1 00:00:04,240 --> 00:00:07,920 Speaker 1: Get in touch with technology with tex Stuff from dot 2 00:00:07,960 --> 00:00:14,360 Speaker 1: com and welcome to tex Stuff. I'm Jonathan Strickland and 3 00:00:14,400 --> 00:00:18,280 Speaker 1: today I am joined in the studio by Mr Joe McCormick. 4 00:00:18,360 --> 00:00:21,560 Speaker 1: Hi Joe, Hi there everybody. How are you doing, Joe? 5 00:00:21,720 --> 00:00:25,880 Speaker 1: I'm doing just fine today. I've enjoyed a nice lunch 6 00:00:25,960 --> 00:00:28,200 Speaker 1: that we had provided for use in the office today. Yes, 7 00:00:28,280 --> 00:00:30,760 Speaker 1: we we ate too many tatos to this day. Yeah, 8 00:00:30,800 --> 00:00:33,760 Speaker 1: talk to things past, but today we're going to talk 9 00:00:33,760 --> 00:00:35,640 Speaker 1: about things way past. We're talking about some of the 10 00:00:35,640 --> 00:00:39,640 Speaker 1: earliest machines ever, the simplest machines. And this is due 11 00:00:39,680 --> 00:00:43,000 Speaker 1: to a little listener mail. Now. This comes to us 12 00:00:43,000 --> 00:00:46,080 Speaker 1: from Kyle via Facebook, and Kyle wrote, have you all 13 00:00:46,080 --> 00:00:49,000 Speaker 1: ever done a podcast on the six classical simple machines? 14 00:00:49,120 --> 00:00:51,680 Speaker 1: If not, that might make for an interesting topic. Oh 15 00:00:51,880 --> 00:00:55,640 Speaker 1: I remember these from school? I do too, is accept 16 00:00:55,840 --> 00:00:58,720 Speaker 1: I don't remember them? What were they? There was the toaster, 17 00:00:59,240 --> 00:01:03,840 Speaker 1: there was the what the electric camera? Yeah, I think 18 00:01:04,280 --> 00:01:07,920 Speaker 1: I'm pretty sure the A T M was on their right, 19 00:01:08,000 --> 00:01:11,119 Speaker 1: that's way up there. Yeah, and uh I think uh, 20 00:01:11,160 --> 00:01:14,000 Speaker 1: I think perpetual motion. That was one. It was really simple. 21 00:01:14,000 --> 00:01:18,320 Speaker 1: It just kept going simple and it also know as 22 00:01:18,360 --> 00:01:21,920 Speaker 1: the clock. Yes, yeah, yeah, no, of course, the six 23 00:01:22,240 --> 00:01:26,720 Speaker 1: simple machines are far simpler than that, but they are 24 00:01:26,880 --> 00:01:30,240 Speaker 1: really important. They they form the basis of a lot 25 00:01:30,400 --> 00:01:34,960 Speaker 1: of the machines that we use today, and ultimately, most importantly, 26 00:01:35,319 --> 00:01:41,000 Speaker 1: they make work easier. Work is hard, work is hard. 27 00:01:41,080 --> 00:01:44,480 Speaker 1: Work is hard to explain unless you're a physics teacher 28 00:01:44,640 --> 00:01:46,640 Speaker 1: and you do it all the time. But it has 29 00:01:46,680 --> 00:01:49,520 Speaker 1: been many, many years since I took a course in physics, 30 00:01:49,720 --> 00:01:52,960 Speaker 1: and while I still understand and appreciate simple machines and 31 00:01:53,000 --> 00:01:56,080 Speaker 1: the concepts of work and force and this sort of thing, 32 00:01:56,560 --> 00:02:00,080 Speaker 1: it behooved me to do a quick refresher course before 33 00:02:00,120 --> 00:02:02,760 Speaker 1: doing this podcast. We'll share your knowledge with us. Jonathan, 34 00:02:02,800 --> 00:02:06,560 Speaker 1: all right, So work is force acting on an object 35 00:02:06,640 --> 00:02:10,880 Speaker 1: in the direction of motion. Uh. And so you could 36 00:02:10,919 --> 00:02:14,359 Speaker 1: think of it in the equation of force times distance 37 00:02:14,440 --> 00:02:18,880 Speaker 1: equals work. All right. Uh. So this is why we 38 00:02:18,880 --> 00:02:22,639 Speaker 1: we express work in units of force and time, such 39 00:02:22,680 --> 00:02:26,520 Speaker 1: as a Newton meter and a newton. Since this raises 40 00:02:26,560 --> 00:02:29,040 Speaker 1: the next question, a Newton is the amount of force 41 00:02:29,040 --> 00:02:33,440 Speaker 1: required to accelerate one of mass at one per second squared. 42 00:02:34,720 --> 00:02:38,240 Speaker 1: So these are the basic units we're talking about, although 43 00:02:38,280 --> 00:02:43,600 Speaker 1: we'll also be talking about pound foot as a means 44 00:02:43,639 --> 00:02:48,120 Speaker 1: of unit of measurement because we're in America and we 45 00:02:48,240 --> 00:02:52,520 Speaker 1: use antiquated systems of units in our measurements, then we 46 00:02:52,600 --> 00:02:55,760 Speaker 1: can't understand how to use this funky you know, metric 47 00:02:55,840 --> 00:03:01,120 Speaker 1: system approach or or the standard unit approach. Okay, but 48 00:03:01,200 --> 00:03:04,320 Speaker 1: wait a second, how is work different from force? So 49 00:03:04,600 --> 00:03:09,240 Speaker 1: force is an agent that results in accelerating or deforming 50 00:03:09,320 --> 00:03:13,880 Speaker 1: an object. So if you want to get an object 51 00:03:13,919 --> 00:03:16,639 Speaker 1: to start moving, you have to apply force to it. 52 00:03:17,320 --> 00:03:20,120 Speaker 1: If you want to punch a hole in a wall, 53 00:03:20,200 --> 00:03:23,440 Speaker 1: you have to apply force to it. But work is 54 00:03:23,680 --> 00:03:26,520 Speaker 1: the force acting on that object in the direction of motion. 55 00:03:26,600 --> 00:03:30,560 Speaker 1: So it's it's it's a it's it encompasses more than 56 00:03:30,639 --> 00:03:33,440 Speaker 1: just the force. Okay. So if I pushed a wheelbarrow 57 00:03:34,000 --> 00:03:36,440 Speaker 1: twenty ft over a certain period of time, that would 58 00:03:36,440 --> 00:03:39,760 Speaker 1: be work, right, But your actual pushing against the wheelbarrow 59 00:03:39,800 --> 00:03:43,360 Speaker 1: itself its force. So you know, it's it's kind of 60 00:03:43,360 --> 00:03:46,360 Speaker 1: a perspective thing in a way. But it's very important 61 00:03:46,360 --> 00:03:49,520 Speaker 1: when you start talking about how much how much work 62 00:03:49,760 --> 00:03:52,920 Speaker 1: and actual task is versus the amount of force that 63 00:03:53,000 --> 00:03:56,560 Speaker 1: you have to do to accomplish that task. Okay, and 64 00:03:56,640 --> 00:04:00,320 Speaker 1: so machines in the simplest way, are something that helps 65 00:04:00,400 --> 00:04:03,640 Speaker 1: us do work easier. Right, Yeah, so that we either 66 00:04:03,960 --> 00:04:08,840 Speaker 1: have to do the work with less force or uh really, 67 00:04:08,880 --> 00:04:12,440 Speaker 1: machines can change the dynamics of force and distance in 68 00:04:12,440 --> 00:04:16,600 Speaker 1: interesting ways, and sometimes it's ways that might seem counterintuitive 69 00:04:16,640 --> 00:04:20,880 Speaker 1: to you. Will definitely talk about something that seems counterintuitive, 70 00:04:20,920 --> 00:04:23,159 Speaker 1: at least the fort when I first thought of it, it 71 00:04:23,080 --> 00:04:25,960 Speaker 1: it was counterintuitive when we get to h levers, which 72 00:04:26,080 --> 00:04:30,480 Speaker 1: spoiler alert are actually one of the six. But at 73 00:04:30,480 --> 00:04:33,120 Speaker 1: any rate, Yeah, it means that we don't have to 74 00:04:33,160 --> 00:04:36,760 Speaker 1: exert as much energy when we are trying to accomplish 75 00:04:36,880 --> 00:04:41,039 Speaker 1: this task, the specific type of work, whatever that might be. 76 00:04:41,520 --> 00:04:44,000 Speaker 1: And that was really important. I mean, obviously in early, 77 00:04:44,800 --> 00:04:48,919 Speaker 1: the earlier days of humanity, you know, we spent most 78 00:04:48,960 --> 00:04:51,359 Speaker 1: of our effort just trying to make sure we weren't dying, 79 00:04:52,040 --> 00:04:55,719 Speaker 1: and anything that would save us that kind of effort 80 00:04:55,880 --> 00:04:59,359 Speaker 1: meant that we could we could reserve more energy for 81 00:04:59,480 --> 00:05:05,719 Speaker 1: very important things like running away. It's a big one. Yeah, 82 00:05:05,720 --> 00:05:08,640 Speaker 1: but then you rate. So there are four main ways 83 00:05:08,680 --> 00:05:12,240 Speaker 1: that machines make work easier, and the first is that 84 00:05:12,960 --> 00:05:16,600 Speaker 1: he can increase the magnitude of a force, so they 85 00:05:16,680 --> 00:05:19,240 Speaker 1: essentially amplify the amount of force being applied to an 86 00:05:19,240 --> 00:05:22,640 Speaker 1: object or system. So you are are exerting a certain 87 00:05:22,680 --> 00:05:26,520 Speaker 1: force upon a machine, the machine amplifies that force applied 88 00:05:26,560 --> 00:05:29,920 Speaker 1: to whatever the load is. That's usually what we call 89 00:05:30,000 --> 00:05:32,640 Speaker 1: the the thing that you're having the machine act upon, 90 00:05:33,400 --> 00:05:36,520 Speaker 1: and it amplifies that force so that the load is 91 00:05:36,520 --> 00:05:39,039 Speaker 1: is experiencing more force being exerted upon it than you 92 00:05:39,080 --> 00:05:42,559 Speaker 1: are putting into the machine. Okay, so in early humanity terms, 93 00:05:42,600 --> 00:05:46,040 Speaker 1: you might think of this as something like an ax right, yeah, 94 00:05:46,040 --> 00:05:48,479 Speaker 1: that would be one, uh you know, any or a ramp, 95 00:05:48,880 --> 00:05:50,520 Speaker 1: just a simple ramp, because you would you would be 96 00:05:50,600 --> 00:05:53,920 Speaker 1: exerting less force to move the object as if you wanted, 97 00:05:54,000 --> 00:05:57,000 Speaker 1: let's say you wanted to move an object, uh to 98 00:05:57,360 --> 00:06:01,200 Speaker 1: a allege that's ten ft above ground hole and if 99 00:06:01,240 --> 00:06:04,640 Speaker 1: you were to actually just lift that object physically, it 100 00:06:04,640 --> 00:06:07,400 Speaker 1: would require a certain amount of force on your side. 101 00:06:07,440 --> 00:06:10,200 Speaker 1: But if you used a ramp, it would decrease, especially 102 00:06:10,279 --> 00:06:14,080 Speaker 1: a very long, gradually sloped ramp, it would decrease the 103 00:06:14,080 --> 00:06:16,040 Speaker 1: amount of force you needed to get the thing moving. 104 00:06:16,320 --> 00:06:18,600 Speaker 1: It would just increase the amount of distance you would 105 00:06:18,600 --> 00:06:20,160 Speaker 1: have to travel to get it to where it needs 106 00:06:20,200 --> 00:06:22,279 Speaker 1: to go. We'll talk more about that in a bit. 107 00:06:22,440 --> 00:06:24,679 Speaker 1: Oh yeah, well, I guess an ax would actually involve 108 00:06:24,760 --> 00:06:27,360 Speaker 1: more than one kind of simple machine because it has 109 00:06:27,400 --> 00:06:30,320 Speaker 1: an inclined plane or a wedge on it. Yeah, I 110 00:06:30,400 --> 00:06:32,680 Speaker 1: thought so, maybe what I should have said would be 111 00:06:32,680 --> 00:06:37,480 Speaker 1: a club, a club that would magnify force, right, Yeah. Yeah. 112 00:06:37,520 --> 00:06:40,440 Speaker 1: There's also the the idea of transferring a force from 113 00:06:40,440 --> 00:06:43,000 Speaker 1: one place to another. Machines that allow us to apply 114 00:06:43,000 --> 00:06:46,719 Speaker 1: a force in one place the forces transferred to another place. 115 00:06:46,880 --> 00:06:50,320 Speaker 1: So uh, this can be uh, we'll get into some 116 00:06:50,360 --> 00:06:52,799 Speaker 1: examples a little bit later. There's also changing the direction 117 00:06:52,960 --> 00:06:56,359 Speaker 1: of the force, where you may have to apply a 118 00:06:56,400 --> 00:06:58,840 Speaker 1: force in one direction and it's being exerted in another 119 00:06:59,040 --> 00:07:02,680 Speaker 1: classic example this would be a lever or a pulley 120 00:07:03,040 --> 00:07:05,960 Speaker 1: where you know the classic lever where I might like it. 121 00:07:06,000 --> 00:07:08,360 Speaker 1: With a classic leaver, I pushed down on one side, 122 00:07:08,400 --> 00:07:11,880 Speaker 1: the other side goes up, so I'm actually pushing the 123 00:07:11,920 --> 00:07:17,280 Speaker 1: opposite direction of where the force is being applied. Yeah. 124 00:07:17,520 --> 00:07:19,920 Speaker 1: Then there's also the increasing the distance or speed of 125 00:07:19,960 --> 00:07:23,320 Speaker 1: a force, which is a pretty simple concept. Uh. And 126 00:07:23,400 --> 00:07:26,200 Speaker 1: this is the one that to me was the most counterintuitive. 127 00:07:26,200 --> 00:07:27,920 Speaker 1: When we get to leavers, but I want to save 128 00:07:28,000 --> 00:07:30,520 Speaker 1: that for when we get there. And of course, a 129 00:07:30,520 --> 00:07:33,960 Speaker 1: combination of machines can create a wide array of effects. 130 00:07:34,320 --> 00:07:37,520 Speaker 1: And we'll talk about some compound machines, which are uh, 131 00:07:37,600 --> 00:07:40,560 Speaker 1: you know, it's obviously two or more simple machines put 132 00:07:40,600 --> 00:07:43,960 Speaker 1: together to make something more complex. Okay, well, one of 133 00:07:43,960 --> 00:07:46,840 Speaker 1: these simple machines has got to be the wheel, right, well, 134 00:07:46,840 --> 00:07:50,040 Speaker 1: the wheel and axle to be to be specific. But yes, 135 00:07:50,560 --> 00:07:54,320 Speaker 1: I guess without an axle, a wheel isn't not as useful, 136 00:07:54,360 --> 00:07:59,960 Speaker 1: no it you know, they're essentially POGs. Yeah, you could 137 00:08:00,000 --> 00:08:01,360 Speaker 1: push it a little bit and then you'd have to 138 00:08:01,440 --> 00:08:03,960 Speaker 1: keep putting it back under the thing. Yeah. In fact, 139 00:08:04,000 --> 00:08:08,600 Speaker 1: that's exactly how early humans were moving large weights. They 140 00:08:08,640 --> 00:08:12,000 Speaker 1: would have a collection of logs and they would lay 141 00:08:12,000 --> 00:08:14,600 Speaker 1: those out on the ground. They place a heavy weight 142 00:08:14,640 --> 00:08:16,679 Speaker 1: on top of the logs. They pushed the heavy weight. 143 00:08:17,000 --> 00:08:19,520 Speaker 1: The heavy weight would roll across the tops of those logs. 144 00:08:19,600 --> 00:08:22,320 Speaker 1: But that would mean that you get closer to the edge, right, 145 00:08:22,360 --> 00:08:24,160 Speaker 1: you're the the end of the object. We get closer 146 00:08:24,200 --> 00:08:27,400 Speaker 1: to the last remaining log in the front. You would 147 00:08:27,440 --> 00:08:29,440 Speaker 1: have to pick up the logs in the back, run around, 148 00:08:29,560 --> 00:08:32,120 Speaker 1: put them down in front of everything. Was not the 149 00:08:32,160 --> 00:08:34,360 Speaker 1: most efficient means of getting a heavy weight from point 150 00:08:34,360 --> 00:08:36,679 Speaker 1: A to point B. I bet that was a fun job. Yeah. 151 00:08:36,720 --> 00:08:39,480 Speaker 1: And now, granted, when all you're trying to do is 152 00:08:39,559 --> 00:08:42,960 Speaker 1: build a megalithic structure to sacrifice humans on. Well, and 153 00:08:43,000 --> 00:08:45,880 Speaker 1: here's the thing. The people who were building said megalithic 154 00:08:45,960 --> 00:08:50,320 Speaker 1: structures often time was not something they were really that 155 00:08:50,559 --> 00:08:55,679 Speaker 1: concerned about. Yeah, but at any rate, Um, if you're 156 00:08:55,720 --> 00:08:57,679 Speaker 1: looking at the wheel and axel, we believe that was 157 00:08:57,720 --> 00:09:03,080 Speaker 1: invented sometime around thirty five hundred BC E. Yeah, the 158 00:09:03,120 --> 00:09:08,240 Speaker 1: earliest evidence actually comes from thirty two hundred from Sumerian artifacts. 159 00:09:08,320 --> 00:09:12,800 Speaker 1: And also it appears to have been independently invented in 160 00:09:13,040 --> 00:09:18,040 Speaker 1: China around d BC. Okay, so not shared from the Sumerians, 161 00:09:18,080 --> 00:09:20,760 Speaker 1: but different people came up with the same idea. Yes, 162 00:09:20,840 --> 00:09:23,200 Speaker 1: that's that seems to be the case. There are some 163 00:09:23,240 --> 00:09:27,800 Speaker 1: people who suggest that no, there was one common ancestor 164 00:09:27,880 --> 00:09:31,000 Speaker 1: for all wheel and axles, and that that then proliferated 165 00:09:31,000 --> 00:09:34,280 Speaker 1: across the rest of the world. But uh, the research 166 00:09:34,360 --> 00:09:37,400 Speaker 1: I read suggested that in fact it did appear independently, 167 00:09:37,720 --> 00:09:41,400 Speaker 1: which is kind of cool. So this allows for obviously 168 00:09:41,559 --> 00:09:46,080 Speaker 1: much easier travel and transportation. Right, it reduces the friction 169 00:09:46,160 --> 00:09:49,559 Speaker 1: that you would experience when you're pushing something against the ground. 170 00:09:49,840 --> 00:09:51,960 Speaker 1: That makes a lot of sense because I can imagine 171 00:09:52,040 --> 00:09:56,120 Speaker 1: one of the most common work problems in the ancient 172 00:09:56,120 --> 00:09:58,640 Speaker 1: world was just getting stuff from one place to another, 173 00:09:58,800 --> 00:10:03,079 Speaker 1: and it probably wasn't all is megalithic structure, materials, you know, 174 00:10:03,440 --> 00:10:06,440 Speaker 1: moving a giant stone, just moving your supplies. You've got 175 00:10:06,960 --> 00:10:11,000 Speaker 1: foods you've collected or foraged, You've got you know, tools 176 00:10:11,120 --> 00:10:13,959 Speaker 1: or building materials you want to take with you. How 177 00:10:14,000 --> 00:10:15,800 Speaker 1: do you get them from one place to another? I mean, 178 00:10:15,880 --> 00:10:17,800 Speaker 1: if all you've got is you can carry them on 179 00:10:17,840 --> 00:10:20,920 Speaker 1: your back, right, you might build a sledge or something 180 00:10:21,000 --> 00:10:23,520 Speaker 1: so that now you have some sort of animal that's 181 00:10:23,559 --> 00:10:26,400 Speaker 1: pulling it. But that's not very efficient. It's very slow going, 182 00:10:26,440 --> 00:10:28,640 Speaker 1: and of course if you hit any terrain that's not 183 00:10:29,520 --> 00:10:34,160 Speaker 1: conducive to such vehicles, then you're really stuck, literally in 184 00:10:34,200 --> 00:10:38,719 Speaker 1: some cases. So yeah, the wheel reduces friction, right, that's 185 00:10:38,760 --> 00:10:41,400 Speaker 1: the big thing it does in this In this use. 186 00:10:41,480 --> 00:10:43,240 Speaker 1: There's another use for the wheel and axle that we'll 187 00:10:43,240 --> 00:10:45,280 Speaker 1: talk about in a second. But when you attach it 188 00:10:45,320 --> 00:10:47,880 Speaker 1: to something like a cart and you have an axle 189 00:10:47,960 --> 00:10:51,520 Speaker 1: and wheel set up there. Then the wheels turning reduces 190 00:10:51,559 --> 00:10:55,360 Speaker 1: the friction that you experience when you're pushing this against 191 00:10:55,360 --> 00:10:57,280 Speaker 1: the ground, and it reduces the amount of force you 192 00:10:57,320 --> 00:11:01,360 Speaker 1: need to use to get this thing moving. Um. It's 193 00:11:01,400 --> 00:11:04,000 Speaker 1: you know, pretty simple concept. And there are two different 194 00:11:04,080 --> 00:11:06,200 Speaker 1: really you know types of wheel and axles. There's the 195 00:11:06,240 --> 00:11:08,560 Speaker 1: type of wheel and axle where the wheel can move 196 00:11:08,640 --> 00:11:13,480 Speaker 1: freely around the axles. The axle remains stationary in respect 197 00:11:13,520 --> 00:11:16,160 Speaker 1: to the wheel. The wheel just rotates around the axle. 198 00:11:16,720 --> 00:11:19,600 Speaker 1: And then there's the fixed that that that one would 199 00:11:19,600 --> 00:11:22,160 Speaker 1: be fixed to the frame of the cart, so the 200 00:11:22,200 --> 00:11:25,080 Speaker 1: axle is fixed and the wheel moved. And then they're 201 00:11:25,120 --> 00:11:29,480 Speaker 1: also the type where the axle turns along with the wheel. Uh. 202 00:11:29,480 --> 00:11:31,360 Speaker 1: And it has to be in some sort of bearing 203 00:11:31,760 --> 00:11:35,120 Speaker 1: that will hold on and allow it this turning motion. 204 00:11:35,559 --> 00:11:37,520 Speaker 1: I'm trying to think what would be the advantages and 205 00:11:37,600 --> 00:11:41,280 Speaker 1: disadvantages of each. So if you have free moving wheels, 206 00:11:41,320 --> 00:11:45,280 Speaker 1: each wheel can move independently, um. But if you have 207 00:11:45,320 --> 00:11:50,640 Speaker 1: wheels attached directly to the axles, then the wheels on 208 00:11:50,720 --> 00:11:54,000 Speaker 1: each end of one axele have to move together, which 209 00:11:54,120 --> 00:11:56,440 Speaker 1: you know, you look at cars. Yeah, you know, if 210 00:11:56,559 --> 00:11:59,920 Speaker 1: if all of our cars had each wheel moving independ 211 00:12:00,160 --> 00:12:04,400 Speaker 1: lian some actually do have some four wheel independent drive. Uh, 212 00:12:04,480 --> 00:12:08,000 Speaker 1: then that's different than if they're all working together in concert, 213 00:12:08,160 --> 00:12:11,360 Speaker 1: if you will, and so, yeah, I mean they're they're 214 00:12:11,400 --> 00:12:15,520 Speaker 1: different use cases and there are different advantages and disadvantages. Uh. 215 00:12:15,559 --> 00:12:18,640 Speaker 1: The important thing to remember is that this simple machine 216 00:12:18,679 --> 00:12:21,920 Speaker 1: is one of the things that helped revolutionize humanity and 217 00:12:22,040 --> 00:12:26,840 Speaker 1: keep humanity alive and allowing it to thrive. Um. Obviously, 218 00:12:26,880 --> 00:12:29,200 Speaker 1: otherwise we just wouldn't get our stuff to where it 219 00:12:29,200 --> 00:12:33,439 Speaker 1: needs to be. It would be tough. Uh. So another 220 00:12:33,520 --> 00:12:36,840 Speaker 1: thing you can do with the wheel and axle besides, 221 00:12:36,880 --> 00:12:38,560 Speaker 1: you know, attach it to a vehicle and have it 222 00:12:38,679 --> 00:12:42,839 Speaker 1: moved through. Uh. The The wheel and axel has a 223 00:12:43,559 --> 00:12:49,360 Speaker 1: multiplying force aspect to it, so the force around the axle. 224 00:12:49,640 --> 00:12:51,960 Speaker 1: Think of the axle is kind of like a small 225 00:12:52,000 --> 00:12:56,520 Speaker 1: cylinder in the center of a larger cylinder, the larger 226 00:12:56,520 --> 00:12:58,440 Speaker 1: one being the wheel and the small one being the axle. 227 00:12:59,800 --> 00:13:04,679 Speaker 1: The rotational force around that small cylinder is greater than 228 00:13:04,720 --> 00:13:08,240 Speaker 1: the rotational force on the outer cylinder, but the distance 229 00:13:08,320 --> 00:13:11,080 Speaker 1: traveled on the outer cylinder is greater than the distance 230 00:13:11,120 --> 00:13:16,360 Speaker 1: traveled in the inner cylinder. Okay, Now, what that means 231 00:13:16,520 --> 00:13:18,760 Speaker 1: for us is that you can use a wheel as 232 00:13:18,760 --> 00:13:22,120 Speaker 1: a means of like a crank or uh, you know, 233 00:13:22,240 --> 00:13:26,240 Speaker 1: a valve, something along those lines, and you can apply 234 00:13:26,679 --> 00:13:29,720 Speaker 1: a small amount of force to the outside of that wheel. 235 00:13:30,280 --> 00:13:33,760 Speaker 1: The force being experienced on the axle part is much greater. 236 00:13:34,200 --> 00:13:37,360 Speaker 1: So if you have something that normally would be fairly 237 00:13:37,480 --> 00:13:39,920 Speaker 1: tough to turn, if you have a large enough wheel, 238 00:13:39,960 --> 00:13:42,000 Speaker 1: it starts to become easier and easier to turn it, 239 00:13:42,040 --> 00:13:44,720 Speaker 1: which is why you start seeing things like those giant 240 00:13:45,400 --> 00:13:50,280 Speaker 1: wheel like um uh handles for things like the heavy 241 00:13:50,360 --> 00:13:54,160 Speaker 1: doors and submarines, things like that. So, yeah, that it 242 00:13:54,440 --> 00:13:58,160 Speaker 1: allows you to move much heavier machinery or gears or 243 00:13:58,160 --> 00:14:02,199 Speaker 1: whatever using a small amount, relatively small amount of rotational 244 00:14:02,200 --> 00:14:05,760 Speaker 1: force on a larger surface, and the multiplication of that 245 00:14:05,800 --> 00:14:08,320 Speaker 1: force is what gives you the ability to do a 246 00:14:08,360 --> 00:14:11,680 Speaker 1: lot of work. Yeah, I can see that. In like, say, 247 00:14:11,720 --> 00:14:14,200 Speaker 1: the at the helm of an old ship, you would 248 00:14:14,200 --> 00:14:16,520 Speaker 1: have a very large wheel. I'm sure it took a 249 00:14:16,520 --> 00:14:19,320 Speaker 1: lot of force to move the rudder of the ships. 250 00:14:19,720 --> 00:14:22,720 Speaker 1: Having a larger wheel probably made it easier. I'm glad 251 00:14:22,760 --> 00:14:24,800 Speaker 1: you brought that up. I'm glad you brought up the 252 00:14:24,800 --> 00:14:30,240 Speaker 1: wheel because or the helm obviously, because that that will 253 00:14:30,240 --> 00:14:33,840 Speaker 1: allow us to talk about some interesting different types of machines, 254 00:14:34,400 --> 00:14:37,120 Speaker 1: not just the wheel, but our next machine, the lever, 255 00:14:37,320 --> 00:14:41,840 Speaker 1: because before the helm, before the wheel of a ship, 256 00:14:42,480 --> 00:14:45,960 Speaker 1: which really didn't come about until the really the late 257 00:14:46,000 --> 00:14:50,920 Speaker 1: eighteenth century. Yeah, yeah, you see those wheels on ships. 258 00:14:51,040 --> 00:14:55,040 Speaker 1: Those are all modern inventions. In the long run, the 259 00:14:55,160 --> 00:14:57,920 Speaker 1: classic way of controlling a ship was with a tiller, 260 00:14:58,600 --> 00:15:01,400 Speaker 1: which was more like a lever. So a tiller is 261 00:15:01,520 --> 00:15:03,720 Speaker 1: essentially it's a it's a lever that comes out, you 262 00:15:03,760 --> 00:15:07,080 Speaker 1: hold onto the end. You make small adjustments on one side, 263 00:15:07,080 --> 00:15:10,400 Speaker 1: but because the way the lever is adjusted, it makes 264 00:15:10,480 --> 00:15:14,320 Speaker 1: larger changes with the rudder of the ship. The helm 265 00:15:14,360 --> 00:15:16,800 Speaker 1: of a ship involves a lot of other parts. It's 266 00:15:16,840 --> 00:15:21,720 Speaker 1: really a compound um machine ultimately, because you've got the wheel, 267 00:15:21,800 --> 00:15:24,160 Speaker 1: you've got some pulley systems that connect the wheel to 268 00:15:24,200 --> 00:15:26,760 Speaker 1: the rudder. It's pretty cool. So I'm glad you brought 269 00:15:26,760 --> 00:15:28,480 Speaker 1: it up. Well, you know, if you look at a 270 00:15:28,480 --> 00:15:31,840 Speaker 1: wheel like that as uh, something that allows you to 271 00:15:32,200 --> 00:15:36,040 Speaker 1: apply force over a greater distance to create more force 272 00:15:36,120 --> 00:15:39,320 Speaker 1: on a shorter distance. In the middle. It's kind of 273 00:15:39,360 --> 00:15:43,520 Speaker 1: like some types of levers, like, for example, a torque wringe. Right, 274 00:15:44,160 --> 00:15:47,320 Speaker 1: So if you if you have a wrench and you 275 00:15:47,360 --> 00:15:50,120 Speaker 1: have a bolt that you know it's really it's really sorry, 276 00:15:50,120 --> 00:15:52,120 Speaker 1: it would be a nut, I guess a nut, and 277 00:15:52,160 --> 00:15:55,160 Speaker 1: it is really hard to loosen. It takes a lot 278 00:15:55,200 --> 00:15:57,080 Speaker 1: of force to do it. You can do it by 279 00:15:57,080 --> 00:16:01,000 Speaker 1: having a longer handle on your wrench. The longer the handle, 280 00:16:01,080 --> 00:16:04,240 Speaker 1: the easier it is to get that thing loosened. Right, 281 00:16:04,320 --> 00:16:07,160 Speaker 1: And you have to travel a greater distance, uh, in 282 00:16:07,200 --> 00:16:09,520 Speaker 1: a circle, in a circle right for you to get 283 00:16:09,560 --> 00:16:12,880 Speaker 1: that that nut to go one complete rotation. But it's 284 00:16:13,000 --> 00:16:15,200 Speaker 1: far easier as far as the amount of force supplied. 285 00:16:15,440 --> 00:16:17,280 Speaker 1: I like that you pronounce it lever and I pronounce 286 00:16:17,320 --> 00:16:20,000 Speaker 1: it lever. It's gonna get really interesting when we're talking 287 00:16:20,000 --> 00:16:23,400 Speaker 1: about leverage. So the data data, Yeah, this is the 288 00:16:23,400 --> 00:16:26,880 Speaker 1: device that gives us a leverage, and which is really 289 00:16:26,880 --> 00:16:28,280 Speaker 1: how I would say it. I don't know why I 290 00:16:28,320 --> 00:16:30,440 Speaker 1: say lever, but then I say leverage. I just don't. 291 00:16:30,480 --> 00:16:33,280 Speaker 1: I guess it's you know, it's just because that song 292 00:16:33,320 --> 00:16:36,960 Speaker 1: you know, fifty Ways to Love your lever. Okay, never mind, 293 00:16:37,160 --> 00:16:42,240 Speaker 1: you love them and then you love them. So remember that, 294 00:16:42,520 --> 00:16:44,840 Speaker 1: Like we were saying, work equals force times distance, and 295 00:16:45,000 --> 00:16:48,160 Speaker 1: like Joe was just pointing out, if you increase the distance, 296 00:16:48,240 --> 00:16:50,800 Speaker 1: that means you you can decrease the amount of force 297 00:16:50,880 --> 00:16:54,040 Speaker 1: to do the same amount of work, right, or you 298 00:16:54,120 --> 00:16:56,880 Speaker 1: could increase the amount of force and decrease the amount 299 00:16:56,880 --> 00:16:59,680 Speaker 1: of distance and get the same amount of work. It's 300 00:16:59,680 --> 00:17:03,240 Speaker 1: those two factors that determine the amount of work that's done. 301 00:17:04,000 --> 00:17:06,480 Speaker 1: So using a lever, we can change that amount of 302 00:17:06,520 --> 00:17:10,760 Speaker 1: force applied. Uh. And the law of the lever proposed 303 00:17:10,760 --> 00:17:13,880 Speaker 1: by Archimedes you may have heard of him, is that 304 00:17:14,000 --> 00:17:18,399 Speaker 1: quote magnitudes are an equilibrium at distances reciprocally proportional to 305 00:17:18,520 --> 00:17:23,600 Speaker 1: their weights. End quote. That clears everything up, but it's 306 00:17:23,640 --> 00:17:26,080 Speaker 1: essentially what we're talking about. So what are the basic 307 00:17:26,160 --> 00:17:29,680 Speaker 1: parts of a lever? You've got, uh, Your the lever 308 00:17:29,760 --> 00:17:32,520 Speaker 1: itself is the side that you apply the force to. Yeah. Yeah, 309 00:17:32,600 --> 00:17:36,639 Speaker 1: And then you've got something that it typically has to 310 00:17:36,720 --> 00:17:41,160 Speaker 1: rest against at some point along the beam. You think 311 00:17:41,160 --> 00:17:43,240 Speaker 1: of the beam as the full length of whatever the 312 00:17:43,320 --> 00:17:46,919 Speaker 1: lever is. The fulcrum is the pivot point that it 313 00:17:47,000 --> 00:17:51,760 Speaker 1: rests against that you you use to help UH apply 314 00:17:51,960 --> 00:17:57,320 Speaker 1: force to whatever the output side is typically speaking, and 315 00:17:57,560 --> 00:18:00,760 Speaker 1: UH the way this works as to spending on what 316 00:18:01,040 --> 00:18:05,720 Speaker 1: side is longer, that's going to travel more distance and 317 00:18:05,720 --> 00:18:09,240 Speaker 1: and apply less force. So if you have a weight 318 00:18:09,440 --> 00:18:12,120 Speaker 1: and you put the short side of a beam under 319 00:18:12,160 --> 00:18:14,600 Speaker 1: that weight, and then you've got a fulcrum there, and 320 00:18:14,600 --> 00:18:16,240 Speaker 1: then the long side of the beam is the one 321 00:18:16,240 --> 00:18:18,919 Speaker 1: that you push down on. You have to push further 322 00:18:19,400 --> 00:18:21,760 Speaker 1: to make the weight go up the distance you wanted 323 00:18:21,800 --> 00:18:24,080 Speaker 1: to go, but you're using less force than you would 324 00:18:24,080 --> 00:18:27,119 Speaker 1: if you were to just lift the weight up bodily 325 00:18:27,680 --> 00:18:30,920 Speaker 1: straight up. So we thought this would be easier to 326 00:18:31,000 --> 00:18:35,439 Speaker 1: understand with an example. So imagine that you've got a 327 00:18:35,480 --> 00:18:38,119 Speaker 1: fifty pound weight. I'm just gonna do a little bit 328 00:18:38,119 --> 00:18:42,240 Speaker 1: of metrics here, just at the beginning, and then I apologize. 329 00:18:42,400 --> 00:18:44,760 Speaker 1: You're just gonna have to use conversions to convert everything 330 00:18:44,760 --> 00:18:47,000 Speaker 1: over because I didn't do it for everything. But if 331 00:18:47,000 --> 00:18:49,080 Speaker 1: you're talking about fifty pounds, that's about twenty two point 332 00:18:49,080 --> 00:18:51,960 Speaker 1: sevens and you want to lift it up two ft, 333 00:18:52,040 --> 00:18:55,240 Speaker 1: which is about point six meters. To do this, you 334 00:18:55,280 --> 00:18:57,439 Speaker 1: have to do a hundred pound feet of work or 335 00:18:57,640 --> 00:18:59,840 Speaker 1: one thirty five point six new meters of work, because 336 00:18:59,840 --> 00:19:03,600 Speaker 1: again it's force times distance, So you'd have the fifty 337 00:19:03,640 --> 00:19:05,760 Speaker 1: pounds of weight times the two feet and that gets 338 00:19:05,800 --> 00:19:08,840 Speaker 1: the hundred pound foot work. Now, if you used a 339 00:19:08,920 --> 00:19:11,800 Speaker 1: lever that was twenty ft long on one side and 340 00:19:11,840 --> 00:19:13,920 Speaker 1: then ten feet on the other side, So so the 341 00:19:13,960 --> 00:19:16,080 Speaker 1: side that you're going to apply force two is twice 342 00:19:16,080 --> 00:19:18,760 Speaker 1: as long, and you've got a fulcrum that's just uh 343 00:19:18,880 --> 00:19:21,800 Speaker 1: that's one ft tall. It would be half the amount 344 00:19:21,800 --> 00:19:27,880 Speaker 1: of force you would need to lift that load than before. Um, 345 00:19:28,000 --> 00:19:30,600 Speaker 1: So it's you know, it's it's much easier. And of 346 00:19:30,640 --> 00:19:33,240 Speaker 1: course if you were to extend the lever longer, it 347 00:19:33,280 --> 00:19:36,199 Speaker 1: would be less and less force, but you have to 348 00:19:36,240 --> 00:19:38,639 Speaker 1: travel greater distances to get it up the two feet 349 00:19:38,680 --> 00:19:41,440 Speaker 1: that you want. This is why you have the famous 350 00:19:41,840 --> 00:19:46,000 Speaker 1: possibly apocryphal quote, uh that our committees said that he said, 351 00:19:46,040 --> 00:19:47,600 Speaker 1: if he had a lever long enough, you could move 352 00:19:47,640 --> 00:19:52,080 Speaker 1: the world. I guess that's probably true. Yeah, I guess, well, no, 353 00:19:52,320 --> 00:19:56,399 Speaker 1: I don't probably using it would depend It would depend 354 00:19:56,440 --> 00:19:59,640 Speaker 1: on what the lever or lever was made of, wouldn't 355 00:19:59,640 --> 00:20:01,880 Speaker 1: it Because as at a certain point when you're trying 356 00:20:01,920 --> 00:20:05,120 Speaker 1: to move things of great enough mass are taking enough 357 00:20:05,160 --> 00:20:08,440 Speaker 1: force to move, you'd reach the breaking point of your lever, 358 00:20:08,520 --> 00:20:10,840 Speaker 1: wouldn't you. Well, yeah, I mean if you had something 359 00:20:10,880 --> 00:20:17,040 Speaker 1: that was that long, unless it had incredible strength, it would, uh, 360 00:20:17,240 --> 00:20:20,360 Speaker 1: it would break under its own weight. Carbon nanotubes. Yeah, 361 00:20:20,640 --> 00:20:22,399 Speaker 1: that's clearly that's how we you know, that's that's a 362 00:20:22,440 --> 00:20:26,240 Speaker 1: forward thinking answer right there. So leavers change the direction 363 00:20:26,440 --> 00:20:28,639 Speaker 1: or they can change the direction of an applied force, 364 00:20:28,960 --> 00:20:32,439 Speaker 1: but depends upon the input and output output forces relative 365 00:20:32,480 --> 00:20:35,240 Speaker 1: to the fulcrum. And there are three classes of levers. 366 00:20:35,240 --> 00:20:37,280 Speaker 1: So the one we just talked about that example, the 367 00:20:37,720 --> 00:20:40,399 Speaker 1: you got the it's it's like the seesaw looking type 368 00:20:40,400 --> 00:20:46,760 Speaker 1: of lever. That's a the first class style of lever. Okay, 369 00:20:46,960 --> 00:20:50,040 Speaker 1: So one side of the seesaw is longer than the 370 00:20:50,040 --> 00:20:52,400 Speaker 1: other side. You can use the longer side to lift 371 00:20:52,400 --> 00:20:56,000 Speaker 1: heavier loads. And it also changes the direction of the 372 00:20:56,040 --> 00:20:58,240 Speaker 1: applied force. That's one of the one of the elements 373 00:20:58,240 --> 00:21:02,200 Speaker 1: of it. The second ass it's more like a wheelbarrow, 374 00:21:02,680 --> 00:21:07,240 Speaker 1: which involves two simple machines. You have the wheel and axle, 375 00:21:07,320 --> 00:21:11,000 Speaker 1: but you also have levers. The handles act as levers. Now, 376 00:21:11,080 --> 00:21:15,359 Speaker 1: in that case, the fulcrumb is on one end of 377 00:21:15,400 --> 00:21:19,280 Speaker 1: the entire beam. Think of the handles as a beam. 378 00:21:19,680 --> 00:21:21,920 Speaker 1: So the fulcrumb in this case, the wheel is weigh 379 00:21:22,080 --> 00:21:24,760 Speaker 1: on one end. Then you have the load, which is 380 00:21:24,760 --> 00:21:28,119 Speaker 1: actually little load that's inside the wheelbarrow. Then you have 381 00:21:28,520 --> 00:21:31,720 Speaker 1: the handles the input that you create. So it's different 382 00:21:31,760 --> 00:21:34,040 Speaker 1: from the seesaw right, where you would have the fulcrum 383 00:21:34,080 --> 00:21:35,879 Speaker 1: in the center. Now you have the fulcrum on the end, 384 00:21:36,080 --> 00:21:39,120 Speaker 1: then the load, and then you lifting it this one 385 00:21:39,160 --> 00:21:41,639 Speaker 1: instead of reversing the direction of the force, it's the 386 00:21:41,680 --> 00:21:44,520 Speaker 1: same direction right, because you're lifting up on a wheelbarrow, 387 00:21:44,560 --> 00:21:46,720 Speaker 1: handles and it and it lifts the load up as well. 388 00:21:47,600 --> 00:21:52,000 Speaker 1: So it's different from uh, the first class of leavers. 389 00:21:52,720 --> 00:21:55,320 Speaker 1: The third class is the one that seems the most 390 00:21:55,480 --> 00:22:00,840 Speaker 1: counterintuitive if you first think about it. So would the 391 00:22:00,880 --> 00:22:05,000 Speaker 1: flat end of a crowbar be a second class lever 392 00:22:05,119 --> 00:22:07,879 Speaker 1: because they're what you're doing is you don't have the 393 00:22:07,920 --> 00:22:10,760 Speaker 1: full crumb in the middle. You're you're pressing the end 394 00:22:10,840 --> 00:22:14,120 Speaker 1: against the inside of the door frame, say, and then 395 00:22:14,160 --> 00:22:17,119 Speaker 1: a little bit further towards the end you're holding is 396 00:22:17,240 --> 00:22:19,720 Speaker 1: what's mashing against the door, and you're using it to 397 00:22:19,800 --> 00:22:24,040 Speaker 1: pry like a prying action seems like second class levers. 398 00:22:24,080 --> 00:22:25,520 Speaker 1: It is, and of course if you were to turn 399 00:22:25,560 --> 00:22:28,000 Speaker 1: the crow bar around to use the curved end be 400 00:22:28,000 --> 00:22:30,959 Speaker 1: a first class just like a Claude hammer would be 401 00:22:31,000 --> 00:22:34,679 Speaker 1: as well. Here's a Claude hammer to remove nails. Uh 402 00:22:34,880 --> 00:22:37,320 Speaker 1: so that's a great example. Third class levers are the 403 00:22:37,320 --> 00:22:40,280 Speaker 1: ones to me that are the most counterintuitive. Um they 404 00:22:40,280 --> 00:22:42,960 Speaker 1: have the fulcrum at one end, then you have the 405 00:22:43,000 --> 00:22:47,600 Speaker 1: input force, then you have the output force. So you 406 00:22:47,600 --> 00:22:50,760 Speaker 1: know when the wheelbarrow example, we've got input force on 407 00:22:50,760 --> 00:22:53,640 Speaker 1: one end, then output in the middle, then the fulcrum 408 00:22:53,680 --> 00:22:57,800 Speaker 1: in this case fulcrum input output and you might think, 409 00:22:58,000 --> 00:23:00,320 Speaker 1: wait a minute, what the how does that even work? 410 00:23:00,600 --> 00:23:02,720 Speaker 1: It doesn't sound like and why would you want to 411 00:23:02,800 --> 00:23:05,639 Speaker 1: use that? Because if you use, if you use this 412 00:23:05,960 --> 00:23:08,520 Speaker 1: sort of lever, it has what we call an ideal 413 00:23:08,600 --> 00:23:13,520 Speaker 1: mechanical advantage of less than one ideal mechanical advantage. This 414 00:23:13,560 --> 00:23:18,800 Speaker 1: is what's telling you how how how much it's helping 415 00:23:18,840 --> 00:23:20,480 Speaker 1: you in the sense of how much force you have 416 00:23:20,520 --> 00:23:23,800 Speaker 1: to apply versus the force that you're getting out of 417 00:23:23,800 --> 00:23:27,879 Speaker 1: This too for the issue of making work right. So 418 00:23:27,960 --> 00:23:30,600 Speaker 1: here you're you're actually at a loss yeah, and you 419 00:23:30,680 --> 00:23:32,399 Speaker 1: might wonder, well, why would you want to do that, 420 00:23:32,480 --> 00:23:37,000 Speaker 1: And the reason is that you are that output forces 421 00:23:37,000 --> 00:23:39,399 Speaker 1: actually applied over a greater distance. So it's kind of 422 00:23:39,400 --> 00:23:41,800 Speaker 1: the reverse of what we were talking about earlier about 423 00:23:41,800 --> 00:23:44,800 Speaker 1: how with the wheel, when you have the greater distance, 424 00:23:44,840 --> 00:23:47,880 Speaker 1: you have to apply less force, but you get more distance. 425 00:23:48,400 --> 00:23:50,720 Speaker 1: In this case, you have to apply more forced down 426 00:23:50,800 --> 00:23:53,240 Speaker 1: at the input, but you're getting greater distance at the output, 427 00:23:53,560 --> 00:23:56,920 Speaker 1: which is really useful if you're up to bat. A 428 00:23:57,320 --> 00:24:00,320 Speaker 1: baseball bat is a third class lever, so this would 429 00:24:00,359 --> 00:24:04,399 Speaker 1: be like my club example earlier exactly, that's essentially a 430 00:24:04,520 --> 00:24:07,920 Speaker 1: third class leaver or a first class bunk on the head. 431 00:24:09,000 --> 00:24:12,720 Speaker 1: Uh So anyway, yeah, very interesting. Some of the some 432 00:24:12,800 --> 00:24:15,439 Speaker 1: of this to me is counterintuitive. I'm sure to some 433 00:24:15,440 --> 00:24:17,480 Speaker 1: people are like, this all makes perfect sense. I don't 434 00:24:17,480 --> 00:24:20,320 Speaker 1: know what you're talking about with counterintuitive. But I remember 435 00:24:20,320 --> 00:24:22,040 Speaker 1: the first time I read about they were using a 436 00:24:22,080 --> 00:24:25,200 Speaker 1: hockey stick as a an example of a third class 437 00:24:25,280 --> 00:24:27,600 Speaker 1: leaver from one of the sources. I was looking over 438 00:24:27,640 --> 00:24:32,040 Speaker 1: and I thought, I'm from Georgia. That example means nothing 439 00:24:32,119 --> 00:24:35,879 Speaker 1: to me. And then they said baseball band, Like okay, 440 00:24:36,080 --> 00:24:40,399 Speaker 1: now I understand what you're saying. Next, we have another 441 00:24:40,520 --> 00:24:45,200 Speaker 1: simple machine, the inclined plane. It is so inclined it's 442 00:24:45,240 --> 00:24:49,320 Speaker 1: the simplest of all simple machines. Perhaps it's it's definitely, 443 00:24:49,400 --> 00:24:52,240 Speaker 1: I mean it's it's essentially a ramp, you know, that's 444 00:24:52,280 --> 00:24:54,680 Speaker 1: really what is So when you want to move, when 445 00:24:54,720 --> 00:24:57,800 Speaker 1: you want to move a load from one elevation to 446 00:24:57,880 --> 00:25:00,960 Speaker 1: a different elevation and it's too heavy to just lift, 447 00:25:01,920 --> 00:25:05,240 Speaker 1: a ramp can often help out. It decreases the amount 448 00:25:05,240 --> 00:25:08,520 Speaker 1: of force you need to get the load to that height, 449 00:25:08,600 --> 00:25:11,200 Speaker 1: but it increases the distance you must travel in order 450 00:25:11,480 --> 00:25:14,960 Speaker 1: to do so. So when we were talking earlier about 451 00:25:15,000 --> 00:25:17,760 Speaker 1: the wheels and the logs, and you know this this 452 00:25:18,119 --> 00:25:20,640 Speaker 1: concept of how much time is it going to take 453 00:25:20,680 --> 00:25:25,960 Speaker 1: to do this? Uh, the pyramids were built by moving 454 00:25:26,080 --> 00:25:29,679 Speaker 1: these enormous blocks of stone up very long ramps to 455 00:25:29,800 --> 00:25:32,920 Speaker 1: get to their their various elevations, because the blocks of 456 00:25:32,960 --> 00:25:36,160 Speaker 1: stone are far too heavy to just lift and put 457 00:25:36,200 --> 00:25:38,360 Speaker 1: them in place. Wow. I think for a long time 458 00:25:38,400 --> 00:25:40,439 Speaker 1: we didn't know how they were built, right, Yeah, No, 459 00:25:40,640 --> 00:25:43,320 Speaker 1: there was a lot of speculation about how it actually happened. 460 00:25:43,320 --> 00:25:46,399 Speaker 1: But as it turns out, the ramp method is the 461 00:25:46,440 --> 00:25:49,080 Speaker 1: one that was used to. You know, if you build 462 00:25:49,080 --> 00:25:52,040 Speaker 1: the ramp out long enough, then you decrease that force 463 00:25:52,119 --> 00:25:54,119 Speaker 1: to make it more manageable. But you do have to 464 00:25:54,160 --> 00:25:58,320 Speaker 1: make the ramp longer and longer to increase that mechanical advantage. Right, 465 00:25:59,240 --> 00:26:01,040 Speaker 1: That does mean you have to travel further and further. 466 00:26:01,160 --> 00:26:04,000 Speaker 1: It makes sense because you know, you just intuitively understand 467 00:26:04,000 --> 00:26:06,400 Speaker 1: that a short ramp is going to be much more steep, 468 00:26:07,080 --> 00:26:09,879 Speaker 1: and that steepness is going to make make it so 469 00:26:09,920 --> 00:26:12,439 Speaker 1: that you have to apply more force to get whatever 470 00:26:12,480 --> 00:26:15,639 Speaker 1: the load is up that ramp that you're familiar with. 471 00:26:15,680 --> 00:26:19,680 Speaker 1: This in simple walking terms, I mean you take fewer 472 00:26:19,760 --> 00:26:25,560 Speaker 1: steps going up a short steep incline to the same 473 00:26:25,600 --> 00:26:31,200 Speaker 1: altitude versus a very long, slow, gradual slope to an 474 00:26:31,240 --> 00:26:36,440 Speaker 1: equal altitude, but you but it's still you know, easier 475 00:26:36,800 --> 00:26:39,200 Speaker 1: taking the long, slow way. You're still doing the same 476 00:26:39,200 --> 00:26:42,280 Speaker 1: amount of work overall, because again it's force times distance, 477 00:26:42,400 --> 00:26:46,160 Speaker 1: but you're doing less force per unit of walking, so 478 00:26:46,520 --> 00:26:50,200 Speaker 1: it doesn't feel like it's as exhausting unless the ramp 479 00:26:50,280 --> 00:26:54,119 Speaker 1: is so long as to make the journey intolerably long, 480 00:26:55,000 --> 00:26:57,520 Speaker 1: which could be a possibility if you have enough space, 481 00:26:58,040 --> 00:27:01,520 Speaker 1: but infinite ramp that's a good band name. Yeah, yeah, 482 00:27:01,960 --> 00:27:05,080 Speaker 1: I have a feeling that just just be a jam band, 483 00:27:06,080 --> 00:27:10,000 Speaker 1: play those like incredibly long jam sessions that don't ever 484 00:27:10,040 --> 00:27:13,320 Speaker 1: go anywhere. But yeah, if you were to take that 485 00:27:13,400 --> 00:27:15,360 Speaker 1: same weight we were talking about that fifty pound weight 486 00:27:15,400 --> 00:27:17,840 Speaker 1: we were mentioning earlier, we have a ramp that's two 487 00:27:17,840 --> 00:27:20,000 Speaker 1: ft tall and four ft long. It'll take half the 488 00:27:20,040 --> 00:27:23,320 Speaker 1: amount of force needed to get it moving over twice 489 00:27:23,440 --> 00:27:26,600 Speaker 1: the distance of just lifting it up those two feet, 490 00:27:27,200 --> 00:27:32,720 Speaker 1: so again saves you the force needed to move this thing. Uh. 491 00:27:32,760 --> 00:27:35,520 Speaker 1: Then making that ramp longer would decrease the steepness and 492 00:27:35,560 --> 00:27:37,919 Speaker 1: the force needed to move the weight even further, but 493 00:27:37,960 --> 00:27:41,040 Speaker 1: it would increase the distance at the same time. And 494 00:27:41,080 --> 00:27:44,280 Speaker 1: now we start getting into some of the the advanced 495 00:27:44,440 --> 00:27:47,680 Speaker 1: simple machines. The ones we've named so far are really 496 00:27:48,480 --> 00:27:51,960 Speaker 1: you know, most people argue this is the the furthest 497 00:27:52,000 --> 00:27:55,399 Speaker 1: you can break down a simple machine. The other ones 498 00:27:55,800 --> 00:27:59,159 Speaker 1: have some elements to them that are similar to the 499 00:27:59,200 --> 00:28:02,040 Speaker 1: previous ones, like the pulley, which is kind of similar 500 00:28:02,040 --> 00:28:06,159 Speaker 1: to levers and also to wheel and axle. I feel like, maybe, 501 00:28:06,160 --> 00:28:09,320 Speaker 1: of all the simple machines, I encounter a pulley, the 502 00:28:09,400 --> 00:28:13,720 Speaker 1: least often in my life, at least at least visibly. Yeah, right, 503 00:28:14,160 --> 00:28:16,880 Speaker 1: so pully, maybe if I were a sailor, yeah we 504 00:28:16,880 --> 00:28:20,679 Speaker 1: we You probably know what a pulley looks like. Um, 505 00:28:20,720 --> 00:28:23,800 Speaker 1: generally speaking, you've got like a grooved wheel that's suspended 506 00:28:23,840 --> 00:28:27,400 Speaker 1: within a frame, can spin freely within that frame. You 507 00:28:27,560 --> 00:28:29,679 Speaker 1: feed a rope through it, or line through it if 508 00:28:29,680 --> 00:28:34,159 Speaker 1: you're a sailor. Uh. And this allows you to change 509 00:28:34,200 --> 00:28:37,320 Speaker 1: the direction of force, but it doesn't change the amount 510 00:28:37,320 --> 00:28:39,480 Speaker 1: of force you need to move awight all by itself. 511 00:28:40,000 --> 00:28:43,680 Speaker 1: So so changing the direction of force, even if you're 512 00:28:43,680 --> 00:28:46,680 Speaker 1: not adding force can be very useful because, as everyone knows, 513 00:28:46,760 --> 00:28:50,520 Speaker 1: it's much easier to pull down on something using your 514 00:28:50,520 --> 00:28:53,160 Speaker 1: body weight and gravity to advantage than it is to 515 00:28:53,320 --> 00:28:56,200 Speaker 1: push up with the same force. Right. So, and I 516 00:28:56,480 --> 00:28:59,360 Speaker 1: should clarify when I say this, I'm really talking about 517 00:28:59,440 --> 00:29:02,600 Speaker 1: a suspen ended pulley from like a beam or some 518 00:29:02,680 --> 00:29:06,240 Speaker 1: other stationary object. And the weight you want doesn't have 519 00:29:06,280 --> 00:29:08,520 Speaker 1: a pulley attached to it, because you could attach a 520 00:29:08,600 --> 00:29:12,120 Speaker 1: pulley to the weight and then tie one end off 521 00:29:12,160 --> 00:29:14,959 Speaker 1: to something like a beam and you could hold the 522 00:29:14,960 --> 00:29:17,440 Speaker 1: other end, in which case it doesn't reverse the direction 523 00:29:17,480 --> 00:29:19,920 Speaker 1: of the force. Right, you are pulling up, but it 524 00:29:20,040 --> 00:29:22,680 Speaker 1: reduces the amount of force you need to lift the weight. 525 00:29:23,400 --> 00:29:25,680 Speaker 1: So if you if you do it that way, where 526 00:29:25,720 --> 00:29:28,080 Speaker 1: the beam is holding one end of the rope and 527 00:29:28,080 --> 00:29:30,440 Speaker 1: you're holding the other end of the rope, you're reducing 528 00:29:30,440 --> 00:29:32,840 Speaker 1: the amount of force, but you're not changing the direction. If, 529 00:29:33,440 --> 00:29:36,400 Speaker 1: on the other hand, the beam is holding the pulley 530 00:29:36,440 --> 00:29:38,840 Speaker 1: and the rope is just attached to a weight, you're 531 00:29:38,840 --> 00:29:42,760 Speaker 1: reversing the direction, but you're not reducing the amount of force. Um. 532 00:29:42,800 --> 00:29:44,560 Speaker 1: But I bet there is a way to reduce the 533 00:29:44,600 --> 00:29:46,600 Speaker 1: amount of force. Yeah, you just gotta add more police. 534 00:29:47,520 --> 00:29:52,200 Speaker 1: So let's say we put how how many you got, Joe? 535 00:29:52,720 --> 00:29:55,040 Speaker 1: Have you heard of block and tackle? All right? First, 536 00:29:55,440 --> 00:29:57,320 Speaker 1: let's let's go with the simplest approach, where we have 537 00:29:57,320 --> 00:30:00,240 Speaker 1: two pullice. Let's say you have one pulley attack matched 538 00:30:00,280 --> 00:30:04,000 Speaker 1: to a stationary thing like a beam hanging from the roof, right, 539 00:30:04,160 --> 00:30:06,120 Speaker 1: and then you have a second pulley that's attached to 540 00:30:06,160 --> 00:30:09,360 Speaker 1: the weight that you plan on moving. You tie one 541 00:30:09,480 --> 00:30:12,920 Speaker 1: end of your line off onto the beam or even 542 00:30:12,960 --> 00:30:16,200 Speaker 1: onto that that first pulley that we're talking about, feed 543 00:30:16,240 --> 00:30:19,120 Speaker 1: the line down through the pulley that's attached to the weight, 544 00:30:19,800 --> 00:30:22,360 Speaker 1: feed that line up through the pulley that's attached to 545 00:30:22,400 --> 00:30:24,760 Speaker 1: the beam, and then you finally hold the other end. 546 00:30:25,120 --> 00:30:28,640 Speaker 1: You pull down, and now the weight has been reduced 547 00:30:29,040 --> 00:30:31,120 Speaker 1: the amount of force you need, or at least the 548 00:30:31,160 --> 00:30:33,520 Speaker 1: perceivable weight you feel. The amount of force you need 549 00:30:33,600 --> 00:30:39,440 Speaker 1: to move that weight has been reduced a half. But 550 00:30:39,600 --> 00:30:42,040 Speaker 1: you have to move twice as you have to pull 551 00:30:42,120 --> 00:30:44,560 Speaker 1: twice as far, twice as much rope to move it 552 00:30:45,080 --> 00:30:47,600 Speaker 1: the distance that you want to go. So, in other words, 553 00:30:47,600 --> 00:30:50,240 Speaker 1: if you want the symmetry of physics is beautiful, So 554 00:30:50,280 --> 00:30:51,920 Speaker 1: if you want to have lifted that two feet, you 555 00:30:51,960 --> 00:30:54,440 Speaker 1: have to pull four ft of rope, all right, But 556 00:30:54,520 --> 00:30:57,840 Speaker 1: you could add more pulleys and this would decrease the 557 00:30:57,840 --> 00:31:00,760 Speaker 1: amount of force further while increasing the amount of instance more. 558 00:31:01,040 --> 00:31:03,239 Speaker 1: You would actually have to have longer rope obviously, if 559 00:31:03,280 --> 00:31:06,400 Speaker 1: you started to add lots and lots of of pulleys 560 00:31:06,400 --> 00:31:08,800 Speaker 1: and you had a full block and tackle system. But 561 00:31:08,880 --> 00:31:12,040 Speaker 1: this would allow you to move incredible weights using a 562 00:31:12,120 --> 00:31:15,120 Speaker 1: relatively small amount of force. You would just have to 563 00:31:15,160 --> 00:31:17,280 Speaker 1: be willing to pull lots of rope in order to 564 00:31:17,320 --> 00:31:20,760 Speaker 1: do it, or line all all of the sailors who 565 00:31:20,800 --> 00:31:24,800 Speaker 1: listen are just singing. There's such a rube saying rope. 566 00:31:25,160 --> 00:31:27,760 Speaker 1: I guess maybe they don't like the word rope. It's 567 00:31:27,800 --> 00:31:32,480 Speaker 1: it's line. It's not rope, it's line on a ship. Yeah, 568 00:31:32,760 --> 00:31:36,000 Speaker 1: I spent a little, tiny, tiny amount of time on 569 00:31:36,000 --> 00:31:40,280 Speaker 1: a ship and I got I got corrected so many times. Well, 570 00:31:40,320 --> 00:31:47,440 Speaker 1: we should have a face off between geometris, geometrs, geometricians, 571 00:31:48,040 --> 00:31:53,760 Speaker 1: geo geometris, geometry, geometry stars. I think, yeah, I think 572 00:31:53,840 --> 00:31:56,840 Speaker 1: of geometry as trickery, so I I my vote goes 573 00:31:56,920 --> 00:32:01,120 Speaker 1: to the geometric stars, geometry teachers, and sailors, and they 574 00:32:01,160 --> 00:32:03,560 Speaker 1: can argue about lines. I knew some geometry teachers who 575 00:32:03,600 --> 00:32:05,920 Speaker 1: could definitely take on some sailors in their time. Okay, 576 00:32:06,000 --> 00:32:08,720 Speaker 1: let's let's do another one. All right, sure, what what 577 00:32:08,760 --> 00:32:12,360 Speaker 1: do you want to do? The screw? The simple machine? Right? Yes, 578 00:32:12,680 --> 00:32:16,800 Speaker 1: I am so, if I'm not mistaken. The screw is 579 00:32:16,960 --> 00:32:22,600 Speaker 1: basically just an inclined plane in a particular configuration. Yeah, 580 00:32:22,640 --> 00:32:25,800 Speaker 1: it's an inclined plane that is wrapped around the core 581 00:32:26,120 --> 00:32:28,640 Speaker 1: of something like a like a shaft. Do you take 582 00:32:28,680 --> 00:32:31,200 Speaker 1: a shaft, you put an inclined plane and you spiral 583 00:32:31,280 --> 00:32:34,800 Speaker 1: it around the shaft and you get a screw and uh, 584 00:32:35,080 --> 00:32:39,200 Speaker 1: screws can it's a tiny circular ramp. Yeah, And that 585 00:32:39,400 --> 00:32:42,000 Speaker 1: circular part is what's really important, because it means that 586 00:32:42,440 --> 00:32:45,560 Speaker 1: if you apply a rotational force to the screw, it 587 00:32:45,680 --> 00:32:48,920 Speaker 1: provides a linear force along the length of the shaft 588 00:32:49,320 --> 00:32:52,360 Speaker 1: that is greater than the force you use to turn 589 00:32:52,440 --> 00:32:55,720 Speaker 1: the screw in the first place. Uh. This of course 590 00:32:55,880 --> 00:33:00,280 Speaker 1: is dependent upon the pitch. The pitch the pitch and 591 00:33:00,440 --> 00:33:04,520 Speaker 1: screws is. The description is that it's the distance between 592 00:33:04,920 --> 00:33:08,880 Speaker 1: the treads. So the the sections of the ramp, the 593 00:33:09,000 --> 00:33:12,760 Speaker 1: closer together they are, the greater the ideal mechanical advantage. 594 00:33:12,760 --> 00:33:15,880 Speaker 1: And the reason is the mechanical advantages dependent upon the 595 00:33:15,960 --> 00:33:20,240 Speaker 1: length of the inclined plane the ramp to the length 596 00:33:20,360 --> 00:33:24,320 Speaker 1: of the shaft. So if the treads are closer together, 597 00:33:24,800 --> 00:33:28,440 Speaker 1: that means if you were to untwirl this, the ramp 598 00:33:28,480 --> 00:33:31,000 Speaker 1: would be much much much longer because the cram more 599 00:33:31,080 --> 00:33:33,440 Speaker 1: of it along the length of the screw. Yeah, that 600 00:33:33,520 --> 00:33:36,520 Speaker 1: makes sense. So yeah, that's like having that longer, slower 601 00:33:36,600 --> 00:33:40,040 Speaker 1: gradient of ramp up to the summit, right exactly. Yeah, 602 00:33:40,240 --> 00:33:42,800 Speaker 1: So it's interesting to think of it that way, but yeah, 603 00:33:42,840 --> 00:33:44,760 Speaker 1: the treads are closer together, it's going to exert a 604 00:33:44,800 --> 00:33:47,880 Speaker 1: greater force when you turn this this. These of course, 605 00:33:47,920 --> 00:33:51,720 Speaker 1: have been really useful in lots of different uh applications, 606 00:33:51,800 --> 00:33:54,760 Speaker 1: everything from you know, just securing something to the wall, 607 00:33:55,240 --> 00:33:58,480 Speaker 1: for example, because it has a great holding force that 608 00:33:58,600 --> 00:34:02,560 Speaker 1: way to lifting things our comedies, screw was a way 609 00:34:02,600 --> 00:34:05,560 Speaker 1: of drawing water out, which was kind of cool. Um. 610 00:34:06,200 --> 00:34:10,759 Speaker 1: You know, it's it's an interesting simple machine, and it's 611 00:34:10,800 --> 00:34:12,239 Speaker 1: something that if you were to look at, like you 612 00:34:12,280 --> 00:34:13,480 Speaker 1: go to a hardware store and you look at a 613 00:34:13,520 --> 00:34:16,399 Speaker 1: bunch of screws, you wouldn't necessarily think this is a machine, right. 614 00:34:17,640 --> 00:34:19,880 Speaker 1: You think of it as a tool or or you know, 615 00:34:20,000 --> 00:34:22,560 Speaker 1: just something that you need. But it actually is one 616 00:34:22,560 --> 00:34:24,279 Speaker 1: of the simple machines. And only is it one of 617 00:34:24,280 --> 00:34:26,279 Speaker 1: the simple machines, but like we're pointing out, it's a 618 00:34:26,320 --> 00:34:29,320 Speaker 1: simple machine that's made up of an even simpler machine, 619 00:34:30,200 --> 00:34:34,280 Speaker 1: which is kind of cool. Um. Yeah, it's an interesting, 620 00:34:34,560 --> 00:34:37,320 Speaker 1: uh piece of machinery, if you if you will. And 621 00:34:37,400 --> 00:34:41,000 Speaker 1: the earliest evidence of screws come from Greece. Uh so 622 00:34:41,480 --> 00:34:44,120 Speaker 1: they were actually one of the later simple machines to 623 00:34:44,320 --> 00:34:47,440 Speaker 1: arrive on the scene and the grand scheme of things 624 00:34:47,640 --> 00:34:50,120 Speaker 1: comedies had had a screwed. Yeah, yeah, that was the 625 00:34:50,160 --> 00:34:52,200 Speaker 1: one that drew water up. Yeah, the water the water 626 00:34:52,320 --> 00:34:55,600 Speaker 1: screw Yep, it's really cool. If you've never seen any 627 00:34:55,960 --> 00:34:58,120 Speaker 1: illustrations of that, you should look it up. Our comedies 628 00:34:58,160 --> 00:35:00,239 Speaker 1: screw is pretty cool. I think we talked out it, 629 00:35:00,400 --> 00:35:03,480 Speaker 1: and we did a tech stuff podcast ages ago about 630 00:35:03,520 --> 00:35:05,680 Speaker 1: our comedes, and I'm pretty sure we talked about our 631 00:35:05,680 --> 00:35:07,399 Speaker 1: community screw. We we spent a lot of that time. 632 00:35:07,560 --> 00:35:09,400 Speaker 1: That was a Crisp Palette episode, and we've been a 633 00:35:09,440 --> 00:35:12,239 Speaker 1: lot of that time talking about some of the crazy 634 00:35:12,960 --> 00:35:18,160 Speaker 1: inventions attributed to our commedes, perhaps apocryphal e Like the 635 00:35:18,400 --> 00:35:21,600 Speaker 1: claw that reaches out of the city walls and grab ships. 636 00:35:21,760 --> 00:35:24,759 Speaker 1: That was one of them. Yeah. Alright, so let's talk 637 00:35:24,840 --> 00:35:29,080 Speaker 1: about the last of the simple machines. Yet another application 638 00:35:29,239 --> 00:35:31,840 Speaker 1: of the ramp, right, Yeah, this is the wedge. So 639 00:35:32,200 --> 00:35:36,120 Speaker 1: a wedge is essentially two inclined ramps that are against 640 00:35:36,200 --> 00:35:40,960 Speaker 1: each other to create this wedge shape. And uh, they 641 00:35:41,239 --> 00:35:42,839 Speaker 1: can be used to do a couple of different things. 642 00:35:42,880 --> 00:35:45,640 Speaker 1: They can be driven beneath a weight to lift it up. 643 00:35:46,360 --> 00:35:48,520 Speaker 1: So this would be you know, a wedge that you 644 00:35:48,560 --> 00:35:51,359 Speaker 1: would you would put the end of it under the weight, 645 00:35:51,440 --> 00:35:54,960 Speaker 1: and you would apply force to the the flat end 646 00:35:55,040 --> 00:35:57,040 Speaker 1: of the wedge, the back end, the butt end of it, 647 00:35:57,760 --> 00:36:01,320 Speaker 1: and that would end up pushing the weight upward because 648 00:36:01,400 --> 00:36:05,279 Speaker 1: of the the design of the wedge, or you could 649 00:36:05,320 --> 00:36:07,640 Speaker 1: use it to be destructive. So, Jonathan, I have a 650 00:36:07,719 --> 00:36:10,800 Speaker 1: question for you as away Joe. Have you ever split 651 00:36:11,000 --> 00:36:15,520 Speaker 1: wood with a mall? I want split wood with Darth mall. No, 652 00:36:15,680 --> 00:36:18,640 Speaker 1: I'm serious now, no lightsaber jokes. Have you ever split 653 00:36:18,719 --> 00:36:22,000 Speaker 1: wood with a mall? I have not. I've only split 654 00:36:22,080 --> 00:36:25,800 Speaker 1: wood with axes, which are not necessarily easy tools to 655 00:36:25,920 --> 00:36:30,600 Speaker 1: use for that purpose. Well, a splitting mall is. It's 656 00:36:30,680 --> 00:36:35,560 Speaker 1: hard work, but man, it is a really satisfying feeling. 657 00:36:35,719 --> 00:36:38,640 Speaker 1: So imagine it's sort of like an ax. Uh. It 658 00:36:38,960 --> 00:36:41,320 Speaker 1: is a sort of a combination of an ax and 659 00:36:41,440 --> 00:36:43,800 Speaker 1: a sledge hammer. If you can imagine that it's a 660 00:36:43,880 --> 00:36:46,360 Speaker 1: long handle and then at the end of the handle 661 00:36:46,440 --> 00:36:50,440 Speaker 1: you have this bulky heavy head that is basically a 662 00:36:50,600 --> 00:36:53,840 Speaker 1: wedge on one end and then a sledge hammer on 663 00:36:53,960 --> 00:36:56,520 Speaker 1: the other. Just I think to increase the weight basically, 664 00:36:57,600 --> 00:37:00,560 Speaker 1: and the wedge doesn't even necessarily have to be that sharp. 665 00:37:00,680 --> 00:37:03,000 Speaker 1: I think it usually isn't. The one I used wasn't 666 00:37:03,120 --> 00:37:06,279 Speaker 1: very sharp, but because of the weight, it was a 667 00:37:06,440 --> 00:37:09,319 Speaker 1: one hit splitter. So you'd put a log segment out 668 00:37:09,360 --> 00:37:11,680 Speaker 1: and you'd hit it once and it would just cleave apart, 669 00:37:12,080 --> 00:37:15,200 Speaker 1: which is pretty impressive. Yeah. Oh man, it it felt 670 00:37:15,280 --> 00:37:17,919 Speaker 1: good to do, but it got tiring after a while. Yeah, 671 00:37:18,040 --> 00:37:20,799 Speaker 1: And see you can see that there's some like within 672 00:37:20,920 --> 00:37:23,400 Speaker 1: the mall. There are two machines here at work. Right, 673 00:37:23,440 --> 00:37:25,839 Speaker 1: You've got the lever as far as the handle, that's 674 00:37:25,880 --> 00:37:29,440 Speaker 1: what's allowing you to apply leverage when you're doing your swing, 675 00:37:29,840 --> 00:37:31,880 Speaker 1: and then you have the wedge, which is doing the 676 00:37:31,920 --> 00:37:35,120 Speaker 1: actual splitting. So the wedge, what it's doing is it's 677 00:37:35,160 --> 00:37:39,360 Speaker 1: applying that downward force and changing the direction of that 678 00:37:39,480 --> 00:37:42,160 Speaker 1: forced to outward. Yeah, so that's why you when you 679 00:37:42,320 --> 00:37:45,600 Speaker 1: hit the log, that outward force splits the log apart, 680 00:37:46,040 --> 00:37:49,000 Speaker 1: and it's really cool. I try doing the same thing 681 00:37:49,040 --> 00:37:52,439 Speaker 1: with acess, which you can do, but it takes more effort, yeah, 682 00:37:52,560 --> 00:37:56,040 Speaker 1: because the axe head probably just doesn't heavy enough that. Yeah, 683 00:37:56,160 --> 00:37:59,080 Speaker 1: it's you know, you're using so you have to take 684 00:37:59,200 --> 00:38:02,439 Speaker 1: up some of the four that normally would have been 685 00:38:02,960 --> 00:38:07,680 Speaker 1: taken care of by the the tool itself. It's pretty cool. 686 00:38:07,800 --> 00:38:11,840 Speaker 1: I've never done that now. Uh it's yeah, give it 687 00:38:11,880 --> 00:38:14,480 Speaker 1: a shot sometimes. All right, next time I'm out in 688 00:38:14,520 --> 00:38:15,920 Speaker 1: the woods and I'm just thinking, you know what I 689 00:38:16,000 --> 00:38:19,239 Speaker 1: need to do, it's just split get your hands on 690 00:38:19,320 --> 00:38:22,960 Speaker 1: the mall. You know, my family actually called it a maddic. 691 00:38:23,160 --> 00:38:25,080 Speaker 1: I had to look it up and figure out that 692 00:38:25,160 --> 00:38:27,560 Speaker 1: I was wrong about what a mattock was. A matic 693 00:38:27,719 --> 00:38:30,799 Speaker 1: is a thing with a differently oriented head. It's kind 694 00:38:30,800 --> 00:38:33,080 Speaker 1: of like a pick axe got you. But that was 695 00:38:33,160 --> 00:38:35,479 Speaker 1: just how your family referred to it. It was a mall. 696 00:38:35,800 --> 00:38:40,080 Speaker 1: I have determined now, So yeah, these are that's the 697 00:38:40,360 --> 00:38:42,719 Speaker 1: that's the last of the six simple ones. But then 698 00:38:42,760 --> 00:38:44,959 Speaker 1: there are also other machines that we can talk about, 699 00:38:45,040 --> 00:38:47,760 Speaker 1: compound machines. I mentioned those earlier. These are the machines 700 00:38:47,800 --> 00:38:50,960 Speaker 1: that combined two or more simple ones. Ship's home is 701 00:38:51,200 --> 00:38:53,520 Speaker 1: one of the examples. We've already talked about. Wheelbarrow was 702 00:38:53,560 --> 00:38:55,600 Speaker 1: another one we talked about. Scissors would be a great 703 00:38:55,760 --> 00:38:59,200 Speaker 1: example because with scissors, you've got a pair of wedges. 704 00:39:00,120 --> 00:39:02,040 Speaker 1: Those would be the blades of the scissors, and you 705 00:39:02,120 --> 00:39:04,640 Speaker 1: have a lever. The handle that you hold would be 706 00:39:04,640 --> 00:39:06,600 Speaker 1: a lever the fulcrum would be the center that that 707 00:39:07,480 --> 00:39:11,120 Speaker 1: binds them together. Uh, and so that's what allows you 708 00:39:11,200 --> 00:39:14,560 Speaker 1: to use scissors. Compound machines have more moving parts than 709 00:39:14,640 --> 00:39:19,560 Speaker 1: simple machines, but that's not necessarily a good thing overall, 710 00:39:19,680 --> 00:39:21,680 Speaker 1: because the more parts you have, the more you have 711 00:39:21,800 --> 00:39:24,800 Speaker 1: to overcome friction. If you add lots and lots of 712 00:39:24,840 --> 00:39:28,880 Speaker 1: different parts, that friction could be very difficult to overcome 713 00:39:28,960 --> 00:39:30,600 Speaker 1: and it could end up generating a lot of heat, 714 00:39:30,680 --> 00:39:34,160 Speaker 1: which is why very complex machines like a car engine 715 00:39:34,680 --> 00:39:38,240 Speaker 1: require coolens and lubricants in order for them to continue 716 00:39:38,280 --> 00:39:41,600 Speaker 1: to work properly. Um. That means there's also a loss 717 00:39:41,600 --> 00:39:46,920 Speaker 1: and efficiency. However, the compound machines have greater mechanical advantage. 718 00:39:47,280 --> 00:39:51,000 Speaker 1: You actually multiply the problem. You multiply the mechanical advantage 719 00:39:51,040 --> 00:39:55,000 Speaker 1: of each of the individual um simple machines within the 720 00:39:55,160 --> 00:40:00,520 Speaker 1: compound machine to determine what its mechanical advantages. So as 721 00:40:00,640 --> 00:40:04,800 Speaker 1: long as every single simple machine in your compound machine 722 00:40:05,160 --> 00:40:09,400 Speaker 1: has that ideal mechanical advantage of greater than one, the 723 00:40:09,480 --> 00:40:13,960 Speaker 1: more you add, the greater mechanical advantage the compound machine has, 724 00:40:14,719 --> 00:40:18,680 Speaker 1: and thus we get to the Roobe Goldberg device. Yeah, 725 00:40:20,000 --> 00:40:22,680 Speaker 1: what what's it has? Like a goldfish that operates a 726 00:40:22,760 --> 00:40:26,000 Speaker 1: magnifying glass that burns a rope and yeah, exactly, and 727 00:40:26,080 --> 00:40:27,640 Speaker 1: then you get an okay go video out of it. 728 00:40:28,080 --> 00:40:31,000 Speaker 1: Not all those would be simple machines, I don't think 729 00:40:31,040 --> 00:40:33,040 Speaker 1: the magnifying glass, but even some of those would be 730 00:40:33,120 --> 00:40:35,960 Speaker 1: compound machines. That would be a collection of simple machines. 731 00:40:36,000 --> 00:40:38,480 Speaker 1: But there you go. That's the collection of simple machines 732 00:40:38,560 --> 00:40:41,719 Speaker 1: and what they do and why they're important. Um, it's 733 00:40:42,239 --> 00:40:44,160 Speaker 1: it was fun to look back at this, even though, 734 00:40:44,400 --> 00:40:47,040 Speaker 1: like again, this is something that any of our listeners 735 00:40:47,080 --> 00:40:48,799 Speaker 1: who are still in school, they may be rolling their 736 00:40:48,840 --> 00:40:50,840 Speaker 1: eyes for the whole thing because they're thinking they've already 737 00:40:50,880 --> 00:40:52,880 Speaker 1: learned all this stuff and that this is repetitive. But 738 00:40:53,400 --> 00:40:55,640 Speaker 1: for those of us who graduated a long time ago 739 00:40:55,760 --> 00:40:58,560 Speaker 1: and perhaps have not kept up with physics the way 740 00:40:58,600 --> 00:41:02,400 Speaker 1: we might have wanted to. I loved physics when I 741 00:41:02,440 --> 00:41:04,560 Speaker 1: was a kid. It was one of my favorite, m 742 00:41:04,840 --> 00:41:08,400 Speaker 1: favorite subjects in school. I wish I had appreciated science 743 00:41:08,480 --> 00:41:10,920 Speaker 1: more when I was in school. I didn't. I didn't 744 00:41:10,960 --> 00:41:13,200 Speaker 1: really come to love science until after I was out 745 00:41:13,239 --> 00:41:15,600 Speaker 1: of school, and then I wished I could go back 746 00:41:15,719 --> 00:41:18,640 Speaker 1: and and treat it with the respect it deserves. Out 747 00:41:18,680 --> 00:41:22,719 Speaker 1: of all the sciences, uh, classical physics was the one 748 00:41:22,800 --> 00:41:24,600 Speaker 1: that appealed to me most because it was the one 749 00:41:24,640 --> 00:41:26,840 Speaker 1: that made sense to me because it was it was 750 00:41:26,880 --> 00:41:29,080 Speaker 1: the physics of the world that I could observe around me, 751 00:41:29,600 --> 00:41:31,759 Speaker 1: and I loved it. I just I understood it and 752 00:41:31,840 --> 00:41:34,600 Speaker 1: I took to it. Not so much with the biology 753 00:41:34,680 --> 00:41:37,120 Speaker 1: and chemistry as it terms. I mean I I did well, 754 00:41:37,440 --> 00:41:40,040 Speaker 1: but they were harder. They were harder to learn for me. 755 00:41:40,760 --> 00:41:42,560 Speaker 1: Uh So, anyway, this was a lot of fun to 756 00:41:42,600 --> 00:41:45,040 Speaker 1: go back and look at. If you guys have any 757 00:41:45,160 --> 00:41:48,799 Speaker 1: questions comments things like that, then I recommend you right 758 00:41:48,880 --> 00:41:52,040 Speaker 1: in my addresses tech stuff at how stuffworks dot com 759 00:41:52,160 --> 00:41:56,120 Speaker 1: or dropped me a line on Twitter or Facebook or Tumblr. 760 00:41:56,200 --> 00:41:58,399 Speaker 1: The handle of all three is tech stuff hsw Joe. 761 00:41:58,719 --> 00:42:01,680 Speaker 1: Where can they find you orr work? Well, you can 762 00:42:01,880 --> 00:42:05,040 Speaker 1: go to fw thinking dot com where I am one 763 00:42:05,080 --> 00:42:07,759 Speaker 1: of the hosts along with Jonathan and Lauren Bogelbaum, of 764 00:42:07,920 --> 00:42:12,520 Speaker 1: the Forward Thinking podcast. I also write for the videos 765 00:42:12,600 --> 00:42:15,960 Speaker 1: that Jonathan does there with with great skill and success 766 00:42:16,080 --> 00:42:18,160 Speaker 1: and charisma and charm. Oh I thought you were talking 767 00:42:18,160 --> 00:42:22,320 Speaker 1: about your own writing abilities right, with great skill and 768 00:42:22,400 --> 00:42:26,920 Speaker 1: success and and and shiny nous of head. There's incredible 769 00:42:26,960 --> 00:42:30,480 Speaker 1: modesty going on as well. You can also check out 770 00:42:30,680 --> 00:42:34,400 Speaker 1: the how Stuff Works YouTube page to see plenty of 771 00:42:34,440 --> 00:42:36,600 Speaker 1: the videos I write I write per how Stuff Works 772 00:42:36,680 --> 00:42:40,160 Speaker 1: video yep, and you also appear in them occasionally occasionally. Yeah, 773 00:42:40,480 --> 00:42:43,120 Speaker 1: you know. The the Hot Sauce Guy is still my 774 00:42:43,239 --> 00:42:47,480 Speaker 1: favorite appearance by Joe mcformance so far. Um, but there 775 00:42:47,520 --> 00:42:49,560 Speaker 1: have been some really good ones, So go check that 776 00:42:49,680 --> 00:42:55,759 Speaker 1: out and we will talk to you again. Really for 777 00:42:55,880 --> 00:42:58,200 Speaker 1: more on this and bathands of other topics. Because it 778 00:42:58,280 --> 00:43:04,680 Speaker 1: has to works, dot com is chas