WEBVTT - Permaculture with Andrew 0:00:04.240 --> 0:00:07.440 Welcome to the a coort Happen. Here is practical guy 0:00:08.039 --> 0:00:11.560 to make it Puma culture happen wherever you are. I 0:00:11.640 --> 0:00:16.040 am your host for this episode, Andrew of the YouTube 0:00:16.079 --> 0:00:23.720 channel andrewism and I'm joined here with Chris and Jeames 0:00:24.400 --> 0:00:30.920 he Lou. Hello, Hi, thanks for having us, Thanks for 0:00:30.920 --> 0:00:36.879 having me. It's the guest. Well, you're gonna walk us 0:00:36.880 --> 0:00:39.720 through this. I'm very excited to learn more about it. Yes, 0:00:39.960 --> 0:00:42.160 so I really see it as a as a key 0:00:42.159 --> 0:00:45.760 component in the restoration of the youth. And so I 0:00:45.840 --> 0:00:52.240 find it necessary that regardless of what direction your individual 0:00:53.360 --> 0:00:57.200 practice is going in, we're we're looking to specialize or whatever. 0:00:57.280 --> 0:01:01.440 Couldn't quoe specialize? I think it's still important to think 0:01:01.440 --> 0:01:04.360 about where food comes from and think about ways that 0:01:04.480 --> 0:01:09.280 we can enhanced and in large our food autonomy, especially 0:01:09.840 --> 0:01:17.560 considering the multi layering crises that you know compounding these days. 0:01:21.040 --> 0:01:26.759 Puma culture was first coined as a tomb by puma 0:01:26.840 --> 0:01:32.280 culturist Bill Mollison. It's a portmanteau of permanent agriculture and 0:01:32.319 --> 0:01:36.400 permanent culture, and it's the conscious design and mainstance of 0:01:36.480 --> 0:01:42.200 agriculturally productive ecosystems which have a diversity, stability and resilience 0:01:42.280 --> 0:01:46.880 of natural ecosystems. It's a way of integrating landscape and 0:01:46.920 --> 0:01:50.480 people providing their food, energy, shelter, and other material and 0:01:50.520 --> 0:01:54.920 other non material needs in a sustainable way. And just 0:01:55.040 --> 0:02:00.240 to be clear, the concepts, the ideas, the principles that 0:02:00.560 --> 0:02:05.920 make up Puma culture have existed long before Bill Mollison 0:02:06.080 --> 0:02:10.239 was born, have existed in cultures all over the world. 0:02:11.680 --> 0:02:16.360 Bill Molson is just someone who has, I guess given 0:02:16.360 --> 0:02:23.040 it a spin for a modern audience. But these principles, 0:02:23.040 --> 0:02:24.840 these ideas are things that have been in practice for 0:02:24.919 --> 0:02:30.240 thousands of years, tens of thousands, even from the approach 0:02:30.280 --> 0:02:35.320 to land management and settlement designed to the whole systems 0:02:35.360 --> 0:02:39.320 thinking approach to nature which can be seen in a 0:02:39.320 --> 0:02:43.640 lot of animals practices. It has a long history and 0:02:43.760 --> 0:02:48.600 it's one that people who practice Fuma culture today research 0:02:48.639 --> 0:02:55.600 Fuma culture will inevitably uncover in their learning process. However, 0:02:56.680 --> 0:03:00.640 Bill Morrison first coined in the nineties seventies as a 0:03:00.680 --> 0:03:03.600 response to the oil embargoes they were taking place at 0:03:03.600 --> 0:03:09.840 the time, by bringing together the traditional knowledge of a 0:03:10.000 --> 0:03:16.120 vastery of indigenous cultures and combining them with certain modern 0:03:16.200 --> 0:03:21.720 design and layouts. It created a movement that is now 0:03:22.480 --> 0:03:27.840 um spreading across the world from every on every continent. Honestly, 0:03:29.320 --> 0:03:35.640 the way that Puma culture views UM the world views systems. 0:03:36.600 --> 0:03:41.120 It comes with an outlook that recognizes it all biological 0:03:41.160 --> 0:03:45.400 material is a potential energy source. The aim is to 0:03:45.440 --> 0:03:49.360 try to trap energy on your land and to use 0:03:49.400 --> 0:03:51.800 that energy the most efficient way before a degrede to 0:03:51.920 --> 0:03:59.800 create circular economies and cycles of energy. That how for 0:04:00.120 --> 0:04:06.000 actual sustainable agricultural practice, which unfortunately has not been the 0:04:06.040 --> 0:04:11.640 aim of agriculture, especially industrial agriculture, and Superman culture represents 0:04:11.920 --> 0:04:17.279 a challenge to that status school. The ethics of Puma 0:04:17.360 --> 0:04:21.880 culture are primarily focused on care for the earth, that 0:04:22.000 --> 0:04:26.040 being all living and on living things, care for all people. 0:04:26.720 --> 0:04:31.560 They're by promoting self alliance and community responsibility, the sort 0:04:31.600 --> 0:04:34.560 of we all have access to the resources necessary for 0:04:34.600 --> 0:04:39.960 existence and care for community in specifically community that allows 0:04:40.040 --> 0:04:45.920 us to be to think of an approach our society 0:04:46.040 --> 0:04:49.159 in a way that benefits all people in all life, 0:04:50.000 --> 0:04:54.640 recognizing the community is not just our neighbors, It's not 0:04:54.800 --> 0:04:58.239 just the people who live in our city or town. 0:04:59.120 --> 0:05:03.760 It is all the living things that incorporate our surroundings 0:05:03.800 --> 0:05:09.680 and beyond the way that Puman culture approaches um design, 0:05:09.760 --> 0:05:14.400 it's a lot of his emphasis and mimicking how the 0:05:14.520 --> 0:05:19.159 natural world would attempt to stabilize. Of course, these systems 0:05:19.240 --> 0:05:23.479 take thousands, tens of thousands, hundreds of thousands, even millions 0:05:23.480 --> 0:05:30.960 of years two fully develop and age and reach some 0:05:31.080 --> 0:05:36.080 kind of stable state. But public culture seeks to learn 0:05:36.200 --> 0:05:40.880 from you know, these old growth forests and these healthily ecosystems, 0:05:40.960 --> 0:05:46.920 and accelerate that process to establish things that will last 0:05:47.120 --> 0:05:52.840 generations to established spaces that will provide for the needs 0:05:52.839 --> 0:05:57.159 of people hundreds of years down the line. When it 0:05:57.160 --> 0:06:02.960 comes to approaching pubical to design practically, first things first 0:06:03.040 --> 0:06:07.520 to recognize is that anybody can take part in Puma 0:06:07.560 --> 0:06:12.200 culture design. Anybody can take part in constructing these sources 0:06:12.200 --> 0:06:15.720 of systems, and it can be established. The basic principles 0:06:16.240 --> 0:06:21.120 can be established regardless of your circumstances, your individual climate 0:06:21.320 --> 0:06:28.600 or biosphere, because the principles are based on following what 0:06:28.839 --> 0:06:33.120 nature was doing anyway. One of the first principles involves 0:06:33.160 --> 0:06:40.359 the recognition of the connections in a location, seeing that 0:06:40.560 --> 0:06:44.479 a web is stronger than a single string, meaning that 0:06:46.279 --> 0:06:48.800 all of these different parts. The different moving parts coming 0:06:48.800 --> 0:06:55.200 together create something stronger than if each individual person, each 0:06:55.240 --> 0:07:00.760 individual creature trying to move by itself. It also looks 0:07:00.800 --> 0:07:05.440 at the connection between waste and resources. We all on 0:07:05.520 --> 0:07:08.200 the old adage just says, you know, one man's trash 0:07:08.360 --> 0:07:12.560 is another mantag of treasure, but when it comes to ecosystems, 0:07:12.880 --> 0:07:15.640 we should really be taking it quite literally, because the 0:07:15.760 --> 0:07:20.280 waste of one part of the system directly feeds into 0:07:20.360 --> 0:07:27.360 the resource of another part. Decomposing plants and animals directly 0:07:27.440 --> 0:07:34.720 feed into the fungal networks and flourishing of the next 0:07:34.720 --> 0:07:39.400 generation of plants animals as and in that web, in 0:07:39.400 --> 0:07:44.000 that network. In those connections, we can also recognize for 0:07:44.040 --> 0:07:49.000 principle too, that each element performs multiple functions. If we are, 0:07:49.160 --> 0:07:53.720 for example, keeping chickens, they can be a source of 0:07:54.520 --> 0:07:58.960 eggs and feathers and protein, of course, but they also 0:07:59.000 --> 0:08:06.160 produced mania, and their daily activity helps to aerate the soil, 0:08:06.920 --> 0:08:11.720 and they also provide insect control um allowing your plans 0:08:11.720 --> 0:08:16.559 to food the flourish banana trees. They provide bananas, of course, 0:08:16.560 --> 0:08:19.640 they provide fruit. They also provide starch and mulch, and 0:08:19.760 --> 0:08:23.760 protection and shade and they hold water quite well. Actually, 0:08:24.040 --> 0:08:27.800 when I had taken a puma culture design course a 0:08:27.800 --> 0:08:30.120 couple of months ago, one of the things that I 0:08:30.160 --> 0:08:32.760 had learned from the guy who was running it was 0:08:32.840 --> 0:08:35.000 that he had told his story and he had done 0:08:35.040 --> 0:08:39.160 this this project in Barbarous and in Barbados he was 0:08:39.200 --> 0:08:47.360 called to restore sort of like an old sand mine, um, 0:08:47.400 --> 0:08:50.520 because you run out of sand. Well, it's close running 0:08:50.520 --> 0:08:53.000 out of sand. And so the community that was reliant 0:08:53.040 --> 0:08:57.439 in that sand mine didn't really have any direction, um 0:08:57.520 --> 0:09:00.040 because their economy, their local economy, and so rely and 0:09:00.240 --> 0:09:03.400 on those jobs. When he came in, it's just like 0:09:03.440 --> 0:09:05.400 and you showed the pictures, it's just just very very 0:09:05.520 --> 0:09:11.920 very barren landscape, very dry, very dusty, And I was 0:09:13.120 --> 0:09:20.560 honestly in disbelief that something so dead, so destroyed, something 0:09:20.600 --> 0:09:23.400 so devolved, it could be as radically transformed as he 0:09:23.440 --> 0:09:27.120 had transformed it. Unfortunately, this is a podcast, not a video, 0:09:27.200 --> 0:09:30.760 or otherwise I would show you the pictures. But the 0:09:30.840 --> 0:09:35.599 transformation was stunning. I want of the elements that he 0:09:35.640 --> 0:09:39.600 had used to transform that dry landscape into a lush 0:09:40.360 --> 0:09:47.800 food forest was banana trees, because surprisingly, banana trees are 0:09:47.960 --> 0:09:53.040 very effective well Unsurprisingly, branana trees are very effective act, 0:09:53.600 --> 0:09:57.960 growing quickly and providing shade to other plants, and so 0:09:58.080 --> 0:10:00.360 as these other plants are growing up, they have the 0:10:00.400 --> 0:10:03.440 shaded banana tree to protect them from the harsh sun 0:10:03.880 --> 0:10:05.560 and to the banana trees. While they may not be 0:10:06.280 --> 0:10:08.800 the top doors to the forest in the end, by 0:10:08.800 --> 0:10:11.320 the time the forest is fully established, because plant trees 0:10:11.360 --> 0:10:15.679 don't get that tall, they're still vital in that early 0:10:15.760 --> 0:10:19.760 stage in providing that function of shape that allows the 0:10:19.760 --> 0:10:22.959 rest of the forest to establish itself. That's really cool. 0:10:23.640 --> 0:10:28.120 It's very very very cool. I will all pictures after. 0:10:29.360 --> 0:10:32.480 It's like a place people could see them online like Instagram. 0:10:32.559 --> 0:10:38.120 They could look up or something. Yes, so um, if 0:10:38.120 --> 0:10:43.880 you go on Wassamaki Puma culture dot org. I believe 0:10:44.040 --> 0:10:47.040 he has the pictures up there that will be w 0:10:47.360 --> 0:10:53.079 E S A M A k I Puma culture dot org. 0:10:54.559 --> 0:10:58.440 And if I remember correctly, he has the pictures on there. Yeah. 0:10:58.600 --> 0:11:01.800 Was it like a sand mine A four or something? Yeah, 0:11:01.800 --> 0:11:05.880 it was a sand mine. Yeah. Jeez, wow, it looks 0:11:05.880 --> 0:11:07.880 like there's no goodness in the soil. And the first 0:11:07.880 --> 0:11:12.400 one and then yeah yeah at the end to go 0:11:12.480 --> 0:11:16.559 back into the recording aspect. When it came to that project, 0:11:17.600 --> 0:11:21.800 A large part of it was just getting that life 0:11:22.040 --> 0:11:26.120 in the soil. So they were taken. They were getting 0:11:26.200 --> 0:11:30.120 mulch and manua from wherever they could get it, just 0:11:30.280 --> 0:11:33.440 to give some life for that soil. They would grow 0:11:33.640 --> 0:11:38.840 sitting like hardy, fast growing plants and then chop them 0:11:38.880 --> 0:11:41.319 down after they had grew in sufficiently so they would 0:11:41.360 --> 0:11:45.200 die right where they lay and provide nutrients to the soil. 0:11:45.679 --> 0:11:48.960 And that process was what helps to build up that 0:11:49.080 --> 0:11:52.840 soil even before you started planting the bananas and other stuff. 0:11:53.800 --> 0:11:55.600 And were they able like you're saying, they were getting 0:11:55.640 --> 0:11:57.360 some of that stuff wherever they could get it, like, 0:11:57.760 --> 0:12:00.839 and were they able to get that that was it 0:12:01.000 --> 0:12:03.560 like considered a waste product? I guess better people they 0:12:03.600 --> 0:12:06.440 got it from. And so like I know, I have 0:12:06.559 --> 0:12:11.640 chickens and they obviously produced like manure, and I'll put 0:12:11.720 --> 0:12:14.679 some of it in my like vegetables to the grad 0:12:14.800 --> 0:12:17.680 but I'll just give it to anyone else who wants it. 0:12:17.640 --> 0:12:19.320 It is that a thing that they were able to 0:12:19.320 --> 0:12:23.480 do there. Yeah, I think people are donated um and 0:12:23.559 --> 0:12:26.199 I mean I would assume at least and turned I 0:12:26.240 --> 0:12:29.040 don't know what the case is in Barbados, but in 0:12:29.120 --> 0:12:33.920 turn that they are bush trucks which pass every once 0:12:33.920 --> 0:12:38.320 in a while to collect whatever, you know, branches and 0:12:39.120 --> 0:12:42.719 cut grass and whatever people have put out um from 0:12:42.760 --> 0:12:45.520 their yard work or whatever. So I would assume that 0:12:45.559 --> 0:12:49.440 they would have asked the bush truck people to you know, 0:12:50.080 --> 0:12:53.720 bring some of that stuff to the site to help out, 0:12:54.200 --> 0:12:55.439 because a lot of people, you know, they just put 0:12:55.440 --> 0:12:56.960 that in front of the yard waiting for the bush 0:12:56.960 --> 0:12:59.439 struck to pass. And so a lot of very good 0:12:59.480 --> 0:13:06.640 potential sources of like UM ecosystem building, that sort of 0:13:06.880 --> 0:13:11.760 that so called waste really resources gets wasted when it 0:13:11.800 --> 0:13:16.640 could really see um, a lot of these kinds of projects. Yeah, 0:13:16.720 --> 0:13:21.080 that's very cool. Yeah, yes, something that like I don't 0:13:21.080 --> 0:13:24.640 know if if you ever read UN documents about like 0:13:24.840 --> 0:13:27.439 stopping climate change, like they always have a giant section 0:13:27.440 --> 0:13:30.200 about circular about circular economy stuff, but about sort of 0:13:30.720 --> 0:13:34.400 I mean basically doing this stuff and then nothing ever 0:13:34.480 --> 0:13:37.560 happens and no one ever does it, and so yeah, 0:13:37.679 --> 0:13:40.960 it's it's really cool that like this is a place 0:13:40.960 --> 0:13:44.800 where those ideas which like are if there's if we 0:13:44.840 --> 0:13:47.480 are going to survive as a species with like most 0:13:47.520 --> 0:13:50.439 of us alive and doing well, we're going to have 0:13:50.520 --> 0:13:56.520 to do exactly getting implemented. I'm I'm kind of reminded 0:13:56.600 --> 0:14:00.800 just on this sort of topic. I've i in Rwanda 0:14:01.200 --> 0:14:04.280 and February, and one of the things that really struck 0:14:04.280 --> 0:14:08.040 me with this system of agriculture that they've devised where um, 0:14:08.920 --> 0:14:13.319 they have paddies that they grow rice right like submerged, 0:14:13.800 --> 0:14:17.280 and then in there there are living fish and then 0:14:17.320 --> 0:14:20.720 above them they are like little hutches with rabbits and 0:14:20.880 --> 0:14:25.760 so like the rabbit manure helps to fertilize what's growing beneath, 0:14:26.080 --> 0:14:29.320 and then like it's this kind of circular thing where 0:14:29.360 --> 0:14:30.960 I think they can feed some of the things that 0:14:31.000 --> 0:14:35.080 they cut off the plant to the rabbits and it's 0:14:35.080 --> 0:14:37.520 sort of like and the fish will help keep the 0:14:37.520 --> 0:14:40.040 water clean. I think that like filter fish. I can't 0:14:40.080 --> 0:14:42.520 quite plant to keep it clean for the fish. It 0:14:42.600 --> 0:14:44.920 was fascinating. I was like, this is amazing, Like they're 0:14:44.920 --> 0:14:47.040 not as opposed to I grew up on a farm 0:14:47.080 --> 0:14:49.840 and like I'm very familiar with some of the larger 0:14:49.960 --> 0:14:55.000 arable sort of grain like grains in the UK, and 0:14:55.040 --> 0:14:59.240 how you're relying on a ton of exogenous inputs, which 0:14:59.400 --> 0:15:01.080 I was just so impressed with the fact that they 0:15:01.080 --> 0:15:05.760 devised a system that didn't require those exactly exactly you 0:15:05.800 --> 0:15:09.720 really want to. Of course you might, we will have 0:15:09.760 --> 0:15:13.680 to get external sources, especially in the beginning as you're 0:15:13.680 --> 0:15:16.840 trying to establish the system. But the aim is really 0:15:16.880 --> 0:15:21.440 to have this system continuously establishing itself and expanding itself 0:15:21.800 --> 0:15:26.120 and maintaining itself. Yeah, would it be a system that 0:15:26.240 --> 0:15:32.600 works mostly uh, with like a plant based food stuff? 0:15:32.640 --> 0:15:41.040 So I guess that seems generally most Yeah. Absolutely. I mean, manya, 0:15:41.080 --> 0:15:45.120 that's a really powerful source of fertilizer. And I think 0:15:45.120 --> 0:15:50.000 you can keep animals without you know, eating them or 0:15:50.080 --> 0:15:52.080 using them anyway, if you just want to, you know, 0:15:53.720 --> 0:15:57.280 because they make good companions and stuff as well. Yeah, 0:15:57.480 --> 0:16:01.640 that's but yeah, yeah, I would say a plant focused 0:16:02.120 --> 0:16:06.640 system could definitely. But and to sort of rhyme or 0:16:06.680 --> 0:16:09.800 align with principle too, which said that each element performs 0:16:09.880 --> 0:16:14.640 multiple functions. It's also important to have each function supported 0:16:14.640 --> 0:16:18.200 by multiple elements, right, So you don't want to get 0:16:18.240 --> 0:16:21.720 all your food from one source. You want to have 0:16:22.000 --> 0:16:25.600 a mix of trees and roots and short crops and cultivates. 0:16:25.640 --> 0:16:27.400 I mean having all your food coming from one source 0:16:27.480 --> 0:16:30.680 is basically what we do now with you know, these 0:16:30.720 --> 0:16:35.440 mono cultures, with these this industrial farming that has these 0:16:35.480 --> 0:16:38.640 fields and fields and fields that are so susceptible to 0:16:39.720 --> 0:16:44.280 pests and disease that we have to basically drenched them 0:16:44.280 --> 0:16:48.440 with chemicals just a lot and to survive. Because and 0:16:49.360 --> 0:16:51.440 the same guy who did the course, he explains it 0:16:51.600 --> 0:16:56.920 me like this. He said that when there's a system 0:16:57.000 --> 0:17:03.320 in nature and it's not in balance, they basically send 0:17:03.320 --> 0:17:05.680 out a signal saying, eight, this is not in balance, 0:17:05.720 --> 0:17:09.840 come and fix it. And so these so called pests, 0:17:09.880 --> 0:17:14.160 these bugs and stuff, they come to these aberrations, these 0:17:14.160 --> 0:17:20.800 freaks of nature, these massive fields of crops, and recognizing 0:17:20.800 --> 0:17:28.240 that this is not sustainable um establishments in the landscape, 0:17:29.000 --> 0:17:33.480 they try to try to optimize. Right, he calls them. 0:17:33.720 --> 0:17:36.639 He doesn't call them pests. He calls them optimizers. So 0:17:36.760 --> 0:17:41.560 if you have, for example, uh, excessive amount of a 0:17:41.680 --> 0:17:47.200 certain test in your system, something's wrong with that system 0:17:47.240 --> 0:17:51.840 because those so called pests, those optimizers are only able 0:17:51.880 --> 0:17:54.240 to flood your system because they don't have the mechanism. 0:17:54.320 --> 0:17:56.840 System doesn't have the mechanisms in place to keep them 0:17:56.840 --> 0:18:01.080 in check. So you don't have the fauna, the larger 0:18:01.119 --> 0:18:05.840 insects and stuff in your system that will keep those 0:18:06.040 --> 0:18:08.960 pests in check. There's an imbalance in place, and that's 0:18:09.160 --> 0:18:10.960 something that needs to be rectified, and there are different 0:18:11.000 --> 0:18:14.199 ways to rectify depend on this situation. Another example, and 0:18:14.240 --> 0:18:18.160 this isn't um from the pooma culture pom culture course. 0:18:18.880 --> 0:18:23.280 Another example was the this I believe someone was talking 0:18:23.320 --> 0:18:28.200 about the presence of wolves in some of the parks 0:18:28.240 --> 0:18:32.400 in in the US and how reintroducing those wolves did 0:18:32.480 --> 0:18:36.800 so much to regulate the rest of the ecosystem, the 0:18:37.160 --> 0:18:40.080 ripple effects that had an the rest of the ecosystem 0:18:40.160 --> 0:18:46.080 um stabilizing the day of populations, and stabilizing um the 0:18:46.119 --> 0:18:50.119 beaver populations, and stabilizing all these other different plants and 0:18:50.160 --> 0:18:53.040 animal species that you would think are not even connected 0:18:53.080 --> 0:18:57.399 to the wolves, but still their presence played in a 0:18:57.400 --> 0:19:01.600 significant rule in maintaining that balance. Yeah. Go go watch 0:19:01.600 --> 0:19:06.040 how wolves change rivers. It's literally five minutes and it rules. Yeah, 0:19:06.040 --> 0:19:11.040 it's amazing. It's just like the concept of rewilding. Is 0:19:11.080 --> 0:19:14.480 that what would that be a similar thing? Yeah? Yeah, 0:19:14.520 --> 0:19:19.399 rewilding is basically it's Puma culture had to be more 0:19:19.440 --> 0:19:27.679 focused on sustaining human communities in you know, in a 0:19:27.760 --> 0:19:32.439 balance with the rest of the natural world, whereas Rewilding 0:19:32.480 --> 0:19:39.600 is more focused on helping to rebuild ecosystems outside of 0:19:39.640 --> 0:19:44.040 the human sphere. He says, I understand it. Yeah, yeah, 0:19:44.119 --> 0:20:04.920 that makes me no sense to me. So with principle three, 0:20:05.040 --> 0:20:08.399 which was three or trate, was that each function should 0:20:08.440 --> 0:20:11.600 be supported by multiple elements. You don't want to get 0:20:11.640 --> 0:20:14.320 all your food from one source. You just want to 0:20:14.359 --> 0:20:16.679 grow like rows and rows of trees or rows and 0:20:16.760 --> 0:20:20.800 rows of corn. You want to grow a mix of 0:20:21.040 --> 0:20:24.760 trees and roots and short crops and cultivars and all 0:20:24.800 --> 0:20:30.439 these different species and variations that would make up like 0:20:30.560 --> 0:20:36.119 an actual forest. The food forest is approach that a 0:20:36.160 --> 0:20:40.080 lot of prima culturists would advocate. And within a food forest, 0:20:40.200 --> 0:20:46.880 you would have I believe, seven major groups, this sort 0:20:46.920 --> 0:20:51.960 of seven levels that creator sort of a beneficial system. 0:20:52.000 --> 0:20:54.720 On the top layer, you have the canopy, which consists 0:20:54.760 --> 0:20:58.400 of large fruits and nut trees. They provide the most 0:20:58.440 --> 0:21:02.600 shade and they keep the whole area will climb into 0:21:02.600 --> 0:21:05.520 the area stable. On that second layer, you're gonna have 0:21:05.560 --> 0:21:09.119 the low tree layer, which has the dwarf fruit trees. 0:21:10.080 --> 0:21:13.480 The smaller fruit trees would fall under the canopy. On 0:21:13.600 --> 0:21:16.520 the third layer, you would have the shrub layer where 0:21:16.520 --> 0:21:20.240 would grow you know, your berries and other small you 0:21:20.280 --> 0:21:24.200 know plants. And below that you have the hoobeceous layer 0:21:24.600 --> 0:21:29.280 where you would grow different houbs and spices and things 0:21:29.280 --> 0:21:32.719 like that. And then below that you have your root vegetables, 0:21:33.119 --> 0:21:36.040 and below that you have well, you can't really go 0:21:36.119 --> 0:21:38.960 below the root vegetables, but next to those three vegetables 0:21:39.000 --> 0:21:41.800 you would want to grow your soil surface crops, your 0:21:41.840 --> 0:21:46.000 ground cover, um like they're certain running beans and stuff 0:21:46.040 --> 0:21:48.800 that would help to create a groundcover which protects the 0:21:48.920 --> 0:21:54.720 soil and prevents the establishment of undesirable plants which we 0:21:54.800 --> 0:21:57.879 quote wheats. And then finally, the seventh layer is the 0:21:57.960 --> 0:22:00.720 vertical layer, which consists of the climb us and vines. 0:22:00.760 --> 0:22:04.159 It would establish themselves on the low tree layer and 0:22:04.200 --> 0:22:06.720 the canopy. So if you have that sort of food 0:22:06.720 --> 0:22:11.000 forest system in place, with all those seven layers, you're 0:22:11.000 --> 0:22:15.120 not getting each function supported by one element to getting 0:22:15.119 --> 0:22:18.200 it supported by many elements. The same goal is for water. 0:22:18.640 --> 0:22:22.320 You want to get all your water source coming from 0:22:22.400 --> 0:22:27.200 just like the pipes and whatever water the government sends you. 0:22:27.200 --> 0:22:31.440 You want to have water coming from the rain if possible. 0:22:31.440 --> 0:22:34.119 You might want to tap into the water table, or 0:22:34.160 --> 0:22:36.200 you might want to depend on your situation, you might 0:22:36.240 --> 0:22:39.399 have extreme or you might be on a hill, in 0:22:39.400 --> 0:22:42.720 which case you'd have water flowing down and you want 0:22:42.720 --> 0:22:46.560 to find ways to trap that water and to conserve 0:22:46.680 --> 0:22:50.639 that water so that is distributed throughout your system. Unlike 0:22:51.160 --> 0:22:54.080 regular home garden. Part of the aim of a puma 0:22:54.119 --> 0:22:59.080 culture um system is that it just like in nature, 0:23:00.080 --> 0:23:04.040 waters itself. It takes care of itself, and so you're 0:23:04.040 --> 0:23:06.280 going to have to want You're gonna want to have 0:23:06.320 --> 0:23:11.040 all sources of different sources of water elements in place 0:23:11.400 --> 0:23:15.040 to provide that water. The same goes for energy. You 0:23:15.040 --> 0:23:16.879 would want to get all the energy from one source. 0:23:17.680 --> 0:23:22.199 You want to combine you know, human power, animal power, 0:23:23.280 --> 0:23:28.679 hydro electricity if possible, soul of power if possible. Basically, 0:23:29.200 --> 0:23:34.520 redundancy is very important. Redundancy is very important, and I'll 0:23:34.560 --> 0:23:40.639 see it again for emphasis. Redundancy is very important. The 0:23:40.680 --> 0:23:44.280 next principle, principle number four is if you want to 0:23:44.320 --> 0:23:51.520 approach puma culture with energy efficiency in mind, particularly your 0:23:51.560 --> 0:23:55.320 own energy. So on the more practical side of things, 0:23:55.359 --> 0:23:59.120 if you you might want to do what my mentor 0:23:59.400 --> 0:24:02.520 my guide had done, which was a zone and sector analysis. 0:24:03.560 --> 0:24:05.880 So basically, you draw like a map of your space. 0:24:07.000 --> 0:24:11.360 You outline your daily patterns and the energies that come 0:24:11.440 --> 0:24:14.600 from outside your site, like wind and rain and flood 0:24:14.640 --> 0:24:18.240 and fire and pollution and noise and smells and all 0:24:18.240 --> 0:24:21.040 these different things. You want to look at how you 0:24:21.080 --> 0:24:22.399 move through your space. You want to look at how 0:24:22.480 --> 0:24:25.199 the sunshine passes over your space. You want to look 0:24:25.240 --> 0:24:28.280 at the view, and you want to try to harness 0:24:28.359 --> 0:24:33.040 those good energies, whether it be the rain or wind 0:24:33.640 --> 0:24:38.320 or whatever it maybe the sun and plant Accordingly, you 0:24:38.320 --> 0:24:42.000 don't want to have sun sensitive plants on like the 0:24:42.040 --> 0:24:48.000 south side of your property, of your space wherever the spaces, 0:24:49.160 --> 0:24:52.119 and you wouldn't want to have plants that need a 0:24:52.119 --> 0:24:54.800 lot of sun in the shade. You also want to 0:24:54.800 --> 0:24:57.320 divvy up your your space. Once you've done that map 0:24:57.800 --> 0:24:59.800 of your space, you want to divvy it up into zoons. 0:24:59.800 --> 0:25:03.240 So right first zone not be your immediate live in space. 0:25:04.160 --> 0:25:08.960 The second zone would have an intensive kitchen garden start 0:25:09.040 --> 0:25:12.359 first Soon it would be a place of consumption and 0:25:12.480 --> 0:25:15.400 processing of whatever it is that your system is producing. 0:25:15.800 --> 0:25:18.000 It doesn't necessarily have to be a house. It could 0:25:18.000 --> 0:25:26.720 be uh community kitchen, or it can be uh campus clubhouse. 0:25:26.800 --> 0:25:28.920 I don't know. It could be any space that you're 0:25:28.960 --> 0:25:32.159 using for consumption and processing. The next zone is going 0:25:32.200 --> 0:25:34.200 to be intensive kitchen garden. It's a place where you 0:25:34.200 --> 0:25:39.840 would want to grow the plants that cycle through more quickly, UM, 0:25:39.960 --> 0:25:43.359 the spices and the herbs and the different things that 0:25:43.400 --> 0:25:46.280 you would use on a regular basis. The next zone 0:25:47.480 --> 0:25:53.120 would want to have its focus on local support, community support, 0:25:53.480 --> 0:25:57.520 and surplus. So this zone UM, the first zone is 0:25:57.560 --> 0:26:00.880 actually technically zone zero. The second zoneer zone one as 0:26:00.920 --> 0:26:04.000 a Zone two, which is that sort of local support 0:26:04.040 --> 0:26:07.880 space that orchard is. We want to grow um, your 0:26:07.920 --> 0:26:13.480 fruit trees, your ornamentals, UM, I want to raise raise 0:26:13.560 --> 0:26:15.919 animals there, and you basically wanted to be a space 0:26:15.960 --> 0:26:20.480 where you can provide for the local community, separate and 0:26:20.560 --> 0:26:25.119 apart from your own produce. Zone three would also have 0:26:25.840 --> 0:26:29.240 the emphasis on production. Zone three probably the space where 0:26:29.240 --> 0:26:32.159 you have your main crops, the crops you spend a 0:26:32.160 --> 0:26:35.800 lot of time focusing on. Zone four would also have 0:26:36.000 --> 0:26:43.600 a lot of investment in establishing a sustainable sort of 0:26:43.640 --> 0:26:47.920 life cycle um for more long term plants, and Zone 0:26:48.040 --> 0:26:55.600 five would be a space of wilderness, of forest of 0:26:55.840 --> 0:27:02.280 wildlife corridors that allow species of free wilding even within 0:27:02.320 --> 0:27:10.320 your mall constructed site. Having your system split into zones 0:27:11.920 --> 0:27:15.639 helps you to reduce the amount of work that you 0:27:15.720 --> 0:27:18.080 put in, the amount of resources use, the amount of 0:27:18.200 --> 0:27:21.639 maintenance you'll need, and it also helps you to boost 0:27:21.680 --> 0:27:26.440 to yields and to recycle resources most effectively. The fifth 0:27:26.720 --> 0:27:34.560 principle is the use of biological resources natural insecticides, timber, 0:27:35.680 --> 0:27:39.040 nitrogen fixers, whatever the case may be, you want to 0:27:39.080 --> 0:27:44.640 be using the systems that have evolved to fulfill those rules. 0:27:44.680 --> 0:27:49.159 To fulfill those rules, you may or may not be 0:27:49.240 --> 0:27:54.399 afraid of certain creatures. I myself, personally, I don't like 0:27:54.480 --> 0:28:00.880 frogs or toads, or really I don't like most animals personally, 0:28:00.880 --> 0:28:03.840 I just survivee with them. However, Comma, I recognize the 0:28:03.880 --> 0:28:08.119 importance right, So frogs and bats and snakes, all of 0:28:08.160 --> 0:28:13.560 these creatures helped provide like a stable system. Whether it 0:28:13.600 --> 0:28:19.160 be snakes dealing with um crats or bats stealing with insects, 0:28:19.280 --> 0:28:22.280 or frogs also dealing with insects. You men want to 0:28:22.359 --> 0:28:26.200 use companion planting as well. Um, like the three Sisters method, 0:28:26.240 --> 0:28:31.080 which is a combination of beans, corn, and what's the 0:28:31.119 --> 0:28:35.239 third one again with squashes, right, and squash, and that 0:28:35.280 --> 0:28:38.440 would help to establish you know itself and maintain itself. 0:28:38.480 --> 0:28:42.040 It's sort of like a microcosm of the Broada Puma 0:28:42.080 --> 0:28:46.640 culture concept and one that has been in practice funititive years. 0:28:46.840 --> 0:28:53.640 The sixth principle is the practice of energy cycling, trapping 0:28:53.680 --> 0:28:59.720 sunlight through greenhouses, making the most used basically out of 0:28:59.720 --> 0:29:03.320 the energy that flews through your system before it leaves 0:29:03.320 --> 0:29:07.520 your system, recycling the organic matter that passes three system 0:29:07.560 --> 0:29:12.560 so that produces no real waste. UM. When I was 0:29:12.640 --> 0:29:18.840 at the site at the Puma culture forest, I witnessed 0:29:20.400 --> 0:29:25.440