1 00:00:01,280 --> 00:00:04,000 Speaker 1: Welcome to Stuff you missed in History Class, the production 2 00:00:04,120 --> 00:00:13,280 Speaker 1: of I Heart Radios How Stuff Works. Hello, and welcome 3 00:00:13,280 --> 00:00:16,439 Speaker 1: to the podcast. I'm Tracy B. Wilson. I'm Holly Fry. 4 00:00:16,840 --> 00:00:19,560 Speaker 1: Lately I've been thinking a lot about etiquette on the 5 00:00:19,600 --> 00:00:23,840 Speaker 1: Internet and how sometimes there's sort of not any and 6 00:00:24,200 --> 00:00:28,400 Speaker 1: how etiquette isn't something that just springs forth from people unprompted. 7 00:00:28,440 --> 00:00:30,920 Speaker 1: The idea of what is and isn't polite or rude 8 00:00:30,920 --> 00:00:35,560 Speaker 1: has to be kind of cultivated and created and reinforced intentionally, 9 00:00:35,600 --> 00:00:39,600 Speaker 1: including through things like etiquette manuals and advice columns and magazines. 10 00:00:40,320 --> 00:00:42,600 Speaker 1: And that whole line of thought led me to something 11 00:00:42,640 --> 00:00:44,680 Speaker 1: that has been on my list for a long time 12 00:00:44,920 --> 00:00:47,599 Speaker 1: and has also been requested by a lot of our listeners. 13 00:00:48,000 --> 00:00:51,280 Speaker 1: That's Goadie's Ladies Book and its editor, Sarah Josepha Hale. 14 00:00:51,800 --> 00:00:55,320 Speaker 1: I will say that I have heard historians and archivists 15 00:00:55,520 --> 00:00:59,520 Speaker 1: say this as Goadie's and as Gotti's. I have also 16 00:00:59,760 --> 00:01:02,680 Speaker 1: on occasion heard good days. I think that's just people 17 00:01:02,720 --> 00:01:05,720 Speaker 1: trying to make a sound fancy that that does sound 18 00:01:05,760 --> 00:01:09,120 Speaker 1: like an attempt for fanciness. A bunch of folks that 19 00:01:09,200 --> 00:01:12,360 Speaker 1: I have listened to from Vassar, who she was associated with, 20 00:01:13,280 --> 00:01:16,360 Speaker 1: all said, goatis, so that's the one that we're going 21 00:01:16,400 --> 00:01:20,320 Speaker 1: to go with. This was the most popular magazine in 22 00:01:20,360 --> 00:01:22,520 Speaker 1: the United States in the middle of the nineteenth century, 23 00:01:22,640 --> 00:01:25,280 Speaker 1: and although it's mostly well known at this point for 24 00:01:25,360 --> 00:01:28,840 Speaker 1: its hand tinted fashion plates, the content of the magazine 25 00:01:28,880 --> 00:01:31,759 Speaker 1: was this collection of all kinds of material, including poetry 26 00:01:31,800 --> 00:01:35,400 Speaker 1: and fiction and household tips and music and yes, etiquette, 27 00:01:35,680 --> 00:01:39,200 Speaker 1: and it was incredibly influential in terms of both the 28 00:01:39,280 --> 00:01:43,360 Speaker 1: actual magazine content and Hale's work outside of his pages, 29 00:01:43,440 --> 00:01:46,319 Speaker 1: and a lot of ways that are still felt today. 30 00:01:46,360 --> 00:01:49,720 Speaker 1: In Europe, the first magazines were launched in the seventeenth century, 31 00:01:49,840 --> 00:01:53,640 Speaker 1: thanks to advances in printing technology and male distribution, as 32 00:01:53,680 --> 00:01:57,720 Speaker 1: well as increased literacy rates. The word magazine is much 33 00:01:57,760 --> 00:01:59,880 Speaker 1: older than that, but it was first used to describe 34 00:01:59,880 --> 00:02:03,400 Speaker 1: a periodical filled with works by various writers, often on 35 00:02:03,400 --> 00:02:06,240 Speaker 1: a range of subjects, aimed at a general audience, and 36 00:02:06,280 --> 00:02:09,639 Speaker 1: that was in seventeen thirty one. That was when Edward 37 00:02:09,680 --> 00:02:13,520 Speaker 1: Cave started publishing The Gentleman's Magazine. He called it a 38 00:02:13,600 --> 00:02:17,880 Speaker 1: magazine because the words earlier meaning of storehouse. The Gentleman's 39 00:02:17,880 --> 00:02:21,760 Speaker 1: magazine was meant to be a storehouse of knowledge. Magazines 40 00:02:21,840 --> 00:02:24,960 Speaker 1: aimed specifically at women were part of this whole ecosystem. 41 00:02:25,000 --> 00:02:28,680 Speaker 1: By seventeen fifty nine, that's when the Royal Female Magazine 42 00:02:28,800 --> 00:02:32,960 Speaker 1: or the Lady's General Repository of Pleasure and Improvement was 43 00:02:33,040 --> 00:02:36,320 Speaker 1: first published. In England and the United States, the first 44 00:02:36,320 --> 00:02:39,959 Speaker 1: women's magazine was called Ladies Magazine and it was founded 45 00:02:40,080 --> 00:02:44,040 Speaker 1: in seventeen nine. Two various women's magazines came and went 46 00:02:44,200 --> 00:02:47,160 Speaker 1: on both sides of the Atlantic. In the US, most 47 00:02:47,200 --> 00:02:49,480 Speaker 1: of them folded within a year or two until Sarah 48 00:02:49,560 --> 00:02:53,600 Speaker 1: Josepha Hale started publishing her Lady's Magazine, which was the 49 00:02:53,639 --> 00:02:56,799 Speaker 1: first women's magazine in the US that lasted more than 50 00:02:56,840 --> 00:03:00,200 Speaker 1: five years. That is, in fact, a different la E's 51 00:03:00,280 --> 00:03:03,200 Speaker 1: magazine than the one that was founded in seventeen ninety two. 52 00:03:03,240 --> 00:03:05,400 Speaker 1: And we're going to go back up for a minute 53 00:03:05,400 --> 00:03:08,640 Speaker 1: and talk about how Hale got there. She was born 54 00:03:08,720 --> 00:03:12,000 Speaker 1: Sarah Joseph A Bull in Newport, New Hampshire, on October 55 00:03:14,480 --> 00:03:18,560 Speaker 1: Her parents were Captain Gordon Mule and Martha Whittlesey Bull, 56 00:03:18,760 --> 00:03:21,840 Speaker 1: and her father had fought in the Revolutionary War. Sarah 57 00:03:21,880 --> 00:03:24,919 Speaker 1: was the third of their four children. Sarah's parents thought 58 00:03:24,960 --> 00:03:27,679 Speaker 1: that girls should have access to education, and for the 59 00:03:27,760 --> 00:03:30,400 Speaker 1: Bull daughters that meant being tutored at home by their 60 00:03:30,480 --> 00:03:33,840 Speaker 1: mother along with their brothers. It did not, however, mean 61 00:03:33,880 --> 00:03:37,240 Speaker 1: that Sarah could go to college. Of all her siblings, 62 00:03:37,240 --> 00:03:40,040 Speaker 1: Sarah was closest to her brother her ratio, and when 63 00:03:40,040 --> 00:03:43,920 Speaker 1: he went to Dartmouth, he actively encouraged herself study, and 64 00:03:43,920 --> 00:03:45,840 Speaker 1: he shared his books with her when he was home. 65 00:03:46,560 --> 00:03:49,360 Speaker 1: In her words, quote, he seemed very unwilling that I 66 00:03:49,400 --> 00:03:53,560 Speaker 1: should be deprived of all his collegiate advantages. Sarah became 67 00:03:53,600 --> 00:03:56,360 Speaker 1: a teacher when she was eighteen, and in eighteen thirteen, 68 00:03:56,400 --> 00:03:59,000 Speaker 1: when she was twenty five, she married David Hale, who 69 00:03:59,040 --> 00:04:04,600 Speaker 1: was a lawyer. David encouraged her to continue educating herself again. 70 00:04:04,640 --> 00:04:07,960 Speaker 1: In her words quote, we commenced soon after our marriage 71 00:04:08,000 --> 00:04:10,880 Speaker 1: a system of study and reading, which we pursued while 72 00:04:10,960 --> 00:04:13,960 Speaker 1: he lived. The hours allowed were from eight o'clock in 73 00:04:14,000 --> 00:04:16,800 Speaker 1: the evening till ten two hours in the twenty four 74 00:04:17,120 --> 00:04:20,520 Speaker 1: How I enjoyed those hours in all our mental pursuits. 75 00:04:20,560 --> 00:04:23,479 Speaker 1: It seemed the aim of my husband to enlighten my reason, 76 00:04:23,839 --> 00:04:26,920 Speaker 1: strengthen my judgment, and give me confidence in my own 77 00:04:27,000 --> 00:04:30,080 Speaker 1: powers of mind, which he estimated much higher than I. 78 00:04:30,800 --> 00:04:33,600 Speaker 1: But this approbation which he bestowed on my talents has 79 00:04:33,640 --> 00:04:37,479 Speaker 1: been of great encouragement to me and attempting the duties 80 00:04:37,520 --> 00:04:41,240 Speaker 1: that have since become my portion. Sadly, David did not 81 00:04:41,320 --> 00:04:45,160 Speaker 1: live long. He died of pneumonia in nine years into 82 00:04:45,160 --> 00:04:48,960 Speaker 1: their marriage. By then, they had four children together. They 83 00:04:48,960 --> 00:04:53,480 Speaker 1: were David, Horatio, Frances Anne, and Sarah Joseph the elder. 84 00:04:53,560 --> 00:04:56,839 Speaker 1: Sarah was pregnant with their fifth child, William, who was 85 00:04:56,880 --> 00:05:01,680 Speaker 1: born not long after his father's death. Sarah was understandably devastated, 86 00:05:01,760 --> 00:05:03,720 Speaker 1: and she wore black for the rest of her life, 87 00:05:04,000 --> 00:05:06,440 Speaker 1: although this was also influenced by the fact that she 88 00:05:06,520 --> 00:05:09,320 Speaker 1: found black flattering on her and she also thought it 89 00:05:09,360 --> 00:05:11,960 Speaker 1: made her look taller. Sarah knew that she was going 90 00:05:12,000 --> 00:05:14,200 Speaker 1: to have to work to support her family, but that 91 00:05:14,279 --> 00:05:17,039 Speaker 1: a teacher's salary was never going to be enough to 92 00:05:17,120 --> 00:05:20,840 Speaker 1: support her in five children. Before her marriage, she hadn't 93 00:05:20,920 --> 00:05:23,120 Speaker 1: even been supporting herself on teacher's pay. She had been 94 00:05:23,120 --> 00:05:25,720 Speaker 1: living at home and using that salary to help cover 95 00:05:25,760 --> 00:05:30,039 Speaker 1: her father's medical expenses. David had been a freemason, though, 96 00:05:30,080 --> 00:05:33,279 Speaker 1: and his brothers at the Masonic Lodge helped get Sarah 97 00:05:33,279 --> 00:05:36,280 Speaker 1: and her sister in law, Hannah, established with a millinary 98 00:05:36,320 --> 00:05:39,840 Speaker 1: business that, along with dressmaking, was one of the very 99 00:05:39,880 --> 00:05:43,680 Speaker 1: few business opportunities that was considered appropriate for middle class women. 100 00:05:44,560 --> 00:05:47,600 Speaker 1: The Masonic Lodge also funded the publication of a book 101 00:05:47,600 --> 00:05:50,599 Speaker 1: of poetry that Sarah had written that was called The 102 00:05:50,680 --> 00:05:53,880 Speaker 1: Genius of Oblivion and Other Original Poems, and it was 103 00:05:53,920 --> 00:05:57,720 Speaker 1: published under the byline A Lady of New Hampshire. Sarah 104 00:05:57,720 --> 00:05:59,920 Speaker 1: earned enough money from this book that she was able 105 00:06:00,040 --> 00:06:02,719 Speaker 1: to leave Hannah in charge of what actually seems to 106 00:06:02,760 --> 00:06:06,320 Speaker 1: have become quite a thriving millinery business, and instead Sarah 107 00:06:06,320 --> 00:06:10,240 Speaker 1: focused on writing. Sarah submitted poems and stories to magazines 108 00:06:10,279 --> 00:06:14,760 Speaker 1: and journals, and in seven she published a novel called Northwood, 109 00:06:14,839 --> 00:06:18,440 Speaker 1: a Tale of New England. Northwood contrasted a woman's life 110 00:06:18,440 --> 00:06:20,520 Speaker 1: in New England to what she imagined to be a 111 00:06:20,560 --> 00:06:24,039 Speaker 1: woman's life in the South. At this point, Hale was 112 00:06:24,120 --> 00:06:27,120 Speaker 1: really concerned that the issue of slavery was going to 113 00:06:27,200 --> 00:06:31,039 Speaker 1: lead to a civil war or otherwise just destroy the country, 114 00:06:31,160 --> 00:06:34,520 Speaker 1: and Northwood reflects these fears as well as the eras 115 00:06:34,560 --> 00:06:39,240 Speaker 1: prevailing racism and Hale's own biases. The book condemned the 116 00:06:39,279 --> 00:06:43,039 Speaker 1: institution of slavery and the idea of a widening divide 117 00:06:43,120 --> 00:06:46,279 Speaker 1: between the North and the South, while also treating white 118 00:06:46,279 --> 00:06:49,120 Speaker 1: women of both the North and the South with a 119 00:06:49,120 --> 00:06:52,560 Speaker 1: lot of sympathy. Northwood was very well received, and it 120 00:06:52,640 --> 00:06:55,800 Speaker 1: caught the eye of the Reverend John Loris Blake, who 121 00:06:55,800 --> 00:06:59,159 Speaker 1: approached Hale about starting a magazine for women. This was 122 00:06:59,200 --> 00:07:01,200 Speaker 1: not an easy to see jan for her. If the 123 00:07:01,279 --> 00:07:04,560 Speaker 1: magazine was successful, she would probably make enough money to 124 00:07:04,600 --> 00:07:07,920 Speaker 1: send all five of her children to college, but taking 125 00:07:07,920 --> 00:07:10,080 Speaker 1: the job was also going to mean leaving her older 126 00:07:10,120 --> 00:07:13,400 Speaker 1: children with relatives while she moved to Boston to work. 127 00:07:14,200 --> 00:07:16,960 Speaker 1: Her oldest child, David, was thirteen at this point and 128 00:07:17,040 --> 00:07:19,400 Speaker 1: was getting ready to head to West Point, but the 129 00:07:19,440 --> 00:07:22,000 Speaker 1: rest of her children were years away from leaving home, 130 00:07:22,080 --> 00:07:25,000 Speaker 1: and her youngest child was only five. In the end, 131 00:07:25,240 --> 00:07:27,800 Speaker 1: Hale did take this job. She spent a few months 132 00:07:27,840 --> 00:07:30,920 Speaker 1: at home in New Hampshire preparing and planning out the 133 00:07:30,960 --> 00:07:34,840 Speaker 1: magazine's first issues, before sending her middle three children to 134 00:07:34,880 --> 00:07:38,200 Speaker 1: live with various aunts and uncles. She took William with 135 00:07:38,240 --> 00:07:40,360 Speaker 1: her when she left for Boston in the spring of 136 00:07:40,400 --> 00:07:43,560 Speaker 1: eighteen twenty eight, and we'll talk about that magazine after 137 00:07:43,600 --> 00:07:54,200 Speaker 1: we first paused for a little sponsor break. The magazine 138 00:07:54,280 --> 00:07:57,600 Speaker 1: that Sarah just at the Hale launched in eight was 139 00:07:57,640 --> 00:08:01,320 Speaker 1: initially known as Ladies Magazine in in the Literary Gazette. 140 00:08:01,640 --> 00:08:04,840 Speaker 1: It's believed to be the first magazine edited by a woman. 141 00:08:05,360 --> 00:08:08,320 Speaker 1: After a while, its name was shortened to just Ladies 142 00:08:08,440 --> 00:08:12,920 Speaker 1: Magazine and then expanded to American Ladies Magazine. This was 143 00:08:12,920 --> 00:08:16,000 Speaker 1: supposed to distinguish it from a different Ladies magazine that 144 00:08:16,040 --> 00:08:19,200 Speaker 1: was being published in Britain, and also to highlight what 145 00:08:19,400 --> 00:08:23,840 Speaker 1: Haile saw as the magazine's American focus. At the time, 146 00:08:23,960 --> 00:08:27,320 Speaker 1: most magazines being published in the United States were being 147 00:08:27,440 --> 00:08:31,240 Speaker 1: created primarily through a practice called clipping that was just 148 00:08:31,440 --> 00:08:35,360 Speaker 1: republishing material from other magazines without any kind of acknowledgement 149 00:08:35,480 --> 00:08:39,360 Speaker 1: or attribution or payment to its original creators. Most of 150 00:08:39,400 --> 00:08:42,040 Speaker 1: the time, the clipped content in the US was coming 151 00:08:42,040 --> 00:08:44,960 Speaker 1: from British publications, and we have talked a little bit 152 00:08:45,000 --> 00:08:48,040 Speaker 1: about the publications that worked in that style when we 153 00:08:48,080 --> 00:08:52,640 Speaker 1: have talked about um pose Era and his rivals, and 154 00:08:52,679 --> 00:08:59,319 Speaker 1: also also other other people that worked in in literary efforts, etcetera. 155 00:09:00,080 --> 00:09:02,520 Speaker 1: Came up, I thinking in our Wins or Mackay episodes, 156 00:09:02,559 --> 00:09:07,200 Speaker 1: possibly um. But Hale bless her did not approve of 157 00:09:07,240 --> 00:09:10,160 Speaker 1: this practice of clipping, and she wanted this to be 158 00:09:10,240 --> 00:09:14,559 Speaker 1: an American magazine by and for American women, meaning middle 159 00:09:14,640 --> 00:09:17,800 Speaker 1: and upper class white women. She did the vast majority 160 00:09:17,800 --> 00:09:21,800 Speaker 1: of the original writing herself in the magazine's pages included poetry, 161 00:09:21,880 --> 00:09:27,160 Speaker 1: fiction essays, news articles, household tips, and editorials where she 162 00:09:27,240 --> 00:09:31,320 Speaker 1: advocated things like property rights for married women. Some things 163 00:09:31,400 --> 00:09:34,360 Speaker 1: that hal did not want this magazine to include were 164 00:09:34,480 --> 00:09:38,960 Speaker 1: fashion plates. These were illustrations of people in fashionable clothing 165 00:09:39,040 --> 00:09:43,760 Speaker 1: and appealing surroundings, usually done as etchings or engravings. She 166 00:09:43,920 --> 00:09:47,239 Speaker 1: really wanted her magazine to be dedicated to the education 167 00:09:47,360 --> 00:09:51,040 Speaker 1: and enrichment of women, and that did not, in her mind, 168 00:09:51,160 --> 00:09:54,840 Speaker 1: include fashion. And her words quote, there is no part 169 00:09:54,880 --> 00:09:57,840 Speaker 1: of our duty as editor of a lady's journal which 170 00:09:57,840 --> 00:10:01,199 Speaker 1: we feel so reluctant to perform orm as to quote 171 00:10:01,559 --> 00:10:04,680 Speaker 1: or exhibit the fashions of dress. This is where I 172 00:10:04,720 --> 00:10:09,439 Speaker 1: retract my blessing upon her. But fashion plates were incredibly popular, 173 00:10:09,679 --> 00:10:14,280 Speaker 1: and Hale started losing subscribers as competing magazine started publishing 174 00:10:14,320 --> 00:10:17,640 Speaker 1: more of them. By late eighteen thirty, Hale realized that 175 00:10:17,720 --> 00:10:20,160 Speaker 1: she really did have to include fashion plates if she 176 00:10:20,240 --> 00:10:23,120 Speaker 1: wanted her magazine to stay afloat. So the first few 177 00:10:23,160 --> 00:10:26,880 Speaker 1: issues that included fashion plates bemoaned the lack of original 178 00:10:26,920 --> 00:10:31,600 Speaker 1: American fashions to feature, or offered commentary that criticized fashion, 179 00:10:31,960 --> 00:10:35,200 Speaker 1: or printed an essay on the facing page that used 180 00:10:35,280 --> 00:10:39,240 Speaker 1: the plate as some kind of moral lesson. Eventually, though, 181 00:10:39,320 --> 00:10:41,960 Speaker 1: Hale moved on to publishing plates without all of the 182 00:10:42,040 --> 00:10:44,720 Speaker 1: judge commentary, and she was sort of like, if I 183 00:10:44,800 --> 00:10:48,080 Speaker 1: have to do this, I'm just gonna be as foot 184 00:10:48,200 --> 00:10:51,720 Speaker 1: draggy and complaining about it as I came. The irony is, 185 00:10:51,800 --> 00:10:54,000 Speaker 1: though she wore black her whole life because she thought 186 00:10:54,000 --> 00:10:57,000 Speaker 1: it made her look stunning, So she was into fashion, 187 00:10:57,080 --> 00:11:00,200 Speaker 1: she just wouldn't acknowledge it. Yeah, and also the this 188 00:11:00,320 --> 00:11:03,120 Speaker 1: magazine and then also Godi's Ladies book, which are going 189 00:11:03,120 --> 00:11:05,160 Speaker 1: to talk about more in a bit. I mean, they 190 00:11:05,160 --> 00:11:09,440 Speaker 1: became incredibly famous for all these fashion plants. So Ladies 191 00:11:09,559 --> 00:11:12,640 Speaker 1: Magazine stopped publishing fashion plates towards the very end of 192 00:11:12,640 --> 00:11:15,760 Speaker 1: its run, but it's not clear whether that contributed to 193 00:11:15,800 --> 00:11:19,480 Speaker 1: the magazine's decline by eighteen thirty four, the magazine had 194 00:11:19,520 --> 00:11:22,920 Speaker 1: started to struggle, in part due to the financial fallout 195 00:11:23,000 --> 00:11:26,439 Speaker 1: from President Andrew Jackson's efforts to try to dismantle the 196 00:11:26,480 --> 00:11:29,800 Speaker 1: Bank of the United States. Hale started appealing to her 197 00:11:29,840 --> 00:11:32,800 Speaker 1: subscribers to try to support the magazine and for the 198 00:11:32,800 --> 00:11:36,000 Speaker 1: ones whose subscriptions were in arrears to pay their bills. 199 00:11:36,520 --> 00:11:39,440 Speaker 1: So during these lean years, a man named Lewis Antoine 200 00:11:39,440 --> 00:11:42,880 Speaker 1: Godie approached Hale about moving to Philadelphia to edit his magazine. 201 00:11:43,080 --> 00:11:45,000 Speaker 1: His name does appear French, but he was born in 202 00:11:45,040 --> 00:11:47,080 Speaker 1: the U. S who are going with the Lewis pronunciation. 203 00:11:47,800 --> 00:11:49,679 Speaker 1: Goadi was born in New York, as i said in 204 00:11:49,720 --> 00:11:52,959 Speaker 1: the US on June six, eight o four, and like Hale, 205 00:11:53,280 --> 00:11:56,400 Speaker 1: most of his education had come through self study. He 206 00:11:56,440 --> 00:11:58,800 Speaker 1: had owned a small bookstore and news stand for a 207 00:11:58,800 --> 00:12:02,240 Speaker 1: while before he became a scissors editor at the Philadelphia 208 00:12:02,320 --> 00:12:06,040 Speaker 1: Daily Chronicle. In eighteen thirty he started publishing a magazine 209 00:12:06,080 --> 00:12:09,559 Speaker 1: called Ladies Book, which was like so many other magazines 210 00:12:09,920 --> 00:12:14,160 Speaker 1: created through clipping, and it also included fashion plates. But 211 00:12:14,280 --> 00:12:16,920 Speaker 1: Goodie also didn't want this magazine to just be your 212 00:12:16,960 --> 00:12:20,520 Speaker 1: standard clipping shop. He wanted it to be in his words, 213 00:12:20,600 --> 00:12:24,480 Speaker 1: quote the guiding star of female education, the beacon light 214 00:12:24,559 --> 00:12:28,360 Speaker 1: of refined taste, pure morals, and practical wisdom, and he 215 00:12:28,400 --> 00:12:30,480 Speaker 1: hoped that if he hired Hale, she could take it 216 00:12:30,520 --> 00:12:34,160 Speaker 1: in that direction. In spite of her own magazine struggles, 217 00:12:34,200 --> 00:12:37,600 Speaker 1: Hale actually turned him down. This was largely because she 218 00:12:37,640 --> 00:12:40,800 Speaker 1: didn't want to leave Boston. Her son, William was about 219 00:12:40,800 --> 00:12:42,920 Speaker 1: to start college at Harvard and she didn't want to 220 00:12:43,000 --> 00:12:46,880 Speaker 1: leave until he graduated. And she also wasn't quite ready 221 00:12:46,880 --> 00:12:49,480 Speaker 1: to give up her own magazine. At this point she 222 00:12:49,600 --> 00:12:52,640 Speaker 1: was its co owner. Hale had been very busy during 223 00:12:52,679 --> 00:12:56,280 Speaker 1: her whole tenure as editor of American Ladies Magazine. She 224 00:12:56,360 --> 00:12:58,840 Speaker 1: had written numerous books on top of all the writings 225 00:12:58,880 --> 00:13:02,720 Speaker 1: she was doing for the magazine. This included publishing poems 226 00:13:02,760 --> 00:13:05,800 Speaker 1: for our children, including Mary Had a Little Lamb, which 227 00:13:05,840 --> 00:13:09,320 Speaker 1: was published in eighteen thirty. It's poems were quote written 228 00:13:09,360 --> 00:13:13,760 Speaker 1: to inculcate moral truths and virtuous sentiments. She was also 229 00:13:14,000 --> 00:13:17,000 Speaker 1: hugely active in fundraising efforts for the completion of the 230 00:13:17,000 --> 00:13:20,320 Speaker 1: Bunker Hill Monument, and she helped found the Seamen's Aid 231 00:13:20,440 --> 00:13:23,640 Speaker 1: Society and become its first president. She kept up this 232 00:13:23,760 --> 00:13:26,720 Speaker 1: pace as her magazine struggled, but she really was not 233 00:13:26,840 --> 00:13:30,360 Speaker 1: able to turn things around. In eighteen thirty six, Goadi 234 00:13:30,480 --> 00:13:34,439 Speaker 1: made another proposal that he could buy American Ladies Magazine, 235 00:13:34,840 --> 00:13:37,480 Speaker 1: merge it with his Lady's Book, and let Hale edit 236 00:13:37,520 --> 00:13:41,400 Speaker 1: the combined magazine from Boston until her son William graduated 237 00:13:41,440 --> 00:13:45,320 Speaker 1: from college in eighteen forty one. This time Hale agreed. 238 00:13:45,840 --> 00:13:48,520 Speaker 1: As of its first issue in eighteen thirty seven, she 239 00:13:48,640 --> 00:13:51,680 Speaker 1: was the editor of Goadie's Ladies Book, and she took 240 00:13:51,679 --> 00:13:54,200 Speaker 1: it in a similar direction as she had taken American 241 00:13:54,280 --> 00:13:56,840 Speaker 1: Ladies Magazine, which is what Godi had been hoping for, 242 00:13:57,280 --> 00:14:01,120 Speaker 1: moving it away from clipping toward original Colm tent. Hale 243 00:14:01,200 --> 00:14:04,040 Speaker 1: also focused on hiring women for as many roles as 244 00:14:04,080 --> 00:14:07,400 Speaker 1: she could. Eventually this included a staff of a hundred 245 00:14:07,440 --> 00:14:10,320 Speaker 1: and fifty women to who hand color the fashion plates. 246 00:14:11,120 --> 00:14:15,199 Speaker 1: That means hand coloring them for every copy of the magazine, 247 00:14:16,640 --> 00:14:20,120 Speaker 1: which was a feat and also meant that sometimes different 248 00:14:20,120 --> 00:14:22,640 Speaker 1: people's copies would be in different colors because they ran 249 00:14:22,720 --> 00:14:25,240 Speaker 1: out of one. Obviously, that's one of the things we 250 00:14:25,320 --> 00:14:28,600 Speaker 1: said before that this magazine became really famous for. Also, 251 00:14:28,760 --> 00:14:31,320 Speaker 1: in keeping with her distaste for covering fashion and a 252 00:14:31,440 --> 00:14:34,680 Speaker 1: ladies magazine at all. Fashion was the only section of 253 00:14:34,720 --> 00:14:38,320 Speaker 1: Goadie's Ladies Book that Hale did not personally oversee. There 254 00:14:38,400 --> 00:14:41,120 Speaker 1: was a lot in the magazine beyond the fashion plates 255 00:14:41,120 --> 00:14:45,040 Speaker 1: and other fashion coverage. Hale still wanted to quote provide 256 00:14:45,120 --> 00:14:49,280 Speaker 1: quality material to benefit and educate the female reader. So, 257 00:14:49,400 --> 00:14:53,280 Speaker 1: like her earlier magazine, Goadie's Ladies Book began publishing poetry, 258 00:14:53,400 --> 00:14:59,120 Speaker 1: fiction essays, biographical vignettes, news advice, and household tips. She 259 00:14:59,200 --> 00:15:02,000 Speaker 1: introduced story reads and articles for children meant to be 260 00:15:02,040 --> 00:15:06,080 Speaker 1: read to them by their mothers. Each issue included sheet music, 261 00:15:06,240 --> 00:15:10,080 Speaker 1: and they were also sewing and embroidery patterns, also recipes, 262 00:15:10,120 --> 00:15:14,080 Speaker 1: anything that Hale thought would be educational, edifying, and useful 263 00:15:14,120 --> 00:15:17,760 Speaker 1: for American ladies. This meant that Goadie's Ladies Book also 264 00:15:17,880 --> 00:15:20,680 Speaker 1: became a publishing outlet for some of the United States 265 00:15:20,760 --> 00:15:24,320 Speaker 1: leading writers at the time. The magazine published work by 266 00:15:24,400 --> 00:15:29,160 Speaker 1: Nathaniel Hawthorne, Harriet Beecher Stowe, Ralph Waldo Emerson, Henry Wadsworth, 267 00:15:29,200 --> 00:15:33,280 Speaker 1: Longfellow in Washington, Irving Edgar Allan Poe was a contributor 268 00:15:33,320 --> 00:15:37,000 Speaker 1: as well, publishing stories and poems, including the Cask of 269 00:15:37,000 --> 00:15:40,160 Speaker 1: a Monteato. Under the leadership of Hale as editor and 270 00:15:40,200 --> 00:15:45,120 Speaker 1: Goadie as publisher, Goadie's Ladies Book became incredibly successful. We 271 00:15:45,160 --> 00:15:48,480 Speaker 1: mentioned earlier that Hale's American Ladies Magazine was the first 272 00:15:48,480 --> 00:15:51,640 Speaker 1: women's magazine in the US to last more than five years. 273 00:15:52,280 --> 00:15:56,480 Speaker 1: Goadie's Ladies Book lasted for almost seventy from eighteen thirty 274 00:15:56,560 --> 00:16:00,760 Speaker 1: to eight. It outlived both its editor and its publisher. 275 00:16:01,080 --> 00:16:05,120 Speaker 1: It also became hugely popular. It had about ten thousand 276 00:16:05,160 --> 00:16:08,640 Speaker 1: subscribers when Hale came on as editor. At its peak 277 00:16:08,760 --> 00:16:12,160 Speaker 1: in eighteen sixty, it had about a hundred and fifty 278 00:16:12,320 --> 00:16:16,400 Speaker 1: thousand subscribers, which was the largest circulation of any magazine 279 00:16:16,440 --> 00:16:19,480 Speaker 1: in the United States at all. This was in spite 280 00:16:19,480 --> 00:16:22,680 Speaker 1: of an annual subscription cost of three dollars, which was 281 00:16:22,720 --> 00:16:26,240 Speaker 1: considered expensive for the time. It's always tricky to make 282 00:16:26,280 --> 00:16:29,560 Speaker 1: these comparisons, but this is usually cited as between eighty 283 00:16:29,560 --> 00:16:32,840 Speaker 1: five and ninety dollars a year today. It's also tricky 284 00:16:32,880 --> 00:16:36,720 Speaker 1: to compare that to current magazine subscription rates because there 285 00:16:36,720 --> 00:16:40,000 Speaker 1: are so many bundles and deals and digital only subscriptions 286 00:16:40,000 --> 00:16:43,720 Speaker 1: and whatnot. But the current bundle subscription rate for Vogue 287 00:16:43,800 --> 00:16:46,160 Speaker 1: is twenty one dollars and ninety nine cents a year. 288 00:16:46,640 --> 00:16:49,080 Speaker 1: The cover price for a year of Martha Stewart Living 289 00:16:49,160 --> 00:16:52,000 Speaker 1: is forty nine dollars and ninety cents. That is, according 290 00:16:52,040 --> 00:16:55,080 Speaker 1: to each of their websites. It was also read well 291 00:16:55,120 --> 00:16:59,080 Speaker 1: beyond its subscriber base. It's intended audience was ladies in 292 00:16:59,120 --> 00:17:02,000 Speaker 1: the mindset of the time time that meant white Protestant 293 00:17:02,040 --> 00:17:05,320 Speaker 1: women who were mostly middle class or more affluent. But 294 00:17:05,359 --> 00:17:08,640 Speaker 1: it was also read beyond that demographic, with women pooling 295 00:17:08,680 --> 00:17:12,000 Speaker 1: their money to share a subscription, or boarding houses sharing 296 00:17:12,080 --> 00:17:15,720 Speaker 1: one copy among all its residents, or patrons reading copies 297 00:17:15,720 --> 00:17:19,360 Speaker 1: in libraries and reading rooms. So today Goadie's Ladies Book 298 00:17:19,400 --> 00:17:22,320 Speaker 1: is a huge source of information about middle class white 299 00:17:22,320 --> 00:17:26,280 Speaker 1: women in the nineteenth century, and it and Hale were 300 00:17:26,320 --> 00:17:30,159 Speaker 1: also enormously influential, which we'll get to in a moment 301 00:17:30,320 --> 00:17:40,760 Speaker 1: after a quick sponsor break. Like we've said a couple 302 00:17:40,760 --> 00:17:43,640 Speaker 1: of times at this point, Sarah Josepha Hale and Goadie's 303 00:17:43,680 --> 00:17:48,600 Speaker 1: Ladies Book were enormously influential. Under her leadership, the magazine 304 00:17:48,680 --> 00:17:51,720 Speaker 1: reinforced several traditions that are a big part of life 305 00:17:51,760 --> 00:17:55,440 Speaker 1: for many Americans today. Things like Christmas trees and white 306 00:17:55,480 --> 00:17:58,680 Speaker 1: wedding dresses, which were being popularized in Britain thanks to 307 00:17:58,760 --> 00:18:02,480 Speaker 1: Queen Victoria, were popularized in the United States thanks and 308 00:18:02,520 --> 00:18:05,720 Speaker 1: part took Goadie's Ladies Book. The first picture of a 309 00:18:05,840 --> 00:18:09,360 Speaker 1: Christmas tree in the magazines pages actually was copied from 310 00:18:09,400 --> 00:18:12,399 Speaker 1: an engraving that had run in the Illustrated London News. 311 00:18:13,160 --> 00:18:16,639 Speaker 1: Pat engraving depicted Queen Victoria and her family around a 312 00:18:16,720 --> 00:18:20,200 Speaker 1: Christmas tree. The Goatie's version took out the Queen's crown 313 00:18:20,240 --> 00:18:23,480 Speaker 1: and Albert's sash and mustache, and some German biscuits from 314 00:18:23,520 --> 00:18:26,280 Speaker 1: under the tree. Otherwise, though it was the same picture 315 00:18:26,600 --> 00:18:30,680 Speaker 1: supposed to be an American family. The biggest and most 316 00:18:30,720 --> 00:18:33,720 Speaker 1: obvious example of Hale's influence in this regard is the 317 00:18:33,720 --> 00:18:38,440 Speaker 1: American Thanksgiving holiday. In the United States, Thanksgiving was already 318 00:18:38,440 --> 00:18:41,840 Speaker 1: celebrated in various parts of the country, especially in the Northeast, 319 00:18:41,880 --> 00:18:45,600 Speaker 1: before she became an editor. Hale started publicly advocating for 320 00:18:45,640 --> 00:18:49,320 Speaker 1: a Thanksgiving holiday to be celebrated nationwide, and she began 321 00:18:49,440 --> 00:18:52,399 Speaker 1: that quest in eight seven. It was something that went 322 00:18:52,520 --> 00:18:56,280 Speaker 1: on within and outside the pages of Goadie's Ladies Book, 323 00:18:56,680 --> 00:18:59,760 Speaker 1: but her interest in Thanksgiving as a holiday went back 324 00:19:00,040 --> 00:19:03,000 Speaker 1: for that she had written a lot about Thanksgiving before 325 00:19:03,080 --> 00:19:07,000 Speaker 1: Goadie's Ladies Book was even founded. There's a whole stretch 326 00:19:07,080 --> 00:19:11,000 Speaker 1: in her first novel, Northwood, that's focused on Thanksgiving, including 327 00:19:11,000 --> 00:19:14,520 Speaker 1: a New England family explaining to a visitor from elsewhere 328 00:19:14,520 --> 00:19:17,200 Speaker 1: that it's not celebrated in the whole country, but hopefully 329 00:19:17,240 --> 00:19:21,280 Speaker 1: one day will be, with one character saying quote, Thanksgiving, 330 00:19:21,400 --> 00:19:24,080 Speaker 1: like the fourth of July, should be considered a national 331 00:19:24,200 --> 00:19:28,080 Speaker 1: festival and observed by all our people. The Thanksgiving meal 332 00:19:28,280 --> 00:19:31,760 Speaker 1: is described in her writing this way quote the roasted 333 00:19:31,800 --> 00:19:35,040 Speaker 1: turkey took precedence on this occasion, being placed at the 334 00:19:35,040 --> 00:19:37,600 Speaker 1: head of the table, and well did it become its 335 00:19:37,600 --> 00:19:41,400 Speaker 1: lordly station, sending forth the rich odor of its savory stuffing, 336 00:19:41,760 --> 00:19:45,120 Speaker 1: and finally covered with the froth of the basting. At 337 00:19:45,119 --> 00:19:47,840 Speaker 1: the foot of the board, a sirloin of beef, flanked 338 00:19:47,840 --> 00:19:50,120 Speaker 1: on either side by a leg of pork and loin 339 00:19:50,200 --> 00:19:54,360 Speaker 1: of mutton, seemed placed as a bastion to defend innumerable 340 00:19:54,359 --> 00:19:58,119 Speaker 1: bowls of gravy and plates of vegetables disposed in that quarter. 341 00:19:58,920 --> 00:20:02,159 Speaker 1: A goose and pair of ducklings occupied side stations on 342 00:20:02,200 --> 00:20:05,520 Speaker 1: the table, the middle being graced as it always is 343 00:20:05,560 --> 00:20:09,200 Speaker 1: on such occasions by that rich burgomester of the provisions 344 00:20:09,280 --> 00:20:12,679 Speaker 1: called a chicken pie. This pie, which is wholly formed 345 00:20:12,720 --> 00:20:15,960 Speaker 1: of the choicest parts of fowls, enriched and seasoned with 346 00:20:16,000 --> 00:20:19,080 Speaker 1: a profusion of butter and pepper, and covered with an 347 00:20:19,080 --> 00:20:22,919 Speaker 1: excellent puff paste, is, like the celebrated pumpkin pie, an 348 00:20:23,000 --> 00:20:27,399 Speaker 1: indispensable part of a good and true Yankee Thanksgiving, the 349 00:20:27,520 --> 00:20:30,040 Speaker 1: size of the pie usually denoting the gratitude of the 350 00:20:30,080 --> 00:20:32,760 Speaker 1: party who prepares the feast, and then it goes on 351 00:20:32,920 --> 00:20:36,720 Speaker 1: to describe sideboards laden with a whole other course, plus 352 00:20:36,720 --> 00:20:40,400 Speaker 1: a collection of desserts, including pumpkin pie. I have made 353 00:20:40,400 --> 00:20:44,679 Speaker 1: some Thanksgiving meals, and thank goodness, I did not have 354 00:20:44,760 --> 00:20:50,600 Speaker 1: to make all of those different fouls. This is simultaneously 355 00:20:50,880 --> 00:20:53,840 Speaker 1: familiar sounding to a lot of people in terms of 356 00:20:53,880 --> 00:20:56,879 Speaker 1: the turkey and the pie and the vast quantity of food, 357 00:20:56,920 --> 00:21:00,560 Speaker 1: But it also seems even bigger than like the over 358 00:21:00,600 --> 00:21:03,800 Speaker 1: the top thanksgivings that a lot of people have. Yeah, 359 00:21:03,880 --> 00:21:05,480 Speaker 1: by the time we got to Mutton, I was like, 360 00:21:05,480 --> 00:21:10,800 Speaker 1: are you kidding me? This was also depicting a meal 361 00:21:10,840 --> 00:21:12,359 Speaker 1: that was going to be for a whole lot of people, 362 00:21:12,359 --> 00:21:15,879 Speaker 1: but still it's it's a lot. There are other references 363 00:21:15,880 --> 00:21:18,439 Speaker 1: to Thanksgiving and Hale's work after that, and then in 364 00:21:18,520 --> 00:21:21,639 Speaker 1: eighteen thirty seven she wrote an editorial in Godie's Ladies 365 00:21:21,680 --> 00:21:25,119 Speaker 1: Book that advocated a Thanksgiving holiday to be celebrated in 366 00:21:25,240 --> 00:21:29,000 Speaker 1: every state on the last Thursday of November. She started 367 00:21:29,040 --> 00:21:32,919 Speaker 1: contacting state governments with this proposal, along with contacting a 368 00:21:33,040 --> 00:21:37,480 Speaker 1: series of US presidents, continuing on until President Abraham Lincoln 369 00:21:37,560 --> 00:21:42,040 Speaker 1: gave his Thanksgiving Proclamation in eighteen sixty three. That proclamation said, 370 00:21:42,080 --> 00:21:44,760 Speaker 1: in part quote, it has seemed to me fit and 371 00:21:44,840 --> 00:21:49,520 Speaker 1: proper that they should be solemnly, reverently, and gratefully acknowledged, 372 00:21:49,560 --> 00:21:51,680 Speaker 1: as with one heart and one voice, by the whole 373 00:21:51,680 --> 00:21:55,399 Speaker 1: American people. I do therefore invite my fellow citizens in 374 00:21:55,440 --> 00:21:57,800 Speaker 1: every part of the United States, and also those who 375 00:21:57,880 --> 00:22:00,399 Speaker 1: are at sea and those who are so earning in 376 00:22:00,440 --> 00:22:03,960 Speaker 1: foreign lands, to set apart and observe the last Thursday 377 00:22:03,960 --> 00:22:06,840 Speaker 1: of November next as a day of thanksgiving and prayer 378 00:22:07,200 --> 00:22:10,920 Speaker 1: to our beneficent Father who dwelleth in the heavens. At 379 00:22:10,920 --> 00:22:14,560 Speaker 1: this point, the Thanksgiving holiday wasn't really associated with a 380 00:22:14,720 --> 00:22:19,160 Speaker 1: romanticized first dinner involving the Pilgrims and the wampan dog. 381 00:22:19,520 --> 00:22:22,840 Speaker 1: That association didn't really evolve until the late nineteenth and 382 00:22:22,880 --> 00:22:26,760 Speaker 1: early twentieth centuries, so a few decades after Lincoln issued 383 00:22:26,800 --> 00:22:30,520 Speaker 1: his proclamation, and it was decades after that before Thanksgiving 384 00:22:30,600 --> 00:22:35,600 Speaker 1: officially became a national holiday. That romanticized First Thanksgiving story 385 00:22:35,800 --> 00:22:39,520 Speaker 1: was reinforced in the early twentieth century through school lessons 386 00:22:39,560 --> 00:22:43,879 Speaker 1: connecting it to ideas like freedom and good citizenship and 387 00:22:44,040 --> 00:22:48,359 Speaker 1: construction paper pilgrim hats in my case yeah and problematic 388 00:22:48,800 --> 00:22:54,919 Speaker 1: yeah head dresses quotation marks. So today, the First Thanksgiving 389 00:22:55,000 --> 00:22:58,080 Speaker 1: story and consequently the holiday as a whole, has been 390 00:22:58,080 --> 00:23:02,520 Speaker 1: really criticized for erasing centuries of exploitation and genocide of 391 00:23:02,560 --> 00:23:05,439 Speaker 1: North America's native peoples at the hands of colonists in 392 00:23:05,440 --> 00:23:09,800 Speaker 1: the government. But even without that connection to that romanticized story, 393 00:23:10,200 --> 00:23:13,480 Speaker 1: Hale's Thanksgiving campaign has its own problems. One of the 394 00:23:13,640 --> 00:23:17,600 Speaker 1: reasons she was so dedicated to a national Thanksgiving holiday 395 00:23:17,720 --> 00:23:20,920 Speaker 1: goes back to her thought that slavery might tear the 396 00:23:21,000 --> 00:23:24,960 Speaker 1: nation apart, so she thought a national Thanksgiving holiday might 397 00:23:25,040 --> 00:23:27,800 Speaker 1: help unify the nation in the face of its division 398 00:23:27,880 --> 00:23:30,720 Speaker 1: over the issue of slavery. So, in other words, she 399 00:23:30,840 --> 00:23:34,560 Speaker 1: thought this holiday might help keep the country together without 400 00:23:34,600 --> 00:23:37,879 Speaker 1: actually addressing the underlying issue of slavery. I have so 401 00:23:37,920 --> 00:23:40,000 Speaker 1: many thoughts that I'm just going to keep in my head. 402 00:23:41,000 --> 00:23:45,040 Speaker 1: Hail thought slavery was wrong, but she also didn't agree 403 00:23:45,080 --> 00:23:49,080 Speaker 1: with radical opposition to it. She advocated the resettlement of 404 00:23:49,200 --> 00:23:52,639 Speaker 1: enslaved Africans in Liberia where they would be free, rather 405 00:23:52,800 --> 00:23:56,360 Speaker 1: than the abolition of slavery within the United States. This 406 00:23:56,440 --> 00:23:59,480 Speaker 1: resettlement plan, we've talked about it on some episodes before, 407 00:24:00,080 --> 00:24:03,120 Speaker 1: had a lot of advocates arguing from all kinds of perspectives, 408 00:24:03,119 --> 00:24:05,760 Speaker 1: including people of African descent who thought that this was 409 00:24:05,800 --> 00:24:08,439 Speaker 1: the only way that they might truly be free, and 410 00:24:08,640 --> 00:24:13,399 Speaker 1: people who were shimply racist and wanted the enslaved population removed. 411 00:24:13,440 --> 00:24:16,240 Speaker 1: For more detail, you can check out our previous episodes 412 00:24:16,320 --> 00:24:20,040 Speaker 1: on Marcus Garvey and Thomas Morris Chester. So the same 413 00:24:20,080 --> 00:24:24,359 Speaker 1: mindset also influenced the editorial direction of Goadie's Ladies Book. 414 00:24:24,880 --> 00:24:28,040 Speaker 1: When Hale was editing American Ladies Magazine, she had written 415 00:24:28,160 --> 00:24:32,959 Speaker 1: various editorials that clearly stated her political opinions but Goadi 416 00:24:33,240 --> 00:24:36,159 Speaker 1: wanted the Ladies Book to appeal to women regardless of 417 00:24:36,160 --> 00:24:38,920 Speaker 1: what their political views were. And of course this wasn't 418 00:24:38,960 --> 00:24:41,960 Speaker 1: a distinction he was consciously making in his mind. But 419 00:24:42,080 --> 00:24:45,240 Speaker 1: the default woman here was white and usually middle class. 420 00:24:45,760 --> 00:24:49,360 Speaker 1: He was also interested in quote avoiding nationalism or any 421 00:24:49,440 --> 00:24:52,760 Speaker 1: political entanglements within the pages of the journal, and he 422 00:24:52,880 --> 00:24:55,560 Speaker 1: also said, quote I allow no man's religion to be 423 00:24:55,600 --> 00:24:58,560 Speaker 1: attacked or sneered at, or the subject of politics to 424 00:24:58,600 --> 00:25:02,520 Speaker 1: be mentioned in my magazine. So sometimes you'll see Godie's 425 00:25:02,560 --> 00:25:06,160 Speaker 1: Ladies Book described as not being political, but it would 426 00:25:06,200 --> 00:25:09,760 Speaker 1: be more accurate to say that the magazine avoided overt 427 00:25:09,800 --> 00:25:14,920 Speaker 1: political controversy. Really it was incredibly political. It avoided direct 428 00:25:15,000 --> 00:25:17,720 Speaker 1: discussion of the Civil War or the movement for abolition. 429 00:25:18,240 --> 00:25:22,320 Speaker 1: That's an inherently political decision. Instead, in the years leading 430 00:25:22,400 --> 00:25:25,440 Speaker 1: up to the U S Civil War, it published poetry, essays, 431 00:25:25,560 --> 00:25:29,159 Speaker 1: and stories that highlighted the potential tragedies of war and 432 00:25:29,320 --> 00:25:33,600 Speaker 1: also emphasized the idea of national unity. Although the hope 433 00:25:33,680 --> 00:25:37,360 Speaker 1: was that this would avoid offending either side, in reality 434 00:25:37,440 --> 00:25:40,560 Speaker 1: it meant that the magazine's readership peaked in eighteen sixty, 435 00:25:40,760 --> 00:25:45,480 Speaker 1: just before the war. Afterwards, people started gravitating toward publications 436 00:25:45,680 --> 00:25:48,639 Speaker 1: where they could get news about what was happening. On 437 00:25:48,720 --> 00:25:52,240 Speaker 1: top of that, in a different political direction, Goadie's Ladies 438 00:25:52,320 --> 00:25:56,199 Speaker 1: Book heavily reinforced a very specific idea of what a 439 00:25:56,280 --> 00:26:00,320 Speaker 1: woman should be. Sarah Guseppa Hale believed that women were 440 00:26:00,359 --> 00:26:04,719 Speaker 1: more moral and compassionate than men were, and Hale's words 441 00:26:04,800 --> 00:26:08,320 Speaker 1: quote God has given to man authority to woman influence. 442 00:26:08,760 --> 00:26:12,000 Speaker 1: She wanted women to influence men to be better so 443 00:26:12,080 --> 00:26:15,239 Speaker 1: that men could put their authority to better use. The 444 00:26:15,280 --> 00:26:18,680 Speaker 1: magazine focused on the idea that a woman's role given 445 00:26:18,720 --> 00:26:21,160 Speaker 1: by God was to be a moral force in her 446 00:26:21,200 --> 00:26:25,000 Speaker 1: sphere of influence, which was the home. Although the magazine 447 00:26:25,040 --> 00:26:27,280 Speaker 1: never took a clear position one way or the other, 448 00:26:27,480 --> 00:26:31,399 Speaker 1: Hale herself was against the idea of women's suffrage because 449 00:26:31,440 --> 00:26:34,560 Speaker 1: it was outside of women's fhere of influence, and because 450 00:26:34,560 --> 00:26:38,800 Speaker 1: women had fewer opportunities for education and political engagement, thus 451 00:26:38,840 --> 00:26:42,960 Speaker 1: they were less likely to be informed voters. Instead, Godie's 452 00:26:43,000 --> 00:26:46,080 Speaker 1: Ladies Book really enforced the idea that a true woman 453 00:26:46,160 --> 00:26:51,120 Speaker 1: was pious, pure, submissive, and domestic, a collection of ideas 454 00:26:51,160 --> 00:26:53,560 Speaker 1: known as the Cult of True Womanhood or the cult 455 00:26:53,600 --> 00:26:56,640 Speaker 1: of domesticity. Yeah, that's come up in a few episodes lately, 456 00:26:56,640 --> 00:27:01,680 Speaker 1: including Packard versus Packard. It was an incredibly common idea 457 00:27:01,720 --> 00:27:04,159 Speaker 1: of what a woman was supposed to be at the time, 458 00:27:04,359 --> 00:27:09,679 Speaker 1: and elements of it continue to today. Hale did advocate 459 00:27:09,760 --> 00:27:13,240 Speaker 1: for better opportunities for women, but only within this framework. 460 00:27:13,480 --> 00:27:16,720 Speaker 1: This included supporting Elizabeth Blackwell and her efforts to become 461 00:27:16,720 --> 00:27:18,879 Speaker 1: the first woman in the United States to earn an 462 00:27:18,960 --> 00:27:22,719 Speaker 1: m d. In Hale's mind, medicine could be within a 463 00:27:22,720 --> 00:27:26,200 Speaker 1: woman's spear, and her words written in March of eighteen 464 00:27:26,240 --> 00:27:28,919 Speaker 1: fifty two quote, the study of medicine belongs to a 465 00:27:28,920 --> 00:27:32,119 Speaker 1: woman's department of knowledge. Its practice is in harmony with 466 00:27:32,160 --> 00:27:35,320 Speaker 1: the duties of mother and nurse, which she must fulfill. 467 00:27:35,720 --> 00:27:38,080 Speaker 1: It is not going out of her sphere to prescribe 468 00:27:38,119 --> 00:27:40,840 Speaker 1: for the sick. She must do this by the fireside, 469 00:27:40,960 --> 00:27:44,280 Speaker 1: the bedside, in the inner chamber, where her true place is. 470 00:27:44,960 --> 00:27:47,520 Speaker 1: It is man who is there out of his sphere. 471 00:27:47,960 --> 00:27:52,199 Speaker 1: Hale also advocated for women to have better educational opportunities, 472 00:27:52,440 --> 00:27:55,240 Speaker 1: especially when it came to an education in the liberal arts. 473 00:27:55,880 --> 00:27:58,720 Speaker 1: She was a huge advocate for vass Or Female College 474 00:27:58,720 --> 00:28:01,959 Speaker 1: after its founding in eight sixty one, as well as 475 00:28:02,040 --> 00:28:06,480 Speaker 1: corresponding extensively with its founder, Matthew Vassar on everything from 476 00:28:06,480 --> 00:28:09,760 Speaker 1: the student's dress to the number of female faculty to 477 00:28:09,840 --> 00:28:12,760 Speaker 1: whether to keep the word female in the name. But 478 00:28:12,840 --> 00:28:15,480 Speaker 1: there were also a lot of limits to Hale's advocacy 479 00:28:15,560 --> 00:28:18,679 Speaker 1: for women's education, all connecting back to the idea of 480 00:28:18,960 --> 00:28:22,680 Speaker 1: what a woman's sphere was. For example, she didn't seem 481 00:28:22,720 --> 00:28:25,480 Speaker 1: to think that women should study the physical sciences for 482 00:28:25,560 --> 00:28:29,320 Speaker 1: their own sake. Various articles and Godie's Ladies books suggest 483 00:28:29,440 --> 00:28:32,239 Speaker 1: that science has a use in a woman's life, like 484 00:28:32,640 --> 00:28:36,440 Speaker 1: how understanding scientific concepts can help her keep a better home, 485 00:28:37,000 --> 00:28:39,200 Speaker 1: but it doesn't really support the idea that a woman 486 00:28:39,240 --> 00:28:42,400 Speaker 1: should just become a chemist or a physicist because she 487 00:28:42,480 --> 00:28:45,240 Speaker 1: wants to. And there were also limits to which women 488 00:28:45,360 --> 00:28:48,680 Speaker 1: she was writing for and depicting in the magazine. The 489 00:28:48,720 --> 00:28:51,640 Speaker 1: women in the magazine's famous fashion plates, some of which 490 00:28:51,640 --> 00:28:54,160 Speaker 1: were large enough that they were printed on fold out pages, 491 00:28:54,200 --> 00:28:58,560 Speaker 1: were all white and all affluent, was similarly attractive features 492 00:28:58,600 --> 00:29:02,280 Speaker 1: and the same slender body hype. They reinforced the ideas 493 00:29:02,360 --> 00:29:07,800 Speaker 1: of heterosexual marriage and motherhood as unifying forces in women's lives. Really, 494 00:29:07,840 --> 00:29:10,920 Speaker 1: for most of its existence, the the magazine didn't address 495 00:29:11,000 --> 00:29:14,400 Speaker 1: the experience of native people, or enslaved people, or free 496 00:29:14,400 --> 00:29:17,360 Speaker 1: black people or immigrants at all. In the words of 497 00:29:17,360 --> 00:29:21,280 Speaker 1: a piece in the July issue, which was after Hale 498 00:29:21,360 --> 00:29:24,560 Speaker 1: and Goadie had both died, quote, a little over a 499 00:29:24,640 --> 00:29:28,360 Speaker 1: century ago, colored women had no social status, and indeed 500 00:29:28,440 --> 00:29:31,840 Speaker 1: only thirty years ago, the term womanhood was not large 501 00:29:32,000 --> 00:29:34,880 Speaker 1: enough in this Christian republic to include any woman of 502 00:29:34,920 --> 00:29:38,000 Speaker 1: African descent. That's from a piece that was clearly written 503 00:29:38,040 --> 00:29:40,760 Speaker 1: for white women to let them know that quote, the 504 00:29:40,840 --> 00:29:44,440 Speaker 1: thousands of cultured and delightfully useful women of the colored 505 00:29:44,520 --> 00:29:47,320 Speaker 1: race who are worth knowing and who are prepared to 506 00:29:47,360 --> 00:29:50,160 Speaker 1: cooperate with white women in all good efforts, are simply 507 00:29:50,240 --> 00:29:52,560 Speaker 1: up to date new women in the best sense of 508 00:29:52,600 --> 00:29:58,400 Speaker 1: that much abused term. Even so, the magazine was widely 509 00:29:58,400 --> 00:30:01,560 Speaker 1: read and widely respect did. In the words of the 510 00:30:01,560 --> 00:30:04,720 Speaker 1: Philadelphia City Item in eighteen seventy quote, it has been 511 00:30:04,760 --> 00:30:11,000 Speaker 1: well remarked that where Godi's is taken, there is domestic neatness, comfort, elegance, virtue, 512 00:30:11,040 --> 00:30:13,600 Speaker 1: which we think is saying a good deal for the 513 00:30:13,640 --> 00:30:17,040 Speaker 1: American woman. God bless Godie's and keep it with us 514 00:30:17,120 --> 00:30:21,200 Speaker 1: many years. Goadi sold the publication to John Hill say 515 00:30:21,280 --> 00:30:24,320 Speaker 1: Is Holland Beek in eighteen seventy seven, after he and 516 00:30:24,440 --> 00:30:28,720 Speaker 1: Hale both retired. As of their retirement, she was eighty 517 00:30:28,800 --> 00:30:31,800 Speaker 1: nine and he was seventy three, so they worked on 518 00:30:31,840 --> 00:30:34,920 Speaker 1: this magazine almost until the end of their lives. Louis 519 00:30:34,960 --> 00:30:38,480 Speaker 1: Antoine Godi died the following year, on November twenty nine, 520 00:30:38,600 --> 00:30:42,760 Speaker 1: eight seventy eight. Sarah J. Hale, who called herself an editress, 521 00:30:42,920 --> 00:30:46,680 Speaker 1: died on April thirty, eighteen seventy nine. She had continued 522 00:30:46,720 --> 00:30:50,400 Speaker 1: to write for much of her life, publishing poems, fiction essays, 523 00:30:50,800 --> 00:30:55,600 Speaker 1: recipe books, etiquette manuals, and a women's encyclopedia titled Woman's 524 00:30:55,640 --> 00:30:59,160 Speaker 1: Record or Sketches of All Distinguished Women from the Creation 525 00:30:59,560 --> 00:31:02,800 Speaker 1: to a the eighteen fifty four arranged in four eras 526 00:31:03,200 --> 00:31:07,320 Speaker 1: with selections from female writers of every age. That was 527 00:31:07,360 --> 00:31:09,840 Speaker 1: all the title. But in her day she was so 528 00:31:09,920 --> 00:31:14,000 Speaker 1: associated with Goadie's Ladies Book that people called it Mrs 529 00:31:14,000 --> 00:31:20,400 Speaker 1: Hale's magazine. Like it's pretty complicated. Yeah, you know, I 530 00:31:20,440 --> 00:31:22,520 Speaker 1: want to like her in some ways, but that whole 531 00:31:22,600 --> 00:31:27,360 Speaker 1: like nose down at fashion thing is a problem, and 532 00:31:27,400 --> 00:31:30,800 Speaker 1: then her it's the funny thing. Where just as as 533 00:31:30,800 --> 00:31:34,720 Speaker 1: the magazine was um claiming that it did not take 534 00:31:34,760 --> 00:31:39,600 Speaker 1: a political stance, but obviously did because of its refusal 535 00:31:39,680 --> 00:31:43,040 Speaker 1: to acknowledge certain things, I feel like similarly, and obviously 536 00:31:43,080 --> 00:31:46,880 Speaker 1: on a much more important level, that's also how she 537 00:31:47,200 --> 00:31:50,520 Speaker 1: dealt with fashion, right, She's like, I don't want fashion, 538 00:31:50,680 --> 00:31:54,680 Speaker 1: which is in itself a commentary on fashion, and she 539 00:31:54,720 --> 00:31:59,920 Speaker 1: would consult on women's apparel at Vasser but didn't want 540 00:32:00,080 --> 00:32:05,840 Speaker 1: fashion involved. It's a fascinating thing to me. You just 541 00:32:06,040 --> 00:32:08,520 Speaker 1: got a lot of contradictions. You can there are scans 542 00:32:08,560 --> 00:32:11,320 Speaker 1: of a lot of these uh, a lot of issues 543 00:32:11,520 --> 00:32:14,480 Speaker 1: of this book that you can see online. Um, you 544 00:32:14,520 --> 00:32:16,840 Speaker 1: can read through. I mean they're just they goes that 545 00:32:16,880 --> 00:32:19,040 Speaker 1: goes on for years. There's pages and pages stuff you 546 00:32:19,040 --> 00:32:23,400 Speaker 1: can dive into if you were interested in little glimpses 547 00:32:23,640 --> 00:32:27,360 Speaker 1: of life for nineteenth century white women. Slash the kinds 548 00:32:27,400 --> 00:32:33,400 Speaker 1: of standards the magazine was really heavily reinforcing. Yeah, uh, 549 00:32:33,440 --> 00:32:35,760 Speaker 1: do you have some listener mail? I sure do you. 550 00:32:35,800 --> 00:32:39,880 Speaker 1: This is from Helen, and Helen has so helpfully updated 551 00:32:40,000 --> 00:32:43,400 Speaker 1: us on the amendment regarding the Port Chicago fifty that 552 00:32:43,400 --> 00:32:47,920 Speaker 1: we talked about in a previous listener mail. Helen says, Hi, 553 00:32:48,120 --> 00:32:50,560 Speaker 1: Holly and Tracy, I just heard your listener mail about 554 00:32:50,560 --> 00:32:53,160 Speaker 1: the Port Chicago amendment, and as someone who works a 555 00:32:53,200 --> 00:32:56,000 Speaker 1: lot with congressional websites, I went ahead and pulled up 556 00:32:56,000 --> 00:32:58,880 Speaker 1: the link for you. That's not actually an amendment, I believe, 557 00:32:58,920 --> 00:33:01,719 Speaker 1: which is probably you had of finding it. It's section 558 00:33:01,760 --> 00:33:07,200 Speaker 1: t HR National Defense Authorization Act for Fiscal year twenty. 559 00:33:07,360 --> 00:33:10,520 Speaker 1: Hopefully this link will take you directly to that section 560 00:33:10,560 --> 00:33:13,040 Speaker 1: of the resolution. Love the show and always look forward 561 00:33:13,080 --> 00:33:16,520 Speaker 1: to new episodes, Helen. Helen got a reply for me 562 00:33:16,640 --> 00:33:19,320 Speaker 1: that started with the words thank you in all capital letters, 563 00:33:19,400 --> 00:33:22,080 Speaker 1: because I had really kind of torn my hair out 564 00:33:22,160 --> 00:33:27,640 Speaker 1: trying to find this text. Um having looked at the 565 00:33:27,680 --> 00:33:30,640 Speaker 1: link that she sent, I think the core issue was 566 00:33:30,840 --> 00:33:35,560 Speaker 1: that the engrossed in house version was not posted yet 567 00:33:35,760 --> 00:33:38,080 Speaker 1: when I was doing all this looking, and that's where 568 00:33:38,120 --> 00:33:41,000 Speaker 1: it is. I don't recall seeing that option in the 569 00:33:41,040 --> 00:33:44,960 Speaker 1: dropdown when I was doing my search for it. But anyway, 570 00:33:45,000 --> 00:33:48,040 Speaker 1: this uh here is the actual text of it. It 571 00:33:48,200 --> 00:33:51,760 Speaker 1: is sense of Congress regarding the Port Chicago fifty. It 572 00:33:51,880 --> 00:33:54,800 Speaker 1: is the sense of Congress that one the American people 573 00:33:54,800 --> 00:33:58,160 Speaker 1: should recognize the role of racial bias in the prosecution 574 00:33:58,200 --> 00:34:00,800 Speaker 1: and convictions of the Port Chicago of the following the 575 00:34:00,840 --> 00:34:04,680 Speaker 1: deadliest home front disaster in World War two, to the 576 00:34:04,720 --> 00:34:07,560 Speaker 1: military records of each of the Port Chicago fifty should 577 00:34:07,600 --> 00:34:11,160 Speaker 1: reflect such exoneration of Annie and all charges brought against 578 00:34:11,200 --> 00:34:14,120 Speaker 1: them in the aftermath of the explosion. And three, the 579 00:34:14,160 --> 00:34:17,320 Speaker 1: Secretary of the Navy should upgrade the general and summary 580 00:34:17,400 --> 00:34:20,520 Speaker 1: discharges of each of the Port Chicago fifty sailors to 581 00:34:20,719 --> 00:34:25,640 Speaker 1: honorable discharges. So, as of right this minute, this is 582 00:34:25,680 --> 00:34:29,719 Speaker 1: not something that has passed both Houses of Congress and 583 00:34:29,800 --> 00:34:32,920 Speaker 1: been signed into law. Yet it is something that had 584 00:34:33,040 --> 00:34:37,279 Speaker 1: had that made its way through the House back in July. 585 00:34:37,640 --> 00:34:40,080 Speaker 1: So thank you again, Helen for sending that to me, 586 00:34:40,160 --> 00:34:42,160 Speaker 1: because I probably would not have gone back to look 587 00:34:42,160 --> 00:34:45,239 Speaker 1: for it again. Um, and thanks to everybody who sends 588 00:34:45,320 --> 00:34:48,920 Speaker 1: us helpful, awesome emails or just says hi or sends 589 00:34:48,920 --> 00:34:51,719 Speaker 1: pictures of cats if you would like to write to 590 00:34:51,840 --> 00:34:54,080 Speaker 1: us about this or any other podcast where at History 591 00:34:54,160 --> 00:34:56,200 Speaker 1: podcasts at how Stuff Works dot com, and then we're 592 00:34:56,200 --> 00:34:58,799 Speaker 1: all over social media at MSS in History. That's where 593 00:34:58,840 --> 00:35:02,799 Speaker 1: you'll find our Facebook, Twitter, Pinterest, and Instagram. You can 594 00:35:02,840 --> 00:35:05,759 Speaker 1: come to our website, which is Missed in History dot com, 595 00:35:05,760 --> 00:35:07,920 Speaker 1: where you will find show notes of all the episodes 596 00:35:07,960 --> 00:35:10,600 Speaker 1: that Holly and I have worked on together and a 597 00:35:10,640 --> 00:35:13,920 Speaker 1: searchable archive of every episode ever. And you can subscribe 598 00:35:13,960 --> 00:35:17,040 Speaker 1: to our show on Apple Podcasts, the I heart Radio app, 599 00:35:17,120 --> 00:35:24,799 Speaker 1: and wherever else you get your podcasts. Stuff you Missed 600 00:35:24,800 --> 00:35:27,160 Speaker 1: in History Class is a production of I heart Radio's 601 00:35:27,200 --> 00:35:30,120 Speaker 1: How Stuff Works. For more podcasts. For my heart Radio, 602 00:35:30,280 --> 00:35:33,200 Speaker 1: visit the I heart Radio app, Apple Podcasts, or wherever 603 00:35:33,320 --> 00:35:34,680 Speaker 1: you listen to your favorite shows.