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Speaker 1: Hey, or hey, you're a visual artist, so I have

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Speaker 1: a question for you about how you visualize things. Well,

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Speaker 1: first of all, thank you for calling me an artist.

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Speaker 1: Cartoonist don't usually get that kind of respect. But do

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Speaker 1: you mean can I draw my answer? Yeah, maybe when

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Speaker 1: we upgrade this podcast to a YouTube channel, But until then,

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Speaker 1: here's my question. What is the biggest distance that you

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Speaker 1: can visualize that you can sort of see in your mind? Well,

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Speaker 1: I think anything bigger than the distance between my bed

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Speaker 1: and the fridge feels like an infinity. I guess maybe

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Speaker 1: like the biggest distance that I can wrap my head

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Speaker 1: around would be maybe like the size of the solar system,

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Speaker 1: you know, Like I think I have a intuitive sense

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Speaker 1: of that, but maybe anything bigger it just kind of

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Speaker 1: blows my mind. All right, So then turn it around.

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Speaker 1: What is the small all this distance that you can visualize?

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Speaker 1: Probably the width of a thinly sliced banana. Feels like

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Speaker 1: maybe you should have had a snack before we did

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Speaker 1: today's podcast. I am Rhammad, cartoonists and the creator of

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Speaker 1: PhD comments. Hi, I'm Daniel. I'm a particle physicist and

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Speaker 1: I don't eat bananas no matter how then you slice

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Speaker 1: them really you're anti banana like you avoid them. I'm

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Speaker 1: anti bananite, yes on the air. I didn't know that.

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Speaker 1: Oh my god, how do we even get along all

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Speaker 1: these years? I don't know if we I can continue

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Speaker 1: doing this with you anymore. So if you if you

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Speaker 1: get him in a salad, you picked them out or something.

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Speaker 1: How far puts banana in a salad? What are you

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Speaker 1: talking about? You were offending salads? How far this is

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Speaker 1: anti bananas? Goes go? Daniel, Well, let's see, if I

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Speaker 1: was dying of starvation next to banana tree, I would

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Speaker 1: eat some bananas. I'll put it that way. I would.

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Speaker 1: I see. Oh man, you don't know what you're missing.

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Speaker 1: But for those of you who are not anti banana,

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Speaker 1: welcome to this podcast. Daniel and Jorge Explain the Universe,

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Speaker 1: a production of Our Heart Radio, and banana lovers and

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Speaker 1: banana haters are all welcome on this podcast because we

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Speaker 1: only the lovers, because we all share the love of

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Speaker 1: the universe and the mystery is and the incredible cosmic

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Speaker 1: questions like how can anybody stand to eat a banana? No? Like?

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Speaker 1: How big is our universe? And does it all make sense?

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Speaker 1: Should ever rebody Daniel that bananas are part of the universe.

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Speaker 1: If you love the universe, technically you love bananas. But

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Speaker 1: welcome to our podcast, in which we do try to

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Speaker 1: explore everything around us, including bananas and other delicious or

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Speaker 1: non delicious items, and explore lane how it all works

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Speaker 1: to you. Yeah, we try to think about the bigness

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Speaker 1: of the universe, the limits of space and planets and stars,

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Speaker 1: but we also like to talk about the small things

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Speaker 1: in life and in the universe, and and sometimes it

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Speaker 1: really stretches your mind right to sort of sort of

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Speaker 1: in one conversation think about how big the universe is

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Speaker 1: and how also how small things are. Yeah, and we

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Speaker 1: try to take you on a tour of the sort

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Speaker 1: of current thinking of scientists. How do scientists think about

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Speaker 1: this stuff? How do they fit the whole universe in

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Speaker 1: their brains? Or what do they visualize when they think

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Speaker 1: about the inside of a black hole? Or how do

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Speaker 1: scientists think about the very very tiny What does a

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Speaker 1: particle look like inside the mind of a party goal physicist? Yeah,

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Speaker 1: because you know, we know that the universe is made

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Speaker 1: out of tiny little particles, and we like to say

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Speaker 1: tiny little particles. But I guess you don't often think

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Speaker 1: about it, what tiny really means. Yeah, we do this

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Speaker 1: a lot when we think about the quantum realm. We

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Speaker 1: try to sort of use the ideas we have from

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Speaker 1: our everyday experience and apply them to particles, apply them

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Speaker 1: to these tiny little bits so that we can make

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Speaker 1: sense of them, because you know, you can't see these

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Speaker 1: things directly, so you have to sort of build a

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Speaker 1: mental picture, and we try to talk about how they

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Speaker 1: have mass and charge, and we even give them you know,

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Speaker 1: labor and spin and other sorts of things that were

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Speaker 1: familiar with from our world. But you have to wonder, like,

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Speaker 1: how well does that really work? Is it really relevant

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Speaker 1: or is the quantum realm just totally alien and we

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Speaker 1: will never really get our minds around it. Yeah, I

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Speaker 1: thought we had already decided that everything looks like Lego

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Speaker 1: pieces down at the fundamental level. They don't look like

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Speaker 1: little blocks with circles that say Lego on them. Well,

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Speaker 1: it's easy to do a test. You know, if you

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Speaker 1: step on them and they cause you great pain, then

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Speaker 1: they definitely are the shape of Lego pieces. I think

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Speaker 1: they make round legos too. Now finally to save parents,

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Speaker 1: But you know, this is all we can do as

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Speaker 1: humans is we can take the ideas we are familiar

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Speaker 1: with and we can try to map them down to

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Speaker 1: the quantum realm to think about this. Yeah, and sometimes

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Speaker 1: that intuition kind of fails, right, or it breaks down

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Speaker 1: when you get down to that quantum realm, that quantum level, right,

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Speaker 1: our ideas of what something is, or how solid something is,

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Speaker 1: or what shape it has, and it all sort of

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Speaker 1: breaks down into kind of mathematical goop right down at

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Speaker 1: the quantum. I think it has a little bit more

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Speaker 1: substance than mathematical GOOPI gloop, but really it's a bit

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Speaker 1: more No, it's a bit more poetic than mathematical sometimes

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Speaker 1: because well, we try to draw connections, like we talk

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Speaker 1: about quantum spin, and we fully admit that these particles

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Speaker 1: are not actually spinning, but they're doing something that is

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Speaker 1: very much like spin. It has a lot of similar characteristics,

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Speaker 1: and so we draw this analogy. And I think this

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Speaker 1: is one of the most beautiful things about physics, is

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Speaker 1: trying to describe the unknown in terms of the known.

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Speaker 1: You know, that's what languages, that's what art is, that's

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Speaker 1: what that's what it means to explore the universe is

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Speaker 1: to express it in a way that we can understand it,

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Speaker 1: and so that's all we can do. Yeah, are you

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Speaker 1: saying you don't understand google Goog? I'm saying googly groop

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Speaker 1: suggests some lack of understanding or nonsense, whereas in its

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Speaker 1: place there are some elegant intellectual structures to guide your mind.

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Speaker 1: I see, you know, potato, potato again, theoretical structures, googly goog,

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Speaker 1: it's all, it's all, you know, different names. But so

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Speaker 1: to the other podcast, we thought we would take a

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Speaker 1: trip down to that quantum level and kind of think

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Speaker 1: about a particular, you know, object that I think we're

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Speaker 1: all familiar with, and to sort of challenge our understanding

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Speaker 1: of what it looks like and what shape it has

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Speaker 1: and most importantly, what size it has down at the

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Speaker 1: quantum realm. And this is something that I have struggled

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Speaker 1: with as a particle physicist, just trying to visualize, just

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Speaker 1: trying to conceptualize it. How do I put this in

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Speaker 1: my mind? How do I think about this so I

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Speaker 1: can get some intuition right? And so today we'll be

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Speaker 1: tackling the question how big is an electron? Or how

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Speaker 1: small is an electron? Oh? Man, is this another potato

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Speaker 1: po typle thing. It's big and small depending on which

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Speaker 1: country here. The representatives of the Electron Union prefer to

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Speaker 1: be called big rather than small. Oh, I see, But

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Speaker 1: what does the electron itself prefer? Does it see itself

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Speaker 1: as a as a big or a little? Interview with

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Speaker 1: an Electron speculative fiction novel by J H winner of

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Speaker 1: the Nobel Price in literature and physics at the same time.

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Speaker 1: But yeah, you know, electrons are everywhere. They're one of

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Speaker 1: the three fundamental particles that make up everything that we are,

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Speaker 1: that you are, That planets and stars and galaxies and

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Speaker 1: dust are made out of um. And so it's an

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Speaker 1: important particle. And it makes yourself phone work, which without

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Speaker 1: which you would probably not be listening to this podcast. Yeah,

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Speaker 1: and it sort of sits at the frontier of particle physics.

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Speaker 1: Our goal is to explain everything in the universe in

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Speaker 1: terms of the smallest bits and pieces, the tiniest, roundest

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Speaker 1: lego pieces anywhere, And as far as we know, these

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Speaker 1: are the smallest bits. And so we wonder, like, is

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Speaker 1: it made of something smaller? How small is this thing? Anyway? Yeah,

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Speaker 1: what's the size of an electron? I guess that's a

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Speaker 1: question we haven't really talked about before. We just sort

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Speaker 1: of talked about electron and what they can do and

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Speaker 1: what they do, and we know they're small. But I

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Speaker 1: guess the question here is how small it is? Or

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Speaker 1: how big is it? Not? How big isn't it? Yeah,

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Speaker 1: And like with many of these mappings to the quantum realm,

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Speaker 1: I'm pretty sure you're going to be dissatisfied with the

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Speaker 1: answer because did you misname something again? Is it not

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Speaker 1: really called? Is it like an electron? Not really an electron? Well,

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Speaker 1: I don't want to give away the end there, you'll

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Speaker 1: have to stick around for another half hour. Well, this

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Speaker 1: is a question that, as always, we were wondering how

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Speaker 1: many people out there had thought about or wondered about

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Speaker 1: and what they knew about the answer to this question. So,

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Speaker 1: as usual, Daniel went out there into the wilderness of

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Speaker 1: the streets of Irvine, California and ask people how big

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Speaker 1: they thought an electron is. I like the way you

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Speaker 1: make it sound dangerous, like I'm hacking my way through

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Speaker 1: the jungle. I think talking to perfect strangers, it sounds

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Speaker 1: terrified to me. Well, here's what people had to say.

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Speaker 1: But before you hear these answers, think to yourself, what

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Speaker 1: would you guess is the size of an electron? Very small?

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Speaker 1: I know, like a couple of billion Adams can fit

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Speaker 1: on a period in in a book, So an electron

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Speaker 1: is Chillian quadrillion. I don't know. Sudden thinkers like small,

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Speaker 1: like smaller than that. Best guys like like a hundred

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Speaker 1: of a nanometer ten to the minus sixteen. Well, I

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Speaker 1: guess it's when it's a way function falls off? Is

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Speaker 1: one over eight or something like that? Is that how

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Speaker 1: we want to call it? What's thirteen point six e

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Speaker 1: v s and nanometers that it does red stuff? So

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Speaker 1: a couple d nanometers? Let's doing that? Also, no idea,

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Speaker 1: best es not that big tend to the negative on

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Speaker 1: all eleven or twelve or something like that. Like all right,

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Speaker 1: some pretty I feel like, pretty educated answers, Like some

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Speaker 1: people were talking about electron volts even I like the

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Speaker 1: guy who says smaller than a centimeter, like yeah, that's

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Speaker 1: that's true, yes and also correct, Yes, it's definitely correct. Um. No,

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Speaker 1: we shouldn't make fun of these people. They are giving

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Speaker 1: us their time, their and their energy, and so it's

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Speaker 1: fun just to just to know what people have in

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Speaker 1: their minds. And I think one of the common answers

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Speaker 1: is like, tend to the mind is a pretty big number.

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Speaker 1: But yeah, know I thought they were pretty I guess

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Speaker 1: you're at a at a university, so maybe a lot

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Speaker 1: of these folks just think in physics or something. But um,

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Speaker 1: you know, if you ask me, I don't know if

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Speaker 1: I would guess with exact figures or units. Well it's

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Speaker 1: interesting because if you ask me, I don't know what

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Speaker 1: I would say. It's a tricky question. Even what is

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Speaker 1: the meaning of the question, Like what does it mean

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Speaker 1: for the electron to have a side? Is? So it's complicated.

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Speaker 1: So someone interviewed on you on the street and ask

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Speaker 1: you this question, you'd be like, let's sit down for

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Speaker 1: a couple of hours, let me pull out my white board,

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Speaker 1: thank you for asking that question. And you see the

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Speaker 1: panic in their eyes. I've been waiting all my life

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Speaker 1: for perfect strangers. They would feign a phone call and

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Speaker 1: run away quickly. All right, Well, let's get into the

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Speaker 1: trying to answer this question. And I guess the first

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Speaker 1: thing is is that you're telling me is that this

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Speaker 1: is even Um, it's kind of almost a philosophical question.

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Speaker 1: It's like a tricky question in itself to ask what

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Speaker 1: is the size of an electron? Yeah, And you have

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Speaker 1: to be really careful about what you're doing. When you're

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Speaker 1: asking a question that you're used to asking about macroscopic

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Speaker 1: stuff and then applying that to microscopic stuff, you have

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Speaker 1: to be really careful about what you mean and what

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Speaker 1: exactly it is you're trying to learn. You know, like

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Speaker 1: when we think about a ball moving through space, we

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Speaker 1: can talk about its velocity. Cool, But when you want

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Speaker 1: to talk about the velocity of an electron, it's more

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Speaker 1: complicated because it doesn't have like the same kind of

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Speaker 1: half and so it's philosophy changes, and sometimes you can

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Speaker 1: know it, sometimes it's unknown, and so you know, there's

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Speaker 1: an analogy you can make there, but you have to

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Speaker 1: be careful about exactly what you're asking. And the same

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Speaker 1: is true when you ask about the size of something

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Speaker 1: super duper tiny, right, and and especially when you ask

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Speaker 1: about the size of a single thing, right, Like what

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Speaker 1: is it? What does it even mean to ask about

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Speaker 1: the size of anything? Is it like how much space

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Speaker 1: you occupy? Is it like the my longest dimension? Is

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Speaker 1: it the distance between you know, one and one side

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Speaker 1: of me to the other side of me. I think

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Speaker 1: that's it. I think it's the distance between your edges.

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Speaker 1: And so you have a size if you have edges

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Speaker 1: that don't touch, right, if you have if there's a

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Speaker 1: meaning to like there being a left of view and

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Speaker 1: a right of view, and your size is the distance

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Speaker 1: between them. You know, we have a meter stick, how

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Speaker 1: big is it? Well, the left side is one meter

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Speaker 1: from the right side. So that's sort of makes sense, right,

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Speaker 1: And this this all sounds, you know, obvious, but it's

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Speaker 1: going to be important when we get to the quantum

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Speaker 1: realm to be thinking about it in the same same

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Speaker 1: sort of set of ideas. Right, Yeah, I guess you've

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Speaker 1: got to think about what makes it a thing and

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Speaker 1: when is it stopped being a thing? And then then

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Speaker 1: you calculate kind of the distance between the edges of

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Speaker 1: what is and what is not a thing. Yeah, And

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Speaker 1: so you answer the question like what a size mean, Well,

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Speaker 1: it's the distance between the edges and that immediately, but

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Speaker 1: you can see you to the other question, what is

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Speaker 1: the edge, Like what is the edge of a meter

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Speaker 1: stick or the edge of a banana? How do you

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Speaker 1: define where that stops? And that's not so easy. Oh man,

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Speaker 1: you just make me imagine it endless banana and I

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Speaker 1: salivated a little bit. That's a whole universe to you,

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Speaker 1: right there. Man, maybe the whole universe is just one banana.

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Speaker 1: We are all just banana nos in a banana. We

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Speaker 1: should start that in the restaurant. You know, Olive Garden

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Speaker 1: has the endless bowl of salad, endless bread stick. We

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Speaker 1: can we can start selling the endless banana. But anyways,

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Speaker 1: so where is the edge of the banana? Right? You

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Speaker 1: would think, oh, I'm looking at it, I can tell

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Speaker 1: where it stops. And you either you poke it or

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Speaker 1: you're just looking at it. It sort of gives you

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Speaker 1: a sense for like where the edges. It doesn't have

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Speaker 1: a fuzzy edge, like it stops the all the atoms

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Speaker 1: that make up the banana are kind of stuck together,

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Speaker 1: and at some point there aren't any more of the

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Speaker 1: atoms that make up the banana. Yeah, although, if you're

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Speaker 1: zooming close enough right, everything that's not an absolute zero

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Speaker 1: is has a bit of a fuzzy edge, you know,

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Speaker 1: it's like boiling off atoms. Like the reason you can

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Speaker 1: smell banana is that there are volatile molecules on it

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Speaker 1: that are always leaving and so zooming close enough, and

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Speaker 1: there's there's a bit of a fuzzy edge there. But

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Speaker 1: still you can like take a stick and you can

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Speaker 1: poke the banana with your tiny stick and you can ask, like,

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Speaker 1: when does the banana give me resistance? Or is the

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Speaker 1: edge of it is sort of like, you know, where

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Speaker 1: is it push back? Okay, so that that would be

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Speaker 1: the edge of like an object microscopic option you're saying.

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Speaker 1: It has to do with when it no longer interacts

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Speaker 1: with you in the same way as the rest of

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Speaker 1: the banana. Yeah, And there's an important idea there, I think,

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Speaker 1: which is it's not where the stuff of the banana ends,

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Speaker 1: it's where the bananas forces push back. Because you know,

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Speaker 1: the banana itself is mostly made of these we'll talk

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Speaker 1: about in a minute, but time much smaller particles, and

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Speaker 1: the stuff of the banana, the thing that gives it

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Speaker 1: its volume is the forces. Right, If there were no

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Speaker 1: forces between these particles, they will collapse to a much

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Speaker 1: smaller pile. Like you just made a pile of all

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Speaker 1: the atoms inside the banana, it would be almost invisible.

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Speaker 1: Most of that volume comes from them spacing each other.

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Speaker 1: Out by the forces. So it's really the forces, the

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Speaker 1: pushing back that gives the banana it's volume and therefore

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Speaker 1: its size. I see, you wouldn't measure it as between

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Speaker 1: the center of the rightmost atom of the banana to

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Speaker 1: the center of the leftmost atom of the banana. You

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Speaker 1: would be you would extend that a little bit to

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Speaker 1: include like when that atom starts pushing back another adom

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Speaker 1: that tries to poke through the banana. Precisely because if

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Speaker 1: you bring your stick nearby, then the farthest, the most

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Speaker 1: extreme atom and your stick is not going to touch

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Speaker 1: the nucleus of that atom in your banana. They're going

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Speaker 1: to push against each other before they touch. And so

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Speaker 1: that's what I think of sort of the edge of

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Speaker 1: the banana is that force field that sort of protects

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Speaker 1: it from you know, external forces. Okay, so you're saying,

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Speaker 1: as a physicist, you would define the size of something

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Speaker 1: as as the edges of it, and the edges you

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Speaker 1: would define is when they start pushing other things from

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Speaker 1: going through it. Yeah, So really it's more about interactions

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Speaker 1: than it is about matter itself and particle physics, we

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Speaker 1: think a lot about particles and forces, matter and interactions.

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Speaker 1: And I think the size of something really depends more

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Speaker 1: on its interactions then on the stuff that's inside of it.

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Speaker 1: And that makes sense because if you want to know

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Speaker 1: the size of something, you want to know it for

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Speaker 1: a reason usually right, like you want to see if

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Speaker 1: the banana fits inside of a special you know, banana

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Speaker 1: carrying case that you aren't designing. You need to know,

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Speaker 1: you know, not when the set where the centers of

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Speaker 1: the atoms are, but you want to know, you know,

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Speaker 1: if you can fit the banana inside the case. That's

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Speaker 1: exactly it. But it already raises some problems, like what

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Speaker 1: if you had a blob of dark batter the shape

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Speaker 1: of a banana, how big is it? Well, if you

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Speaker 1: can't really interact with it, if you could like put

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Speaker 1: your finger through it, then you know, does that mean

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Speaker 1: that it's a banana shaped and blob of dark batter

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Speaker 1: is smaller? It doesn't have a size maybe even boy. Yeah,

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Speaker 1: so it gets it gets tricky pretty quickly. This thing,

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Speaker 1: which which we thought was simple is actually turns out

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Speaker 1: to be kind of subtle. Yeah, it's feel back the

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Speaker 1: answer to this question and also get into how big

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Speaker 1: an atom is, and then we'll get into how big

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Speaker 1: an electron it is. But first let's take a quick break,

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Speaker 1: all right, Daniel. So it seems like the question of

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Speaker 1: how big something is is kind of fuzzy in itself,

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Speaker 1: and so maybe a good way to kind of tackle

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Speaker 1: it is to start with the next level down from

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Speaker 1: a banana, which is like how big is a is

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Speaker 1: one of the atoms in the in the banana. So

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Speaker 1: remember that we decided that if we're going to talk

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Speaker 1: about the size of the atom, we're not going to

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Speaker 1: ask where is the stuff inside of it? We're gonna

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Speaker 1: ask where does it push back when it's poked? And

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Speaker 1: to figure that out, it's helpful to sort of imagine

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Speaker 1: a whole pile of atoms packed together. Here you have

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Speaker 1: you like imagine the banana is sort of like a crystal.

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Speaker 1: You know, it's like closely packed atoms of the banana.

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Speaker 1: And here it's determined again by the interaction between them,

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Speaker 1: Like how closely packed are they depends on how much

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Speaker 1: they resist being squeezed together. And in this case, for

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Speaker 1: an atom, it's you know, for banana. For other stuff,

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Speaker 1: it's a it's pretty small. It's like you know, fifty

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Speaker 1: to a couple hundred trillions of a meter. Is what

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Speaker 1: how you you would define how big anatom is. Yeah,

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Speaker 1: that's like this the separation between the center of one

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Speaker 1: atom and the center of another atom. Depending on the material,

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Speaker 1: and different things can sort of pack more tightly together

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Speaker 1: than other things. Like hydrogen, you can squeeze it down

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Speaker 1: to like thirty trillions of an atom between protons. But

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Speaker 1: if you're packing lead together, for example, it's almost two

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Speaker 1: d trillions of a meter between sort of the centers

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Speaker 1: of the nuclei. I say, it's it's like if you're

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Speaker 1: trying to measure the size of a bunch of marbles.

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Speaker 1: You would stick him in a container and see how

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Speaker 1: many you can sort of cramp together, and that kind

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Speaker 1: of tells you the size of each marble. Yeah, the

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Speaker 1: distance between the centers of the marbles. There you pack

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Speaker 1: them as closely as you can, and then you measure

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Speaker 1: the distance between the centers of the marbles. Is that

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Speaker 1: actually sort of because you know, when I think of

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Speaker 1: an atom, I think of like, um, you know, like

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Speaker 1: the popular culture drawing of an atom, which is like,

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Speaker 1: you know, little balls in the center and then electrons

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Speaker 1: flying around in orbit. You know, you know, and I

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Speaker 1: know that you know, they're actually like electron clouds. But

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Speaker 1: even the clouds have sort of a size, right, they're

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Speaker 1: drawn as little balloons that stick out of this center.

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Speaker 1: Is the size is the packing size that you're talking about,

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Speaker 1: like how many you can crime in banana, the same

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Speaker 1: as the size of those like electron clouds. Yeah, it's

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Speaker 1: very closely connected. And for a reason, those electrons are

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Speaker 1: the reason that the atoms don't pack more closely together,

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Speaker 1: Like you bring two hydrogen atoms near each other. It's

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Speaker 1: the electron clouds that determine how closely they get together

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Speaker 1: because they form like a covalent bond and make an

390
00:20:21,640 --> 00:20:24,280
Speaker 1: H two or something like that. And so it's those

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Speaker 1: electrons that determine the interactions between the atoms and determine

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Speaker 1: their spacing. And it's when those two things start overlapping,

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Speaker 1: is when they can no longer really get closer together. So, yeah,

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Speaker 1: the size of the electron cloud is very closely connected

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Speaker 1: to the size of the atom. It really is what

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Speaker 1: defines it. They're always interacting, right, no matter how far

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Speaker 1: apart there are, Like if I had a hydrogen atom

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Speaker 1: here and you had a hydrogen atom and Jupiter. Technically

399
00:20:48,480 --> 00:20:50,600
Speaker 1: they're sort of repelling each other, right or and or

400
00:20:50,640 --> 00:20:53,440
Speaker 1: attracting each other or not. They definitely do feel each other.

401
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Speaker 1: You're write the the extent of the electromagnetic force is infinite,

402
00:20:57,600 --> 00:21:01,119
Speaker 1: So there are electrons in Alpha Centaur that are pulling

403
00:21:01,119 --> 00:21:03,160
Speaker 1: on you or pushing on you, or depending on whatever

404
00:21:03,160 --> 00:21:07,359
Speaker 1: they're doing, technically touching you. Right, you're being touched by

405
00:21:07,480 --> 00:21:11,360
Speaker 1: an alpha centaur right now. I just got chills down

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Speaker 1: my spine a little bit to the left. Please, yes,

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00:21:14,960 --> 00:21:19,200
Speaker 1: thank you. Crash that is that I've had. Yeah, well

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00:21:19,280 --> 00:21:21,600
Speaker 1: it's a tricky concept. You're right. If we're going to

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Speaker 1: define size by sort of how you were responding when

410
00:21:24,000 --> 00:21:26,479
Speaker 1: you get poked, then you're right. You're being constantly poked

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Speaker 1: by everything in the universe. Well, even the stuff like

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Speaker 1: a build B zillion nine years away. Yeah, it is everything.

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Speaker 1: Everything in the universe is feeling you. Although you know

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Speaker 1: there's a time delay there, so the stuff in Alpha

415
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Speaker 1: Centauri is only feeling. Stuff is feeling where we were

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00:21:43,720 --> 00:21:46,439
Speaker 1: a long time ago as a separate issue. So my

417
00:21:46,520 --> 00:21:51,000
Speaker 1: size depends on time as well. Jeez. But you know,

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Speaker 1: those those things are pretty negligible, and so you can

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Speaker 1: think about like when these things really have an effect

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Speaker 1: if you probe if you shot an electron at um

421
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Speaker 1: hi'd gin atom, when would it deflect the electron? And

422
00:22:03,119 --> 00:22:04,760
Speaker 1: if you shot you know, a meter to the right,

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00:22:04,800 --> 00:22:06,920
Speaker 1: it wouldn't change the path of the electron really at all.

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00:22:07,400 --> 00:22:09,720
Speaker 1: It would, but just it would be very little, It

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00:22:09,720 --> 00:22:12,399
Speaker 1: would be very little bit negligible. But then when you

426
00:22:12,520 --> 00:22:14,159
Speaker 1: you know, hit it right on, then it's going to

427
00:22:14,240 --> 00:22:16,879
Speaker 1: bounce right back. And and so you can use that

428
00:22:16,960 --> 00:22:18,840
Speaker 1: to sort of get a sense for what is the

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00:22:18,960 --> 00:22:23,639
Speaker 1: meaningful sort of charge radius of a particle. And you're right,

430
00:22:23,640 --> 00:22:26,480
Speaker 1: it's there's no crisp edge there. So there's a small

431
00:22:26,520 --> 00:22:29,880
Speaker 1: complication there also because it turns out that the size

432
00:22:29,920 --> 00:22:33,200
Speaker 1: of something depends on not just what you poke it with,

433
00:22:33,400 --> 00:22:36,360
Speaker 1: but how hard you poke it. Like, if you poke

434
00:22:36,400 --> 00:22:40,439
Speaker 1: an atom very gently, it'll seem bigger because you'll notice

435
00:22:40,600 --> 00:22:44,480
Speaker 1: smaller deflections further away. If you poke it very hard,

436
00:22:44,560 --> 00:22:48,639
Speaker 1: it will actually seem smaller because you'll overpower the electrons

437
00:22:48,640 --> 00:22:51,880
Speaker 1: and the outside and only see the nucleus on the inside.

438
00:22:52,160 --> 00:22:53,880
Speaker 1: There's no point at which it goes to zero though,

439
00:22:53,920 --> 00:22:56,240
Speaker 1: you're right, right, yeah, So it's it's kind of fuzzy

440
00:22:56,280 --> 00:22:58,439
Speaker 1: and maybe kind of arbitrary, but you're saying, it's like

441
00:22:58,520 --> 00:23:00,800
Speaker 1: when when you would actually fee you the force of

442
00:23:00,840 --> 00:23:03,359
Speaker 1: that electron, that's when maybe you would say, all right,

443
00:23:03,440 --> 00:23:05,480
Speaker 1: it's sort of impinging on it, which means it's sort

444
00:23:05,480 --> 00:23:08,359
Speaker 1: of bumping up against it. Mm hmm, And it's not

445
00:23:08,440 --> 00:23:11,679
Speaker 1: totally arbitrary. Like when you squeeze atoms together, they settle

446
00:23:11,720 --> 00:23:13,560
Speaker 1: in at a certain distance from each other, so that

447
00:23:13,640 --> 00:23:17,840
Speaker 1: totally tells you what the equilibrium location is for for

448
00:23:17,920 --> 00:23:20,480
Speaker 1: the distance between atoms, and that I think is a

449
00:23:20,520 --> 00:23:23,159
Speaker 1: reasonable way to define the size. But you know, you're right,

450
00:23:23,160 --> 00:23:25,000
Speaker 1: you have to think about, like what am my meaning

451
00:23:25,040 --> 00:23:28,000
Speaker 1: by size in this context? In this other context? This

452
00:23:28,240 --> 00:23:30,960
Speaker 1: basic thing we think about like should be obvious to

453
00:23:30,960 --> 00:23:32,760
Speaker 1: talk about is it turns out to have a lot

454
00:23:32,760 --> 00:23:34,600
Speaker 1: of wrinkles to it, all right, So that's kind of

455
00:23:34,600 --> 00:23:36,719
Speaker 1: how you would define an atom is when it starts

456
00:23:36,720 --> 00:23:39,960
Speaker 1: to push back another atom, and how much when you

457
00:23:40,000 --> 00:23:42,199
Speaker 1: crow them inside of a box, you know, what's the

458
00:23:42,320 --> 00:23:45,040
Speaker 1: natural spacing that they have between them? And it's you're

459
00:23:45,040 --> 00:23:48,159
Speaker 1: saying sort of related to those electron clouds, which is

460
00:23:48,160 --> 00:23:50,719
Speaker 1: how kind of how far away the electron goes from

461
00:23:50,760 --> 00:23:56,280
Speaker 1: the nuclei right, Okay, so that's a that's an atom um.

462
00:23:56,320 --> 00:23:58,240
Speaker 1: But I guess it gets strict when you talk about

463
00:23:58,280 --> 00:24:01,680
Speaker 1: individual particles. So let's go down one more level to

464
00:24:01,960 --> 00:24:04,840
Speaker 1: the proton inside of the nucleus. How big? How how

465
00:24:04,840 --> 00:24:06,480
Speaker 1: big would you say a proton is? This is a

466
00:24:06,800 --> 00:24:10,320
Speaker 1: wonderful question. And you know, if you're breaking open the atom,

467
00:24:10,359 --> 00:24:12,520
Speaker 1: if you're shooting electrons at the atom, it's going to

468
00:24:12,600 --> 00:24:15,280
Speaker 1: get repelled by the electrons on the outside of it.

469
00:24:15,320 --> 00:24:17,600
Speaker 1: But if you give them enough energy, then they can

470
00:24:17,640 --> 00:24:19,960
Speaker 1: sort of penetrate through there, and then you can start

471
00:24:20,000 --> 00:24:23,000
Speaker 1: to probe the proton inside there, and you can ask, like,

472
00:24:23,280 --> 00:24:26,720
Speaker 1: how big is this thing? And so we do that exactly.

473
00:24:26,760 --> 00:24:30,639
Speaker 1: We shoot electrons at protons or hydrogen atoms or or

474
00:24:30,640 --> 00:24:32,679
Speaker 1: it doesn't really matter if the electron is there anymore,

475
00:24:32,680 --> 00:24:35,679
Speaker 1: because the probe we're shooting with has so much energy,

476
00:24:35,920 --> 00:24:37,960
Speaker 1: and we see where does it bounce back and where

477
00:24:37,960 --> 00:24:40,280
Speaker 1: does it sort of stop bouncing back, and that gives

478
00:24:40,320 --> 00:24:42,760
Speaker 1: us a sense for how big the proton is, and

479
00:24:42,800 --> 00:24:44,880
Speaker 1: so we actually have a number for that. But it's

480
00:24:44,920 --> 00:24:47,680
Speaker 1: tricky because the proton is also made out of things

481
00:24:47,800 --> 00:24:50,600
Speaker 1: inside of it, sort of like the atom itself. It is.

482
00:24:50,960 --> 00:24:54,280
Speaker 1: Protons are made of smaller bits that are slashing around

483
00:24:54,320 --> 00:24:56,800
Speaker 1: inside of it. Those are the corks. But remember that

484
00:24:56,880 --> 00:24:59,359
Speaker 1: we're trying to define the size of an object, the

485
00:24:59,400 --> 00:25:03,359
Speaker 1: proton this case, not by where the stuff is inside it,

486
00:25:03,400 --> 00:25:06,520
Speaker 1: but where it pushes back. And the corks hang out

487
00:25:06,560 --> 00:25:10,280
Speaker 1: together and push back against the other protons. So if

488
00:25:10,280 --> 00:25:13,520
Speaker 1: we use our definition, it's the distance between the protons

489
00:25:13,760 --> 00:25:16,479
Speaker 1: that's going to determine the size of the protons. And

490
00:25:16,760 --> 00:25:19,560
Speaker 1: that's connected, of course to how the corks are arranged,

491
00:25:19,600 --> 00:25:22,639
Speaker 1: how they're happy to be inside the proton. The proton

492
00:25:22,680 --> 00:25:24,919
Speaker 1: is sort of like a cork atom. I See if

493
00:25:24,960 --> 00:25:27,879
Speaker 1: they were comfortable being a mile apart, you know, like

494
00:25:27,920 --> 00:25:29,520
Speaker 1: if you try to split it more than a mile

495
00:25:29,720 --> 00:25:31,760
Speaker 1: or squish the more of them out, they would prefer

496
00:25:31,840 --> 00:25:34,040
Speaker 1: to be a mile up apart from each other. Now,

497
00:25:34,080 --> 00:25:36,000
Speaker 1: you would say the size of those two electron at

498
00:25:36,080 --> 00:25:38,159
Speaker 1: courts is about a mile. So the size of the

499
00:25:38,160 --> 00:25:40,680
Speaker 1: proton that's that's made up of those corks, yeah, it

500
00:25:40,680 --> 00:25:42,560
Speaker 1: would be about a mile. But you know, we have

501
00:25:42,680 --> 00:25:45,480
Speaker 1: nuclei and they have got protons and neutrons inside of them,

502
00:25:45,720 --> 00:25:48,159
Speaker 1: and each one is like its own little particle. They

503
00:25:48,200 --> 00:25:50,639
Speaker 1: get squeezed together, but they hang out. They keep their

504
00:25:50,680 --> 00:25:53,520
Speaker 1: own little particle nature, and so it's just like packing

505
00:25:53,560 --> 00:25:56,359
Speaker 1: marbles together. You can ask about like the distance between

506
00:25:56,359 --> 00:25:59,119
Speaker 1: the center of one proton and another, or a proton

507
00:25:59,160 --> 00:26:01,000
Speaker 1: and a neutron. That's what we think of as the

508
00:26:01,080 --> 00:26:03,760
Speaker 1: size of the proton. How much can you pack in

509
00:26:03,760 --> 00:26:06,840
Speaker 1: the quarts that are inside of the proton? Yeah, and

510
00:26:06,880 --> 00:26:10,560
Speaker 1: that's a really crazy number. That's like one quadrillionth of

511
00:26:10,600 --> 00:26:14,280
Speaker 1: a meter. It's a really small number. Uh. And that's

512
00:26:14,320 --> 00:26:17,320
Speaker 1: smaller than a nanometer for sure. It's smaller than a

513
00:26:17,320 --> 00:26:24,240
Speaker 1: centimeter as well. It's smaller than a mile apparently as well. Um,

514
00:26:24,320 --> 00:26:27,480
Speaker 1: so that's pretty small. That's pretty small. Yeah, Like, how

515
00:26:27,520 --> 00:26:29,840
Speaker 1: how big is that in relation to like the size

516
00:26:29,840 --> 00:26:32,320
Speaker 1: of an atom. Well, an atom is you know, like

517
00:26:32,560 --> 00:26:36,600
Speaker 1: ten to a hundred ish um trillionth of a meter,

518
00:26:36,840 --> 00:26:39,360
Speaker 1: So this is one quadrillionth of a meter, So it's

519
00:26:39,400 --> 00:26:44,000
Speaker 1: like one ten thousands or one hundred thousands the size

520
00:26:44,000 --> 00:26:47,160
Speaker 1: of an atom. So it's very small compared to the atom.

521
00:26:47,359 --> 00:26:50,600
Speaker 1: Bare to the electron radius, the proton is super tiny. Okay,

522
00:26:50,600 --> 00:26:53,000
Speaker 1: wait wait, so um, we have an atom and how

523
00:26:53,000 --> 00:26:55,680
Speaker 1: about the just the nucleus of the atom. How close

524
00:26:55,720 --> 00:26:59,840
Speaker 1: together are those protons and neutrons in the nucleus packed together?

525
00:27:00,160 --> 00:27:02,600
Speaker 1: Those are very tightly packed together. And and again remember

526
00:27:02,760 --> 00:27:05,160
Speaker 1: that's because that's sort of how the size of the

527
00:27:05,160 --> 00:27:08,480
Speaker 1: proton is determined. It's like how do those things cluster together?

528
00:27:08,960 --> 00:27:11,159
Speaker 1: And so the size of like if you have the

529
00:27:11,280 --> 00:27:14,280
Speaker 1: nucleus of an atom with you know, a hundred protons

530
00:27:14,320 --> 00:27:17,280
Speaker 1: and neutrons in it, it's not that much bigger than

531
00:27:17,280 --> 00:27:20,320
Speaker 1: one protonomy. It's like packing above those marbles together. So

532
00:27:20,320 --> 00:27:23,680
Speaker 1: it's going to be ordered magnitude quadrilliants of a meter.

533
00:27:24,160 --> 00:27:26,800
Speaker 1: Oh wow, so the new And that's why they say,

534
00:27:26,880 --> 00:27:29,679
Speaker 1: like the anatom is mostly empty space because you know

535
00:27:29,720 --> 00:27:31,760
Speaker 1: what you would say is the size of it. Actually

536
00:27:31,840 --> 00:27:35,320
Speaker 1: the nucleus is like this tiny little bit of it inside. Yeah.

537
00:27:35,560 --> 00:27:37,960
Speaker 1: And the way that they probe this is two different ways.

538
00:27:37,960 --> 00:27:41,720
Speaker 1: One is they shoot an electron at proton. But sometimes

539
00:27:41,760 --> 00:27:44,679
Speaker 1: also they just look at an atom. They just watch

540
00:27:44,960 --> 00:27:47,640
Speaker 1: an atom sitting there. It's got a proton and an

541
00:27:47,640 --> 00:27:52,200
Speaker 1: electron and the electron is whizzing all around. And sometimes

542
00:27:52,320 --> 00:27:56,440
Speaker 1: this is super weird. Sometimes the electron goes inside the proton,

543
00:27:57,000 --> 00:27:59,320
Speaker 1: like in a quantum mechanical way, or like it actually

544
00:27:59,320 --> 00:28:06,240
Speaker 1: goes through what's the difference quantum mechanics is reality, dude, um,

545
00:28:06,359 --> 00:28:07,760
Speaker 1: Like if you were to you know, I mean, like

546
00:28:07,800 --> 00:28:10,280
Speaker 1: if you were to open the true Dinger's box and

547
00:28:10,440 --> 00:28:13,600
Speaker 1: you would you would suddenly find it inside of the news. Yeah,

548
00:28:13,720 --> 00:28:16,440
Speaker 1: the electron in one of its states has non zero

549
00:28:16,560 --> 00:28:21,600
Speaker 1: probability density to be inside the proton. And when this happens,

550
00:28:21,680 --> 00:28:25,320
Speaker 1: it's sort of like partially cancels some of the charge

551
00:28:25,400 --> 00:28:27,360
Speaker 1: pull of this thing because you have the electron now

552
00:28:27,480 --> 00:28:31,800
Speaker 1: inside the positive atom and then it escapes. But depending

553
00:28:31,840 --> 00:28:34,919
Speaker 1: on the size of the proton it escaped, this happens

554
00:28:34,960 --> 00:28:38,200
Speaker 1: more or less often, so you can measure like how

555
00:28:38,240 --> 00:28:41,280
Speaker 1: often the electron is inside the proton, and that tells

556
00:28:41,280 --> 00:28:43,400
Speaker 1: you how big the proton is, because the bigger the

557
00:28:43,400 --> 00:28:46,360
Speaker 1: proton is, the more often this happens. So this is

558
00:28:46,400 --> 00:28:48,520
Speaker 1: another way we sort of get a sense for how

559
00:28:48,560 --> 00:28:52,320
Speaker 1: big is the proton. I see, using like probability, like

560
00:28:53,400 --> 00:28:56,040
Speaker 1: you throw a bunch of darts at it, only sometimes

561
00:28:56,040 --> 00:28:58,280
Speaker 1: you hit hit the proton. Then that sort of tells

562
00:28:58,280 --> 00:29:01,720
Speaker 1: you the size. Yeah, exactly, And that's actually the most

563
00:29:01,760 --> 00:29:05,880
Speaker 1: sensitive test. Basically using the hydrogen's own electron, like pass

564
00:29:05,920 --> 00:29:07,440
Speaker 1: it through the proton and give you a sense for

565
00:29:07,520 --> 00:29:09,840
Speaker 1: how big it is. It's crazy. Well, all right, so

566
00:29:09,920 --> 00:29:13,360
Speaker 1: a proton is about you're seeing one ten thousands of

567
00:29:13,440 --> 00:29:16,600
Speaker 1: the size of a typical atom. That's pretty small, because

568
00:29:16,760 --> 00:29:20,640
Speaker 1: a pretty small. So alright, so let's get there. Let's

569
00:29:20,640 --> 00:29:23,440
Speaker 1: get down now to the last level, which is how

570
00:29:23,440 --> 00:29:27,120
Speaker 1: big is an electron? And I imagine that's going to

571
00:29:27,200 --> 00:29:30,160
Speaker 1: be even smaller, but we'll get into that, but first

572
00:29:30,240 --> 00:29:45,239
Speaker 1: let's take a quick break, all right, Daniel. So now

573
00:29:45,280 --> 00:29:48,240
Speaker 1: we're down to one of the fundamental particles, the electron,

574
00:29:48,360 --> 00:29:51,600
Speaker 1: and we're asking the question how big is it? Or

575
00:29:51,680 --> 00:29:57,600
Speaker 1: how small isn't it? Or how big isn't it? Amount

576
00:29:57,600 --> 00:30:01,760
Speaker 1: of negatives here, um and so, And I guess what

577
00:30:01,880 --> 00:30:03,760
Speaker 1: we're talking going to talk about. It sort of applies

578
00:30:03,800 --> 00:30:06,360
Speaker 1: to quarts as well, right, because we're now talking about

579
00:30:06,400 --> 00:30:10,040
Speaker 1: single particles, not like clusters of particles. Yeah, and remember

580
00:30:10,080 --> 00:30:13,560
Speaker 1: that our theory is very hierarchical. We start with matter,

581
00:30:13,680 --> 00:30:16,400
Speaker 1: and then we go to molecules, from molecules to atoms,

582
00:30:16,520 --> 00:30:19,240
Speaker 1: from atoms to protons and electrons, and then to quarks

583
00:30:19,240 --> 00:30:22,320
Speaker 1: and electrons, and we're sort of have shells inside shells

584
00:30:22,320 --> 00:30:24,600
Speaker 1: inside shells, and so this is sort of our current

585
00:30:24,680 --> 00:30:27,240
Speaker 1: level of knowledge, and we can ask like, are these

586
00:30:27,240 --> 00:30:30,400
Speaker 1: particles that we see, um, are they the smallest possible thing?

587
00:30:30,520 --> 00:30:32,800
Speaker 1: Or is it possible there's something else inside them? So

588
00:30:33,120 --> 00:30:35,520
Speaker 1: you're right there, quarks and electrons are sort of as

589
00:30:35,600 --> 00:30:38,400
Speaker 1: far as we've gone, and so in some sense, asking

590
00:30:38,440 --> 00:30:41,360
Speaker 1: how big are they is asking are they the end?

591
00:30:41,400 --> 00:30:45,280
Speaker 1: Are they the tiniest, smallest possible thing? Or they possibly

592
00:30:45,360 --> 00:30:48,239
Speaker 1: made of something smaller? Oh? I see, because if you

593
00:30:48,320 --> 00:30:52,360
Speaker 1: can split them, that means there's something smaller inside. I

594
00:30:52,400 --> 00:30:55,040
Speaker 1: guess that's pretty obvious. And that's for you. That sounds

595
00:30:55,080 --> 00:30:57,560
Speaker 1: deep and it is deep, but it's also kind of obvious,

596
00:30:57,600 --> 00:30:59,560
Speaker 1: like if you can break it into smaller pieces, then

597
00:30:59,600 --> 00:31:02,239
Speaker 1: it's there were made of something else. As far as

598
00:31:02,280 --> 00:31:04,960
Speaker 1: we know, quarks and electrons are not yet made of

599
00:31:05,040 --> 00:31:08,200
Speaker 1: something smaller. But that doesn't tell you necessarily how big

600
00:31:08,240 --> 00:31:10,600
Speaker 1: they are. Right, they could be the smallest possible thing

601
00:31:10,840 --> 00:31:14,760
Speaker 1: and still have a finite size. Right they could be um,

602
00:31:14,840 --> 00:31:17,040
Speaker 1: the legos of the universe. Lego. Yeah, it could be

603
00:31:17,040 --> 00:31:20,080
Speaker 1: the smallest lego you can have, but um, that can

604
00:31:20,120 --> 00:31:22,560
Speaker 1: be smaller, smaller, big, that could be smaller big, And

605
00:31:22,600 --> 00:31:25,440
Speaker 1: that's fascinating when you learn a number about the universe. Like,

606
00:31:25,520 --> 00:31:28,800
Speaker 1: let's say we somehow proved that quirks and electrons are

607
00:31:28,800 --> 00:31:31,440
Speaker 1: not made of anything smaller. They have the smallest lego blocks,

608
00:31:31,680 --> 00:31:34,600
Speaker 1: and we measured their size, Then we'd we'd know something

609
00:31:34,760 --> 00:31:37,520
Speaker 1: really deep and basic about the universe, like it's made

610
00:31:37,520 --> 00:31:39,800
Speaker 1: of legos this size, and you have to wonder, like, well,

611
00:31:39,920 --> 00:31:42,239
Speaker 1: why that size and not something else? What does that

612
00:31:42,520 --> 00:31:46,440
Speaker 1: tell you about the universe to know that fundamental fact? Yeah?

613
00:31:46,440 --> 00:31:48,520
Speaker 1: Did you know there are legos that are smaller than

614
00:31:48,960 --> 00:31:52,240
Speaker 1: the single unit lego? What? Like you you would think

615
00:31:52,240 --> 00:31:55,480
Speaker 1: the smallest lego is just like one square with one

616
00:31:55,840 --> 00:31:58,320
Speaker 1: circle on it, right by saying people have smashed the

617
00:31:58,400 --> 00:32:02,160
Speaker 1: legos together and make some legos covered the constituent pieces

618
00:32:02,160 --> 00:32:05,080
Speaker 1: and legos. No, yeah, they make uh this is kind

619
00:32:05,120 --> 00:32:08,840
Speaker 1: of weird but uh probably not consequential. But um, they

620
00:32:08,880 --> 00:32:12,640
Speaker 1: make smaller pieces. It makes pieces that fit inside of

621
00:32:12,840 --> 00:32:17,120
Speaker 1: the whole that some of the single circle lego pieces

622
00:32:17,120 --> 00:32:19,400
Speaker 1: have inside. Oh my god, you have just violated the

623
00:32:19,440 --> 00:32:23,160
Speaker 1: standard model of legos. Noble price. Please you've got the

624
00:32:23,880 --> 00:32:28,000
Speaker 1: prize from that one. Anyways, Um, so, yeah, so let's

625
00:32:28,040 --> 00:32:30,440
Speaker 1: talk about how big an electron Isn't let's use that

626
00:32:30,560 --> 00:32:34,760
Speaker 1: as our single particle example. And does it even make

627
00:32:34,800 --> 00:32:37,479
Speaker 1: sense to talk about the size of a single particle, Daniel,

628
00:32:37,800 --> 00:32:39,640
Speaker 1: It's hard to talk about the size of a single

629
00:32:39,680 --> 00:32:42,200
Speaker 1: particle if you haven't measured the stuff inside of it.

630
00:32:42,400 --> 00:32:45,480
Speaker 1: Because we've talked about the size of atoms and protons

631
00:32:46,080 --> 00:32:48,920
Speaker 1: based on like how happy this stuff inside of it

632
00:32:48,960 --> 00:32:51,400
Speaker 1: is to be next near each other, like how closely

633
00:32:51,440 --> 00:32:54,560
Speaker 1: does it pack? So for a fundamental particle you have

634
00:32:54,640 --> 00:32:57,160
Speaker 1: to go back to like the poking it and be like, well,

635
00:32:57,200 --> 00:32:59,960
Speaker 1: if I poked an electron with a stick, where were

636
00:33:00,240 --> 00:33:04,160
Speaker 1: pushed back? But that's sort of unsatisfying to me. Couldn't

637
00:33:04,200 --> 00:33:07,040
Speaker 1: can't I just you know, pack a bunch of electrons

638
00:33:07,080 --> 00:33:10,240
Speaker 1: in a in a glass jar and see, wouldn't that

639
00:33:10,280 --> 00:33:11,880
Speaker 1: tell me sort of the size of it, Like how

640
00:33:11,920 --> 00:33:14,719
Speaker 1: comfortable an electron is to another electron or to a proton.

641
00:33:14,800 --> 00:33:17,160
Speaker 1: Wouldn't that sort of tell you this sort of the size,

642
00:33:17,240 --> 00:33:20,360
Speaker 1: just like we did with the marbles and the atoms. Yeah,

643
00:33:20,360 --> 00:33:22,440
Speaker 1: that sounds like a really fun experiment. I want to

644
00:33:22,440 --> 00:33:25,600
Speaker 1: take like a gas of pure electrons and squeeze it

645
00:33:25,640 --> 00:33:28,200
Speaker 1: down together and see what happens. The problem is that

646
00:33:28,240 --> 00:33:30,200
Speaker 1: there's not like a clear answer, like the heart do

647
00:33:30,240 --> 00:33:32,800
Speaker 1: you squeeze the closer they get together, it's not like

648
00:33:32,840 --> 00:33:36,360
Speaker 1: an equilibrium like with protons or with atoms, because these

649
00:33:36,400 --> 00:33:39,600
Speaker 1: are all just negatively charged particles. There's no chill state

650
00:33:39,600 --> 00:33:42,880
Speaker 1: where they're like, hey, you're there, I'm here. All is good,

651
00:33:44,000 --> 00:33:46,360
Speaker 1: and so instead you want to like take them and

652
00:33:46,400 --> 00:33:48,120
Speaker 1: like poke them, like, well, if you poke them with

653
00:33:48,160 --> 00:33:50,680
Speaker 1: an electron, then they bounce back for sure, But what

654
00:33:50,720 --> 00:33:53,280
Speaker 1: if you poke them with neutrinos then they don't bounce

655
00:33:53,320 --> 00:33:55,320
Speaker 1: back at all, Or what if you poke them with

656
00:33:55,440 --> 00:33:57,800
Speaker 1: dark matter? Then they don't bounce back, And so you're

657
00:33:57,840 --> 00:34:00,959
Speaker 1: back to this like fuzziness of like you know, if

658
00:34:01,000 --> 00:34:04,160
Speaker 1: it depends on how it's pushing back, then it depends

659
00:34:04,160 --> 00:34:06,720
Speaker 1: on what you're poking it with. And then size isn't

660
00:34:06,760 --> 00:34:10,520
Speaker 1: something that's like inherent to the object. It's about the interaction,

661
00:34:10,600 --> 00:34:13,080
Speaker 1: which means it depends also on the thing you're interacting

662
00:34:13,080 --> 00:34:15,680
Speaker 1: it with, which is so frustrating. Oh, I see what

663
00:34:15,719 --> 00:34:17,680
Speaker 1: you're saying. Like if I had a cloud of electrons,

664
00:34:18,280 --> 00:34:21,160
Speaker 1: you could maybe talk about where the cloud is, and

665
00:34:21,200 --> 00:34:23,879
Speaker 1: where the cloud isn't, where the electors are and where

666
00:34:23,920 --> 00:34:26,520
Speaker 1: there aren't. But with one single electron, it's hard to

667
00:34:26,520 --> 00:34:29,080
Speaker 1: say where it ends. It's hard to say where it ends,

668
00:34:29,120 --> 00:34:31,080
Speaker 1: like is there a left side to the electron and

669
00:34:31,120 --> 00:34:33,839
Speaker 1: the right side to the electron? Are those things even

670
00:34:33,840 --> 00:34:36,960
Speaker 1: the same thing? Because it depends on what you you're

671
00:34:37,000 --> 00:34:38,960
Speaker 1: trying to touch it with, right, Like, if you're trying

672
00:34:39,000 --> 00:34:41,800
Speaker 1: to touch it with another electron, it would maybe repel

673
00:34:41,880 --> 00:34:44,160
Speaker 1: at a certain distance, But if you try to poke

674
00:34:44,200 --> 00:34:46,600
Speaker 1: it with a proton, then it would maybe attract at

675
00:34:46,600 --> 00:34:50,800
Speaker 1: a different distance. Yeah, well not so much electron versus proton,

676
00:34:50,840 --> 00:34:53,400
Speaker 1: because they both feel the electromagnetism. But what if you

677
00:34:53,520 --> 00:34:56,000
Speaker 1: used a different force, if you use like the weak

678
00:34:56,120 --> 00:34:58,799
Speaker 1: nuclear force, or if you used you know, gravity, or

679
00:34:58,800 --> 00:35:01,239
Speaker 1: if you used electromagnetism, is them than the size that

680
00:35:01,239 --> 00:35:05,680
Speaker 1: you would get from electron is different. And we're turning

681
00:35:05,719 --> 00:35:10,400
Speaker 1: to a neutrino. An electron has those eyes. It doesn't like,

682
00:35:10,520 --> 00:35:13,200
Speaker 1: I don't care, Like the neutrino doesn't care. A neutrino

683
00:35:13,440 --> 00:35:15,799
Speaker 1: would pass through a cloud of electrons and have a

684
00:35:15,960 --> 00:35:19,680
Speaker 1: much lower chance of interacting than another electron would, like

685
00:35:19,719 --> 00:35:22,680
Speaker 1: it wouldn't even know it's there, yeah, or dark matter, right,

686
00:35:22,719 --> 00:35:25,279
Speaker 1: pokeing a pile of electrons with a stick of dark matter,

687
00:35:25,320 --> 00:35:28,640
Speaker 1: you're gonna get almost no interactions, or maybe no interactions.

688
00:35:28,680 --> 00:35:31,160
Speaker 1: We don't even know about dark matter. And this is

689
00:35:31,200 --> 00:35:33,840
Speaker 1: the problem. It makes sense to define size in terms

690
00:35:33,840 --> 00:35:37,120
Speaker 1: of interactions, like where is something pushed back, But it

691
00:35:37,160 --> 00:35:39,440
Speaker 1: also is troublesome because then it depends on what you're

692
00:35:39,480 --> 00:35:41,880
Speaker 1: pushing on it with. So that's kind of a problem

693
00:35:41,960 --> 00:35:44,880
Speaker 1: in defining the size of an electron because it depends

694
00:35:44,880 --> 00:35:46,480
Speaker 1: on what you poke it with. So then we try

695
00:35:46,480 --> 00:35:48,279
Speaker 1: something else. We say, well, let's think about it like

696
00:35:48,400 --> 00:35:52,160
Speaker 1: quantum mechanically, Like we've talked about where the electron is,

697
00:35:52,200 --> 00:35:55,480
Speaker 1: and it's defined by like it's quantum mechanical wave function,

698
00:35:55,880 --> 00:35:57,640
Speaker 1: and you know you were talking about like those balloon

699
00:35:57,680 --> 00:36:00,520
Speaker 1: shapes where the electron is. You know, it's the sort

700
00:36:00,520 --> 00:36:02,920
Speaker 1: of the most you can localize an electron, Like what's

701
00:36:02,960 --> 00:36:05,200
Speaker 1: the size of that quantum packet? You want to think

702
00:36:05,200 --> 00:36:08,400
Speaker 1: about it like as a tiny quantum object. That's like

703
00:36:08,440 --> 00:36:10,600
Speaker 1: another way to try to grapple with it because their

704
00:36:10,640 --> 00:36:12,759
Speaker 1: probability curves right, Like you know where the cloud is

705
00:36:12,800 --> 00:36:15,600
Speaker 1: fuzzy tells you that the probability that the electron is

706
00:36:15,640 --> 00:36:18,919
Speaker 1: there is small, but where the cloud is kind of thick,

707
00:36:19,040 --> 00:36:21,520
Speaker 1: it tells you that there's a high probability that the

708
00:36:21,560 --> 00:36:23,680
Speaker 1: electron is there. But that doesn't really give you any

709
00:36:23,719 --> 00:36:27,120
Speaker 1: insight because that size can be almost anything. It depends

710
00:36:27,120 --> 00:36:31,200
Speaker 1: on the uncertainty principle. If you know almost nothing about

711
00:36:31,239 --> 00:36:34,719
Speaker 1: the velocity of the momentum of the electron, then you

712
00:36:34,760 --> 00:36:36,919
Speaker 1: can know exactly where it is, which means it has

713
00:36:36,960 --> 00:36:41,759
Speaker 1: like zero that quantum mechanical packets zero with And on

714
00:36:41,800 --> 00:36:45,279
Speaker 1: the flip side, if you know everything about its velocity,

715
00:36:45,600 --> 00:36:49,440
Speaker 1: then it's packet is infinitely wide, like exists everywhere in

716
00:36:49,440 --> 00:36:53,839
Speaker 1: the universe simultaneously have like a universe sized electron. So

717
00:36:53,920 --> 00:36:57,160
Speaker 1: that's intellectually not that satisfying either. But what if you

718
00:36:57,200 --> 00:36:59,839
Speaker 1: assume an electron is just standing still, like when you're

719
00:37:00,040 --> 00:37:03,000
Speaker 1: to measure your kid how all they are and it's

720
00:37:03,040 --> 00:37:05,000
Speaker 1: impossible because they keep moving. But what if you can

721
00:37:05,040 --> 00:37:08,280
Speaker 1: get it to stand still? Oh wouldn't what would that happen?

722
00:37:08,280 --> 00:37:11,200
Speaker 1: Would you be able to then get a pretty accurate size.

723
00:37:11,280 --> 00:37:13,760
Speaker 1: If you're measuring the velocity of the particle, you're getting

724
00:37:13,760 --> 00:37:16,239
Speaker 1: it to stand still has no velocity, and you say

725
00:37:16,239 --> 00:37:19,720
Speaker 1: it has zero velocity, then it has infinite size because

726
00:37:19,760 --> 00:37:22,560
Speaker 1: you can't know the product. Remember the product of the

727
00:37:22,640 --> 00:37:26,040
Speaker 1: position and momentum uncertainty has to equal a certain number.

728
00:37:26,080 --> 00:37:28,560
Speaker 1: And so if you're narrowing down the speed of the

729
00:37:28,560 --> 00:37:31,880
Speaker 1: electron really really well, that means you don't know anything

730
00:37:31,920 --> 00:37:34,960
Speaker 1: about where it is. It's an infinite plane. Wave size

731
00:37:35,040 --> 00:37:40,200
Speaker 1: is only distance, whereas you know in particle physics, distance

732
00:37:40,280 --> 00:37:43,000
Speaker 1: is kind of intertwined with time as well in velocity.

733
00:37:43,120 --> 00:37:44,600
Speaker 1: But then on the flip side, if you say I

734
00:37:44,640 --> 00:37:46,640
Speaker 1: don't care at all about how fast it is, I

735
00:37:46,680 --> 00:37:49,000
Speaker 1: just want to know where it is, then you can

736
00:37:49,040 --> 00:37:51,399
Speaker 1: localize it as much as you want. You can make

737
00:37:51,400 --> 00:37:54,360
Speaker 1: it infinitely narrow. And so that also doesn't give you

738
00:37:54,360 --> 00:37:56,640
Speaker 1: any sense of like the size of the electron. So

739
00:37:56,800 --> 00:38:01,959
Speaker 1: strike to we can can use poking or are quantum mathematics.

740
00:38:01,960 --> 00:38:05,200
Speaker 1: So does that mean that the electron has no size,

741
00:38:05,200 --> 00:38:07,440
Speaker 1: that it's impossible to define the size of an electron.

742
00:38:07,600 --> 00:38:10,160
Speaker 1: It kind of does currently. I mean in our theory,

743
00:38:10,360 --> 00:38:12,960
Speaker 1: the way we actually use it is we assume the

744
00:38:13,000 --> 00:38:16,600
Speaker 1: electron has no size at all, It has zero volume.

745
00:38:16,880 --> 00:38:19,520
Speaker 1: That it's just like a point in space. The left

746
00:38:19,719 --> 00:38:21,719
Speaker 1: is the right, the top is the bottom, the back

747
00:38:22,000 --> 00:38:24,839
Speaker 1: is the front. There's no extent to it at all.

748
00:38:25,080 --> 00:38:27,719
Speaker 1: It's sort of mathematically and and because of all the

749
00:38:27,719 --> 00:38:30,759
Speaker 1: things we just talked about, I guess that that's true. Yeah,

750
00:38:30,840 --> 00:38:33,520
Speaker 1: you can't measure the size of an electron. It doesn't

751
00:38:33,520 --> 00:38:35,520
Speaker 1: make any sense to think about it. Yeah, in our theories,

752
00:38:35,520 --> 00:38:38,680
Speaker 1: we just put zero because we assume that there's nothing there.

753
00:38:39,160 --> 00:38:41,200
Speaker 1: We have no way to really see the size of

754
00:38:41,239 --> 00:38:43,879
Speaker 1: the electron. But you know, we do continue to try.

755
00:38:43,920 --> 00:38:48,359
Speaker 1: We do smash particles at the electron, hoping that we'll

756
00:38:48,360 --> 00:38:50,960
Speaker 1: see a break open, hoping that we'll see other little

757
00:38:50,960 --> 00:38:53,520
Speaker 1: particles come out of it. But I guess getting back

758
00:38:53,520 --> 00:38:56,799
Speaker 1: to the size of the electron itself, um, I mean,

759
00:38:56,840 --> 00:38:58,920
Speaker 1: it's not like it has no size because it's it's

760
00:38:58,920 --> 00:39:01,600
Speaker 1: not a mile wide, Like, would you even say that

761
00:39:01,640 --> 00:39:05,040
Speaker 1: the electron is all electrons are a mile mile wide?

762
00:39:05,239 --> 00:39:06,600
Speaker 1: I don't know what to say for the size of

763
00:39:06,600 --> 00:39:08,920
Speaker 1: the electron, you know, And that's why I predicted, I

764
00:39:08,960 --> 00:39:15,000
Speaker 1: think correctly, that you'd be unsatisfied with Oh my god,

765
00:39:15,160 --> 00:39:18,799
Speaker 1: it's not really you can't tell the future, can Yeah, well,

766
00:39:18,800 --> 00:39:20,959
Speaker 1: I can in this case, like I think the way

767
00:39:21,120 --> 00:39:23,480
Speaker 1: I think about it currently is as a point, But

768
00:39:23,560 --> 00:39:27,120
Speaker 1: I also know that that makes no sense because like,

769
00:39:27,239 --> 00:39:29,960
Speaker 1: how do you have something that has mass but has

770
00:39:30,040 --> 00:39:33,120
Speaker 1: no volume because then has infinite density, which is nonsense,

771
00:39:33,840 --> 00:39:36,560
Speaker 1: right is it? Electrons have mass, they have mass, and

772
00:39:36,600 --> 00:39:39,400
Speaker 1: they have charge, Like where does that charge go? Where

773
00:39:39,560 --> 00:39:42,240
Speaker 1: is it in the electron if it has no volume.

774
00:39:42,280 --> 00:39:45,239
Speaker 1: We're just used to thinking about stuff as having sizes

775
00:39:45,280 --> 00:39:48,359
Speaker 1: having volume, So to imagine that the basic building box

776
00:39:48,400 --> 00:39:52,320
Speaker 1: of the universe themselves are of zero volume is really weird.

777
00:39:52,560 --> 00:39:55,320
Speaker 1: But I guess maybe you know that that's the theory

778
00:39:55,360 --> 00:39:58,839
Speaker 1: of it. But practically speaking, I mean, we can talk

779
00:39:58,840 --> 00:40:01,080
Speaker 1: about what's what's practical to you and me is like

780
00:40:01,280 --> 00:40:04,319
Speaker 1: electromagnetic forces, right, you know, And it doesn't make sense

781
00:40:04,320 --> 00:40:06,600
Speaker 1: in terms of neutrinos are dark matter, but kind of

782
00:40:06,640 --> 00:40:10,400
Speaker 1: what's practical electromagnetic forces? And so couldn't we sort of

783
00:40:10,520 --> 00:40:13,000
Speaker 1: maybe give a practical size to the electron because of that,

784
00:40:13,080 --> 00:40:17,400
Speaker 1: like like what's the closest to electrons in one atom?

785
00:40:17,560 --> 00:40:20,480
Speaker 1: How close can they get to electrons in another atom?

786
00:40:20,640 --> 00:40:24,000
Speaker 1: Wouldn't that give you a general size? Yeah, and we've

787
00:40:24,040 --> 00:40:26,800
Speaker 1: done that we like pounded electrons near each other and

788
00:40:26,800 --> 00:40:30,240
Speaker 1: try to get them as close together as possible, And

789
00:40:30,480 --> 00:40:32,840
Speaker 1: so far we haven't found a limit, Like, there's no

790
00:40:33,000 --> 00:40:35,960
Speaker 1: point at which the electrons will not get closer to

791
00:40:36,000 --> 00:40:39,279
Speaker 1: each other. And so far we've gotten down about ten

792
00:40:39,360 --> 00:40:42,920
Speaker 1: to the minus twenty meters. And you do that by

793
00:40:42,920 --> 00:40:46,960
Speaker 1: shooting really high energy electrons at other electrons and try

794
00:40:47,000 --> 00:40:49,239
Speaker 1: to get them really close together. So that's as far

795
00:40:49,280 --> 00:40:51,400
Speaker 1: as we could tell. We can't tell the difference between

796
00:40:51,800 --> 00:40:54,880
Speaker 1: the electrons have no volume, and they have some volume

797
00:40:55,000 --> 00:40:57,600
Speaker 1: that's smaller than ten to the minus twenty. We can't

798
00:40:57,600 --> 00:41:00,279
Speaker 1: tell the difference. So far. They look like their point like,

799
00:41:00,680 --> 00:41:03,520
Speaker 1: but we have some sort of limited resolution there in

800
00:41:03,560 --> 00:41:05,840
Speaker 1: our ability to probe. So what happens if I the

801
00:41:05,840 --> 00:41:08,520
Speaker 1: whole universe was just like a proton and an electron,

802
00:41:08,560 --> 00:41:11,560
Speaker 1: I guess the electron would orbit the proton. That's what

803
00:41:11,840 --> 00:41:15,640
Speaker 1: hydrogen is. Yeah, The size the hydrogen comes from their interactions. Right,

804
00:41:15,960 --> 00:41:17,520
Speaker 1: Most of the volume of all the stuff in the

805
00:41:17,640 --> 00:41:20,840
Speaker 1: universe comes from the interactions, not from any actual volume

806
00:41:20,880 --> 00:41:22,799
Speaker 1: of the particles that make them up. All right, Well,

807
00:41:23,040 --> 00:41:29,440
Speaker 1: you're right, this is very unsatisfying. Anim Well, that's satisfying

808
00:41:29,480 --> 00:41:31,239
Speaker 1: to me that at least I was right about that.

809
00:41:31,600 --> 00:41:33,440
Speaker 1: But it's a it's a really fun puzzle because I

810
00:41:33,440 --> 00:41:36,120
Speaker 1: think it's interesting to try to grapple with the quantum

811
00:41:36,120 --> 00:41:39,040
Speaker 1: realm and try to understand what are the limits of

812
00:41:39,040 --> 00:41:42,520
Speaker 1: our ability to map these concepts size and mass and

813
00:41:42,600 --> 00:41:45,520
Speaker 1: charge and velocity down to these tiny particles that, in

814
00:41:45,560 --> 00:41:49,399
Speaker 1: the end are the reality, are the truth about our universe. Yeah,

815
00:41:49,400 --> 00:41:51,680
Speaker 1: And I think it's interesting how, you know, you sort

816
00:41:51,680 --> 00:41:54,120
Speaker 1: of put it that it's all about the interactions, you know,

817
00:41:54,280 --> 00:41:57,640
Speaker 1: And it's hard to think about an electron not having

818
00:41:57,680 --> 00:42:00,520
Speaker 1: like a surface or you know, an st where it's

819
00:42:00,520 --> 00:42:03,680
Speaker 1: no longer an electron, And it all sort of depends

820
00:42:03,719 --> 00:42:06,319
Speaker 1: on what you're trying to look at it with, you know,

821
00:42:06,400 --> 00:42:08,040
Speaker 1: Like if you're trying to look at it with neutrinos,

822
00:42:08,120 --> 00:42:11,279
Speaker 1: then you wouldn't see anything at all. Yeah, But if

823
00:42:11,280 --> 00:42:13,839
Speaker 1: you looked at it with the electrons, it would feel

824
00:42:13,880 --> 00:42:16,000
Speaker 1: like a certain size maybe. Yeah. And this is connected

825
00:42:16,040 --> 00:42:17,759
Speaker 1: to some of the other puzzles we talked about, like

826
00:42:17,840 --> 00:42:21,080
Speaker 1: does the electron actually spin? We know that it's either

827
00:42:21,160 --> 00:42:23,319
Speaker 1: a point, in which case it doesn't make sense for

828
00:42:23,360 --> 00:42:26,759
Speaker 1: it to spin like a point literally cannot spin, or

829
00:42:26,800 --> 00:42:29,080
Speaker 1: that it's super tiny. But if it's super tiny and

830
00:42:29,080 --> 00:42:32,359
Speaker 1: it has a surface, then it's spinning so fast that

831
00:42:32,360 --> 00:42:35,000
Speaker 1: that surface is moving faster than the speed of light.

832
00:42:35,520 --> 00:42:38,239
Speaker 1: So at some point, like it doesn't even make sense

833
00:42:38,280 --> 00:42:41,000
Speaker 1: for it to have a non zero size. At some point,

834
00:42:41,000 --> 00:42:44,399
Speaker 1: nothing makes sense, Daniel, life is meaningless, And that's usually

835
00:42:44,440 --> 00:42:50,640
Speaker 1: about forty five minutes into every episode. The incredible thing

836
00:42:50,760 --> 00:42:52,759
Speaker 1: is that we can understand it at all, That we

837
00:42:52,800 --> 00:42:55,680
Speaker 1: can take these ideas from our everyday experience of like

838
00:42:56,000 --> 00:42:59,120
Speaker 1: eating bananas and throwing balls around, and then it can

839
00:42:59,120 --> 00:43:02,080
Speaker 1: give us any side into the microscopic. You know that,

840
00:43:02,120 --> 00:43:05,880
Speaker 1: because the microscopic is so weird, so alien, it's incredible

841
00:43:05,920 --> 00:43:07,759
Speaker 1: it works at all that I even have a job.

842
00:43:08,160 --> 00:43:10,120
Speaker 1: But yeah, but that's the thing it was. We don't

843
00:43:10,200 --> 00:43:13,000
Speaker 1: understand it, but yet at the same time we're able to,

844
00:43:13,480 --> 00:43:16,239
Speaker 1: you know, predict it and describe it with math. But

845
00:43:16,280 --> 00:43:19,719
Speaker 1: that doesn't mean we understand it, right, That's what understanding is.

846
00:43:19,920 --> 00:43:21,760
Speaker 1: As far as I know, I don't know any deeper

847
00:43:22,000 --> 00:43:23,880
Speaker 1: level of understanding. When you pass it off to the

848
00:43:23,880 --> 00:43:26,200
Speaker 1: philosophers and you can ask them, like, you know, what

849
00:43:26,239 --> 00:43:29,480
Speaker 1: does it mean? Man? But in the end. What we're

850
00:43:29,480 --> 00:43:31,920
Speaker 1: trying to do is physicists is just sort of describe

851
00:43:31,960 --> 00:43:34,680
Speaker 1: accurately the world we see around us, build a model

852
00:43:34,719 --> 00:43:37,600
Speaker 1: in our heads that makes sense, describe all this unknown

853
00:43:37,640 --> 00:43:40,560
Speaker 1: in terms of the known. That's that's all the understanding

854
00:43:40,560 --> 00:43:42,279
Speaker 1: we can hope for. Well, I guess what I mean

855
00:43:42,360 --> 00:43:44,600
Speaker 1: is like at some point we thought the proton was

856
00:43:44,640 --> 00:43:47,480
Speaker 1: a proton, and we had to math to describe it,

857
00:43:47,520 --> 00:43:49,440
Speaker 1: and we thought we understood it. But then then it

858
00:43:49,719 --> 00:43:51,640
Speaker 1: turned out we that we there was more to the

859
00:43:51,640 --> 00:43:55,120
Speaker 1: proton than we thought, and we didn't actually understand the proton.

860
00:43:55,360 --> 00:43:58,040
Speaker 1: It was made out of quirks, for example. So I

861
00:43:58,080 --> 00:44:00,280
Speaker 1: feel like, you know, you have a mathematical di ccription

862
00:44:00,320 --> 00:44:03,360
Speaker 1: of stuff, but you don't know if you're really understanding

863
00:44:03,400 --> 00:44:05,920
Speaker 1: it to the fundamental level. And all of these mathematical

864
00:44:05,920 --> 00:44:08,600
Speaker 1: descriptions they work up to a point. Like your idea

865
00:44:08,800 --> 00:44:11,319
Speaker 1: thinking about a proton as a fundamental particle as a

866
00:44:11,320 --> 00:44:14,879
Speaker 1: point particle that mostly works. It works unless you get

867
00:44:14,920 --> 00:44:17,560
Speaker 1: up to really high energies, energies where you can see

868
00:44:18,040 --> 00:44:21,200
Speaker 1: inside the proton, because the energies are greater than the

869
00:44:21,200 --> 00:44:24,440
Speaker 1: bonds that are holding the proton together. And so as

870
00:44:24,480 --> 00:44:27,040
Speaker 1: we keep pushing to higher and higher energies. We're looking

871
00:44:27,160 --> 00:44:30,600
Speaker 1: deeper and deeper into the real truth the smallest scales

872
00:44:30,600 --> 00:44:33,239
Speaker 1: of the universe. And that's what limits how small we

873
00:44:33,280 --> 00:44:35,799
Speaker 1: can see is the energy with which we probe it.

874
00:44:35,840 --> 00:44:38,959
Speaker 1: And that's why, like building a bigger super collider would

875
00:44:39,040 --> 00:44:41,960
Speaker 1: let us maybe see whether the electron had bits inside

876
00:44:41,960 --> 00:44:46,920
Speaker 1: of it. Yeah, keep funding physics is hey, I'm on message.

877
00:44:46,960 --> 00:44:51,800
Speaker 1: If nothing else, keep sending those checks. Please, if you

878
00:44:51,880 --> 00:44:55,160
Speaker 1: have to pick between donating to bananas or fundamental physics,

879
00:44:55,440 --> 00:44:58,640
Speaker 1: you know where I stand on that. Bananas, right, because

880
00:44:58,920 --> 00:45:01,960
Speaker 1: bananas are made out of fundamental partners. All right, Well,

881
00:45:02,000 --> 00:45:04,160
Speaker 1: we hope you enjoyed that, And maybe the next time

882
00:45:04,280 --> 00:45:06,879
Speaker 1: you take a bite out of a banana or your

883
00:45:07,320 --> 00:45:10,479
Speaker 1: fruit of choice, maybe think about what it actually means

884
00:45:10,480 --> 00:45:12,320
Speaker 1: to take a bite. I feel like we've thrown everything

885
00:45:12,360 --> 00:45:14,440
Speaker 1: into question now, Daniel, Like, what does it even mean

886
00:45:14,480 --> 00:45:17,000
Speaker 1: to take a bite into When my teeth end and

887
00:45:17,040 --> 00:45:19,000
Speaker 1: when does the banana begin? I don't know, but every

888
00:45:19,000 --> 00:45:22,640
Speaker 1: banana you've ever eaten is made out of zero volume particles.

889
00:45:22,840 --> 00:45:25,160
Speaker 1: Chew on that and think about it until next week.

890
00:45:25,200 --> 00:45:34,920
Speaker 1: Thanks for joining us, See you next time. Before you

891
00:45:35,040 --> 00:45:37,920
Speaker 1: still have a question after listening to all these explanations,

892
00:45:37,960 --> 00:45:40,920
Speaker 1: please drop us a line. We'd love to hear from you.

893
00:45:40,920 --> 00:45:43,759
Speaker 1: You can find us at Facebook, Twitter, and Instagram at

894
00:45:44,080 --> 00:45:47,160
Speaker 1: Daniel and Jorge That's one Word, or email us at

895
00:45:47,480 --> 00:45:51,160
Speaker 1: Feedback at Daniel and Jorge dot com. Thanks for listening,

896
00:45:51,200 --> 00:45:53,920
Speaker 1: and remember that Daniel and Jorge Explain the Universe is

897
00:45:53,960 --> 00:45:57,480
Speaker 1: a production of I Heart Radio. For more podcast from

898
00:45:57,480 --> 00:46:01,200
Speaker 1: My Heart Radio, visit the i heart Radio app, Apple Podcasts,

899
00:46:01,360 --> 00:46:12,719
Speaker 1: or wherever you listen to your favorite shows. Yeah m