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When you pop 10 00:00:29,320 --> 00:00:31,240 Speaker 1: a piece of cheese into your mouth, you're probably not 11 00:00:31,360 --> 00:00:34,280 Speaker 1: thinking about the environmental impact. But the people in the 12 00:00:34,360 --> 00:00:37,680 Speaker 1: dairy industry are. That's why they're working hard every day 13 00:00:37,720 --> 00:00:40,760 Speaker 1: to find new ways to reduce waste, conserve natural resources, 14 00:00:40,800 --> 00:00:44,360 Speaker 1: and drive down greenhouse gas emissions. How is US Dairy 15 00:00:44,400 --> 00:00:48,520 Speaker 1: tackling greenhouse gases? Many farms use anaerobic digesters to turn 16 00:00:48,560 --> 00:00:53,080 Speaker 1: the methane from manure into renewable energy that can power farms, towns, 17 00:00:53,120 --> 00:00:57,240 Speaker 1: and electric cars. Visit us dairy dot COM's Last Sustainability 18 00:00:57,280 --> 00:00:58,000 Speaker 1: to learn more. 19 00:00:58,640 --> 00:01:01,600 Speaker 2: Everyone loves getting good at advice and staying in the know. 20 00:01:02,320 --> 00:01:04,880 Speaker 2: There's nothing like getting a heads up on something before 21 00:01:04,920 --> 00:01:07,280 Speaker 2: you've even had time to think about whether you need 22 00:01:07,440 --> 00:01:11,920 Speaker 2: or want it. Well, Thankfully, AT and T provides personalized 23 00:01:11,959 --> 00:01:15,120 Speaker 2: recommendations and solutions so you get what's right for you. 24 00:01:15,680 --> 00:01:18,319 Speaker 2: Whether right for you means a plan that's better suited 25 00:01:18,360 --> 00:01:21,039 Speaker 2: for you and your family, or a product that makes 26 00:01:21,080 --> 00:01:24,960 Speaker 2: sense for you and your lifestyle. So relax and let 27 00:01:25,000 --> 00:01:29,440 Speaker 2: AT and T provide proactive recommendations to help empower your 28 00:01:29,480 --> 00:01:40,080 Speaker 2: best connected life. 29 00:01:41,160 --> 00:01:42,759 Speaker 1: You know, I look up at the sky at night 30 00:01:42,920 --> 00:01:45,160 Speaker 1: and one of the most amazing things to start is 31 00:01:45,200 --> 00:01:48,360 Speaker 1: the moon because it just seems so calm and peaceful, 32 00:01:48,400 --> 00:01:50,600 Speaker 1: hanging up there in the sky and looking down at us. 33 00:01:50,960 --> 00:01:54,400 Speaker 3: Yeah, moonlight is so calming, right and reassuring. 34 00:01:54,760 --> 00:01:56,760 Speaker 1: Yes, especially if you're a vampire. 35 00:01:57,280 --> 00:02:01,600 Speaker 3: Or a werewolf. I heard that the moon actually has 36 00:02:01,720 --> 00:02:05,120 Speaker 3: this crazy, violent, cataclysmic past. 37 00:02:05,520 --> 00:02:07,960 Speaker 1: Yeah, that's right, hanging up there in the sky acting 38 00:02:08,000 --> 00:02:10,240 Speaker 1: all common nice. It turns out it may have been 39 00:02:10,280 --> 00:02:12,560 Speaker 1: party to one of the greatest murder mysteries in the 40 00:02:12,680 --> 00:02:15,000 Speaker 1: history of the Solar system. 41 00:02:14,320 --> 00:02:16,440 Speaker 3: A very impactful event. 42 00:02:17,440 --> 00:02:20,560 Speaker 1: That's right. And I love when there are things hanging 43 00:02:20,600 --> 00:02:23,600 Speaker 1: out right there in our faces that give us clues 44 00:02:24,000 --> 00:02:36,640 Speaker 1: as to great drama that took place in deep dark history. 45 00:02:45,320 --> 00:02:47,520 Speaker 3: Hi, I'm Jorge, I'm a cartoonist. 46 00:02:47,000 --> 00:02:49,680 Speaker 1: And I'm Daniel, I'm a particle physicist. 47 00:02:49,320 --> 00:02:52,920 Speaker 3: And welcome to our podcast. Daniel and Jorge explained the universe. 48 00:02:52,760 --> 00:02:55,000 Speaker 1: In which we look around at anything in the universe 49 00:02:55,040 --> 00:02:56,880 Speaker 1: and try to explain it to you. 50 00:02:57,280 --> 00:03:01,040 Speaker 3: On today's program, that big white, shiny thing in the 51 00:03:01,160 --> 00:03:04,320 Speaker 3: night sky, the. 52 00:03:04,280 --> 00:03:07,480 Speaker 1: Thing you referred to as the moon, not any moon, 53 00:03:08,000 --> 00:03:09,840 Speaker 1: not the moon, the. 54 00:03:09,680 --> 00:03:12,600 Speaker 3: Moon, the moon earth little psychic. 55 00:03:12,800 --> 00:03:15,800 Speaker 1: That's right. And if you're a person who wonders and 56 00:03:15,840 --> 00:03:18,560 Speaker 1: thinks about the history of things, you like all of 57 00:03:18,639 --> 00:03:20,840 Speaker 1: humanity must have looked up in the night sky wondered 58 00:03:20,880 --> 00:03:22,960 Speaker 1: what are the stars? Where do they come from? But 59 00:03:23,000 --> 00:03:25,280 Speaker 1: the biggest thing, the fattest thing out there in the 60 00:03:25,360 --> 00:03:27,920 Speaker 1: night sky is the moon. And what a mystery that 61 00:03:27,960 --> 00:03:30,000 Speaker 1: must have presented to ancient man and woman. 62 00:03:30,440 --> 00:03:33,840 Speaker 3: Right, what is that giant disk? And importantly where did 63 00:03:33,880 --> 00:03:34,400 Speaker 3: it come from? 64 00:03:34,480 --> 00:03:37,360 Speaker 1: That's right, and that's a question that science is still 65 00:03:37,400 --> 00:03:40,119 Speaker 1: trying to answer. We've gone to the moon, We've looked 66 00:03:40,120 --> 00:03:43,120 Speaker 1: at the moon with crazy telescopes, people have walked across 67 00:03:43,120 --> 00:03:45,440 Speaker 1: it and brought samples back, but we still don't know 68 00:03:45,480 --> 00:03:48,560 Speaker 1: the answer to the question how did the Earth get 69 00:03:48,640 --> 00:03:49,160 Speaker 1: its moon. 70 00:03:49,600 --> 00:03:51,800 Speaker 3: That's a crazy idea to me that we don't know 71 00:03:51,840 --> 00:03:54,720 Speaker 3: where the moon came from, you know, like it could 72 00:03:54,760 --> 00:03:58,160 Speaker 3: have just appeared out of nowhere one day, or aliens 73 00:03:58,160 --> 00:03:59,200 Speaker 3: could have dropped it off. 74 00:03:59,360 --> 00:04:01,320 Speaker 1: Oh that's an option I haven't heard yet that like 75 00:04:01,360 --> 00:04:04,400 Speaker 1: somebody opened a wormhole and the moon just look popped. 76 00:04:04,520 --> 00:04:07,600 Speaker 1: There's the moon all of a sudden. That's an awesome idea. 77 00:04:07,680 --> 00:04:10,560 Speaker 3: Yeah, how does something that big just come about right, 78 00:04:10,760 --> 00:04:14,640 Speaker 3: so perfectly round and pretty smooth and bright. 79 00:04:15,280 --> 00:04:17,359 Speaker 1: Yeah, but it turns out the Earth's moon is not 80 00:04:17,600 --> 00:04:19,480 Speaker 1: like the other moons, you know, one of these things 81 00:04:19,600 --> 00:04:22,200 Speaker 1: is not like the other things, and the moon is 82 00:04:22,279 --> 00:04:24,240 Speaker 1: kind of weird, which makes it hard to explain. 83 00:04:24,480 --> 00:04:25,839 Speaker 3: Yeah, it's a weird moon. 84 00:04:27,080 --> 00:04:28,400 Speaker 1: It's the only one we have, and so for a 85 00:04:28,400 --> 00:04:31,560 Speaker 1: long time it's sort of defined the whole concept of moon. Right, 86 00:04:31,960 --> 00:04:33,960 Speaker 1: But now that we've seen other planets and we've seen 87 00:04:33,960 --> 00:04:36,440 Speaker 1: how many little moons they have, we're like, geez, our 88 00:04:36,480 --> 00:04:38,200 Speaker 1: moon is kind of weird. Does my moon make me 89 00:04:38,200 --> 00:04:40,720 Speaker 1: look fat? You know, because we got a big, fat moon. 90 00:04:41,200 --> 00:04:43,960 Speaker 3: Yeah, so this is an interesting question, and we wondered, 91 00:04:44,000 --> 00:04:46,680 Speaker 3: how many of you out there know or think they know, 92 00:04:46,720 --> 00:04:49,680 Speaker 3: the answer to the question where did the moon come from? 93 00:04:49,880 --> 00:04:52,599 Speaker 1: So I walked around the campus of UC Irvine and 94 00:04:52,640 --> 00:04:55,320 Speaker 1: accosted random strangers who are willing to talk to me 95 00:04:55,400 --> 00:04:56,120 Speaker 1: and ask them this. 96 00:04:56,160 --> 00:04:58,680 Speaker 3: Question, where do you think the moon came from? 97 00:04:58,920 --> 00:05:00,800 Speaker 1: Yeah, so before you listen to the these answers, think 98 00:05:00,839 --> 00:05:03,280 Speaker 1: for yourself what would be your best guess. 99 00:05:03,839 --> 00:05:05,000 Speaker 3: Here's what people have to say. 100 00:05:05,440 --> 00:05:06,720 Speaker 2: I'm not entirely certain. 101 00:05:06,800 --> 00:05:09,000 Speaker 4: I just know gravity plays a part in it. 102 00:05:09,839 --> 00:05:11,599 Speaker 3: There was like a meteorite that hit the Earth which 103 00:05:11,600 --> 00:05:13,640 Speaker 3: broke off some rocks or something like that. From what 104 00:05:13,720 --> 00:05:14,880 Speaker 3: I remember, it might be that. 105 00:05:15,560 --> 00:05:17,720 Speaker 5: Well they said, like the Big Bang, But I don't 106 00:05:17,920 --> 00:05:18,320 Speaker 5: really know. 107 00:05:19,000 --> 00:05:20,919 Speaker 1: No, no idea, no, okay. 108 00:05:21,360 --> 00:05:24,640 Speaker 4: My best guess is that it either came from some 109 00:05:24,760 --> 00:05:31,679 Speaker 4: sort of material that was already in the atmosphere and 110 00:05:32,000 --> 00:05:35,000 Speaker 4: buy some sort of gravitational pull was brought in. 111 00:05:35,720 --> 00:05:38,320 Speaker 3: All right, So not a lot of strong ideas here. 112 00:05:39,480 --> 00:05:41,599 Speaker 1: I think this is a pretty there's a good breadth 113 00:05:41,640 --> 00:05:42,719 Speaker 1: of ideas. 114 00:05:42,320 --> 00:05:42,520 Speaker 6: You know. 115 00:05:42,640 --> 00:05:44,240 Speaker 3: I like the people who answered where did the moon 116 00:05:44,279 --> 00:05:48,920 Speaker 3: come from? And they would just say gravity, like that's 117 00:05:48,960 --> 00:05:52,320 Speaker 3: the answer to pretty much everything. There or that, or 118 00:05:52,440 --> 00:05:55,440 Speaker 3: someone said the Big Bang. I'm like, yeah, of course 119 00:05:55,800 --> 00:05:57,159 Speaker 3: everything came from the Big Bang. 120 00:05:57,960 --> 00:06:00,520 Speaker 1: That is that is a good default physics anwer. Somebody 121 00:06:00,520 --> 00:06:02,640 Speaker 1: asks you a physicals question, the answer is always the 122 00:06:02,680 --> 00:06:03,200 Speaker 1: Big Bang. 123 00:06:03,520 --> 00:06:06,040 Speaker 3: How does the hig boson give mass to other particles? 124 00:06:06,360 --> 00:06:07,720 Speaker 1: It's the Big Bang? 125 00:06:07,800 --> 00:06:10,920 Speaker 3: Really, you can't go wrong, So kudos to that person 126 00:06:10,960 --> 00:06:17,359 Speaker 3: on the street figure it out how to always be right. Well, 127 00:06:17,440 --> 00:06:20,040 Speaker 3: let's talk about the moon. How big is the moon, Daniel, 128 00:06:20,320 --> 00:06:22,640 Speaker 3: Or let's maybe take a step back, what is the moon? 129 00:06:23,080 --> 00:06:25,400 Speaker 1: Right? So it's just a definitional thing, right. You have 130 00:06:25,600 --> 00:06:28,240 Speaker 1: solar systems that have these hierarchies. You almost always have 131 00:06:28,400 --> 00:06:31,400 Speaker 1: the main masses in the center. You have star where 132 00:06:31,400 --> 00:06:33,680 Speaker 1: most of it has gathered, and then you have the 133 00:06:33,720 --> 00:06:36,200 Speaker 1: planets orbiting around it. And then you know, you need 134 00:06:36,200 --> 00:06:38,560 Speaker 1: a name for the stuff orbiting around the planets. And 135 00:06:38,640 --> 00:06:40,440 Speaker 1: in theory this could go on forever. Right, you have 136 00:06:40,480 --> 00:06:43,320 Speaker 1: the star with planets around it, and then moons around 137 00:06:43,320 --> 00:06:45,400 Speaker 1: the planets, and then you can have things orbiting around 138 00:06:45,440 --> 00:06:47,880 Speaker 1: the moon, and then things orbiting around. 139 00:06:47,680 --> 00:06:49,880 Speaker 3: Those things, like moons can have moonies. 140 00:06:50,080 --> 00:06:53,239 Speaker 1: Yeah, I think they're called moonlitson moonitos or something. 141 00:06:55,480 --> 00:06:59,719 Speaker 3: Yeah, So it's just the name given to something floating 142 00:06:59,760 --> 00:07:01,120 Speaker 3: around own a planet. 143 00:07:01,480 --> 00:07:03,680 Speaker 1: Yeah, exactly. If you're a blob of stuff floating around 144 00:07:03,680 --> 00:07:05,640 Speaker 1: a planet, then we call you a moon. But it's 145 00:07:05,640 --> 00:07:07,360 Speaker 1: interesting because you've got to be big enough, right, Like 146 00:07:07,640 --> 00:07:09,800 Speaker 1: if you're just specks of stuff, then we call you 147 00:07:09,880 --> 00:07:11,920 Speaker 1: a ring. Right if you're like distributed all the way 148 00:07:11,960 --> 00:07:13,600 Speaker 1: around the planet, then we got then you. 149 00:07:13,640 --> 00:07:15,400 Speaker 3: Got rings, like Saturn has rings. 150 00:07:15,560 --> 00:07:17,520 Speaker 1: Saturn's got rings, Jupiter's got rings. 151 00:07:17,560 --> 00:07:17,760 Speaker 7: You know. 152 00:07:19,040 --> 00:07:21,680 Speaker 1: And it's in some ways a question of definition, Like 153 00:07:21,720 --> 00:07:23,840 Speaker 1: there is stuff floating around the Earth in sort of 154 00:07:23,840 --> 00:07:26,080 Speaker 1: a vague, hazy ring, So could you say the Earth 155 00:07:26,120 --> 00:07:28,640 Speaker 1: has rings? You know, people argue by that kind of stuff, 156 00:07:28,680 --> 00:07:30,880 Speaker 1: but that's just like that's arguing about the definition. It's 157 00:07:30,880 --> 00:07:31,680 Speaker 1: not really arguing. 158 00:07:31,440 --> 00:07:33,800 Speaker 3: About the science generally. But it has to have a 159 00:07:33,840 --> 00:07:36,360 Speaker 3: certain size to be called a moon. 160 00:07:36,480 --> 00:07:38,560 Speaker 1: I think. So yeah, otherwise it's just a. 161 00:07:38,560 --> 00:07:42,920 Speaker 3: Rock, just a rock or rock let, or. 162 00:07:43,680 --> 00:07:46,120 Speaker 1: There must a rocky do ye. There must be some 163 00:07:46,240 --> 00:07:49,240 Speaker 1: organization out there that's tasked with classifying what's the moon 164 00:07:49,320 --> 00:07:51,080 Speaker 1: and what's the moon lit? And what's just a piece 165 00:07:51,080 --> 00:07:53,960 Speaker 1: of ring and what's just random garbage in space? You know, 166 00:07:55,080 --> 00:07:56,800 Speaker 1: that doesn't sound like a very glamorous job. 167 00:07:57,200 --> 00:07:58,559 Speaker 3: So how big is our moon? 168 00:07:58,800 --> 00:08:02,320 Speaker 1: Our moon is really big. Our moon is two thousand 169 00:08:02,360 --> 00:08:05,120 Speaker 1: miles across, which is pretty big compared to the Earth, 170 00:08:05,160 --> 00:08:07,239 Speaker 1: which you know, it is only eight thousand miles across, 171 00:08:07,920 --> 00:08:09,880 Speaker 1: and most of the other planets their moons are tiny 172 00:08:09,920 --> 00:08:12,240 Speaker 1: in comparison to the size of the planet. So it's 173 00:08:12,280 --> 00:08:12,760 Speaker 1: pretty big. 174 00:08:12,840 --> 00:08:17,400 Speaker 3: So it's like from California to about like Arkansas or something. 175 00:08:17,400 --> 00:08:19,200 Speaker 1: You're giving me the worries here, like if you took 176 00:08:19,240 --> 00:08:21,080 Speaker 1: the Moon and sort of gently put it down. 177 00:08:20,880 --> 00:08:23,080 Speaker 3: On the Earth, how far what would it look like? 178 00:08:24,480 --> 00:08:26,880 Speaker 1: Why do you even imagine that, like placing the Moon 179 00:08:26,920 --> 00:08:27,200 Speaker 1: on the. 180 00:08:27,120 --> 00:08:29,440 Speaker 3: Earth just for scale, you know, like if you were 181 00:08:29,480 --> 00:08:31,160 Speaker 3: to walk across the Moon, how long would it take 182 00:08:31,200 --> 00:08:32,040 Speaker 3: you you know. 183 00:08:32,200 --> 00:08:34,720 Speaker 1: Right, yeah, well not that long because you could bounce 184 00:08:34,760 --> 00:08:37,240 Speaker 1: because of the gravity is pretty low. But yeah, it's 185 00:08:37,240 --> 00:08:39,400 Speaker 1: like two thousand miles, so it's not as far as 186 00:08:39,400 --> 00:08:41,720 Speaker 1: Elliot to New York, for example. But it's pretty big, right, 187 00:08:41,760 --> 00:08:43,880 Speaker 1: It's pretty big. And the interesting thing is that it's 188 00:08:43,920 --> 00:08:46,880 Speaker 1: at the same scale as other planets in the Solar System. 189 00:08:47,000 --> 00:08:50,160 Speaker 3: Well, okay, so I looked it up and I did 190 00:08:50,160 --> 00:08:52,840 Speaker 3: some quick coculasions because I'm a train engineer and I 191 00:08:52,840 --> 00:08:56,800 Speaker 3: can do some math here, and so like, if the 192 00:08:56,840 --> 00:08:59,440 Speaker 3: Earth was the size of a basketball, the Moon would 193 00:08:59,440 --> 00:09:02,240 Speaker 3: be a little bit under the size of a tennis ball. 194 00:09:02,400 --> 00:09:05,160 Speaker 1: I prefer I preferred fruit based analogy. So we're going 195 00:09:05,200 --> 00:09:07,320 Speaker 1: to go with a watermelon and an apple. 196 00:09:07,559 --> 00:09:09,760 Speaker 3: Watermelon and then are you hungry, Daniel? Do we need 197 00:09:09,800 --> 00:09:12,679 Speaker 3: to get take a break here and break for a lot? 198 00:09:13,320 --> 00:09:15,880 Speaker 3: All right, So watermelon and an apple. Except but this 199 00:09:15,880 --> 00:09:20,600 Speaker 3: is interesting. The distance is maybe larger than most people think. So, 200 00:09:20,640 --> 00:09:24,439 Speaker 3: like you'd have to put a watermelon down and then 201 00:09:24,520 --> 00:09:27,960 Speaker 3: walk about twenty five feet and then set down that apple, 202 00:09:28,559 --> 00:09:31,679 Speaker 3: and that's about the distance between the Earth and the Moon. 203 00:09:32,120 --> 00:09:35,600 Speaker 1: Yeah, it's crazy. These things seem big, but they're tiny 204 00:09:35,679 --> 00:09:38,240 Speaker 1: compared to the distances between them, right, which is sort 205 00:09:38,240 --> 00:09:40,720 Speaker 1: of a larger lesson for everything in space. Right, Like, 206 00:09:40,760 --> 00:09:43,439 Speaker 1: the Sun and the Earth seem huge, but they're really 207 00:09:43,480 --> 00:09:46,480 Speaker 1: far apart compared to their diameters. And our solar system 208 00:09:46,559 --> 00:09:49,440 Speaker 1: is far from the next star. And it's incredible the 209 00:09:49,480 --> 00:09:50,960 Speaker 1: distances between stuff and space. 210 00:09:51,160 --> 00:09:55,200 Speaker 3: Yeah, okay, so that's the moon. The crazy thing is 211 00:09:55,240 --> 00:09:56,800 Speaker 3: that we don't know where the moon came from. 212 00:09:56,920 --> 00:09:59,600 Speaker 1: That's right. People have been trying to figure out how 213 00:09:59,640 --> 00:10:02,120 Speaker 1: do you get a moon this big and this weird 214 00:10:02,760 --> 00:10:05,559 Speaker 1: around the planet this close to the Sun, and they 215 00:10:05,559 --> 00:10:08,000 Speaker 1: can't figure it out. You know, they have simulations and theories, 216 00:10:08,000 --> 00:10:09,720 Speaker 1: and you know, this is what scientists do. They say, 217 00:10:09,920 --> 00:10:12,240 Speaker 1: can we explain what we see? And they start with 218 00:10:12,280 --> 00:10:14,319 Speaker 1: an idea and they see does that work? 219 00:10:14,520 --> 00:10:14,679 Speaker 8: Right? 220 00:10:14,720 --> 00:10:16,640 Speaker 1: Can I take that idea and end up with the 221 00:10:16,679 --> 00:10:18,920 Speaker 1: situation I see you in front of me. And they 222 00:10:19,280 --> 00:10:21,120 Speaker 1: have some ideas and we'll talk about them, we'll dig 223 00:10:21,160 --> 00:10:23,480 Speaker 1: into them. But the bottom line is that none of 224 00:10:23,480 --> 00:10:26,840 Speaker 1: the ideas we currently have completely worked. They all have problems, 225 00:10:26,880 --> 00:10:29,679 Speaker 1: which suggests that the answer is something we haven't yet 226 00:10:29,720 --> 00:10:31,800 Speaker 1: thought of, or some weird twist on one of the 227 00:10:31,800 --> 00:10:32,560 Speaker 1: current ideas. 228 00:10:32,720 --> 00:10:35,720 Speaker 3: Wow, all right, break it down for us. How what 229 00:10:35,800 --> 00:10:38,800 Speaker 3: are the different ways that a planet can get a moon? 230 00:10:38,960 --> 00:10:39,040 Speaker 7: Like? 231 00:10:39,080 --> 00:10:40,920 Speaker 3: If I wanted a moon? What would I. 232 00:10:40,840 --> 00:10:42,720 Speaker 1: Need to do? You just go on Amazon, man, and 233 00:10:42,760 --> 00:10:44,440 Speaker 1: you can order anything. Well, like, you can probably get 234 00:10:44,440 --> 00:10:46,679 Speaker 1: a moon tomorrow. You want a moon, I get you 235 00:10:46,720 --> 00:10:48,679 Speaker 1: a moon by tomorrow afternoon. That's what Walter from the 236 00:10:48,679 --> 00:10:49,560 Speaker 1: Big Lebasco is say. 237 00:10:49,640 --> 00:10:51,800 Speaker 3: Can I just get a slightly a shorter person to 238 00:10:52,000 --> 00:10:55,200 Speaker 3: just follow me around and turn around me. 239 00:10:55,760 --> 00:10:59,280 Speaker 1: That's not a moon, that's an assistant. You want somebody 240 00:10:59,280 --> 00:11:02,360 Speaker 1: in your orbit, right, who protects you from stuff, right, 241 00:11:02,559 --> 00:11:05,320 Speaker 1: cleans out all the space junks that's coming at you. Yeah, 242 00:11:05,360 --> 00:11:07,320 Speaker 1: So how does the planet get a moon? Well, one 243 00:11:07,360 --> 00:11:10,200 Speaker 1: option is that it's formed when the planet is formed. Right. 244 00:11:10,240 --> 00:11:13,280 Speaker 1: Let's remember how our planet's formed, and it's not from 245 00:11:13,320 --> 00:11:16,840 Speaker 1: the Big bang, right, like our professional physicist of from earlier. Directly, 246 00:11:16,880 --> 00:11:19,080 Speaker 1: it is from gravity though, So. 247 00:11:18,960 --> 00:11:21,880 Speaker 3: You're saying that the planet can get a moon at 248 00:11:21,920 --> 00:11:24,040 Speaker 3: the same time that it's forming, kind of like a 249 00:11:24,040 --> 00:11:25,040 Speaker 3: little twin brother. 250 00:11:25,160 --> 00:11:27,520 Speaker 1: Yeah, exactly. So imagine how is the planet formed. Well, 251 00:11:27,520 --> 00:11:29,679 Speaker 1: it starts from a big poof of gas and dust 252 00:11:29,679 --> 00:11:33,400 Speaker 1: and rocks, right, and then gravity coalesces it together gradually, slowly, 253 00:11:33,400 --> 00:11:35,720 Speaker 1: slowly into a big clump. And you might wonder, why 254 00:11:35,720 --> 00:11:38,199 Speaker 1: doesn't it all form into one big clump, right, why 255 00:11:38,200 --> 00:11:40,640 Speaker 1: do you get little bits left over as moons or 256 00:11:40,679 --> 00:11:43,600 Speaker 1: other stuff? And there's sort of two answers to that, 257 00:11:43,640 --> 00:11:45,640 Speaker 1: Like most of it goes into the big clump, right, 258 00:11:45,720 --> 00:11:47,800 Speaker 1: First of all, like most of the stuff goes into 259 00:11:47,840 --> 00:11:50,440 Speaker 1: the planet, the reason it doesn't all is that some 260 00:11:50,480 --> 00:11:53,440 Speaker 1: of it's traveling really fast, and so rather than getting 261 00:11:53,520 --> 00:11:56,800 Speaker 1: pulled down into the central clump, essentially ends up in orbit. Right. 262 00:11:57,080 --> 00:11:58,959 Speaker 1: It's what we call in physics, we call it angular 263 00:11:59,000 --> 00:12:01,600 Speaker 1: momentum supported. You know, it's the reason that the Earth 264 00:12:01,640 --> 00:12:03,880 Speaker 1: doesn't just fall into the Sun. Right, it's because it's 265 00:12:03,920 --> 00:12:04,640 Speaker 1: moving fast. 266 00:12:05,000 --> 00:12:06,840 Speaker 3: Oh, I see. So there's a bunch of stuff that 267 00:12:06,880 --> 00:12:09,800 Speaker 3: came together, but some of that stuff was a little 268 00:12:09,800 --> 00:12:12,840 Speaker 3: bit out in the periphery and didn't quite like make 269 00:12:12,880 --> 00:12:15,400 Speaker 3: it into the main planet clump exactly. 270 00:12:15,400 --> 00:12:17,520 Speaker 1: And it's all spinning, right, The whole thing is spinning 271 00:12:18,080 --> 00:12:20,600 Speaker 1: and it's going and so it starts out spinning around 272 00:12:20,679 --> 00:12:23,880 Speaker 1: and it's moving too fast to get sucked in. And 273 00:12:23,920 --> 00:12:25,680 Speaker 1: the other part of the story is that none of 274 00:12:25,679 --> 00:12:27,960 Speaker 1: this happens in isolation. Right. The Earth is not in 275 00:12:28,000 --> 00:12:31,160 Speaker 1: the middle of totally empty space forming quietly. There's stuff 276 00:12:31,200 --> 00:12:33,600 Speaker 1: going on all the time. And in the early Solar System, 277 00:12:33,800 --> 00:12:36,960 Speaker 1: we think things were pretty crazy. And so it might 278 00:12:36,960 --> 00:12:38,840 Speaker 1: have been that the early blob that formed the Earth 279 00:12:38,880 --> 00:12:40,800 Speaker 1: could have formed a single planet with no moon or 280 00:12:40,800 --> 00:12:43,360 Speaker 1: no other objects or whatever. But it probably got perturbed 281 00:12:43,360 --> 00:12:45,760 Speaker 1: a lot, you know, things crash into it, things bump 282 00:12:45,800 --> 00:12:47,800 Speaker 1: into it. Even just the tugging of the Sun and 283 00:12:47,840 --> 00:12:50,920 Speaker 1: other planets coming nearby keeps that stuff from really settling, 284 00:12:50,920 --> 00:12:53,000 Speaker 1: and so some of it ends up still out in space, 285 00:12:53,640 --> 00:12:54,800 Speaker 1: orbiting around the planet. 286 00:12:54,960 --> 00:12:57,520 Speaker 3: Okay, it formed at the same time as the planet. 287 00:12:57,679 --> 00:13:00,600 Speaker 1: Yeah, that happens. In some cases we think, okay, so sorry, 288 00:13:00,640 --> 00:13:01,959 Speaker 1: it's too late for you there. Or hey, if you 289 00:13:02,000 --> 00:13:04,720 Speaker 1: wanted a moon from the from zero, you've missed your window. 290 00:13:06,040 --> 00:13:07,880 Speaker 3: I need to go back to the to the womb. 291 00:13:08,800 --> 00:13:13,199 Speaker 1: That's right, the womb, moom the moon. That's a that's 292 00:13:13,240 --> 00:13:14,520 Speaker 1: a tongue twister right there. 293 00:13:15,800 --> 00:13:16,000 Speaker 8: Yeah. 294 00:13:16,040 --> 00:13:18,240 Speaker 1: But the better way, I think, the more popular way 295 00:13:18,280 --> 00:13:20,760 Speaker 1: the planet give moods all the cool planets, at least 296 00:13:21,080 --> 00:13:24,440 Speaker 1: it moons by basically interacting with other objects, you know, 297 00:13:24,559 --> 00:13:28,320 Speaker 1: like something smashes into them or something flies by and 298 00:13:28,360 --> 00:13:30,720 Speaker 1: they capture it. That kind of stuff. 299 00:13:30,760 --> 00:13:33,000 Speaker 3: Wait wait, wait, wait, so those are two other things. 300 00:13:33,000 --> 00:13:36,600 Speaker 3: So you can either capture a moon, like if the 301 00:13:36,640 --> 00:13:38,920 Speaker 3: Earth was flying around and suddenly there was a little 302 00:13:38,920 --> 00:13:41,480 Speaker 3: bit of rock out there, it could like bring it 303 00:13:41,520 --> 00:13:42,280 Speaker 3: into its orbit. 304 00:13:42,600 --> 00:13:44,920 Speaker 1: It could bring it into its orbit. That's not very 305 00:13:44,960 --> 00:13:48,400 Speaker 1: easy to do because much more likely is that something 306 00:13:48,440 --> 00:13:51,600 Speaker 1: comes and smashes into the Earth, and then the resulting 307 00:13:51,640 --> 00:13:56,000 Speaker 1: debris floats up into space and then turns into a 308 00:13:56,360 --> 00:13:59,520 Speaker 1: system of rings and then coalesces into a moon. That's 309 00:13:59,559 --> 00:14:03,079 Speaker 1: much more. It's because it's hard to capture something entirely. 310 00:14:03,400 --> 00:14:06,599 Speaker 1: Either it deflects right, it bounces off into space, or 311 00:14:06,640 --> 00:14:09,320 Speaker 1: it hits the Earth. Getting captured means you have to 312 00:14:09,320 --> 00:14:11,920 Speaker 1: be exactly the right speed, at exactly the right angle, 313 00:14:11,920 --> 00:14:14,520 Speaker 1: at exactly the right orbit. It's a difficult thing to do. 314 00:14:14,559 --> 00:14:17,520 Speaker 1: It's like getting a perfect pool shot, you know, jumping 315 00:14:17,520 --> 00:14:18,400 Speaker 1: the eight ball or something. 316 00:14:18,480 --> 00:14:21,520 Speaker 3: You're saying, that's harder than getting hit by something out 317 00:14:21,560 --> 00:14:22,000 Speaker 3: in space. 318 00:14:22,280 --> 00:14:24,280 Speaker 1: Yeah, because the Earth has gravity, right, So if something 319 00:14:24,320 --> 00:14:26,280 Speaker 1: comes close by, it's most likely just going to spiral 320 00:14:26,360 --> 00:14:28,800 Speaker 1: in and smash into the Earth, okay, or it's going 321 00:14:28,840 --> 00:14:31,280 Speaker 1: to bounce off and deflect. So coming in from somewhere 322 00:14:31,280 --> 00:14:33,680 Speaker 1: else and then ending up in orbit is pretty tricky. 323 00:14:33,760 --> 00:14:36,320 Speaker 1: So I think the most likely way to get a 324 00:14:36,400 --> 00:14:38,800 Speaker 1: moon is for something to smash into the planet and 325 00:14:38,840 --> 00:14:41,720 Speaker 1: the debris to float up and then coalesce into a moon. 326 00:14:42,040 --> 00:14:45,440 Speaker 3: Oh all right, let's get into this smashing idea. But 327 00:14:45,600 --> 00:14:47,320 Speaker 3: first let's take a quick break. 328 00:14:51,920 --> 00:14:54,840 Speaker 1: With big wireless providers, what you see is never what 329 00:14:54,960 --> 00:14:57,640 Speaker 1: you get. Somewhere between the store and your first month's bill, 330 00:14:57,680 --> 00:15:01,400 Speaker 1: the price you thought you were paying magically rockets. 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You can't just be 387 00:18:03,960 --> 00:18:06,000 Speaker 1: hit by the rock that knocks off a bunch of 388 00:18:06,040 --> 00:18:08,440 Speaker 1: stuff you need a giant impact. 389 00:18:08,800 --> 00:18:10,440 Speaker 3: Like a planet killing impact. 390 00:18:10,800 --> 00:18:13,879 Speaker 1: Yeah, And the current models say that the kind of 391 00:18:13,920 --> 00:18:15,920 Speaker 1: thing that hit the Earth a long long time ago 392 00:18:16,000 --> 00:18:18,320 Speaker 1: to make the Moon might have been something the size 393 00:18:18,320 --> 00:18:20,199 Speaker 1: of a planet. It might have been a protoplanet, might 394 00:18:20,240 --> 00:18:22,640 Speaker 1: have been something the size of Mars. Right, So we're 395 00:18:22,680 --> 00:18:25,600 Speaker 1: talking about like two planets colliding. 396 00:18:25,680 --> 00:18:25,800 Speaker 8: Right. 397 00:18:25,840 --> 00:18:28,840 Speaker 1: This must have been amazing to watch, right, right. 398 00:18:28,920 --> 00:18:32,440 Speaker 3: Or not if you were living in there of these planets. 399 00:18:32,480 --> 00:18:34,120 Speaker 1: That's right. Well, we don't think there was anything alive 400 00:18:34,160 --> 00:18:36,280 Speaker 1: on Earth when it happened. The best estimates say that 401 00:18:36,320 --> 00:18:40,199 Speaker 1: this happened about zero point one billion years or one 402 00:18:40,280 --> 00:18:42,879 Speaker 1: hundred million years after the Earth was formed, So the 403 00:18:42,920 --> 00:18:46,960 Speaker 1: Earth was still pretty hot and nasty when this kind 404 00:18:46,960 --> 00:18:48,880 Speaker 1: of stuff happened. We don't think there was any atmosphere 405 00:18:48,920 --> 00:18:49,440 Speaker 1: of life yet. 406 00:18:49,520 --> 00:18:53,440 Speaker 3: Wow. So it collided with another planet about its size. 407 00:18:53,760 --> 00:18:57,040 Speaker 3: That's incredible, right, two giant balls of rock just. 408 00:18:58,200 --> 00:19:02,800 Speaker 1: Yeah, exactly, And and that must have been pretty cautaclasmic, right, 409 00:19:02,800 --> 00:19:04,800 Speaker 1: And a lot of stuff must have gotten thrown off 410 00:19:04,800 --> 00:19:08,919 Speaker 1: into space, and some of that stuff coalesced into rings, 411 00:19:08,920 --> 00:19:10,879 Speaker 1: So the Earth probably had rings for a while. 412 00:19:11,080 --> 00:19:12,320 Speaker 3: No way like Saturn. 413 00:19:12,560 --> 00:19:14,520 Speaker 1: Yeah, I know, that mus been pretty awesome, right, I 414 00:19:14,560 --> 00:19:16,160 Speaker 1: kind of wish the Earth had rings, Like what would 415 00:19:16,200 --> 00:19:18,439 Speaker 1: that look like at night or during the day, you know, 416 00:19:18,520 --> 00:19:20,440 Speaker 1: to see rings up in the sky. That would be 417 00:19:20,440 --> 00:19:21,200 Speaker 1: pretty incredible. 418 00:19:22,080 --> 00:19:24,280 Speaker 3: So then the two planets collide is the idea. Two 419 00:19:24,280 --> 00:19:27,760 Speaker 3: planets collided, they form a new Earth with some stuff 420 00:19:27,840 --> 00:19:31,080 Speaker 3: out there in rings that eventually became the moon. 421 00:19:31,359 --> 00:19:33,520 Speaker 1: That's right. And this collision was huge, right, it was 422 00:19:33,560 --> 00:19:37,120 Speaker 1: like one hundred million times the energy of the asteroid 423 00:19:37,160 --> 00:19:39,639 Speaker 1: that hit the Earth and probably killed the dinosaurs. So 424 00:19:39,720 --> 00:19:43,800 Speaker 1: it's a ginormous explosion. It's nothing that anybody could ever survive. 425 00:19:44,000 --> 00:19:46,640 Speaker 3: Yeah, I've seen the videos of the simulations, Like it's 426 00:19:46,680 --> 00:19:50,320 Speaker 3: basically the Earth just gets pulverized and then just kind 427 00:19:50,320 --> 00:19:53,320 Speaker 3: of coagulates into this new thing. But it's like it's 428 00:19:53,359 --> 00:19:54,480 Speaker 3: basically obliterated. 429 00:19:54,680 --> 00:19:56,680 Speaker 1: Yeah, and here you'll see the strength of my fruit 430 00:19:57,080 --> 00:19:59,760 Speaker 1: based analogy, which is, imagine you take two watermelons and 431 00:20:00,160 --> 00:20:03,080 Speaker 1: them together. What happens, Right, That's pretty much what's happened. 432 00:20:03,520 --> 00:20:06,520 Speaker 1: You know, it's complete destruction. The watermelons do not survive 433 00:20:06,600 --> 00:20:07,720 Speaker 1: that kind of impact. 434 00:20:11,560 --> 00:20:15,359 Speaker 3: So then how do rings become moons? And like, why 435 00:20:15,440 --> 00:20:17,399 Speaker 3: does Saturn still have rings and not moons. 436 00:20:17,600 --> 00:20:20,320 Speaker 1: Yeah, that's a really awesome question because gravity, right, you 437 00:20:20,359 --> 00:20:22,600 Speaker 1: would think if someone is floating out there in space, 438 00:20:22,880 --> 00:20:25,679 Speaker 1: then eventually gravity would coalesce, it would pull it all 439 00:20:25,720 --> 00:20:28,560 Speaker 1: together into a moon. And that does happen if you're 440 00:20:28,600 --> 00:20:31,720 Speaker 1: far enough away from the planet. If you're too close 441 00:20:31,760 --> 00:20:34,480 Speaker 1: to the planet, then the strength of gravity tugging on 442 00:20:34,520 --> 00:20:36,639 Speaker 1: you from one side and the strength of gravity tugging 443 00:20:36,680 --> 00:20:39,320 Speaker 1: you from the other side are too different. Because remember 444 00:20:39,560 --> 00:20:42,040 Speaker 1: the force of gravity depends on your distance from an object, 445 00:20:42,560 --> 00:20:44,720 Speaker 1: and so one side of the Moon is closer to 446 00:20:44,760 --> 00:20:46,840 Speaker 1: the Earth than the other side of the Moon, so 447 00:20:47,280 --> 00:20:49,840 Speaker 1: the Earth pulls on one side of the Moon more 448 00:20:49,880 --> 00:20:52,479 Speaker 1: than the other side, so it's literally pulling the Moon apart. 449 00:20:52,880 --> 00:20:54,680 Speaker 1: But the Moon is far enough away from the Earth 450 00:20:55,000 --> 00:20:57,760 Speaker 1: that the Earth is not strong enough to shred the moon. 451 00:20:58,400 --> 00:21:01,520 Speaker 1: But if the moon was a lot clear, right, then 452 00:21:01,840 --> 00:21:04,600 Speaker 1: then it would be pulled apart by these gravitational they're 453 00:21:04,600 --> 00:21:08,080 Speaker 1: called tidal forces. By the tidal forces, so there's a 454 00:21:08,119 --> 00:21:10,680 Speaker 1: region around every planet where you just cannot be a moon, 455 00:21:10,760 --> 00:21:13,080 Speaker 1: because if you are, you're gonna get shredded. 456 00:21:12,920 --> 00:21:15,800 Speaker 3: Right, So you just kind of get ripped apart. Yeah, 457 00:21:15,840 --> 00:21:16,560 Speaker 3: it's like a blender. 458 00:21:17,840 --> 00:21:20,160 Speaker 1: The Earth is like a blender. Yeah, and we've seen 459 00:21:20,160 --> 00:21:23,120 Speaker 1: this happen. If you remember the comet that hit Jupiter 460 00:21:24,040 --> 00:21:26,680 Speaker 1: in the nineties, It passed really close by Jupiter before 461 00:21:26,680 --> 00:21:29,120 Speaker 1: it hit, and Jupiter pulled it apart into twenty six 462 00:21:29,119 --> 00:21:32,119 Speaker 1: pieces because of its tidal forces. And so the larger 463 00:21:32,119 --> 00:21:34,399 Speaker 1: the planet, the stronger the force of gravity, and the 464 00:21:34,400 --> 00:21:35,520 Speaker 1: more likely this is to happen. 465 00:21:35,720 --> 00:21:39,119 Speaker 3: Oh I see, So if Saturn had bigger rings or 466 00:21:39,280 --> 00:21:43,120 Speaker 3: rings that were further apart, then the tidal forces would 467 00:21:43,119 --> 00:21:45,280 Speaker 3: be less and then the little bits of it would 468 00:21:45,320 --> 00:21:50,359 Speaker 3: have time when and kind of space to clump together. 469 00:21:50,520 --> 00:21:53,440 Speaker 1: Yeah, but that's a whole other fascinating mystery, like how 470 00:21:53,480 --> 00:21:55,840 Speaker 1: long has Saturn had rings? How long will it continue 471 00:21:55,840 --> 00:21:58,040 Speaker 1: to have rings? Right, we think that those rings are 472 00:21:58,040 --> 00:22:01,000 Speaker 1: pretty stable because they've been there for like one hundred 473 00:22:01,080 --> 00:22:05,679 Speaker 1: million years, and because Saturn has really strong tile forces, 474 00:22:05,680 --> 00:22:08,239 Speaker 1: So anythink that coalesces Saturn will tear up again. But 475 00:22:08,280 --> 00:22:10,679 Speaker 1: we don't really know for sure. And Saturn does have 476 00:22:10,720 --> 00:22:12,399 Speaker 1: some moons, and we don't know like are those moons 477 00:22:12,400 --> 00:22:14,680 Speaker 1: in the process of being trashed? Like if you fast 478 00:22:14,720 --> 00:22:17,040 Speaker 1: forward into billion years with Saturn looked totally different, or 479 00:22:17,080 --> 00:22:19,240 Speaker 1: is it looked this way for a long time. It's 480 00:22:19,280 --> 00:22:22,000 Speaker 1: amazing to me how dynamic the Solar System is, you know, 481 00:22:22,080 --> 00:22:23,520 Speaker 1: like if you look at a picture of the Solar 482 00:22:23,520 --> 00:22:26,800 Speaker 1: System from two billion years ago, you might not recognize it. 483 00:22:26,840 --> 00:22:28,879 Speaker 1: You could have a different number of planets, and all 484 00:22:28,880 --> 00:22:30,399 Speaker 1: the planets can have different number of moons, or the 485 00:22:30,400 --> 00:22:33,720 Speaker 1: planets could even be in a different order. There's crazy stuff. 486 00:22:33,440 --> 00:22:35,760 Speaker 3: That's happened in our Solar system, or even two billion 487 00:22:35,800 --> 00:22:37,840 Speaker 3: years from now, it might look totally different. 488 00:22:37,960 --> 00:22:39,520 Speaker 1: Yeah, well, in two billion years from now, I hope 489 00:22:39,520 --> 00:22:43,399 Speaker 1: we've built massive interstellar structures that we're recognizable from space. 490 00:22:44,200 --> 00:22:47,920 Speaker 1: But even without that, yeah, the planets could reorganize or realign, 491 00:22:48,040 --> 00:22:49,600 Speaker 1: or things could drift this way or the other way, 492 00:22:49,680 --> 00:22:52,400 Speaker 1: or something could come from another Solar system and knock 493 00:22:52,480 --> 00:22:55,400 Speaker 1: into something and change everything. Yeah. You know, people might 494 00:22:55,400 --> 00:22:58,240 Speaker 1: imagine the Solar System is really static because it's old, 495 00:22:58,440 --> 00:23:00,560 Speaker 1: but we've only seen the recent history of it. And 496 00:23:00,840 --> 00:23:02,679 Speaker 1: one of the best ways to figure out what is 497 00:23:02,720 --> 00:23:04,639 Speaker 1: the history, what is the whole story here, what is 498 00:23:04,680 --> 00:23:07,639 Speaker 1: the drama that's taking place out there in space, is 499 00:23:07,680 --> 00:23:09,800 Speaker 1: to ask these questions, you know, like how did the 500 00:23:09,800 --> 00:23:10,520 Speaker 1: moon form? 501 00:23:10,600 --> 00:23:14,560 Speaker 3: Yeah, so that's one possibility, is that something smashed into 502 00:23:14,600 --> 00:23:16,760 Speaker 3: the Earth through all this stuff out there that became 503 00:23:16,800 --> 00:23:19,520 Speaker 3: a moon because it was far enough away from the Earth. 504 00:23:20,600 --> 00:23:23,359 Speaker 3: But there's some that's not quite right, right, like that 505 00:23:23,680 --> 00:23:26,400 Speaker 3: doesn't quite fit what we see or know about the moon. 506 00:23:26,720 --> 00:23:30,159 Speaker 1: Yeah, it's interesting because we can't quite make that story 507 00:23:30,320 --> 00:23:33,280 Speaker 1: explain everything we see. And so one of the things 508 00:23:33,320 --> 00:23:35,000 Speaker 1: we see, for example, is that we've been to the 509 00:23:35,040 --> 00:23:37,320 Speaker 1: Moon and we've looked at rocks from the moon. You've 510 00:23:37,320 --> 00:23:40,959 Speaker 1: been to the moon, and interesting, I mean we collectively 511 00:23:41,000 --> 00:23:46,080 Speaker 1: as humanity. I like to take credit for humanities of humanity. 512 00:23:45,680 --> 00:23:47,760 Speaker 3: Is the collective the royal weed here. 513 00:23:47,880 --> 00:23:51,520 Speaker 1: Okay, we have won a bunch of NBA championships, by 514 00:23:51,560 --> 00:23:55,479 Speaker 1: which I mean me and Lebron James. Yeah, we are 515 00:23:55,480 --> 00:23:58,679 Speaker 1: an acclaimed Internet cartoonist. Yeah, by which I mean me 516 00:23:58,800 --> 00:24:03,399 Speaker 1: and you, Tom Cruise. Are you know we are sexy 517 00:24:03,400 --> 00:24:06,960 Speaker 1: in our fifties. Exactly. Humanity, not me personally, has been 518 00:24:07,000 --> 00:24:08,920 Speaker 1: to the Moon and brought back rocks, and we've looked 519 00:24:08,920 --> 00:24:11,880 Speaker 1: at those rocks, and those rocks will look really similar 520 00:24:11,920 --> 00:24:14,040 Speaker 1: to rocks on Earth. And you should know that rocks 521 00:24:14,080 --> 00:24:16,359 Speaker 1: on every planet look different because they're formed under different 522 00:24:16,400 --> 00:24:19,840 Speaker 1: circumstances from different bits and different temperatures and different ages. 523 00:24:20,240 --> 00:24:22,880 Speaker 1: So you can sort of tell where a rock came from. 524 00:24:23,040 --> 00:24:25,720 Speaker 3: Like really that different because it all came from the 525 00:24:25,760 --> 00:24:28,399 Speaker 3: debris of this Solar system, right, wouldn't it all be 526 00:24:28,440 --> 00:24:29,080 Speaker 3: sort of the same. 527 00:24:29,119 --> 00:24:31,520 Speaker 1: But like Mars is different from Earth, and we can 528 00:24:31,560 --> 00:24:34,480 Speaker 1: we we found rocks on Earth that we can tell 529 00:24:34,600 --> 00:24:36,760 Speaker 1: came from Mars because we know they're different. They have 530 00:24:37,040 --> 00:24:40,000 Speaker 1: different structures, formed in different temperatures and different times and this, 531 00:24:40,400 --> 00:24:43,560 Speaker 1: you know, different totally different kind of tectonic activity on 532 00:24:43,640 --> 00:24:46,439 Speaker 1: different planets, like Mars doesn't have any at all, you know, 533 00:24:46,520 --> 00:24:56,800 Speaker 1: and Mars first, yeah, exactly, make Mars great again. They 534 00:24:56,840 --> 00:24:58,639 Speaker 1: don't like, they don't want to import our rocks anymore. 535 00:24:58,720 --> 00:25:01,760 Speaker 1: They have high tariffs on Earth rocks anyway, So they 536 00:25:01,760 --> 00:25:03,639 Speaker 1: can look at these rocks from the Moon and they 537 00:25:03,640 --> 00:25:06,080 Speaker 1: say they look just like rocks from Earth. Right, So 538 00:25:06,480 --> 00:25:09,399 Speaker 1: that's really interesting because suggests that the stuff that the 539 00:25:09,440 --> 00:25:11,639 Speaker 1: Moon is made out of is really similar to the 540 00:25:11,640 --> 00:25:13,760 Speaker 1: stuff that the Earth is made out of. But if 541 00:25:13,800 --> 00:25:16,520 Speaker 1: a really really big planet came and smashed into the Earth, 542 00:25:16,520 --> 00:25:18,640 Speaker 1: that's not what you would really expect you would expect 543 00:25:19,000 --> 00:25:22,040 Speaker 1: that planet to have mostly survived or that or to 544 00:25:22,080 --> 00:25:24,399 Speaker 1: bounce off, or for this stuff in the Moon to 545 00:25:24,440 --> 00:25:26,960 Speaker 1: be made from that planet that came. Right, You started 546 00:25:26,960 --> 00:25:29,159 Speaker 1: out with two objects, you have a collision, you end 547 00:25:29,240 --> 00:25:32,680 Speaker 1: up with two objects. You expect sort of a connection 548 00:25:32,760 --> 00:25:35,400 Speaker 1: between the incoming and the outgoing too, But instead both 549 00:25:35,440 --> 00:25:38,480 Speaker 1: objects that survive seem to be like the Earth stuff, 550 00:25:38,720 --> 00:25:40,320 Speaker 1: which is a bit weird the way. 551 00:25:40,359 --> 00:25:44,359 Speaker 3: Couldn't couldn't this new planet have also mixed in with 552 00:25:44,480 --> 00:25:46,920 Speaker 3: our old Earth? And so that's why it's the same, 553 00:25:47,160 --> 00:25:48,560 Speaker 3: you know what I mean? Like maybe the Moon and 554 00:25:48,760 --> 00:25:51,840 Speaker 3: Earth is a mix of these two pre crash planets. 555 00:25:51,960 --> 00:25:54,800 Speaker 1: They have to these simulations that are totally crazy, where 556 00:25:54,920 --> 00:25:58,679 Speaker 1: essentially the other planet gets like subsumed into the Earth, 557 00:25:58,920 --> 00:26:01,800 Speaker 1: like including its it's like core, right, so there's some 558 00:26:02,280 --> 00:26:06,359 Speaker 1: other planet internal bits, right, The iron and the nickel 559 00:26:06,359 --> 00:26:08,800 Speaker 1: that makes up the inside of a planet is inside 560 00:26:08,840 --> 00:26:10,920 Speaker 1: the Earth. Now, Like if you cut the Earth open, 561 00:26:11,280 --> 00:26:13,679 Speaker 1: you would find evidence for, like, you know, a second 562 00:26:13,720 --> 00:26:16,800 Speaker 1: planet in there, and that what made the Moon was 563 00:26:16,840 --> 00:26:18,760 Speaker 1: like the Earth's crust just got ejected. 564 00:26:18,960 --> 00:26:21,280 Speaker 3: It's like ice cream, like a swirly ice cream. It 565 00:26:21,280 --> 00:26:24,679 Speaker 3: doesn't completely gets mixed together that you would expect chunks. 566 00:26:26,200 --> 00:26:28,160 Speaker 1: Yeah, I'm glad you're with me on the food out analogies. 567 00:26:28,200 --> 00:26:30,800 Speaker 3: Now I'm trying to move us here towards dessert. We 568 00:26:30,880 --> 00:26:33,159 Speaker 3: had our fruit as. 569 00:26:33,000 --> 00:26:36,119 Speaker 1: The meal is wrapping up. In some places, fruit is 570 00:26:36,119 --> 00:26:37,760 Speaker 1: considered assert I think we should do something a little 571 00:26:37,800 --> 00:26:40,879 Speaker 1: bit more meaty. Yeah, So that's one mystery, is like 572 00:26:41,000 --> 00:26:42,720 Speaker 1: why does the stuff on the Moon look just like 573 00:26:42,720 --> 00:26:44,560 Speaker 1: the stuff on the Earth. And they can kind of 574 00:26:44,560 --> 00:26:47,160 Speaker 1: make it work, right, Like they can make it work 575 00:26:47,200 --> 00:26:49,680 Speaker 1: that most of the stuff from the Earth's crust turned 576 00:26:49,720 --> 00:26:51,639 Speaker 1: into the Moon and the other planet just sort of 577 00:26:52,080 --> 00:26:55,080 Speaker 1: got swallowed by the Earth. But it's tricky, it's not 578 00:26:55,119 --> 00:26:58,440 Speaker 1: an easy thing to make work. And if that happened, 579 00:26:58,440 --> 00:27:00,800 Speaker 1: then you'd expect crazy stuff to have happened on Earth, 580 00:27:00,880 --> 00:27:04,200 Speaker 1: like you know, huge oceans of molten rock of magma, 581 00:27:04,480 --> 00:27:07,000 Speaker 1: like magma oceans, which is just a phrase I love 582 00:27:07,080 --> 00:27:10,880 Speaker 1: saying and hearing magma oceans. But we don't see any 583 00:27:10,880 --> 00:27:12,560 Speaker 1: evidence of that on Earth, Like people who look at 584 00:27:12,560 --> 00:27:15,000 Speaker 1: the history of rocks on Earth don't see evidence of 585 00:27:15,119 --> 00:27:18,280 Speaker 1: these magma oceans that you would have expected from such 586 00:27:18,280 --> 00:27:19,520 Speaker 1: a huge collision. 587 00:27:19,200 --> 00:27:21,280 Speaker 3: It doesn't look like we were hit by a big rock. 588 00:27:21,480 --> 00:27:23,320 Speaker 1: Yeah, we don't see evidence for that on Earth. And 589 00:27:23,400 --> 00:27:25,160 Speaker 1: you know, when you put together this kind of story, 590 00:27:25,200 --> 00:27:26,960 Speaker 1: you want to check it multiple ways and does this 591 00:27:27,040 --> 00:27:29,320 Speaker 1: makes sense? And let's see it this other way. And 592 00:27:29,960 --> 00:27:32,040 Speaker 1: we can't find any confirmation for that currently, and the 593 00:27:32,080 --> 00:27:33,920 Speaker 1: simulations are pretty hard to get right. 594 00:27:34,960 --> 00:27:36,960 Speaker 3: Before we keep going, let's take a short break. 595 00:27:41,560 --> 00:27:43,359 Speaker 1: When you pop a piece of cheese into your mouth 596 00:27:43,480 --> 00:27:46,600 Speaker 1: or enjoy a rich spoonful of Greek yogurt, you're probably 597 00:27:46,680 --> 00:27:50,640 Speaker 1: not thinking about the environmental impact of each and every bite, 598 00:27:50,760 --> 00:27:53,359 Speaker 1: But the people in the dairy industry are. US Dairy 599 00:27:53,400 --> 00:27:57,679 Speaker 1: has set themselves some ambitious sustainability goals, including being greenhouse 600 00:27:57,720 --> 00:28:00,600 Speaker 1: gas neutral by twenty fifty. That's why they're working hard 601 00:28:00,640 --> 00:28:03,080 Speaker 1: every day to find new ways to reduce waste, conserve 602 00:28:03,200 --> 00:28:06,960 Speaker 1: natural resources, and drive down greenhouse gas emissions. Take water, 603 00:28:07,000 --> 00:28:10,600 Speaker 1: for example, most dairy farms reuse water up to four times. 604 00:28:10,640 --> 00:28:14,000 Speaker 1: The same water cools the milk, cleans equipment, washes the barn, 605 00:28:14,119 --> 00:28:17,840 Speaker 1: and irrigates the crops. How is US dairy tackling greenhouse gases? 606 00:28:17,880 --> 00:28:20,840 Speaker 1: Many farms use anaerobic digestors that turn the methane from 607 00:28:20,880 --> 00:28:24,280 Speaker 1: maneuver into renewable energy that can power farms, towns, and 608 00:28:24,320 --> 00:28:26,560 Speaker 1: electric cars. So the next time you grab a slice 609 00:28:26,560 --> 00:28:28,480 Speaker 1: of pizza or lick an ice cream cone, know that 610 00:28:28,560 --> 00:28:31,199 Speaker 1: dairy farmers and processors around the country are using the 611 00:28:31,280 --> 00:28:35,040 Speaker 1: latest practices and innovations to provide the nutrient intense dairy 612 00:28:35,040 --> 00:28:37,720 Speaker 1: products we love with less of an impact. Visit us 613 00:28:37,800 --> 00:28:40,360 Speaker 1: dairy dot com slash sustainability to learn more. 614 00:28:40,760 --> 00:28:43,800 Speaker 9: This episode is brought to you by Navy Federal Credit Union. 615 00:28:44,200 --> 00:28:47,480 Speaker 9: Buying a home in today's market can be overwhelming. Luckily, 616 00:28:47,680 --> 00:28:50,719 Speaker 9: Navy Federal Credit Union's new Home Buying Center is everything 617 00:28:50,720 --> 00:28:53,080 Speaker 9: you need to keep you sane while you shop. With 618 00:28:53,240 --> 00:28:57,080 Speaker 9: services like Verified Preapproval, which show sellers you're serious buyer, 619 00:28:57,360 --> 00:29:00,400 Speaker 9: you have a competitive advantage when making an offer, and 620 00:29:00,480 --> 00:29:02,840 Speaker 9: Lock and Shop let you lock in your interest rate 621 00:29:02,880 --> 00:29:05,000 Speaker 9: for up to sixty days while you hunt for a home. 622 00:29:05,240 --> 00:29:08,360 Speaker 9: From start to finish. 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Protect our 632 00:29:35,600 --> 00:29:39,120 Speaker 5: cyclists and pedestrians because they're people too, Go safely California 633 00:29:39,160 --> 00:29:42,000 Speaker 5: from the California Office of Traffic Safety and caltrans. 634 00:29:49,920 --> 00:29:52,240 Speaker 3: Man, that's wild. So we really don't know where the 635 00:29:52,280 --> 00:29:54,160 Speaker 3: moon came from. Kind of yeah. 636 00:29:54,200 --> 00:29:56,600 Speaker 1: There are some other ideas, you know, crazy ideas about 637 00:29:56,600 --> 00:29:59,880 Speaker 1: how two other planets may have collided and basically to 638 00:30:00,160 --> 00:30:04,080 Speaker 1: annihilated each other into some other sort of cosmic donut, 639 00:30:04,120 --> 00:30:06,520 Speaker 1: which then spun around and formed the Earth and the Moon. 640 00:30:06,680 --> 00:30:07,720 Speaker 3: Wait did you say donut? 641 00:30:07,960 --> 00:30:10,960 Speaker 1: I said donut idea. That's right, we're doing double dessert here. 642 00:30:11,440 --> 00:30:14,480 Speaker 1: One of the crazy ideas is that the Earth essentially 643 00:30:14,520 --> 00:30:17,680 Speaker 1: was obliterated in this collision, and everything just became a 644 00:30:17,680 --> 00:30:21,240 Speaker 1: big cloud, really fast spinning cloud, which ended up shaping 645 00:30:21,360 --> 00:30:24,040 Speaker 1: shaped into this crazy donut shape. It spun out a 646 00:30:24,040 --> 00:30:27,200 Speaker 1: blob which became the Moon. That theory has some trouble 647 00:30:27,200 --> 00:30:30,200 Speaker 1: because it turns out the Moon doesn't really have like 648 00:30:30,240 --> 00:30:33,360 Speaker 1: a solid iron core like you would expect, like, you know, 649 00:30:33,400 --> 00:30:36,920 Speaker 1: the Earth has as a really heavy metallic core like 650 00:30:36,960 --> 00:30:39,680 Speaker 1: most rocky planets, but the Moon is pretty light. It's 651 00:30:39,720 --> 00:30:42,480 Speaker 1: mostly fluffy, right. It has a little bit of a core, 652 00:30:42,600 --> 00:30:46,120 Speaker 1: but not very much. And so that's better explained by 653 00:30:46,120 --> 00:30:48,760 Speaker 1: saying that the Moon mostly came from Earth crust stuff 654 00:30:49,160 --> 00:30:52,960 Speaker 1: rather than from like an entire blob of planetary stuff, 655 00:30:52,960 --> 00:30:55,240 Speaker 1: where you would get like the same amount of serving 656 00:30:55,400 --> 00:30:58,360 Speaker 1: of the core as you would of the crust. So 657 00:30:58,400 --> 00:30:59,920 Speaker 1: all these theories have some problems. 658 00:31:00,160 --> 00:31:02,280 Speaker 3: Well what are some other crazy ideas? 659 00:31:02,720 --> 00:31:04,840 Speaker 1: Yeah, Well, a theory that exists for a long time 660 00:31:04,960 --> 00:31:06,400 Speaker 1: was just that the Moon was captured, you know, like 661 00:31:06,480 --> 00:31:08,560 Speaker 1: maybe the Moon came from somewhere else, or it used 662 00:31:08,600 --> 00:31:10,840 Speaker 1: to be its own planet, or it was wandering around 663 00:31:11,000 --> 00:31:14,200 Speaker 1: just sort of got sucked into the Earth's orbit. And 664 00:31:14,440 --> 00:31:17,000 Speaker 1: this theory has a couple of problems. One is that 665 00:31:17,000 --> 00:31:19,640 Speaker 1: that's really hard to do. Like you do simulations and 666 00:31:19,720 --> 00:31:21,719 Speaker 1: you have another planet approach to Earth, as we were 667 00:31:21,720 --> 00:31:24,640 Speaker 1: saying before, usually they you know, spin off each other 668 00:31:24,680 --> 00:31:27,200 Speaker 1: and then one gets flung out into space. Or they 669 00:31:27,280 --> 00:31:29,880 Speaker 1: end up colliding. Right to get it to come into 670 00:31:29,880 --> 00:31:32,760 Speaker 1: a stable orbit that lasts for billions of years. That's 671 00:31:32,880 --> 00:31:35,040 Speaker 1: really really hard to do. That's a one in a 672 00:31:35,040 --> 00:31:37,840 Speaker 1: billion chance. So that might be possible, but it's hard 673 00:31:37,880 --> 00:31:40,560 Speaker 1: to do. And the other problem is it doesn't explain 674 00:31:40,600 --> 00:31:42,880 Speaker 1: why the Earth and the Moon looks so similar. Right, 675 00:31:43,040 --> 00:31:45,200 Speaker 1: they have like these really similar rocks in them. The 676 00:31:45,240 --> 00:31:47,640 Speaker 1: Moon came from somewhere else and was captured, it shouldn't 677 00:31:47,680 --> 00:31:50,120 Speaker 1: have the same basically rock DNA that we have. 678 00:31:50,360 --> 00:31:53,400 Speaker 3: Okay, but I heard another idea is that maybe the 679 00:31:53,440 --> 00:31:56,440 Speaker 3: Moon fell off to Earth like it was part of us, 680 00:31:56,480 --> 00:31:58,480 Speaker 3: but then it was like I'll see you later. 681 00:32:00,080 --> 00:32:02,600 Speaker 1: Yeah. I think this is a really popular, super ancient idea, 682 00:32:02,680 --> 00:32:05,560 Speaker 1: Like if you look in historical documents, people speculate about this, 683 00:32:05,600 --> 00:32:08,880 Speaker 1: you know, a thousand years ago before really anybody knew physics, 684 00:32:08,920 --> 00:32:11,600 Speaker 1: And somebody even wrote that the Pacific Ocean was like 685 00:32:11,640 --> 00:32:14,120 Speaker 1: the scar of the Moon leaving the Earth. You know 686 00:32:14,160 --> 00:32:16,680 Speaker 1: that a huge chunk of land had just like floated 687 00:32:16,720 --> 00:32:19,120 Speaker 1: off into into space because of the Earth of spinning 688 00:32:20,120 --> 00:32:21,560 Speaker 1: and it got turned into the moon. 689 00:32:21,880 --> 00:32:22,520 Speaker 3: The moon is. 690 00:32:23,960 --> 00:32:26,520 Speaker 1: The moon is Atlantis. Oh my gosh, I love when 691 00:32:26,520 --> 00:32:29,880 Speaker 1: you can connect two mysteries at once. But there's basically 692 00:32:30,000 --> 00:32:32,280 Speaker 1: no data to support that at all. I mean, it's 693 00:32:32,360 --> 00:32:34,600 Speaker 1: just I mean, we know the Pacific Ocean is not 694 00:32:34,720 --> 00:32:36,920 Speaker 1: formed by somebody taking a scoop out of the Earth, 695 00:32:38,280 --> 00:32:40,880 Speaker 1: and so it was just like random speculation. But it 696 00:32:40,880 --> 00:32:42,920 Speaker 1: was a popular idea for you know, a long time 697 00:32:43,280 --> 00:32:45,000 Speaker 1: among medieval and ancient folks. 698 00:32:49,800 --> 00:32:52,200 Speaker 3: So what's kind of the best current thinking about where 699 00:32:52,200 --> 00:32:53,040 Speaker 3: the moon came from? 700 00:32:53,240 --> 00:32:55,840 Speaker 1: I think if you asked most scientists, and I haven't 701 00:32:55,960 --> 00:32:57,680 Speaker 1: asked most scientists, but I've asked a few. 702 00:32:58,040 --> 00:32:59,880 Speaker 3: He was asked uscience scientists. 703 00:33:01,480 --> 00:33:05,040 Speaker 1: I've asked a scientist who's an expert on planetary science, 704 00:33:05,120 --> 00:33:08,479 Speaker 1: and I've asked myself. I'm a scientist, So yes, I've 705 00:33:08,520 --> 00:33:14,680 Speaker 1: asked scientists about That's the deep research we do for 706 00:33:14,720 --> 00:33:19,200 Speaker 1: this show, folks. And the prevailing theory is the giant impact. Right. 707 00:33:19,320 --> 00:33:21,280 Speaker 1: It has some problems. There are things we don't understand 708 00:33:21,280 --> 00:33:23,560 Speaker 1: about it, but that's sort of the progress of science, right. 709 00:33:23,920 --> 00:33:26,240 Speaker 1: We say, here's a bunch of ideas. This one doesn't 710 00:33:26,320 --> 00:33:29,080 Speaker 1: quite work, but it mostly works. The elements of it 711 00:33:29,120 --> 00:33:31,600 Speaker 1: that explain things we see. There's just stuff to figure 712 00:33:31,600 --> 00:33:34,400 Speaker 1: out and so that's that's the prevailing idea, is the 713 00:33:34,400 --> 00:33:35,120 Speaker 1: giant impact. 714 00:33:35,160 --> 00:33:36,680 Speaker 3: It's the best idea we have. 715 00:33:37,000 --> 00:33:38,840 Speaker 1: That's right, that it's that or the Big bang man 716 00:33:39,840 --> 00:33:43,920 Speaker 1: or gravity. Yeah, and I like this process of science. 717 00:33:43,920 --> 00:33:45,920 Speaker 1: You know, we have one idea, we refine it, we 718 00:33:46,000 --> 00:33:48,080 Speaker 1: refine it, and then we see doesn't fit the data 719 00:33:48,080 --> 00:33:50,520 Speaker 1: better than it used to. Is it sort of coming together? 720 00:33:50,600 --> 00:33:53,320 Speaker 1: It's like solving a murder mystery, right, You look for clues, 721 00:33:53,360 --> 00:33:55,640 Speaker 1: you come up with a theory, something doesn't quite work, 722 00:33:55,880 --> 00:33:58,800 Speaker 1: makes you change your theory. Eventually you have a story 723 00:33:58,840 --> 00:34:01,560 Speaker 1: that explains everything you see and that fits in with 724 00:34:01,600 --> 00:34:03,400 Speaker 1: what other people say, and that makes sense as you 725 00:34:03,440 --> 00:34:05,600 Speaker 1: get more data. And that's what we're looking for, and 726 00:34:05,600 --> 00:34:08,120 Speaker 1: we have a story. There definitely was a murder. A 727 00:34:08,200 --> 00:34:11,440 Speaker 1: huge planet died in the making of our moon, but 728 00:34:11,480 --> 00:34:14,279 Speaker 1: we don't quite know how it happened. And it might 729 00:34:14,360 --> 00:34:16,040 Speaker 1: be that, you know, it's just sort of weird and 730 00:34:16,040 --> 00:34:19,439 Speaker 1: it seems unlikely that this sort of configuration would happen, 731 00:34:19,480 --> 00:34:21,960 Speaker 1: and maybe it was unlikely, or maybe this some part 732 00:34:22,000 --> 00:34:25,040 Speaker 1: of the story we haven't understood, like there was two cataclysms, 733 00:34:25,120 --> 00:34:27,160 Speaker 1: or you know, two planets hit the Earth or something 734 00:34:27,200 --> 00:34:27,720 Speaker 1: like that. 735 00:34:28,000 --> 00:34:30,920 Speaker 3: Makes you wonder what if that other planet or asteroid 736 00:34:30,960 --> 00:34:33,120 Speaker 3: hadn't hit us. You know, if it just missed by 737 00:34:33,120 --> 00:34:36,319 Speaker 3: a few degrees, we wouldn't have a moon, and we 738 00:34:36,320 --> 00:34:39,040 Speaker 3: would have a super different planet Earth. 739 00:34:38,880 --> 00:34:41,120 Speaker 1: Right, Yeah, and things could be very different. 740 00:34:41,160 --> 00:34:41,279 Speaker 4: You know. 741 00:34:41,320 --> 00:34:43,319 Speaker 1: The reason we have tides is because we have the Moon, 742 00:34:43,800 --> 00:34:47,040 Speaker 1: and the moon stabilizes the Earth's orbit. And we think 743 00:34:47,080 --> 00:34:49,760 Speaker 1: that the collision that caused the moon might have also 744 00:34:49,880 --> 00:34:52,319 Speaker 1: caused the tilt of the Earth, which means if we 745 00:34:52,360 --> 00:34:54,279 Speaker 1: didn't have a moon, we might not have tides, we 746 00:34:54,360 --> 00:34:56,839 Speaker 1: might not have seasons. Who and that's a pretty big 747 00:34:56,920 --> 00:34:58,920 Speaker 1: change and what life on Earth is like, right, And 748 00:34:58,960 --> 00:35:01,360 Speaker 1: a lot of people think that were critical to life 749 00:35:01,640 --> 00:35:04,160 Speaker 1: because the sea comes in and out. It's sort of 750 00:35:04,239 --> 00:35:06,239 Speaker 1: like a lot of sloshing around, which is what you 751 00:35:06,280 --> 00:35:09,080 Speaker 1: need to mix up those basic organic chemicals into something 752 00:35:09,120 --> 00:35:11,799 Speaker 1: that might turn into life. And so, yeah, we might 753 00:35:11,880 --> 00:35:13,480 Speaker 1: have the Moon to thank for the fact that we're 754 00:35:13,480 --> 00:35:15,000 Speaker 1: even here to ask about it. 755 00:35:15,000 --> 00:35:16,800 Speaker 3: It just that a planet had to die. 756 00:35:17,600 --> 00:35:20,600 Speaker 1: That's right. But in the interest of all things good 757 00:35:20,760 --> 00:35:23,480 Speaker 1: so that we could be here in eating watermelons, somebody 758 00:35:23,480 --> 00:35:24,840 Speaker 1: had to sacrifice a big planet. 759 00:35:25,000 --> 00:35:29,640 Speaker 3: Wow, So Yeah, that's another one of these crazy mysteries 760 00:35:29,640 --> 00:35:32,200 Speaker 3: that are just staring at us in the face every 761 00:35:32,200 --> 00:35:32,759 Speaker 3: single night. 762 00:35:33,160 --> 00:35:35,000 Speaker 1: And when you think about the solar system next time, 763 00:35:35,040 --> 00:35:38,160 Speaker 1: remember it's not static, it's dynamic. There is stuff happening, 764 00:35:38,320 --> 00:35:41,200 Speaker 1: There is a story. It's playing out really slowly right 765 00:35:41,320 --> 00:35:44,840 Speaker 1: geological cosmic timescales. But if you took a time lapse 766 00:35:44,920 --> 00:35:47,160 Speaker 1: video of the solar system, it would seem like a 767 00:35:47,239 --> 00:35:48,400 Speaker 1: crazy dance party. 768 00:35:48,640 --> 00:35:49,080 Speaker 3: Yeah. 769 00:35:49,160 --> 00:35:51,360 Speaker 1: So next time you are mooning the moon, pull up 770 00:35:51,400 --> 00:35:53,640 Speaker 1: your pants and show some respect, because that we owe 771 00:35:53,640 --> 00:35:56,320 Speaker 1: the moon a big thank you. All Right, thanks for listening. 772 00:35:56,120 --> 00:35:57,520 Speaker 3: Everyone, see you next time. 773 00:36:05,280 --> 00:36:07,600 Speaker 1: If you still have a question after listening to all 774 00:36:07,640 --> 00:36:10,880 Speaker 1: these explanations, please drop us a line. We'd love to 775 00:36:10,880 --> 00:36:13,320 Speaker 1: hear from you. You can find us at Facebook, Twitter, 776 00:36:13,360 --> 00:36:17,080 Speaker 1: and Instagram at Daniel and Jorge that's one word, or 777 00:36:17,200 --> 00:36:29,920 Speaker 1: email us at Feedback at Danielandorge dot com. When you 778 00:36:29,960 --> 00:36:32,000 Speaker 1: pop a piece of cheese into your mouth, you're probably 779 00:36:32,040 --> 00:36:35,120 Speaker 1: not thinking about the environmental impact, but the people in 780 00:36:35,160 --> 00:36:38,280 Speaker 1: the dairy industry are. That's why they're working hard every 781 00:36:38,360 --> 00:36:41,680 Speaker 1: day to find new ways to reduce waste, conserve natural resources, 782 00:36:41,680 --> 00:36:45,760 Speaker 1: and drive down greenhouse gas emissions house US dairy tackling 783 00:36:45,760 --> 00:36:49,520 Speaker 1: greenhouse gases. Many farms use anaerobic digestors to turn the 784 00:36:49,560 --> 00:36:54,000 Speaker 1: methane from manure into renewable energy that can power farms, towns, 785 00:36:54,000 --> 00:36:57,279 Speaker 1: and electric cars. Visit you as dairy dot COM's last 786 00:36:57,280 --> 00:36:58,960 Speaker 1: sustainability to learn more. 787 00:37:00,080 --> 00:37:04,400 Speaker 6: Malcolm Gladwell from Revisionist History. eBay Motors is here for 788 00:37:04,440 --> 00:37:08,399 Speaker 6: the ride. 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