WEBVTT - The Six Simple Machines 0:00:04.240 --> 0:00:07.920 Get in touch with technology with tex Stuff from dot 0:00:07.960 --> 0:00:14.360 com and welcome to tex Stuff. I'm Jonathan Strickland and 0:00:14.400 --> 0:00:18.280 today I am joined in the studio by Mr Joe McCormick. 0:00:18.360 --> 0:00:21.560 Hi Joe, Hi there everybody. How are you doing, Joe? 0:00:21.720 --> 0:00:25.880 I'm doing just fine today. I've enjoyed a nice lunch 0:00:25.960 --> 0:00:28.200 that we had provided for use in the office today. Yes, 0:00:28.280 --> 0:00:30.760 we we ate too many tatos to this day. Yeah, 0:00:30.800 --> 0:00:33.760 talk to things past, but today we're going to talk 0:00:33.760 --> 0:00:35.640 about things way past. We're talking about some of the 0:00:35.640 --> 0:00:39.640 earliest machines ever, the simplest machines. And this is due 0:00:39.680 --> 0:00:43.000 to a little listener mail. Now. This comes to us 0:00:43.000 --> 0:00:46.080 from Kyle via Facebook, and Kyle wrote, have you all 0:00:46.080 --> 0:00:49.000 ever done a podcast on the six classical simple machines? 0:00:49.120 --> 0:00:51.680 If not, that might make for an interesting topic. Oh 0:00:51.880 --> 0:00:55.640 I remember these from school? I do too, is accept 0:00:55.840 --> 0:00:58.720 I don't remember them? What were they? There was the toaster, 0:00:59.240 --> 0:01:03.840 there was the what the electric camera? Yeah, I think 0:01:04.280 --> 0:01:07.920 I'm pretty sure the A T M was on their right, 0:01:08.000 --> 0:01:11.119 that's way up there. Yeah, and uh I think uh, 0:01:11.160 --> 0:01:14.000 I think perpetual motion. That was one. It was really simple. 0:01:14.000 --> 0:01:18.320 It just kept going simple and it also know as 0:01:18.360 --> 0:01:21.920 the clock. Yes, yeah, yeah, no, of course, the six 0:01:22.240 --> 0:01:26.720 simple machines are far simpler than that, but they are 0:01:26.880 --> 0:01:30.240 really important. They they form the basis of a lot 0:01:30.400 --> 0:01:34.960 of the machines that we use today, and ultimately, most importantly, 0:01:35.319 --> 0:01:41.000 they make work easier. Work is hard, work is hard. 0:01:41.080 --> 0:01:44.480 Work is hard to explain unless you're a physics teacher 0:01:44.640 --> 0:01:46.640 and you do it all the time. But it has 0:01:46.680 --> 0:01:49.520 been many, many years since I took a course in physics, 0:01:49.720 --> 0:01:52.960 and while I still understand and appreciate simple machines and 0:01:53.000 --> 0:01:56.080 the concepts of work and force and this sort of thing, 0:01:56.560 --> 0:02:00.080 it behooved me to do a quick refresher course before 0:02:00.120 --> 0:02:02.760 doing this podcast. We'll share your knowledge with us. Jonathan, 0:02:02.800 --> 0:02:06.560 all right, So work is force acting on an object 0:02:06.640 --> 0:02:10.880 in the direction of motion. Uh. And so you could 0:02:10.919 --> 0:02:14.359 think of it in the equation of force times distance 0:02:14.440 --> 0:02:18.880 equals work. All right. Uh. So this is why we 0:02:18.880 --> 0:02:22.639 we express work in units of force and time, such 0:02:22.680 --> 0:02:26.520 as a Newton meter and a newton. Since this raises 0:02:26.560 --> 0:02:29.040 the next question, a Newton is the amount of force 0:02:29.040 --> 0:02:33.440 required to accelerate one of mass at one per second squared. 0:02:34.720 --> 0:02:38.240 So these are the basic units we're talking about, although 0:02:38.280 --> 0:02:43.600 we'll also be talking about pound foot as a means 0:02:43.639 --> 0:02:48.120 of unit of measurement because we're in America and we 0:02:48.240 --> 0:02:52.520 use antiquated systems of units in our measurements, then we 0:02:52.600 --> 0:02:55.760 can't understand how to use this funky you know, metric 0:02:55.840 --> 0:03:01.120 system approach or or the standard unit approach. Okay, but 0:03:01.200 --> 0:03:04.320 wait a second, how is work different from force? So 0:03:04.600 --> 0:03:09.240 force is an agent that results in accelerating or deforming 0:03:09.320 --> 0:03:13.880 an object. So if you want to get an object 0:03:13.919 --> 0:03:16.639 to start moving, you have to apply force to it. 0:03:17.320 --> 0:03:20.120 If you want to punch a hole in a wall, 0:03:20.200 --> 0:03:23.440 you have to apply force to it. But work is 0:03:23.680 --> 0:03:26.520 the force acting on that object in the direction of motion. 0:03:26.600 --> 0:03:30.560 So it's it's it's a it's it encompasses more than 0:03:30.639 --> 0:03:33.440 just the force. Okay. So if I pushed a wheelbarrow 0:03:34.000 --> 0:03:36.440 twenty ft over a certain period of time, that would 0:03:36.440 --> 0:03:39.760 be work, right, But your actual pushing against the wheelbarrow 0:03:39.800 --> 0:03:43.360 itself its force. So you know, it's it's kind of 0:03:43.360 --> 0:03:46.360 a perspective thing in a way. But it's very important 0:03:46.360 --> 0:03:49.520 when you start talking about how much how much work 0:03:49.760 --> 0:03:52.920 and actual task is versus the amount of force that 0:03:53.000 --> 0:03:56.560 you have to do to accomplish that task. Okay, and 0:03:56.640 --> 0:04:00.320 so machines in the simplest way, are something that helps 0:04:00.400 --> 0:04:03.640 us do work easier. Right, Yeah, so that we either 0:04:03.960 --> 0:04:08.840 have to do the work with less force or uh really, 0:04:08.880 --> 0:04:12.440 machines can change the dynamics of force and distance in 0:04:12.440 --> 0:04:16.600 interesting ways, and sometimes it's ways that might seem counterintuitive 0:04:16.640 --> 0:04:20.880 to you. Will definitely talk about something that seems counterintuitive, 0:04:20.920 --> 0:04:23.159 at least the fort when I first thought of it, it 0:04:23.080 --> 0:04:25.960 it was counterintuitive when we get to h levers, which 0:04:26.080 --> 0:04:30.480 spoiler alert are actually one of the six. But at 0:04:30.480 --> 0:04:33.120 any rate, Yeah, it means that we don't have to 0:04:33.160 --> 0:04:36.760 exert as much energy when we are trying to accomplish 0:04:36.880 --> 0:04:41.039 this task, the specific type of work, whatever that might be. 0:04:41.520 --> 0:04:44.000 And that was really important. I mean, obviously in early, 0:04:44.800 --> 0:04:48.919 the earlier days of humanity, you know, we spent most 0:04:48.960 --> 0:04:51.359 of our effort just trying to make sure we weren't dying, 0:04:52.040 --> 0:04:55.719 and anything that would save us that kind of effort 0:04:55.880 --> 0:04:59.359 meant that we could we could reserve more energy for 0:04:59.480 --> 0:05:05.719 very important things like running away. It's a big one. Yeah, 0:05:05.720 --> 0:05:08.640 but then you rate. So there are four main ways 0:05:08.680 --> 0:05:12.240 that machines make work easier, and the first is that 0:05:12.960 --> 0:05:16.600 he can increase the magnitude of a force, so they 0:05:16.680 --> 0:05:19.240 essentially amplify the amount of force being applied to an 0:05:19.240 --> 0:05:22.640 object or system. So you are are exerting a certain 0:05:22.680 --> 0:05:26.520 force upon a machine, the machine amplifies that force applied 0:05:26.560 --> 0:05:29.920 to whatever the load is. That's usually what we call 0:05:30.000 --> 0:05:32.640 the the thing that you're having the machine act upon, 0:05:33.400 --> 0:05:36.520 and it amplifies that force so that the load is 0:05:36.520 --> 0:05:39.039 is experiencing more force being exerted upon it than you 0:05:39.080 --> 0:05:42.559 are putting into the machine. Okay, so in early humanity terms, 0:05:42.600 --> 0:05:46.040 you might think of this as something like an ax right, yeah, 0:05:46.040 --> 0:05:48.479 that would be one, uh you know, any or a ramp, 0:05:48.880 --> 0:05:50.520 just a simple ramp, because you would you would be 0:05:50.600 --> 0:05:53.920 exerting less force to move the object as if you wanted, 0:05:54.000 --> 0:05:57.000 let's say you wanted to move an object, uh to 0:05:57.360 --> 0:06:01.200 a allege that's ten ft above ground hole and if 0:06:01.240 --> 0:06:04.640 you were to actually just lift that object physically, it 0:06:04.640 --> 0:06:07.400 would require a certain amount of force on your side. 0:06:07.440 --> 0:06:10.200 But if you used a ramp, it would decrease, especially 0:06:10.279 --> 0:06:14.080 a very long, gradually sloped ramp, it would decrease the 0:06:14.080 --> 0:06:16.040 amount of force you needed to get the thing moving. 0:06:16.320 --> 0:06:18.600 It would just increase the amount of distance you would 0:06:18.600 --> 0:06:20.160 have to travel to get it to where it needs 0:06:20.200 --> 0:06:22.279 to go. We'll talk more about that in a bit. 0:06:22.440 --> 0:06:24.679 Oh yeah, well, I guess an ax would actually involve 0:06:24.760 --> 0:06:27.360 more than one kind of simple machine because it has 0:06:27.400 --> 0:06:30.320 an inclined plane or a wedge on it. Yeah, I 0:06:30.400 --> 0:06:32.680 thought so, maybe what I should have said would be 0:06:32.680 --> 0:06:37.480 a club, a club that would magnify force, right, Yeah. Yeah. 0:06:37.520 --> 0:06:40.440 There's also the the idea of transferring a force from 0:06:40.440 --> 0:06:43.000 one place to another. Machines that allow us to apply 0:06:43.000 --> 0:06:46.719 a force in one place the forces transferred to another place. 0:06:46.880 --> 0:06:50.320 So uh, this can be uh, we'll get into some 0:06:50.360 --> 0:06:52.799 examples a little bit later. There's also changing the direction 0:06:52.960 --> 0:06:56.359 of the force, where you may have to apply a 0:06:56.400 --> 0:06:58.840 force in one direction and it's being exerted in another 0:06:59.040 --> 0:07:02.680 classic example this would be a lever or a pulley 0:07:03.040 --> 0:07:05.960 where you know the classic lever where I might like it. 0:07:06.000 --> 0:07:08.360 With a classic leaver, I pushed down on one side, 0:07:08.400 --> 0:07:11.880 the other side goes up, so I'm actually pushing the 0:07:11.920 --> 0:07:17.280 opposite direction of where the force is being applied. Yeah. 0:07:17.520 --> 0:07:19.920 Then there's also the increasing the distance or speed of 0:07:19.960 --> 0:07:23.320 a force, which is a pretty simple concept. Uh. And 0:07:23.400 --> 0:07:26.200 this is the one that to me was the most counterintuitive. 0:07:26.200 --> 0:07:27.920 When we get to leavers, but I want to save 0:07:28.000 --> 0:07:30.520 that for when we get there. And of course, a 0:07:30.520 --> 0:07:33.960 combination of machines can create a wide array of effects. 0:07:34.320 --> 0:07:37.520 And we'll talk about some compound machines, which are uh, 0:07:37.600 --> 0:07:40.560 you know, it's obviously two or more simple machines put 0:07:40.600 --> 0:07:43.960 together to make something more complex. Okay, well, one of 0:07:43.960 --> 0:07:46.840 these simple machines has got to be the wheel, right, well, 0:07:46.840 --> 0:07:50.040 the wheel and axle to be to be specific. But yes, 0:07:50.560 --> 0:07:54.320 I guess without an axle, a wheel isn't not as useful, 0:07:54.360 --> 0:07:59.960 no it you know, they're essentially POGs. Yeah, you could 0:08:00.000 --> 0:08:01.360 push it a little bit and then you'd have to 0:08:01.440 --> 0:08:03.960 keep putting it back under the thing. Yeah. In fact, 0:08:04.000 --> 0:08:08.600 that's exactly how early humans were moving large weights. They 0:08:08.640 --> 0:08:12.000 would have a collection of logs and they would lay 0:08:12.000 --> 0:08:14.600 those out on the ground. They place a heavy weight 0:08:14.640 --> 0:08:16.679 on top of the logs. They pushed the heavy weight. 0:08:17.000 --> 0:08:19.520 The heavy weight would roll across the tops of those logs. 0:08:19.600 --> 0:08:22.320 But that would mean that you get closer to the edge, right, 0:08:22.360 --> 0:08:24.160 you're the the end of the object. We get closer 0:08:24.200 --> 0:08:27.400 to the last remaining log in the front. You would 0:08:27.440 --> 0:08:29.440 have to pick up the logs in the back, run around, 0:08:29.560 --> 0:08:32.120 put them down in front of everything. Was not the 0:08:32.160 --> 0:08:34.360 most efficient means of getting a heavy weight from point 0:08:34.360 --> 0:08:36.679 A to point B. I bet that was a fun job. Yeah. 0:08:36.720 --> 0:08:39.480 And now, granted, when all you're trying to do is 0:08:39.559 --> 0:08:42.960 build a megalithic structure to sacrifice humans on. Well, and 0:08:43.000 --> 0:08:45.880 here's the thing. The people who were building said megalithic 0:08:45.960 --> 0:08:50.320 structures often time was not something they were really that 0:08:50.559 --> 0:08:55.679 concerned about. Yeah, but at any rate, Um, if you're 0:08:55.720 --> 0:08:57.679 looking at the wheel and axel, we believe that was 0:08:57.720 --> 0:09:03.080 invented sometime around thirty five hundred BC E. Yeah, the 0:09:03.120 --> 0:09:08.240 earliest evidence actually comes from thirty two hundred from Sumerian artifacts. 0:09:08.320 --> 0:09:12.800 And also it appears to have been independently invented in 0:09:13.040 --> 0:09:18.040 China around d BC. Okay, so not shared from the Sumerians, 0:09:18.080 --> 0:09:20.760 but different people came up with the same idea. Yes, 0:09:20.840 --> 0:09:23.200 that's that seems to be the case. There are some 0:09:23.240 --> 0:09:27.800 people who suggest that no, there was one common ancestor 0:09:27.880 --> 0:09:31.000 for all wheel and axles, and that that then proliferated 0:09:31.000 --> 0:09:34.280 across the rest of the world. But uh, the research 0:09:34.360 --> 0:09:37.400 I read suggested that in fact it did appear independently, 0:09:37.720 --> 0:09:41.400 which is kind of cool. So this allows for obviously 0:09:41.559 --> 0:09:46.080 much easier travel and transportation. Right, it reduces the friction 0:09:46.160 --> 0:09:49.559 that you would experience when you're pushing something against the ground. 0:09:49.840 --> 0:09:51.960 That makes a lot of sense because I can imagine 0:09:52.040 --> 0:09:56.120 one of the most common work problems in the ancient 0:09:56.120 --> 0:09:58.640 world was just getting stuff from one place to another, 0:09:58.800 --> 0:10:03.079 and it probably wasn't all is megalithic structure, materials, you know, 0:10:03.440 --> 0:10:06.440 moving a giant stone, just moving your supplies. You've got 0:10:06.960 --> 0:10:11.000 foods you've collected or foraged, You've got you know, tools 0:10:11.120 --> 0:10:13.959 or building materials you want to take with you. How 0:10:14.000 --> 0:10:15.800 do you get them from one place to another? I mean, 0:10:15.880 --> 0:10:17.800 if all you've got is you can carry them on 0:10:17.840 --> 0:10:20.920 your back, right, you might build a sledge or something 0:10:21.000 --> 0:10:23.520 so that now you have some sort of animal that's 0:10:23.559 --> 0:10:26.400 pulling it. But that's not very efficient. It's very slow going, 0:10:26.440 --> 0:10:28.640 and of course if you hit any terrain that's not 0:10:29.520 --> 0:10:34.160 conducive to such vehicles, then you're really stuck, literally in 0:10:34.200 --> 0:10:38.719 some cases. So yeah, the wheel reduces friction, right, that's 0:10:38.760 --> 0:10:41.400 the big thing it does in this In this use. 0:10:41.480 --> 0:10:43.240 There's another use for the wheel and axle that we'll 0:10:43.240 --> 0:10:45.280 talk about in a second. But when you attach it 0:10:45.320 --> 0:10:47.880 to something like a cart and you have an axle 0:10:47.960 --> 0:10:51.520 and wheel set up there. Then the wheels turning reduces 0:10:51.559 --> 0:10:55.360 the friction that you experience when you're pushing this against 0:10:55.360 --> 0:10:57.280 the ground, and it reduces the amount of force you 0:10:57.320 --> 0:11:01.360 need to use to get this thing moving. Um. It's 0:11:01.400 --> 0:11:04.000 you know, pretty simple concept. And there are two different 0:11:04.080 --> 0:11:06.200 really you know types of wheel and axles. There's the 0:11:06.240 --> 0:11:08.560 type of wheel and axle where the wheel can move 0:11:08.640 --> 0:11:13.480 freely around the axles. The axle remains stationary in respect 0:11:13.520 --> 0:11:16.160 to the wheel. The wheel just rotates around the axle. 0:11:16.720 --> 0:11:19.600 And then there's the fixed that that that one would 0:11:19.600 --> 0:11:22.160 be fixed to the frame of the cart, so the 0:11:22.200 --> 0:11:25.080 axle is fixed and the wheel moved. And then they're 0:11:25.120 --> 0:11:29.480 also the type where the axle turns along with the wheel. Uh. 0:11:29.480 --> 0:11:31.360 And it has to be in some sort of bearing 0:11:31.760 --> 0:11:35.120 that will hold on and allow it this turning motion. 0:11:35.559 --> 0:11:37.520 I'm trying to think what would be the advantages and 0:11:37.600 --> 0:11:41.280 disadvantages of each. So if you have free moving wheels, 0:11:41.320 --> 0:11:45.280 each wheel can move independently, um. But if you have 0:11:45.320 --> 0:11:50.640 wheels attached directly to the axles, then the wheels on 0:11:50.720 --> 0:11:54.000 each end of one axele have to move together, which 0:11:54.120 --> 0:11:56.440 you know, you look at cars. Yeah, you know, if 0:11:56.559 --> 0:11:59.920 if all of our cars had each wheel moving independ 0:12:00.160 --> 0:12:04.400 lian some actually do have some four wheel independent drive. Uh, 0:12:04.480 --> 0:12:08.000 then that's different than if they're all working together in concert, 0:12:08.160 --> 0:12:11.360 if you will, and so, yeah, I mean they're they're 0:12:11.400 --> 0:12:15.520 different use cases and there are different advantages and disadvantages. Uh. 0:12:15.559 --> 0:12:18.640 The important thing to remember is that this simple machine 0:12:18.679 --> 0:12:21.920 is one of the things that helped revolutionize humanity and 0:12:22.040 --> 0:12:26.840 keep humanity alive and allowing it to thrive. Um. Obviously, 0:12:26.880 --> 0:12:29.200 otherwise we just wouldn't get our stuff to where it 0:12:29.200 --> 0:12:33.439 needs to be. It would be tough. Uh. So another 0:12:33.520 --> 0:12:36.840 thing you can do with the wheel and axle besides, 0:12:36.880 --> 0:12:38.560 you know, attach it to a vehicle and have it 0:12:38.679 --> 0:12:42.839 moved through. Uh. The The wheel and axel has a 0:12:43.559 --> 0:12:49.360 multiplying force aspect to it, so the force around the axle. 0:12:49.640 --> 0:12:51.960 Think of the axle is kind of like a small 0:12:52.000 --> 0:12:56.520 cylinder in the center of a larger cylinder, the larger 0:12:56.520 --> 0:12:58.440 one being the wheel and the small one being the axle. 0:12:59.800 --> 0:13:04.679 The rotational force around that small cylinder is greater than 0:13:04.720 --> 0:13:08.240 the rotational force on the outer cylinder, but the distance 0:13:08.320 --> 0:13:11.080 traveled on the outer cylinder is greater than the distance 0:13:11.120 --> 0:13:16.360 traveled in the inner cylinder. Okay, Now, what that means 0:13:16.520 --> 0:13:18.760 for us is that you can use a wheel as 0:13:18.760 --> 0:13:22.120 a means of like a crank or uh, you know, 0:13:22.240 --> 0:13:26.240 a valve, something along those lines, and you can apply 0:13:26.679 --> 0:13:29.720 a small amount of force to the outside of that wheel. 0:13:30.280 --> 0:13:33.760 The force being experienced on the axle part is much greater. 0:13:34.200 --> 0:13:37.360 So if you have something that normally would be fairly 0:13:37.480 --> 0:13:39.920 tough to turn, if you have a large enough wheel, 0:13:39.960 --> 0:13:42.000 it starts to become easier and easier to turn it, 0:13:42.040 --> 0:13:44.720 which is why you start seeing things like those giant 0:13:45.400 --> 0:13:50.280 wheel like um uh handles for things like the heavy 0:13:50.360 --> 0:13:54.160 doors and submarines, things like that. So, yeah, that it 0:13:54.440 --> 0:13:58.160 allows you to move much heavier machinery or gears or 0:13:58.160 --> 0:14:02.199 whatever using a small amount, relatively small amount of rotational 0:14:02.200 --> 0:14:05.760 force on a larger surface, and the multiplication of that 0:14:05.800 --> 0:14:08.320 force is what gives you the ability to do a 0:14:08.360 --> 0:14:11.680 lot of work. Yeah, I can see that. In like, say, 0:14:11.720 --> 0:14:14.200 the at the helm of an old ship, you would 0:14:14.200 --> 0:14:16.520 have a very large wheel. I'm sure it took a 0:14:16.520 --> 0:14:19.320 lot of force to move the rudder of the ships. 0:14:19.720 --> 0:14:22.720 Having a larger wheel probably made it easier. I'm glad 0:14:22.760 --> 0:14:24.800 you brought that up. I'm glad you brought up the 0:14:24.800 --> 0:14:30.240 wheel because or the helm obviously, because that that will 0:14:30.240 --> 0:14:33.840 allow us to talk about some interesting different types of machines, 0:14:34.400 --> 0:14:37.120 not just the wheel, but our next machine, the lever, 0:14:37.320 --> 0:14:41.840 because before the helm, before the wheel of a ship, 0:14:42.480 --> 0:14:45.960 which really didn't come about until the really the late 0:14:46.000 --> 0:14:50.920 eighteenth century. Yeah, yeah, you see those wheels on ships. 0:14:51.040 --> 0:14:55.040 Those are all modern inventions. In the long run, the 0:14:55.160 --> 0:14:57.920 classic way of controlling a ship was with a tiller, 0:14:58.600 --> 0:15:01.400 which was more like a lever. So a tiller is 0:15:01.520 --> 0:15:03.720 essentially it's a it's a lever that comes out, you 0:15:03.760 --> 0:15:07.080 hold onto the end. You make small adjustments on one side, 0:15:07.080 --> 0:15:10.400 but because the way the lever is adjusted, it makes 0:15:10.480 --> 0:15:14.320 larger changes with the rudder of the ship. The helm 0:15:14.360 --> 0:15:16.800 of a ship involves a lot of other parts. It's 0:15:16.840 --> 0:15:21.720 really a compound um machine ultimately, because you've got the wheel, 0:15:21.800 --> 0:15:24.160 you've got some pulley systems that connect the wheel to 0:15:24.200 --> 0:15:26.760 the rudder. It's pretty cool. So I'm glad you brought 0:15:26.760 --> 0:15:28.480 it up. Well, you know, if you look at a 0:15:28.480 --> 0:15:31.840 wheel like that as uh, something that allows you to 0:15:32.200 --> 0:15:36.040 apply force over a greater distance to create more force 0:15:36.120 --> 0:15:39.320 on a shorter distance. In the middle. It's kind of 0:15:39.360 --> 0:15:43.520 like some types of levers, like, for example, a torque wringe. Right, 0:15:44.160 --> 0:15:47.320 So if you if you have a wrench and you 0:15:47.360 --> 0:15:50.120 have a bolt that you know it's really it's really sorry, 0:15:50.120 --> 0:15:52.120 it would be a nut, I guess a nut, and 0:15:52.160 --> 0:15:55.160 it is really hard to loosen. It takes a lot 0:15:55.200 --> 0:15:57.080 of force to do it. You can do it by 0:15:57.080 --> 0:16:01.000 having a longer handle on your wrench. The longer the handle, 0:16:01.080 --> 0:16:04.240 the easier it is to get that thing loosened. Right, 0:16:04.320 --> 0:16:07.160 And you have to travel a greater distance, uh, in 0:16:07.200 --> 0:16:09.520 a circle, in a circle right for you to get 0:16:09.560 --> 0:16:12.880 that that nut to go one complete rotation. But it's 0:16:13.000 --> 0:16:15.200 far easier as far as the amount of force supplied. 0:16:15.440 --> 0:16:17.280 I like that you pronounce it lever and I pronounce 0:16:17.320 --> 0:16:20.000 it lever. It's gonna get really interesting when we're talking 0:16:20.000 --> 0:16:23.400 about leverage. So the data data, Yeah, this is the 0:16:23.400 --> 0:16:26.880 device that gives us a leverage, and which is really 0:16:26.880 --> 0:16:28.280 how I would say it. I don't know why I 0:16:28.320 --> 0:16:30.440 say lever, but then I say leverage. I just don't. 0:16:30.480 --> 0:16:33.280 I guess it's you know, it's just because that song 0:16:33.320 --> 0:16:36.960 you know, fifty Ways to Love your lever. Okay, never mind, 0:16:37.160 --> 0:16:42.240 you love them and then you love them. So remember that, 0:16:42.520 --> 0:16:44.840 Like we were saying, work equals force times distance, and 0:16:45.000 --> 0:16:48.160 like Joe was just pointing out, if you increase the distance, 0:16:48.240 --> 0:16:50.800 that means you you can decrease the amount of force 0:16:50.880 --> 0:16:54.040 to do the same amount of work, right, or you 0:16:54.120 --> 0:16:56.880 could increase the amount of force and decrease the amount 0:16:56.880 --> 0:16:59.680 of distance and get the same amount of work. It's 0:16:59.680 --> 0:17:03.240 those two factors that determine the amount of work that's done. 0:17:04.000 --> 0:17:06.480 So using a lever, we can change that amount of 0:17:06.520 --> 0:17:10.760 force applied. Uh. And the law of the lever proposed 0:17:10.760 --> 0:17:13.880 by Archimedes you may have heard of him, is that 0:17:14.000 --> 0:17:18.399 quote magnitudes are an equilibrium at distances reciprocally proportional to 0:17:18.520 --> 0:17:23.600 their weights. End quote. That clears everything up, but it's 0:17:23.640 --> 0:17:26.080 essentially what we're talking about. So what are the basic 0:17:26.160 --> 0:17:29.680 parts of a lever? You've got, uh, Your the lever 0:17:29.760 --> 0:17:32.520 itself is the side that you apply the force to. Yeah. Yeah, 0:17:32.600 --> 0:17:36.639 And then you've got something that it typically has to 0:17:36.720 --> 0:17:41.160 rest against at some point along the beam. You think 0:17:41.160 --> 0:17:43.240 of the beam as the full length of whatever the 0:17:43.320 --> 0:17:46.919 lever is. The fulcrum is the pivot point that it 0:17:47.000 --> 0:17:51.760 rests against that you you use to help UH apply 0:17:51.960 --> 0:17:57.320 force to whatever the output side is typically speaking, and 0:17:57.560 --> 0:18:00.760 UH the way this works as to spending on what 0:18:01.040 --> 0:18:05.720 side is longer, that's going to travel more distance and 0:18:05.720 --> 0:18:09.240 and apply less force. So if you have a weight 0:18:09.440 --> 0:18:12.120 and you put the short side of a beam under 0:18:12.160 --> 0:18:14.600 that weight, and then you've got a fulcrum there, and 0:18:14.600 --> 0:18:16.240 then the long side of the beam is the one 0:18:16.240 --> 0:18:18.919 that you push down on. You have to push further 0:18:19.400 --> 0:18:21.760 to make the weight go up the distance you wanted 0:18:21.800 --> 0:18:24.080 to go, but you're using less force than you would 0:18:24.080 --> 0:18:27.119 if you were to just lift the weight up bodily 0:18:27.680 --> 0:18:30.920 straight up. So we thought this would be easier to 0:18:31.000 --> 0:18:35.439 understand with an example. So imagine that you've got a 0:18:35.480 --> 0:18:38.119 fifty pound weight. I'm just gonna do a little bit 0:18:38.119 --> 0:18:42.240 of metrics here, just at the beginning, and then I apologize. 0:18:42.400 --> 0:18:44.760 You're just gonna have to use conversions to convert everything 0:18:44.760 --> 0:18:47.000 over because I didn't do it for everything. But if 0:18:47.000 --> 0:18:49.080 you're talking about fifty pounds, that's about twenty two point 0:18:49.080 --> 0:18:51.960 sevens and you want to lift it up two ft, 0:18:52.040 --> 0:18:55.240 which is about point six meters. To do this, you 0:18:55.280 --> 0:18:57.439 have to do a hundred pound feet of work or 0:18:57.640 --> 0:18:59.840 one thirty five point six new meters of work, because 0:18:59.840 --> 0:19:03.600 again it's force times distance, So you'd have the fifty 0:19:03.640 --> 0:19:05.760 pounds of weight times the two feet and that gets 0:19:05.800 --> 0:19:08.840 the hundred pound foot work. Now, if you used a 0:19:08.920 --> 0:19:11.800 lever that was twenty ft long on one side and 0:19:11.840 --> 0:19:13.920 then ten feet on the other side, So so the 0:19:13.960 --> 0:19:16.080 side that you're going to apply force two is twice 0:19:16.080 --> 0:19:18.760 as long, and you've got a fulcrum that's just uh 0:19:18.880 --> 0:19:21.800 that's one ft tall. It would be half the amount 0:19:21.800 --> 0:19:27.880 of force you would need to lift that load than before. Um, 0:19:28.000 --> 0:19:30.600 So it's you know, it's it's much easier. And of 0:19:30.640 --> 0:19:33.240 course if you were to extend the lever longer, it 0:19:33.280 --> 0:19:36.199 would be less and less force, but you have to 0:19:36.240 --> 0:19:38.639 travel greater distances to get it up the two feet 0:19:38.680 --> 0:19:41.440 that you want. This is why you have the famous 0:19:41.840 --> 0:19:46.000 possibly apocryphal quote, uh that our committees said that he said, 0:19:46.040 --> 0:19:47.600 if he had a lever long enough, you could move 0:19:47.640 --> 0:19:52.080 the world. I guess that's probably true. Yeah, I guess, well, no, 0:19:52.320 --> 0:19:56.399 I don't probably using it would depend It would depend 0:19:56.440 --> 0:19:59.640 on what the lever or lever was made of, wouldn't 0:19:59.640 --> 0:20:01.880 it Because as at a certain point when you're trying 0:20:01.920 --> 0:20:05.120 to move things of great enough mass are taking enough 0:20:05.160 --> 0:20:08.440 force to move, you'd reach the breaking point of your lever, 0:20:08.520 --> 0:20:10.840 wouldn't you. Well, yeah, I mean if you had something 0:20:10.880 --> 0:20:17.040 that was that long, unless it had incredible strength, it would, uh, 0:20:17.240 --> 0:20:20.360 it would break under its own weight. Carbon nanotubes. Yeah, 0:20:20.640 --> 0:20:22.399 that's clearly that's how we you know, that's that's a 0:20:22.440 --> 0:20:26.240 forward thinking answer right there. So leavers change the direction 0:20:26.440 --> 0:20:28.639 or they can change the direction of an applied force, 0:20:28.960 --> 0:20:32.439 but depends upon the input and output output forces relative 0:20:32.480 --> 0:20:35.240 to the fulcrum. And there are three classes of levers. 0:20:35.240 --> 0:20:37.280 So the one we just talked about that example, the 0:20:37.720 --> 0:20:40.399 you got the it's it's like the seesaw looking type 0:20:40.400 --> 0:20:46.760 of lever. That's a the first class style of lever. Okay, 0:20:46.960 --> 0:20:50.040 So one side of the seesaw is longer than the 0:20:50.040 --> 0:20:52.400 other side. You can use the longer side to lift 0:20:52.400 --> 0:20:56.000 heavier loads. And it also changes the direction of the 0:20:56.040 --> 0:20:58.240 applied force. That's one of the one of the elements 0:20:58.240 --> 0:21:02.200 of it. The second ass it's more like a wheelbarrow, 0:21:02.680 --> 0:21:07.240 which involves two simple machines. You have the wheel and axle, 0:21:07.320 --> 0:21:11.000 but you also have levers. The handles act as levers. Now, 0:21:11.080 --> 0:21:15.359 in that case, the fulcrumb is on one end of 0:21:15.400 --> 0:21:19.280 the entire beam. Think of the handles as a beam. 0:21:19.680 --> 0:21:21.920 So the fulcrumb in this case, the wheel is weigh 0:21:22.080 --> 0:21:24.760 on one end. Then you have the load, which is 0:21:24.760 --> 0:21:28.119 actually little load that's inside the wheelbarrow. Then you have 0:21:28.520 --> 0:21:31.720 the handles the input that you create. So it's different 0:21:31.760 --> 0:21:34.040 from the seesaw right, where you would have the fulcrum 0:21:34.080 --> 0:21:35.879 in the center. Now you have the fulcrum on the end, 0:21:36.080 --> 0:21:39.120 then the load, and then you lifting it this one 0:21:39.160 --> 0:21:41.639 instead of reversing the direction of the force, it's the 0:21:41.680 --> 0:21:44.520 same direction right, because you're lifting up on a wheelbarrow, 0:21:44.560 --> 0:21:46.720 handles and it and it lifts the load up as well. 0:21:47.600 --> 0:21:52.000 So it's different from uh, the first class of leavers. 0:21:52.720 --> 0:21:55.320 The third class is the one that seems the most 0:21:55.480 --> 0:22:00.840 counterintuitive if you first think about it. So would the 0:22:00.880 --> 0:22:05.000 flat end of a crowbar be a second class lever 0:22:05.119 --> 0:22:07.879 because they're what you're doing is you don't have the 0:22:07.920 --> 0:22:10.760 full crumb in the middle. You're you're pressing the end 0:22:10.840 --> 0:22:14.120 against the inside of the door frame, say, and then 0:22:14.160 --> 0:22:17.119 a little bit further towards the end you're holding is 0:22:17.240 --> 0:22:19.720 what's mashing against the door, and you're using it to 0:22:19.800 --> 0:22:24.040 pry like a prying action seems like second class levers. 0:22:24.080 --> 0:22:25.520 It is, and of course if you were to turn 0:22:25.560 --> 0:22:28.000 the crow bar around to use the curved end be 0:22:28.000 --> 0:22:30.959 a first class just like a Claude hammer would be 0:22:31.000 --> 0:22:34.679