Speaker 1: What What What?
Speaker 2: What is the run? Bloomberg BusinessWeek contributor Jonathan Franklin rode
Speaker 2: along with park rangers in South Africa. They spend their
Speaker 2: days and nights trying to stop poachers who kill endangered
Speaker 2: rhinos for their horns. A single rhinoceros horn can be
Speaker 2: worth forty thousand dollars or more on the black market.
Speaker 2: Ground into powder. It's used for traditional medicines in China
Speaker 2: and Vietnam, or kept intact a contraband trophy for wealthy
Speaker 2: people to put on display. If it keeps up like this,
Speaker 2: poachers will wipe out rhinos altogether.
Speaker 3: I would ask them, you know, how long have you
Speaker 3: been a ranger? And they would say thirty years. And
Speaker 3: I remember one of the guys said, when I first
Speaker 3: became a ranger, we were always so worried because the
Speaker 3: animals were thirsty. And I said, and now and he said,
Speaker 3: we've got guns. We're more like soldiers. It's gone from
Speaker 3: being like a joy to conserve the to a war
Speaker 3: to protect them.
Speaker 2: But keeping up with poachers is not easy, so the
Speaker 2: rangers are now taking an unexpected approach. I'm West Kesova
Speaker 2: today on the Big Take. If you can't beat them
Speaker 2: join them.
Speaker 3: So when I arrived in South Africa's Greater Kruger Park,
Speaker 3: it's about five and a half million acres and I'm
Speaker 3: in the back of a jeep and we're kind of
Speaker 3: bouncing across the savannah looking for rhinos. And it's kind
Speaker 3: of this whole caravan of people that are all hunting
Speaker 3: for a rhino. And what's so crazy is you can't
Speaker 3: find any rhinos.
Speaker 2: The people Jonathan is riding around with aren't poachers. They're
Speaker 2: park rangers who chase down the animals in hopes of
Speaker 2: saving their lives.
Speaker 3: People would say, you know, ten years ago, this never
Speaker 3: would have happened. You could always find the rhino. Some
Speaker 3: people we have binoculars. Some people are expert trackers, so
Speaker 3: they're also looking for tracks. And we look and we look,
Speaker 3: and nobody can find a rhino. So I convinced the
Speaker 3: helicopter crew to let me go up with them because
Speaker 3: there was a helicopter here that was also going to
Speaker 3: be part of the team. So we get in a
Speaker 3: helicopter and it's the pilot, myself and a veterinarian with
Speaker 3: a long gun, and from up in a helicopter, we
Speaker 3: still can't find it like we're literally like quirkscrewing around,
Speaker 3: going probably one hundred feet off the ground at most
Speaker 3: two hundred, like really zipping along the tree line the
Speaker 3: wh Sometimes we pause and you see zebras everywhere, you
Speaker 3: see giraffes, you see herds of elephants. Sometimes you see
Speaker 3: lions these by these waterholes. But we can't find any rhinos.
Speaker 3: And it takes us about four or five loops around
Speaker 3: this big corner of Kruger National Park, and we're zipping
Speaker 3: this way and that way, and it's all spectacular, but
Speaker 3: the pilots are kind of muttering, where's the rhino? Where's
Speaker 3: the rhino? And finally they spot a mom rhino with
Speaker 3: a calf, and we hovered just above it, and they're
Speaker 3: looking through binoculars because they need to know do these
Speaker 3: rhinos have horns? And they confirm that both rhinos have horns,
Speaker 3: and that means that they're gonna shoot.
Speaker 2: Them, but not shoot them with bullets. Instead, the veterinarian
Speaker 2: loads up his rifle with a heavy duty tranquilizer. Two
Speaker 2: shots later and there are two drowsy rhinos. The jeeps
Speaker 2: that have been following along speed up to get close
Speaker 2: to the animals.
Speaker 3: And the helicopter comes to a quick stop, and basically
Speaker 3: the veterinarian is running through this grass, and this grass
Speaker 3: is pretty high, it's like waist hie, and it's full
Speaker 3: of these weird, huge yellow spiders called golden orbs. The
Speaker 3: rhinos now been darted and it hasn't tipped over yet.
Speaker 3: We're about ten meters away from the rhino. It's quite
Speaker 3: slowed down, it's moving a little bit, but it's about
Speaker 3: to topple over. And one of the first things they
Speaker 3: have to do is load the eyes with eye drops,
Speaker 3: because it turns out that if you sedate a rhino,
Speaker 3: it leaves its eyes open doesn't blink, and the first
Speaker 3: time they do these operations, the rhinos all went blind.
Speaker 3: So there's all sorts of very you know, timely and
Speaker 3: life saving or life threatening procedures going on between the
Speaker 3: veterinarian team and the two rhinos. Then comes one of
Speaker 3: the probably the most kind of disheartening or kind of
Speaker 3: terrifying aspects of this is that a guy starts up.
Speaker 3: Sometimes he use a chainsaw, and so with these saws,
Speaker 3: they fire them up and they kind of brace themselves
Speaker 3: and they very slowly lean into the horn, and you
Speaker 3: can just see the horn being eaten away and it
Speaker 3: says chips this rhino horn flying around. It smells kind
Speaker 3: of weird. It kind of smell like almonds or nuts.
Speaker 3: As this whole thing is going down, within thirty seconds,
Speaker 3: they've sawed off the horns and they take the horns
Speaker 3: and they immediately take a sharpie and they put like
Speaker 3: a code number on it, almost like a serial number.
Speaker 3: These are immediately passed to a man with a pistol
Speaker 3: and he's the security guard. And immediately these horns are
Speaker 3: highly sought after and dangerous to have. You know, if
Speaker 3: you have rhino horns on you, you're in South Africa
Speaker 3: these days, you are ripe for an assault. So these
Speaker 3: horns are immediately going to kind of a security custodial
Speaker 3: person who's armed. They've got more guns in the car,
Speaker 3: they've got padlocks. So there's a whole security team here
Speaker 3: that within seconds takes possession of these horns. The actual
Speaker 3: sawt off horn gets a hole drilled in it and
Speaker 3: gets a microchip in it, and it gets a code.
Speaker 3: It's almost like a valuable diamond. Each individual horn haads
Speaker 3: its own code, its own log. You know, it's almost
Speaker 3: like a medical file, all the paperwork on each remaining horn.
Speaker 3: That horn is then placed in special vaults. You can
Speaker 3: get rhino horn insurance if you have it at a
Speaker 3: vault at your house, which is not recommended at all.
Speaker 3: It's really dangerous the rhino horns your home because it
Speaker 3: might be robbed. So you have these special companies that
Speaker 3: transport and store rhino horns for you. And we're seeing
Speaker 3: that the government has their stockpiles, the private individuals of
Speaker 3: their stockpiles, the conservation groups of their stockpiles. In South Africa,
Speaker 3: they don't destroy it. In some countries they would destroy,
Speaker 3: burn tusks and burn horn. For now they're being stockpiled,
Speaker 3: and it's extremely dangerous because there's often assaults on these warehouses.
Speaker 2: Clearly, a lot of effort in care goes into removing
Speaker 2: the rhino's horn without harming the animal, and a rhino
Speaker 2: without a horn has no value to a poacher. This
Speaker 2: was the big breakthrough. Instead of chasing poachers, the rangers
Speaker 2: started chasing what the poachers are after the horns themselves.
Speaker 2: Getting to the horn before the poachers do is key
Speaker 2: because poachers who spot a horned rhino don't bother with
Speaker 2: the helicopters and tranquilizers and the eye.
Speaker 3: Drops in the wild. When the poachers come, they kill
Speaker 3: the rhino by shooting bullets into his head and they
Speaker 3: chop off the horn. And that's that. What happens now
Speaker 3: is the environmentalist and the conservation groups are all They
Speaker 3: call it the horn trimming.
Speaker 2: Remember that helicopter you heard just a bit ago. Bruce
Speaker 2: McDonald is one of its pilots, and Jonathan spoke to
Speaker 2: him during his field reporting.
Speaker 3: It was almost inconceivable.
Speaker 1: It is.
Speaker 4: And the thing is that it's not a one solfa operation.
Speaker 4: You'll DeHorn an animal and eighteen months to two years
Speaker 4: down the line you could redo that animal because the
Speaker 4: hone does grow back, which becomes a cost thing as well.
Speaker 4: It gets expensive to do this. There's helicopters' aircraft, there's
Speaker 4: bits involved, there's security companies. It's in a fully fleeced
Speaker 4: operation which all costs money. So it's not a one
Speaker 4: solf it's not a silver bullet, but it certainly does help.
Speaker 4: And if this is going to last time, well then
Speaker 4: we're gonna keep doing it.
Speaker 2: And this worldwide illegal trade in rhino horns has just
Speaker 2: decimated rhino populations around the.
Speaker 3: World because of the rhino trade is focused in Asia.
Speaker 3: What we've seen is full on extinction of certain species
Speaker 3: in Asia and now the attacks coming to South Africa.
Speaker 3: Tens of thousands of rhinos have been poached. You know,
Speaker 3: The Northern white rhino is down to two females, which
Speaker 3: obviously cannot breed. The Southern white rhino is down to
Speaker 3: maybe fifteen thousand, we're talking from fifty sixty thousand. The
Speaker 3: populations are just plummeting, and every year we're seeing ten
Speaker 3: to fifteen, almost twenty percent of the rhinos we wiped
Speaker 3: out per year. The rhino population in Kruger Park is
Speaker 3: down by seventy eight percent over the last decade. So
Speaker 3: you had thousands and thousands. Now it could be as
Speaker 3: little twenty two hundred rhinos still left. There's even talk
Speaker 3: that the poachers say, if we kill every last one,
Speaker 3: then the price of the horn will go through the roof,
Speaker 3: because then it's a commardi that's no longer around. So
Speaker 3: there's this battle to say these last few thousand rhinos.
Speaker 3: As we've heard, that battle is being waged in large
Speaker 3: part by park rangers, a job that used to mean
Speaker 3: a background in biology now requires a whole different skill set.
Speaker 3: Jonathan also spoke with Tiri, Chuck and Yuka. He's a
Speaker 3: specialist training officer at the Southern African Wildlife College that's
Speaker 3: a training ground for new rangers.
Speaker 5: These days, porches and are most sophisticated today have become
Speaker 5: more militarized. So with rangers, we've also adapted to militarize
Speaker 5: rangers to train them as military, but not as full military,
Speaker 5: but in a paramilitary fashion so that you can also
Speaker 5: what they can be able to combat the poachers and
Speaker 5: try to also decrease poaching will never be finished, but
Speaker 5: it can be decreased.
Speaker 2: After the break. Who are the poachers willing to take
Speaker 2: these big risks? So we know that poachers are decimating
Speaker 2: rhino populations, but who are the poachers?
Speaker 3: The poaching gangs are a real mixture of locals who
Speaker 3: are hired to do the dirty work. And these locals
Speaker 3: tend to be poor people who live along the western
Speaker 3: border of Kruger National Park. If you think of Kruger
Speaker 3: National Park, there's twenty six hundred rhinos left and there's
Speaker 3: two point six million pretty poor people along the border.
Speaker 3: So you could say there's a thousand poor people for
Speaker 3: every rhino, and so the whole odds against the rhino
Speaker 3: surviving are really influenced by the basic economic realities of this.
Speaker 3: One rhino horn could give you as much money as
Speaker 3: you'd make in a lifetime. I calculated that, you know,
Speaker 3: a pound of rhino horn was basically three or four
Speaker 3: years wages. And what they do with the horn is
Speaker 3: they then pass it off because you don't just kill
Speaker 3: a horn and then find a buyer. This whole operation
Speaker 3: begins with somebody who's a miss. This is somebody who's
Speaker 3: going to organize and set up the logistics of killing
Speaker 3: the rhino, and then that same person will be the
Speaker 3: one that will get smuggled out of the country and
Speaker 3: pass it to the next handler, whoill usually be in
Speaker 3: Southeast Asia. So the typical operation would cost six eight
Speaker 3: thousand dollars because they have to bribe somebody inside the park,
Speaker 3: because it's almost always from inside information that a rhinos poached.
Speaker 3: It's not somebody wanders in the park looking for a rhino,
Speaker 3: especially today when there's so few rhinos left. So the
Speaker 3: poaching organizations need to find somebody inside the park where
Speaker 3: they can bribe.
Speaker 2: There are penalties in South Africa for those convicted of poaching,
Speaker 2: but it's not too often that someone actually gets caught,
Speaker 2: and in a lot of cases, the rewards far outweigh
Speaker 2: the risks. There was a recent report that said so
Speaker 2: many insiders are working with the poaching gangs that the
Speaker 2: rhinos and the animals are being killed by guns that
Speaker 2: are stay inside the park. They found baboons playing with guns.
Speaker 2: If on the elephants playing with the guns. There's all
Speaker 2: these guns stashed in the park and those guns are
Speaker 2: then used by the team that's been alerted, you know,
Speaker 2: come in Thursday, take out the rhino, and then the
Speaker 2: rhino horn is smuggled out, often by a park employee,
Speaker 2: goes to Cape Town and then probably goes to Mozambique
Speaker 2: and from Mozambique over to Southeast Asia. This is not
Speaker 2: like a fly by night operation. This is sophisticated gangs,
Speaker 2: the same kind of people that could move you know,
Speaker 2: kilos of cocaine. And if the promise of money isn't
Speaker 2: enough to make a ranger turn a blind eye, the
Speaker 2: poachers sometimes resort to threats.
Speaker 3: What we're finding is that dozens and dozens of rangers
Speaker 3: inside Krueger have been implicated in collaboration, and it's not
Speaker 3: always because they're just looking for the money. A lot
Speaker 3: of times they get death threats. So somebody might come
Speaker 3: to a park ranger and Krueger say I want you
Speaker 3: to look the other way on Thursday, or if not,
Speaker 3: it might kill your wife and your kids. Or they
Speaker 3: might say, we know there's rhino in section six on Thursday,
Speaker 3: don't go anywhere near Section six. Stay away from Section six.
Speaker 3: We'll deal with the rhino. If not, we'll deal with you.
Speaker 3: So there's all sorts of heavy duty intimidation by which
Speaker 3: the public employees and the conservation folks inside Krueger get
Speaker 3: their arms twisted to work with the poaching gangs. I
Speaker 3: spent weeks traveling with rangers inside Kruger National Park in
Speaker 3: Greater Kruger Park, and the rangers are risking their life
Speaker 3: every day. The last year in Africa, one hundred rangers
Speaker 3: were killed, most of them shot. Unfortunately, the reason they
Speaker 3: actually found out about this story is that one of
Speaker 3: the most beloved and honest rangers and all of Krueger
Speaker 3: was murdered in July of twenty twenty two. He wouldn't
Speaker 3: take bribes. So the poaching gangs threatened him. They warned
Speaker 3: him to the extent that he moved his family. He
Speaker 3: had to hide his children. And his name was Anton Mazimba,
Speaker 3: and he was a longtime ranger thirty years about to retire.
Speaker 3: And he was at his house when a team of
Speaker 3: assassins came or pretended like their car broke down, and
Speaker 3: they asked him for water to fix their radiator, and
Speaker 3: when he came back, they shot him repeatedly. They shot
Speaker 3: his wife. His wife survived, but Anton Mazimba, and this
Speaker 3: is less than a year ago, was murdered because he
Speaker 3: wouldn't take bribes from the rhino poachers. And that sent
Speaker 3: a shockwave through all the rangers because you know, he
Speaker 3: had met with Prince William recently in England. He's the
Speaker 3: star of a movie called Rhino Man that's coming out.
Speaker 3: This is about as close as you get to being
Speaker 3: like a celebrity ranger for somebody protecting rhinos. And so
Speaker 3: if they could take out Anton, it made the feeling
Speaker 3: that maybe they could take out anybody.
Speaker 2: Here's helicopter pilot Jerry McDonald and in fact he's a
Speaker 2: twin brother of Bruce McDonald, the helicopter pilot we heard
Speaker 2: from earlier.
Speaker 6: It affected everyone really badly and we didn't realize just
Speaker 6: how close we were to Anton. We're working with him daily,
Speaker 6: you know, we do a lot of work with him.
Speaker 6: And unfortunately, this is a new modus oper any that
Speaker 6: these syndicates are starting to use. They intimidate the field rinders,
Speaker 6: so when they go home, they're not safe. They actually
Speaker 6: feel threatened. When they go home. You speak to any
Speaker 6: of the field randers, they don't feel comfortable when they
Speaker 6: don't leave because it's happened to one of the brothers
Speaker 6: and they feel it's can happen to them.
Speaker 2: Park rangers are putting their lives on the line for
Speaker 2: these animals, and that requires a connection to the landscape
Speaker 2: and to the wildlife that few South Africans who live
Speaker 2: outside the park ever get to experience.
Speaker 3: And you have these people going on these expensive safaris
Speaker 3: to see the Big five, which is you've got you've
Speaker 3: got the buffalo, you've got the rhino, you've got the elephant,
Speaker 3: you've got the leopard, you've got the lion. But two
Speaker 3: kilometers away, you know, a ten minute drive across the
Speaker 3: park borders, you've got tens of thousands of people living
Speaker 3: in houses that barely have water, that have a tin roof.
Speaker 3: The unemployment is about forty percent, and a lot of
Speaker 3: these people have never seen any of the animal You
Speaker 3: don't have animals outside of Krueger very much. You see
Speaker 3: some monkeys and baboons, but to see the elephants, to
Speaker 3: see the giraffe, to see the herds of impala going around,
Speaker 3: you have to be in the parks. And there's this
Speaker 3: complete disconnect for most of the African folks who live
Speaker 3: near these parks, where they've never had an opportunity to
Speaker 3: go in the park. And so we're just now seeing
Speaker 3: some really innovative programs by which the park wardens are
Speaker 3: taking their rangers into the community, they're going to the classrooms,
Speaker 3: they're bringing the kids into the parks, and we're starting
Speaker 3: to see thousands, if not tens of thousands of kids
Speaker 3: be introduced to the wildlife that's their own backyard. But
Speaker 3: for many years, there's a complete disconnect. Now that people
Speaker 3: are trying to stitch the community into the understanding of
Speaker 3: what a healthy ecosystem looks like, there's all sorts of opportunities,
Speaker 3: but the question is is it too little, too late.
Speaker 2: Jonathan spoke to another group of people who hope that
Speaker 2: it isn't too late, and they're also trying to protect
Speaker 2: their rhino in an unconventional way.
Speaker 3: Because of the rhino poaching, Different rangers in different park
Speaker 3: wardens throughout Greater Krueger coming up with different strategies because
Speaker 3: it's just heartbreaking. These people will have ten rhinos on
Speaker 3: Friday and Monday, they only have seven lefts. So Craig Spencer,
Speaker 3: conservationists in South Africa, came up with a concept called
Speaker 3: the Black Mambas. And what he did was he trained
Speaker 3: local women to be trackers. He trained them to use firearms,
Speaker 3: he trained them to be in great shape so they
Speaker 3: could patrol, He trained them to run security. And then
Speaker 3: what he did is he sent out these all women
Speaker 3: groups of all local women, and he put them on
Speaker 3: staff and he had them patrol the lines with no guns,
Speaker 3: just walkie talkies and all this knowledge of the local community.
Speaker 3: And what Craig Spencer figured was that if we had
Speaker 3: local women both inside the fence patrolling and outside the
Speaker 3: fence where they live and they have a lot of
Speaker 3: contacts with the community, he could make a bridge to
Speaker 3: understanding the kind of damage that poaching does and the
Speaker 3: value that animals have. For example, right away, all these
Speaker 3: women are being paid as part of the conservation mission,
Speaker 3: and the Black Mambas have a program called the Bush
Speaker 3: Babies where they go into the local schools and they
Speaker 3: teach kids about the importance of conservation. They take those children,
Speaker 3: they bring them into the park. They kind of use
Speaker 3: the children as ambassadors into the community for anti poaching
Speaker 3: messages and they hear a lot in return. They're in
Speaker 3: the schools, they talk to the teachers, they talk to
Speaker 3: the local policemen. They're wandering around, so they're also an
Speaker 3: informal intelligence agency that's getting gossip and notes and hearing
Speaker 3: things about you know who all of a sudden built
Speaker 3: a new second story in their house.
Speaker 2: Doctor Joseph Accory is a biodiversity and conservation specialist at
Speaker 2: the Southern African Wildlife College, and he sees the important
Speaker 2: role that local residents can play in conservation.
Speaker 1: So what do we do in terms of safeguards. One
Speaker 1: of our first lines of defense is the communities around us.
Speaker 1: There are our eyes and ears, So community engagement is
Speaker 1: very important to know our situational awareness around our protected areas.
Speaker 3: So they're both kind of this low level intelligence group,
Speaker 3: but they're also a patrol group and their community outreach
Speaker 3: and these are the kind of like very novel efforts
Speaker 3: that I thought kind of show both the desperation and
Speaker 3: the ingenuity of what's happening here. The organized crime is
Speaker 3: so greased and so well funded that it's created a
Speaker 3: counter effect where different rangers in different parts of Krueger
Speaker 3: are coming up with local strategies. And the black Mombots
Speaker 3: are an example of one way in which poaching and
Speaker 3: that part of Kruger has gone way down.
Speaker 2: When we come back, can anything more be done to
Speaker 2: save these wild rhinos? So, Jonathan, what is the long
Speaker 2: term answer here? This elaborate game of whackama between conservationists
Speaker 2: and poachers I suppose could go on forever, but it
Speaker 2: doesn't seem really like a solution.
Speaker 3: Well, one of the things that kept on coming up
Speaker 3: over and over again while reporting this story in South
Speaker 3: Africa and especially inside Krueger was this idea that focusing
Speaker 3: on the number of rhino was kind of ridiculous. People
Speaker 3: mocked me many times when I would just like, how
Speaker 3: many rhino are left? How many years longer? What they
Speaker 3: said to me, is Jonathan, the important thing is the
Speaker 3: amount of habitat we have for rhino. The rhino itself
Speaker 3: is actually pretty resilient, doesn't have any natural enemies. They
Speaker 3: breed fairly easily, but only if they have the habitat.
Speaker 3: So they said, you might want to consider measuring how
Speaker 3: many hundreds of thousands of acres of habitat are we
Speaker 3: saving every year. Because there was more of a sense
Speaker 3: of stitching together what's left of the South African ecosystems
Speaker 3: into corridors or habitat. So there was a lot of
Speaker 3: efforts by people to turn farmland into habitat, to turn
Speaker 3: abandoned lands into habitat. The only way the rhino's going
Speaker 3: to survive is it has more habitat, habitat that's integrated.
Speaker 3: So I think that although few people think the rhino
Speaker 3: will be posted to extinction, it's kind of be a
Speaker 3: poached into a semi wild status where you know, if
Speaker 3: you individual rhino has a bodyguard, or if you have
Speaker 3: one hundred thousand acre section of Kruger Park and there's
Speaker 3: only eight rhinos left there, I mean, yes, there's rhino,
Speaker 3: but the rhinos we know it. It's kind of the
Speaker 3: survival of a massacre that's gone on off and on
Speaker 3: for a couple hundred years. So it's really hard to
Speaker 3: understand what is going to be a viable population by
Speaker 3: which we can have wild rhino on Earth that have
Speaker 3: some sense of behaving like wild rhino and not just
Speaker 3: you know, the rhinos that are in zoos in Australia
Speaker 3: and the United States and Mexico.
Speaker 2: Some advocates have said that legalizing the trade in rhino
Speaker 2: horns could be one answer, but Jonathan says it's complicated.
Speaker 3: There's many different proposals to protect rhinos, and one of
Speaker 3: them is the idea that a legalized trade in rhino
Speaker 3: horn would create so much money that it would then
Speaker 3: pump into habitat protection, into rhino conservation, into overall biodiversity
Speaker 3: survival strategies. The theory there is that rhino are being
Speaker 3: poached to the edge of extinction. There's been a ban
Speaker 3: on rhino horn for decades and all we've seen is
Speaker 3: the rhinol populations get crushed and crushed and crushed. Whatever
Speaker 3: we're doing now is clearly not working.
Speaker 2: Jonathan Franklin, thanks so much for speaking.
Speaker 5: With me today.
Speaker 3: Thank you very much.
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