is known as the Roosevelt Reservation. 0:15:11.440 --> 0:15:13.520 This is a sixty foot wide strip of land that 0:15:13.520 --> 0:15:16.960 the federal government owns along the border in California, Arizona, 0:15:17.000 --> 0:15:20.840 and New Mexico. Although much of the Autumn Nation remains 0:15:20.880 --> 0:15:23.600 war free and somehows what's called a vehicle barrier or 0:15:23.600 --> 0:15:26.840 a normandy barrier, approximately one third of the Roosevelt Reservation 0:15:26.920 --> 0:15:30.160 is on tribal land. Since two thousand and five, realized 0:15:30.200 --> 0:15:33.080 the Act, environmental surveys and laws have been waved for 0:15:33.120 --> 0:15:36.160 border security, and this gave the Trump administration a way 0:15:36.200 --> 0:15:39.320 to justify the destruction of autumn and Kumi burial grounds, 0:15:39.480 --> 0:15:42.840 sawad or cacti that the autumn seas relatives, and other 0:15:42.960 --> 0:15:46.320 sacred sites along the border. Despite efforts by tribal members 0:15:46.320 --> 0:15:50.160 and allies to stop the construction, members of the Taharanna 0:15:50.200 --> 0:15:54.080 Autumn Nation have been pepper sprayed, beaten tailed, and shot 0:15:54.120 --> 0:15:57.040 by Border patrol. In two thousand and two, a Border 0:15:57.080 --> 0:16:01.640 Patrol agent ran over and killed an Artham teenager. Last week, 0:16:02.040 --> 0:16:03.960 the same night I was waiting down by the border 0:16:03.960 --> 0:16:06.720 for the end of Title forty two, Border patrol agents 0:16:06.720 --> 0:16:09.920 shot and killed Raymond Mattia, an odd to man who 0:16:09.960 --> 0:16:12.680 had called and asked him for help. He was shot 0:16:12.760 --> 0:16:15.360 thirty eight times just two feet from his front door, 0:16:15.400 --> 0:16:19.440 recording to his family Well, mister Mattia's death is still 0:16:19.440 --> 0:16:22.440 being investigated. The Border Patrol has a long tradition of 0:16:22.480 --> 0:16:25.920 literally getting away with murder. This is because they investigate 0:16:25.960 --> 0:16:29.960 themselves using so called critical incident teams. I talked to 0:16:30.040 --> 0:16:32.480 Jen about what those teams do, and so. 0:16:32.600 --> 0:16:35.000 What they would do is they would get there first 0:16:35.040 --> 0:16:37.200 on the scene because we would call them first. We 0:16:37.200 --> 0:16:40.200 wouldn't call anybody else. We'd call them first, and then 0:16:40.240 --> 0:16:42.480 they come, they get rid of the witnesses, They set 0:16:42.480 --> 0:16:44.880 the scene up the way we want to be done, 0:16:45.000 --> 0:16:47.040 and they tell you the narrative that you're going to 0:16:47.040 --> 0:16:49.440 stick with. You talk to your union reps, and it's 0:16:49.480 --> 0:16:50.640 all this giant cover up. 0:16:51.080 --> 0:16:54.160 Here's John Carlos Free, a journalist who covered ci T 0:16:54.320 --> 0:16:57.880 cover ups, talking to Democracy Now about how these teams work. 0:16:58.720 --> 0:17:02.360 Within the actual agency of the US Border Patrol, there 0:17:02.400 --> 0:17:05.879 is an investigated body called SIT, the Critical Incident Team. 0:17:06.520 --> 0:17:10.080 They are tasked with investigating incidents that involve Border Patrol 0:17:10.080 --> 0:17:12.639 and it can be anything from a car accident to 0:17:12.760 --> 0:17:15.720 in this case, an individual who's killed at the hands 0:17:15.720 --> 0:17:18.679 of the US Border Patrol. In this particular case of 0:17:18.760 --> 0:17:23.560 Anastasio Hernandez Rojas, border Patrol agents deleted video, they collected 0:17:23.600 --> 0:17:26.560 evidence at the scene. They were present in the hospital 0:17:26.640 --> 0:17:30.600 when Anastasio was being treated, They were present at the autopsy. 0:17:31.400 --> 0:17:37.880 They fudged reports, they deleted reports, They coached their own 0:17:37.960 --> 0:17:40.960 agents on what kind of testimony they were to give. 0:17:41.000 --> 0:17:44.440 They were present at every one of the depositions. They 0:17:44.480 --> 0:17:47.120 made sure that they were the victims in this case. 0:17:47.119 --> 0:17:48.960 And when I say that, what I mean is that 0:17:49.080 --> 0:17:53.920 Border Patrol agents, SIT team agents make sure that Border 0:17:53.960 --> 0:17:57.680 Patrol agents are looked at as the victims in any 0:17:57.720 --> 0:18:00.199 sort of an incident, meaning that they are allowed then 0:18:00.240 --> 0:18:03.360 to use lethal force if a Border Patrol agent has 0:18:03.480 --> 0:18:05.760 rocks thrown at them or in the case of Anastasio, 0:18:05.840 --> 0:18:09.000 they alleged that Anastasio was violent and that he was 0:18:09.080 --> 0:18:13.119 kicking and punching and he needed to be subdued. If 0:18:13.160 --> 0:18:15.760 we take a look at the videotape, that's not actually 0:18:15.800 --> 0:18:18.359 what happened. He's handcuffed, he's prone on the ground, his 0:18:18.440 --> 0:18:21.280 faces down, agents are on top of him. But if 0:18:21.280 --> 0:18:23.640 you read the reports in this case that were prepared 0:18:23.640 --> 0:18:26.600 by SID Anastasio was a violent man and needed to 0:18:26.640 --> 0:18:27.280 be subdued. 0:18:27.680 --> 0:18:30.480 In twenty twenty one, Border Patrol was ordered to disband 0:18:30.520 --> 0:18:33.439 these teams, but Jen says they simply moved them somewhere 0:18:33.440 --> 0:18:34.600 else and gave them a different name. 0:18:35.119 --> 0:18:37.800 So then they said that they disbanded them because we 0:18:37.840 --> 0:18:39.560 brought the truth out and how they did all this 0:18:40.119 --> 0:18:43.120 and we proved it. But what they actually did is 0:18:43.160 --> 0:18:45.600 they did a retention. So they had the Border Patrol 0:18:45.640 --> 0:18:49.280 agents resign from the Border Patrol and move over to 0:18:49.359 --> 0:18:52.960 CBP OPR and we hired them under there. So the 0:18:53.080 --> 0:18:57.680 team that likely went to go investigate the tahonum Otum killing, 0:18:58.400 --> 0:19:03.000 I believe his name is Matia Martia and Raymond Martya 0:19:04.240 --> 0:19:08.840 is likely the Border Patrol fitteens. So if the Border 0:19:08.880 --> 0:19:11.199 Patrol agents, a lot of people don't understand, it's like 0:19:11.240 --> 0:19:14.760 a cult, you know. They always say you blee green, 0:19:15.160 --> 0:19:17.120 you know, and you don't go back from green, and 0:19:17.280 --> 0:19:19.840 probably one of the few that ever left, you know, 0:19:20.160 --> 0:19:21.600 and tells the truth about it. 0:19:22.000 --> 0:19:24.680 Of Course, the vast majority of people whose families will 0:19:24.680 --> 0:19:27.760 never find justice because of these cit teams are not white, 0:19:28.359 --> 0:19:30.680 and of course Border Patrol has long rooted links to 0:19:30.720 --> 0:19:34.800 white nationalism. In nineteen seventy seven, about forty five minutes 0:19:34.800 --> 0:19:37.359 from San Diego and another forty five minutes from Komba, 0:19:37.920 --> 0:19:40.400 David Duke, grand Dragon of the Knights of the klu 0:19:40.480 --> 0:19:43.520 Klux Klan at the time, announced the official beginning of 0:19:43.600 --> 0:19:47.720 Clan Border Watch. You claim there were hundreds of clansmen 0:19:47.760 --> 0:19:50.680 on the border, but local newspapers The Desert Sun reported 0:19:50.720 --> 0:19:54.080 that there were in reality at least ten are quote 0:19:54.119 --> 0:19:56.240 directly from the Desert Suns reporting at a time here, 0:19:57.320 --> 0:19:59.800 Duke said Clans one would refrain from direct contact with 0:19:59.840 --> 0:20:03.040 it leagal aliens if any have found, he said, klansmen 0:20:03.080 --> 0:20:06.000 would not talk to them or contact them, but if 0:20:06.040 --> 0:20:08.600 any illegal crossings a scene, they're going to use CBE 0:20:08.680 --> 0:20:11.480 radios to relay the information to border patrol, Duke said. 0:20:12.200 --> 0:20:16.040 Duke of Metairie, Louisiana, claimed the clan has the support 0:20:16.040 --> 0:20:18.600 of the American people and helping the border patrol stem 0:20:18.640 --> 0:20:21.960 the influx of illegal aliens into this country. He claimed, 0:20:21.960 --> 0:20:26.639 the illegal aliens take jobs away from US citizens. We 0:20:26.720 --> 0:20:29.200 feel this rising tide washing over our border is going 0:20:29.240 --> 0:20:31.680 to affect our culture, he told reporters at the time, 0:20:32.080 --> 0:20:33.840 in a statement that wouldn't sound out of place on 0:20:33.880 --> 0:20:37.200 Fox News today. In response, more than one thousand, five 0:20:37.240 --> 0:20:40.520 hundred brown Berries threatened to rally against Duke. A protest 0:20:40.560 --> 0:20:42.879 far out numbering his patrols popped up along the border. 0:20:43.960 --> 0:20:46.919 In the late nineteen seventies and early nineteen eighties. Texas 0:20:46.960 --> 0:20:49.880 Knights of the KKK leader Louis Beam, a Vietnam War 0:20:49.960 --> 0:20:52.840 veteran who had helped to organize and promote Duke's border stunt, 0:20:53.359 --> 0:20:56.560 established paramilitary camps around Texas and train children as young 0:20:56.600 --> 0:20:59.879 as eight in the deadly guerrilla warfare tactics he learned overseas, 0:21:00.920 --> 0:21:11.200