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Speaker 1: Hey there, welcome to Growing Up with Emily, a Lingo

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Speaker 1: kids podcast. It helps kids discover how to be whatever

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Speaker 1: they want to be growing up.

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Speaker 2: Well side.

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Speaker 1: Hey Winston, which way do you stand when you're in

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Speaker 1: an elevator?

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Speaker 3: Facing the front or the back?

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Speaker 1: Wow?

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Speaker 2: What a weird question, Emily, I stand facing the door.

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Speaker 2: I'm going to walk out. Of course, doesn't.

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Speaker 1: Everyone not always, And we'll find out more about that

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Speaker 1: today as we check out some fun experiments that psychologists

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Speaker 1: do on this episode of Growing Up.

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Speaker 2: Charge out of my way, you filthy pirates. I'll swing

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Speaker 2: down and wipe you out. Yeah, it's my ship now

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Speaker 2: and you'll never get her back.

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Speaker 1: Hey Winston, Wait, are you Winston? Or should I call

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Speaker 1: you Captain today? No?

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Speaker 2: I didn't get the promotion. I'm still just Winston. Hi, Emily,

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Speaker 2: what are you playing?

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Speaker 3: Seems like something ferocious?

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Speaker 2: Oh? I am ferocious. I'm playing Pirates, but it's not

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Speaker 2: that fun to play by myself. These kids at the

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Speaker 2: park were playing it that they wouldn't let me join in,

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Speaker 2: so I'm scaring them all off my ship are.

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Speaker 1: Wow, you're definitely fierce. Sorry they wouldn't let you play through, Winston.

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Speaker 1: Maybe you're feeling a little sad.

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Speaker 2: No, I'm not sad, I'm mad they were being mean.

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Speaker 1: Yeah, I wouldn't like that either, But people have all

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Speaker 1: kinds of reasons for how they behave, and if they

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Speaker 1: behave badly, it's usually because of how they feel about themselves,

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Speaker 1: not because of how they feel about you.

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Speaker 2: Well, I guess I feel a little like being mean

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Speaker 2: now because I'm mad. But maybe I am kind of

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Speaker 2: sad too, Emily, it's not fun to be left out.

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Speaker 2: Do you think those kids were mean to me because

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Speaker 2: they were mad about something?

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Speaker 3: Hmmm? What do you think?

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Speaker 2: Well, pirates are always ferocious, so maybe those kids were

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Speaker 2: just pretending to be pirates. Pirates always say error and

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Speaker 2: try to hurt people. Do you think real pirates felt

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Speaker 2: bad and sad inside?

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Speaker 3: That's a good question. Hmmm.

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Speaker 1: I think we'd have to ask a psychologist to answer that.

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Speaker 2: One psychologist, well, they wouldn't know. They only study bikes

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Speaker 2: and maybe sometimes motorcycles, because ologists means someone who studies something, right, Oh.

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Speaker 1: Yeah, it does mean someone who studies something, But in

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Speaker 1: this case, a psychologist is someone who studies what they

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Speaker 1: used to call the psyche, which means the mind. Psychologists

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Speaker 1: today use science to study how people think, feel, and

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Speaker 1: act like a therapist.

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Speaker 2: Oh you mean they do experiments like we do in

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Speaker 2: our lab with beakers and everything.

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Speaker 3: Well, not exactly.

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Speaker 1: They watch people and ask questions about why they do things.

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Speaker 1: Then they test their answers to see if they're right tests.

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Speaker 2: Do I need to study? Or like the time we

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Speaker 2: try to make that little volcano for the science project

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Speaker 2: and then it fizzed up all over the table. I'll

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Speaker 2: remember it was so hard to scrub off all that

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Speaker 2: fake lava.

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Speaker 3: I do remember.

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Speaker 1: But in a psychology experiment, they might ask are kids

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Speaker 1: happier when they have friends? Then they watch kids playing

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Speaker 1: with their friends and take notes to see.

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Speaker 2: Who isn't happier around their best buds.

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Speaker 1: True, spending time with people we like makes us feel good. Hey,

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Speaker 1: I've got another interesting psychology experiment for you, Winston.

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Speaker 3: Want to hear about.

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Speaker 2: It, definitely?

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Speaker 3: What is it?

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Speaker 2: Emily?

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Speaker 1: So, what usually happens when you get into an elevator?

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Speaker 3: Walk me through it step by step?

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Speaker 2: Well, the doors to the elevators open, I walk in,

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Speaker 2: and then I push the buttons for the floor. I

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Speaker 2: want want to go to.

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Speaker 1: Right right, and do you stand and face back into

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Speaker 1: the corner while you're riding it up and down.

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Speaker 3: Dwight, No, of course, not right. You face forward towards

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Speaker 3: the doors.

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Speaker 2: Yeah, why, Uh, I don't know. I guess so I

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Speaker 2: can see when the doors will open. That's what everybody

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Speaker 2: else does.

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Speaker 1: Anyway, exactly, that's what everybody else does. In the nineteen fifties,

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Speaker 1: doctor Ash, a psychologist, wanted to test why people did that,

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Speaker 1: so he asked people to get into an elevator and

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Speaker 1: stand facing the back.

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Speaker 2: Okay, that's hilarious, Emily, did people laugh when they saw

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Speaker 2: them doing that? In doctor Ash's experiment, Believe.

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Speaker 1: It or not, Winston, when new people got on and

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Speaker 1: saw others facing.

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Speaker 3: The wrong way, they just copied them. They did it too.

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Speaker 2: What Oh, I would be so confused if I saw that.

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Speaker 1: I'm sure they were too, But most of them did

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Speaker 1: it anyway. Doctor Ash was studying conformity, which means people

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Speaker 1: copying what they see.

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Speaker 2: Others doing, even if what everyone else is doing was wrong.

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Speaker 3: Sometimes, Yeah, Hey.

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Speaker 2: How do you learn all this stuff?

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Speaker 1: Like?

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Speaker 2: If I wanted to be a psychologist, where would I start?

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Speaker 1: You study psychology in college and you discover what part

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Speaker 1: of it most interests you. For example, Developmental psychologists work

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Speaker 1: with kids and watch how they grow up and change.

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Speaker 1: But they are also different types.

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Speaker 2: Where do they work, Emily, I mean, I know their

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Speaker 2: experiments aren't the same as ours. But do they work

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Speaker 2: in labs?

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Speaker 3: Some do.

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Speaker 1: Therapists can work in hospitals, private offices, or workplaces, and

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Speaker 1: some psychological work happens at universities where professors and students

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Speaker 1: can test their ideas too.

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Speaker 2: Oh and what other kinds of experiments can they do?

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Speaker 3: Well? Do you want to try one that's really fun

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Speaker 3: with me? Whenson? You may even get a snack out

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Speaker 3: of it?

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Speaker 2: Absolutely?

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Speaker 3: Okay, let's sit over here at the table and all

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Speaker 3: set it up.

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Speaker 2: Oh, I am so excited.

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Speaker 1: Should be, because we are going to recreate a famous

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Speaker 1: psychological experiment. It's kind of like a game, and it's

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Speaker 1: called the marshmallow test.

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Speaker 3: Are you ready? Yes?

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Speaker 2: You know I love marshmallows. They're so squishy and delicious.

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Speaker 2: They're squish delicious.

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Speaker 3: I love them too.

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Speaker 1: All right, here's one big, gooey, delicious marshmallow for you.

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Speaker 1: I'll put it right here on this plate. Yes, but wait,

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Speaker 1: don't eat it just yet. Here's the fun part.

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Speaker 3: If you can wait two.

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Speaker 1: Minutes, without eating this marshmallow, you'll get not one, but

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Speaker 1: two marshmallows.

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Speaker 2: Two marshmallows. Wow, double the yum. But two whole minutes.

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Speaker 2: That's a long time to wait.

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Speaker 3: You got this.

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Speaker 1: Let's start the timer now. So Winston, what do you think?

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Speaker 1: Can you wait?

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Speaker 2: I can wait, I think, but it's so fluffy and

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Speaker 2: yummy looking. It's right there. Oh I know I can wait,

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Speaker 2: but I'm not sure if my tummy can. It's talking

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Speaker 2: to me.

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Speaker 3: That's okay, Whinson.

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Speaker 1: This game is all about trying to wait, even if

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Speaker 1: it's hard.

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Speaker 3: It's a test of something called delayed gratification.

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Speaker 1: That's a fancy way of saying, waiting now for something

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Speaker 1: even better later.

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Speaker 2: Oh like waiting for my birthday to get a big.

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Speaker 3: Present, exactly, Whincent, Just like that.

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Speaker 2: Okay, I'm gonna do it. Emily, I'm not eating it yet.

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Speaker 2: What is the point of this experiment? Anyway? I feel

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Speaker 2: like I'm being tortured. This is harsh Mellow.

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Speaker 1: The marshmallow test was created by psychologists to understand how

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Speaker 1: patient kids are at waiting, and they were curious.

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Speaker 3: To see if kids who could wait ended up.

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Speaker 1: Being better at planning and making good choices later.

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Speaker 3: In life.

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Speaker 2: WHOA, So the test can help us see if we're

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Speaker 2: patient or not.

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Speaker 3: That's right.

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Speaker 1: And while we wait, do you think you understand what

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Speaker 1: it is that psychologists and therapists do now, Winston.

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Speaker 2: I mean a little bit. Yeah, they're kind of like doctors,

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Speaker 2: but for your mind in a way.

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Speaker 1: Yeah, Therapists are like doctors for feelings and thoughts.

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Speaker 3: They talk to people about.

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Speaker 1: Their emotions and help them understand themselves better. They don't

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Speaker 1: use stethoscopes or thermometers though. Their main tools are listening

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Speaker 1: and giving advice.

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Speaker 2: Listening and talking. This sounds easy, sure.

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Speaker 1: But it's a job that takes a lot of skill

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Speaker 1: and understanding. Therapists need to be very good listeners and

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Speaker 1: know a lot about how the human mind works. They

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Speaker 1: spend their days talking with people one on one in

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Speaker 1: a quiet and comfortable room. These people might be feeling sad, worried,

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Speaker 1: or even a little lost, and so the therapist helps

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Speaker 1: them by talking through their problems.

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Speaker 2: Well, can't those people just talk to their friends if

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Speaker 2: they're so sad, or maybe a parent or a teacher.

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Speaker 3: Great question, Winston.

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Speaker 1: Talking to a therapist who you don't know can be

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Speaker 1: easier sometimes because they listen really well and don't get

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Speaker 1: upset or confused like friends or family might.

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Speaker 3: It's like having a guide for your emotions.

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Speaker 2: Well, I think it's super cool to help people with their.

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Speaker 3: Feelings, absolutely, Winson.

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Speaker 1: Therapists make a big difference in people's lives by helping

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Speaker 1: them feel happier and understanding themselves better.

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Speaker 3: It's a pretty special job.

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Speaker 2: That's it.

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Speaker 3: You get your treat, Winson.

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Speaker 1: Finally, great, John, Winson, you made it through the marshmallow experiment.

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Speaker 2: Oh they're so good too.

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Speaker 1: Hm.

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Speaker 2: It doesn't mean I have good self control.

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Speaker 3: It's not bad, Winson.

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Speaker 1: It's not bad, and you've just learned a lesson about

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Speaker 1: waiting for something better instead of making a fast decision.

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Speaker 2: Oh. Thanks, Emily. That was actually pretty fun, even though

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Speaker 2: it was kind of frustrating to have to wait so long,

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Speaker 2: But I did get a pretty good reward out of

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Speaker 2: it in the end. Hey, can we do the chocolate

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Speaker 2: test next time?

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Speaker 3: Maybe? But I want to.

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Speaker 1: I'll show you another cool thing that psychologists are studying.

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Speaker 3: Want to take a quick trip with me?

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Speaker 2: Definitely? These experiments are awesome.

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Speaker 3: I'm glad you think so, Winston. Let's go.

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Speaker 2: Whoa where are we this time? Emily. I see computers everywhere,

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Speaker 2: and it's like a way more high tech version of

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Speaker 2: our lab. And what are all those people doing in

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Speaker 2: the little rooms?

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Speaker 1: This is the Clark Relationship Science Lab at Yale University.

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Speaker 1: It was here that a psychologist named Margaret Clark has

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Speaker 1: been studying something she calls the liking.

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Speaker 3: Gap with researchers and volunteers.

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Speaker 2: It looks just like a bunch of little classrooms with

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Speaker 2: big windows. So what are these people inside the room

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Speaker 2: saying to each other?

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Speaker 1: They're strangers, and they've been given questions to ask each

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Speaker 1: other things you would ask someone you don't know, well,

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Speaker 1: like what are your hobbies?

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Speaker 2: Or what food do you think is the grossest?

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Speaker 3: Yeah, that's right, Winston.

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Speaker 1: People ask each other questions to get to know one another.

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Speaker 1: After talking, the researchers asked how they felt about the

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Speaker 1: new person they spoke with.

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Speaker 2: Oh, so they're finding out how it feels to talk

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Speaker 2: to someone new. I always feel happy meeting new people.

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Speaker 3: That's wonderful, Whinson, You're very friendly.

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Speaker 1: Some people, even grown ups, might feel a bit shy

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Speaker 1: or nervous meeting someone new. The researchers ascid people thought

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Speaker 1: the new person they met liked them back.

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Speaker 2: Oh, and what they find out many.

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Speaker 1: Thought their new friend didn't like them very much, even

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Speaker 1: though that wasn't usually the case.

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Speaker 2: But why'd they think that?

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Speaker 1: Well, sometimes we get worried about what others think of us.

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Speaker 1: We might think they don't like what.

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Speaker 3: We say or how we look.

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Speaker 1: But the study found that usually people are more liked

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Speaker 1: than they think.

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Speaker 2: Hmm, maybe that's what happened. While I was trying to

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Speaker 2: play pirates with those kids at the park and they

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Speaker 2: were being mean.

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Speaker 3: And how did that make you feel? Winston?

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Speaker 2: I was upset because I thought they didn't like me.

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Speaker 2: But maybe they were just sad or mad, or maybe

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Speaker 2: they were just pretending to be pirates. Pirates don't ask

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Speaker 2: strangers to play, right.

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Speaker 1: That's a good way to look at it, And you

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Speaker 1: might be right. But this experiment in the Yale Laboratory

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Speaker 1: shows us how our brains trick us when we're talking

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Speaker 1: to other people.

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Speaker 2: Oh so maybe the kids at the park were worrying

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Speaker 2: about what I thought of them.

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Speaker 3: It's possible. Doctor Clark calls this the liking gap.

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Speaker 2: The liking gap, so that means you shouldn't be worried

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Speaker 2: that new people don't like you. When you meet them,

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Speaker 2: especially because they're probably thinking exactly the same thing.

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Speaker 3: Yep.

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Speaker 1: And hopefully the next time you meet new kids at

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Speaker 1: the park or a school, you'll remember these experiments and

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Speaker 1: they'll help you be more patient and confident. There are

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Speaker 1: lots of approaches psychologists teach people to help them calm

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Speaker 1: down and relax really like what Emily Well. Therapists who

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Speaker 1: work at schools might tell students to take a big,

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Speaker 1: old deep dinosaur breadth where you fill your belly with

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Speaker 1: air like a balloon.

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Speaker 3: And then let it out slowly.

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Speaker 1: Like you're gently roaring. It helps your body feel slow

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Speaker 1: and calm.

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Speaker 2: Dinosaurs. I want to try it.

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Speaker 3: Let's do it.

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Speaker 1: Breathe then really deep through your nose, then breathe out

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Speaker 1: through your mouth like a super gentle roar.

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Speaker 2: Oh that really does feel nice. Hey, Emily, do you

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Speaker 2: know who the most relaxed dinosaur is?

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Speaker 3: Which one the t rest? Oh Winston.

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Speaker 1: Another thing that therapists recommend if you need to relax

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Speaker 1: a bit is to do lots of long stretches like yoga.

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Speaker 1: In fact, some schools have their students do yoga posas

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Speaker 1: for a few minutes every day, and it helps them

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Speaker 1: stay focused.

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Speaker 2: That'd be awesome. Wow, learning about psychology is super cool

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Speaker 2: because it's like discovering secret codes about why people do

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Speaker 2: things and how they feel, so making friends is easier.

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Speaker 2: Very true, Winston, that's a pretty awesome superpower to have, Emily,

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Speaker 2: being able to understand people better. Maybe I'll go to

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Speaker 2: college to become a psych collegist someday too, and then

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Speaker 2: I'll do the marshmallow test for everyone.

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Speaker 1: It sounds like a plant of me, Winston. Now that's

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Speaker 1: all the time we have for today. Thanks for coming along,

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Speaker 1: keep listening and looking out for one another.

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Speaker 3: We'll see you next time. Hey, Winston, are you curious

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Speaker 3: for more you know it?

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Speaker 1: Check out Lingo Kids, the number one learning app for kids.

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Speaker 1: They have a ton of original games and videos and

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Speaker 1: songs that are fun, educational and can help boost your math, reading,

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Speaker 1: and literacy skills. Download the Lingo Kids up and give

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Speaker 1: it a try for free.

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Speaker 2: Discuss