1 00:00:00,040 --> 00:00:02,520 Speaker 1: Hey, everybody. Before we get started with this episode, we 2 00:00:02,600 --> 00:00:06,400 Speaker 1: have one last live show to announce for We will 3 00:00:06,440 --> 00:00:09,400 Speaker 1: be in New Orleans, Louisiana, at the National World War 4 00:00:09,400 --> 00:00:12,840 Speaker 1: Two Museum on Tuesday, November six. Okay, we know that 5 00:00:12,920 --> 00:00:16,320 Speaker 1: selection day, but we don't want coming to our show 6 00:00:16,360 --> 00:00:18,439 Speaker 1: to keep you from the polls. We are both going 7 00:00:18,520 --> 00:00:20,720 Speaker 1: to vote early before we leave for New Orleans, and 8 00:00:20,800 --> 00:00:23,759 Speaker 1: Louisiana offers early voting as well, so we encourage you 9 00:00:23,800 --> 00:00:26,120 Speaker 1: to do so. You can find out more about this 10 00:00:26,160 --> 00:00:28,480 Speaker 1: show and get a link to buy tickets at missed 11 00:00:28,480 --> 00:00:34,479 Speaker 1: in History dot com slash tour. Welcome to Stuff You 12 00:00:34,560 --> 00:00:44,440 Speaker 1: Missed in History class from how Stuff Works dot com. Hello, 13 00:00:44,560 --> 00:00:47,640 Speaker 1: and welcome to the podcast. I'm Tracy B. Wilson and 14 00:00:47,720 --> 00:00:52,120 Speaker 1: I'm Holly Fry. As folks, probably no. I grew up 15 00:00:52,120 --> 00:00:55,880 Speaker 1: in North Carolina and it's capital, Raleigh is named after 16 00:00:55,920 --> 00:00:59,120 Speaker 1: Sir Walter Raleigh. And aside from that fact, here are 17 00:00:59,160 --> 00:01:01,040 Speaker 1: the things I could have told you about Sir Walter 18 00:01:01,200 --> 00:01:05,440 Speaker 1: Raleigh before researching to this podcast. Number one, he wrote 19 00:01:05,440 --> 00:01:10,080 Speaker 1: some poems. I probably could not name any of them. 20 00:01:10,120 --> 00:01:12,760 Speaker 1: There's actually a reason for that. He on purpose didn't 21 00:01:12,920 --> 00:01:15,120 Speaker 1: publish most of them during his lifetime. He tried to 22 00:01:15,160 --> 00:01:17,000 Speaker 1: keep his name out of it, but any anyway, I 23 00:01:17,040 --> 00:01:19,720 Speaker 1: knew he wrote some poems, couldn't really say which ones. 24 00:01:20,520 --> 00:01:24,240 Speaker 1: Number two he was Queen Elizabeth the first favorite. And 25 00:01:24,319 --> 00:01:26,440 Speaker 1: this one time he put a cloak down over a 26 00:01:26,440 --> 00:01:29,240 Speaker 1: puddle so she wouldn't get her feet wet. That's probably 27 00:01:29,280 --> 00:01:31,520 Speaker 1: not even true, and it never made sense to me 28 00:01:31,560 --> 00:01:33,959 Speaker 1: as a child, because I was like, cloaks are not waterproof. 29 00:01:34,160 --> 00:01:36,200 Speaker 1: She's just gonna step on that and her feet are 30 00:01:36,200 --> 00:01:38,399 Speaker 1: still going to get wet, and his cloak is ruined. 31 00:01:38,440 --> 00:01:40,319 Speaker 1: So I'm gonna get a little nerdy with you right 32 00:01:40,319 --> 00:01:44,320 Speaker 1: now because a lot of times the textile weaves at 33 00:01:44,360 --> 00:01:46,560 Speaker 1: that time we're really tight compared to what we would 34 00:01:46,600 --> 00:01:49,080 Speaker 1: have today. So for at least a moment, it would 35 00:01:49,120 --> 00:01:52,320 Speaker 1: have prevented water from seeping through. Awesome. It would not 36 00:01:52,360 --> 00:01:55,560 Speaker 1: have been waterproof, no, but for as long as it 37 00:01:55,600 --> 00:01:59,320 Speaker 1: took her delicate little feet to cross over the offending puddle, 38 00:02:00,320 --> 00:02:04,080 Speaker 1: she probably would have been covered. Thank you for resolving 39 00:02:04,120 --> 00:02:10,320 Speaker 1: that question I've had since I was maybe five. Uh, 40 00:02:10,360 --> 00:02:12,320 Speaker 1: but anyway, that's probably not even true. We're gonna get 41 00:02:12,360 --> 00:02:14,120 Speaker 1: to that later. And the number three is sort of 42 00:02:14,320 --> 00:02:18,880 Speaker 1: like blah blah something Roanoke Colony Like, I just had 43 00:02:18,880 --> 00:02:21,440 Speaker 1: a very vague understanding of Sir Walter Raleigh, even though 44 00:02:21,480 --> 00:02:23,240 Speaker 1: I grew up in a place whose capital is named 45 00:02:23,280 --> 00:02:27,280 Speaker 1: after him. Among other things, Sir Walter Raleigh was a 46 00:02:27,280 --> 00:02:30,040 Speaker 1: courtier and an explorer, and a historian and a member 47 00:02:30,040 --> 00:02:32,799 Speaker 1: of parliaments, which we're not going to even get into 48 00:02:32,840 --> 00:02:35,880 Speaker 1: that part today really at all. Also a soldier, he 49 00:02:36,000 --> 00:02:38,959 Speaker 1: was part of England's defense against the Spanish Armada as 50 00:02:39,000 --> 00:02:41,960 Speaker 1: well as the Tutor conquest of Ireland, some of which 51 00:02:42,040 --> 00:02:46,079 Speaker 1: was truly horrifying. Very conveniently, since this episode is coming 52 00:02:46,080 --> 00:02:49,000 Speaker 1: out in October, according to some people, he's a ghost now, 53 00:02:49,680 --> 00:02:52,320 Speaker 1: and we are also coming up on the fourth anniversary 54 00:02:52,360 --> 00:02:55,320 Speaker 1: of his beheading, which is why he's making an appearance 55 00:02:55,360 --> 00:02:59,080 Speaker 1: on the show today. He's a scary, headless ghost. Is 56 00:02:59,600 --> 00:03:04,000 Speaker 1: Walter Raleigh was born about fifteen fifty four in Devonshire, England, 57 00:03:04,160 --> 00:03:06,960 Speaker 1: and some sources put that day as January twenty second, 58 00:03:07,400 --> 00:03:10,480 Speaker 1: but the year remains a little murky. His parents were 59 00:03:10,480 --> 00:03:13,760 Speaker 1: Walter and Catherine Raleigh, and the younger Walter was the 60 00:03:13,800 --> 00:03:17,679 Speaker 1: third of their surviving children. He also had half siblings 61 00:03:17,680 --> 00:03:21,280 Speaker 1: from his parents previous marriages. Walter was the youngest boy 62 00:03:21,400 --> 00:03:24,959 Speaker 1: of all of these siblings and half siblings. Their family 63 00:03:25,040 --> 00:03:28,120 Speaker 1: was part of the Protestant gentry, and they weren't particularly 64 00:03:28,200 --> 00:03:31,400 Speaker 1: well off or prominent, but they had been in Devonshire 65 00:03:31,480 --> 00:03:34,000 Speaker 1: for a very long time and they had a lot 66 00:03:34,040 --> 00:03:36,840 Speaker 1: of connections to people who were more well off and 67 00:03:36,920 --> 00:03:39,840 Speaker 1: more well known. We don't know much at all about 68 00:03:39,840 --> 00:03:44,440 Speaker 1: Walter's childhood or youth, but he eventually went to Oriel College, Oxford. 69 00:03:45,000 --> 00:03:48,000 Speaker 1: He didn't finish his studies though. In fifteen sixty nine 70 00:03:48,040 --> 00:03:51,040 Speaker 1: he went to France with the Devon Volunteers to fight 71 00:03:51,120 --> 00:03:53,400 Speaker 1: on the side of the Huguenots in the French Wars 72 00:03:53,440 --> 00:03:56,920 Speaker 1: of Religion. He served for about five years, seeing two 73 00:03:56,960 --> 00:04:00,600 Speaker 1: major battles and surviving the St. Bartholomew's day A massacre 74 00:04:00,720 --> 00:04:04,600 Speaker 1: in fifteen seventy two. In fifteen seventy six, Raleigh was 75 00:04:04,640 --> 00:04:07,600 Speaker 1: back in London and he was enrolled at the Middle Temple, 76 00:04:07,720 --> 00:04:10,200 Speaker 1: which was one of the four ends of Court. But 77 00:04:10,280 --> 00:04:14,000 Speaker 1: it doesn't seem like he was really studying law while 78 00:04:14,000 --> 00:04:16,160 Speaker 1: he was there, which would have been a normal thing 79 00:04:16,200 --> 00:04:19,120 Speaker 1: to be doing at the Middle Temple. He was more, 80 00:04:19,160 --> 00:04:22,240 Speaker 1: treating it kind of like a gentleman's club. Even though 81 00:04:22,279 --> 00:04:24,599 Speaker 1: he never seems to have finished a course of study 82 00:04:24,640 --> 00:04:27,320 Speaker 1: at Oxford or at the Middle Temple, he would go 83 00:04:27,360 --> 00:04:31,520 Speaker 1: on to really develop a reputation for being very highly educated. 84 00:04:32,520 --> 00:04:34,719 Speaker 1: Maybe he was just good at pr I'm super smart. 85 00:04:34,760 --> 00:04:38,120 Speaker 1: You guys have studied a bunch. You get a drink. Uh. 86 00:04:38,400 --> 00:04:41,640 Speaker 1: Raleigh published his first poem in the fifteen seventies as well. 87 00:04:42,120 --> 00:04:44,679 Speaker 1: It was printed in the preface to The Steel Glass 88 00:04:44,800 --> 00:04:48,880 Speaker 1: by George Gascoigne, and the poem appears under the heading 89 00:04:49,240 --> 00:04:52,359 Speaker 1: Walter Raleigh of the Middle Temple in Commendation of the 90 00:04:52,400 --> 00:04:57,640 Speaker 1: Steel Glass, with Raleigh spelled r A w l e y. 91 00:04:57,680 --> 00:05:01,120 Speaker 1: This is one of no joke seventy dif n spellings 92 00:05:01,160 --> 00:05:04,200 Speaker 1: of Walter Raleigh's name in the historical record, and as 93 00:05:04,200 --> 00:05:06,600 Speaker 1: a side note, the common spelling of r A l 94 00:05:06,760 --> 00:05:10,240 Speaker 1: e I g h is not one that he used himself. 95 00:05:10,360 --> 00:05:12,479 Speaker 1: He never signed his name with an eye in it. 96 00:05:13,360 --> 00:05:16,359 Speaker 1: Raleigh is also pronounced slightly differently depending on where you 97 00:05:16,360 --> 00:05:18,279 Speaker 1: are from. I will tell you I struggle with it 98 00:05:18,320 --> 00:05:21,800 Speaker 1: because we have a cat named Raleigh. I see it 99 00:05:21,839 --> 00:05:23,640 Speaker 1: that way all the time, even though he is in 100 00:05:23,680 --> 00:05:27,120 Speaker 1: fact named after imagineer Rolely Crump, but saying it really 101 00:05:27,200 --> 00:05:29,080 Speaker 1: just doesn't feel right with the cat. I don't know 102 00:05:29,120 --> 00:05:34,119 Speaker 1: why well, and an odd thing that I discovered. Even 103 00:05:34,160 --> 00:05:39,120 Speaker 1: though a lot of search technologies are good at interpreting 104 00:05:39,279 --> 00:05:41,960 Speaker 1: your different spellings to give you results that are what 105 00:05:42,000 --> 00:05:47,000 Speaker 1: you're looking for, there are meaningfully different responses for Walter 106 00:05:47,200 --> 00:05:49,920 Speaker 1: Raleigh spelled r a l e i g H and 107 00:05:50,000 --> 00:05:54,360 Speaker 1: Walter Raleigh spelled r A l e g H with 108 00:05:54,400 --> 00:05:57,640 Speaker 1: no eye in it, which meant that I got to 109 00:05:57,800 --> 00:06:01,000 Speaker 1: redo all of my searching part way through this. It's like, 110 00:06:02,320 --> 00:06:05,000 Speaker 1: why didn't I find this paper before? Because I had 111 00:06:05,040 --> 00:06:09,559 Speaker 1: an eye in it? In Raleigh and his half brother 112 00:06:09,680 --> 00:06:13,000 Speaker 1: Sir Humphrey Gilbert went on an expedition, possibly to try 113 00:06:13,040 --> 00:06:16,920 Speaker 1: to find the Northwest Passage, but this expedition was largely 114 00:06:17,000 --> 00:06:20,240 Speaker 1: a failure. Storms forced their little fleet of ships back 115 00:06:20,279 --> 00:06:23,960 Speaker 1: to Plymouth almost immediately after they left, and then they 116 00:06:24,000 --> 00:06:29,280 Speaker 1: turned to what multiple writers described as unauthorized privateering against 117 00:06:29,320 --> 00:06:32,840 Speaker 1: Spanish ships. I'm not sure who decided to call it 118 00:06:33,120 --> 00:06:40,680 Speaker 1: unauthorized privateering. That's just piracy. This unauthorized privateering brought them 119 00:06:40,680 --> 00:06:43,880 Speaker 1: a lot of casualties and very little reward, so their 120 00:06:43,880 --> 00:06:49,279 Speaker 1: reception wasn't particularly favorable when they got back to England. Plus, Raleigh, 121 00:06:49,320 --> 00:06:52,920 Speaker 1: who had already had a reputation for being stubborn and hotheaded, 122 00:06:53,480 --> 00:06:56,560 Speaker 1: kept getting in trouble for disturbing the peace and dueling. 123 00:06:57,240 --> 00:07:00,640 Speaker 1: He wound up spending time in both Fleet Marshal Sya 124 00:07:00,680 --> 00:07:04,280 Speaker 1: prisons for brawling. Possibly to try to keep him out 125 00:07:04,320 --> 00:07:07,120 Speaker 1: of all this trouble, some of Raleigh's friends secured a 126 00:07:07,120 --> 00:07:09,560 Speaker 1: commission for him as a captain in the army, and 127 00:07:09,600 --> 00:07:13,560 Speaker 1: he was sent to Ireland. The Tutor Conquest of Ireland 128 00:07:13,720 --> 00:07:16,600 Speaker 1: was going on. It had started long before Queen Elizabeth 129 00:07:16,640 --> 00:07:21,200 Speaker 1: ascended to the throne. In part of Ireland was solely 130 00:07:21,280 --> 00:07:24,520 Speaker 1: under English control, and the English part of Ireland, which 131 00:07:24,560 --> 00:07:27,960 Speaker 1: was mostly around Dublin, was known as the Pale, So 132 00:07:28,040 --> 00:07:31,520 Speaker 1: the Tutor Conquest was meant to expand the Pale and 133 00:07:31,560 --> 00:07:35,720 Speaker 1: also to solidify English rule within the Pale. Side note. 134 00:07:36,160 --> 00:07:38,440 Speaker 1: A lot of people believe that the phrase beyond the 135 00:07:38,480 --> 00:07:41,520 Speaker 1: Pale is a specific reference to this part of Ireland 136 00:07:41,720 --> 00:07:44,480 Speaker 1: and the areas beyond it, but according to the Oxford 137 00:07:44,480 --> 00:07:47,840 Speaker 1: English Dictionary, that is not supported by historical evidence. It 138 00:07:47,960 --> 00:07:51,200 Speaker 1: is probably an association that people made later. During the 139 00:07:51,200 --> 00:07:54,480 Speaker 1: Tutor Conquest, the province of Munster in the southwest of 140 00:07:54,520 --> 00:07:58,160 Speaker 1: Ireland saw two major rebellions against English rule, and they 141 00:07:58,200 --> 00:08:01,080 Speaker 1: were known as the Desmond Rebellions. The first one took 142 00:08:01,120 --> 00:08:03,880 Speaker 1: place from fifteen sixty nine to fifteen seventy three, and 143 00:08:04,000 --> 00:08:06,920 Speaker 1: Raleigh's half brother, Sir Humphrey Gilbert, was knighted for his 144 00:08:07,000 --> 00:08:11,320 Speaker 1: service and that rebellion. The Second Desmond Rebellion started in 145 00:08:11,360 --> 00:08:15,000 Speaker 1: fifteen seventy nine, and it was fueled both by resistance 146 00:08:15,040 --> 00:08:19,720 Speaker 1: to English rule and by the Catholic counter Reformation. Gerald Fitzgerald, 147 00:08:19,800 --> 00:08:21,920 Speaker 1: the Earl of Desmond, had gotten the support of the 148 00:08:21,960 --> 00:08:24,720 Speaker 1: Pope and of King Philip the Second of Spain in 149 00:08:24,800 --> 00:08:29,200 Speaker 1: this uprising. Raleigh served with the English army during several 150 00:08:29,280 --> 00:08:32,760 Speaker 1: engagements and the Second Desmond Rebellion, but the most notorious 151 00:08:32,760 --> 00:08:36,400 Speaker 1: of these engagement was the Siege of Smerwick. Troops from 152 00:08:36,440 --> 00:08:39,480 Speaker 1: Spain and Italy who were aiding the FitzGeralds were being 153 00:08:39,559 --> 00:08:43,160 Speaker 1: garrisoned at Smerwick, and Queen Elizabeth had sent English troops 154 00:08:43,200 --> 00:08:46,280 Speaker 1: to put down this rebellion, including dealing with these troops. 155 00:08:47,040 --> 00:08:50,960 Speaker 1: When the Spanish and Italian forces stood down. Lord Arthur Gray, 156 00:08:51,040 --> 00:08:54,240 Speaker 1: the Lord Deputy of Ireland, ordered for all of them 157 00:08:54,240 --> 00:08:58,360 Speaker 1: to be massacred. This was one percent how England dealt 158 00:08:58,360 --> 00:09:01,679 Speaker 1: with rebels at the time. Had England been at war 159 00:09:01,760 --> 00:09:04,480 Speaker 1: with Spain or Italy, the soldiers would have been offered 160 00:09:04,520 --> 00:09:07,960 Speaker 1: some protection under the rules of war, but they weren't. 161 00:09:08,320 --> 00:09:11,320 Speaker 1: In the Crown's view. They were helping royal subjects rebel 162 00:09:11,480 --> 00:09:14,520 Speaker 1: against their monarch, so they needed to be dealt with quickly, 163 00:09:14,760 --> 00:09:20,520 Speaker 1: efficiently and decisively seriously. Tutor England's treatment of Irish rebels 164 00:09:20,559 --> 00:09:24,679 Speaker 1: could be extremely brutal, and the first Desmond Rebellions their 165 00:09:24,720 --> 00:09:28,320 Speaker 1: Humphrey Gilbert was known to decapitate civilians who supported the 166 00:09:28,320 --> 00:09:30,960 Speaker 1: rebels and then display their heads on pikes along the 167 00:09:30,960 --> 00:09:34,719 Speaker 1: path to his tent. Two companies totaling about one d 168 00:09:34,920 --> 00:09:38,760 Speaker 1: eighty men were tasked with killing the enemy soldiers at Smerwick. 169 00:09:39,400 --> 00:09:42,239 Speaker 1: Walter Raleigh was one of the two captains in charge. 170 00:09:42,800 --> 00:09:46,800 Speaker 1: The English army massacred about six hundred people after this siege, 171 00:09:47,240 --> 00:09:50,680 Speaker 1: About a hundred of them were women and children. Raleigh 172 00:09:50,720 --> 00:09:53,680 Speaker 1: was also one of the English officers granted lands in 173 00:09:53,800 --> 00:09:56,680 Speaker 1: Ireland after the end of the Second Desman rebellion. His 174 00:09:56,760 --> 00:09:59,440 Speaker 1: allotment was actually the largest of any of the ones 175 00:09:59,480 --> 00:10:02,040 Speaker 1: that were anted out of the Munster lands that were 176 00:10:02,080 --> 00:10:05,160 Speaker 1: claimed after all of this was over. He also helped 177 00:10:05,240 --> 00:10:07,960 Speaker 1: govern the province of Munster after this, and when he 178 00:10:08,000 --> 00:10:11,319 Speaker 1: went back to London, he positioned himself as an expert 179 00:10:11,400 --> 00:10:13,800 Speaker 1: in Irish affairs, which might have been part of what 180 00:10:13,920 --> 00:10:17,120 Speaker 1: got him into such close confidence with Queen Elizabeth. And 181 00:10:17,160 --> 00:10:19,040 Speaker 1: we're going to talk about that a little bit more 182 00:10:19,120 --> 00:10:28,280 Speaker 1: after we first paused for a little sponsor break. Like 183 00:10:28,400 --> 00:10:30,240 Speaker 1: we said at the top of the show, the Raleigh 184 00:10:30,320 --> 00:10:33,680 Speaker 1: family wasn't all that prominent, but they did have some 185 00:10:33,760 --> 00:10:37,880 Speaker 1: pretty high up connections. One of these connections was Katherine Astley. 186 00:10:38,120 --> 00:10:41,160 Speaker 1: She was Walter's aunt on his mother's side, and she 187 00:10:41,240 --> 00:10:43,840 Speaker 1: had been Queen Elizabeth's governess back when she was still 188 00:10:43,840 --> 00:10:48,360 Speaker 1: a princess, starting before Walter was born. After Elizabeth became Queen, 189 00:10:48,440 --> 00:10:51,320 Speaker 1: Astley became the Chief Gentlewoman of the Privy Chamber and 190 00:10:51,320 --> 00:10:54,000 Speaker 1: then the Chief Gentlewoman of the bed Chamber. And it 191 00:10:54,120 --> 00:10:57,679 Speaker 1: might have been Katherine Astley who introduced Walter Raleigh to 192 00:10:57,800 --> 00:11:01,720 Speaker 1: Queen Elizabeth. The introduction also have been a byproduct of 193 00:11:01,800 --> 00:11:06,080 Speaker 1: Raleigh's military service. After the massacre at Smerwick, Raleigh and 194 00:11:06,160 --> 00:11:08,600 Speaker 1: his men searched through the bodies of the soldiers and 195 00:11:08,640 --> 00:11:12,880 Speaker 1: collected letters and other documents to deliver to London. Raleigh 196 00:11:12,920 --> 00:11:14,880 Speaker 1: was the one who carried them there, which he did 197 00:11:15,000 --> 00:11:19,600 Speaker 1: in December of eight Regardless of exactly how Raleigh made 198 00:11:19,679 --> 00:11:22,800 Speaker 1: his first connection to Queen Elizabeth, he quickly became a favorite. 199 00:11:23,200 --> 00:11:27,240 Speaker 1: He was very tall and handsome, flamboyant, and quite the flatterer. 200 00:11:27,960 --> 00:11:30,760 Speaker 1: Soon Elizabeth just didn't want him to leave her side. 201 00:11:31,160 --> 00:11:34,280 Speaker 1: In two Sir Humphrey Gilbert put together a scheme to 202 00:11:34,440 --> 00:11:38,520 Speaker 1: resettle English Catholics in North America, and Raleigh invested some 203 00:11:38,600 --> 00:11:41,480 Speaker 1: money in it, but the Queen forbade him from personally 204 00:11:41,480 --> 00:11:43,920 Speaker 1: going on the voyage. When she sent him on a 205 00:11:43,960 --> 00:11:47,079 Speaker 1: mission to the Low Countries later that year, she told 206 00:11:47,120 --> 00:11:50,600 Speaker 1: him to write to her every day. Through the fifteen eighties, 207 00:11:50,800 --> 00:11:54,120 Speaker 1: Raleigh continued to get more and more recognition and favors 208 00:11:54,120 --> 00:11:58,600 Speaker 1: from the Queen. He was knighted on February six five. 209 00:11:59,440 --> 00:12:02,080 Speaker 1: He was also made Warden of the standardis Or coal 210 00:12:02,120 --> 00:12:05,760 Speaker 1: mining districts in Devon and Cornwall. He was also named 211 00:12:05,760 --> 00:12:09,000 Speaker 1: Lord Lieutenant of Cornwall and Vice Admiral of the West. 212 00:12:09,480 --> 00:12:12,440 Speaker 1: On top of all that, the Queen granted Raleigh multiple 213 00:12:12,600 --> 00:12:16,240 Speaker 1: estates in England and Ireland, including Durham Place on the Strand, 214 00:12:16,240 --> 00:12:19,320 Speaker 1: which was one of her favorite residences. She also gave 215 00:12:19,400 --> 00:12:22,320 Speaker 1: him a monopoly on a sale of wine licenses and 216 00:12:22,400 --> 00:12:24,959 Speaker 1: on the export of broadcloth, and a lot of this 217 00:12:25,080 --> 00:12:30,440 Speaker 1: was very lucrative, I mean, fabric and wine. And he's 218 00:12:30,480 --> 00:12:32,960 Speaker 1: got this thing covered um in the middle of all 219 00:12:33,040 --> 00:12:37,120 Speaker 1: of this since September three, Sir Humphrey Gilbert drowned in 220 00:12:37,160 --> 00:12:41,240 Speaker 1: a shipwreck. He had recently claimed Newfoundland for England, and 221 00:12:41,240 --> 00:12:43,600 Speaker 1: he had a royal charter to try to colonize it. 222 00:12:44,320 --> 00:12:47,200 Speaker 1: After his death, Raleigh was granted a charter to explore 223 00:12:47,240 --> 00:12:51,080 Speaker 1: and colonize North America. He was given quote free liberty 224 00:12:51,120 --> 00:12:54,079 Speaker 1: and license from time to time and at all times 225 00:12:54,120 --> 00:12:58,920 Speaker 1: forever hereafter to discover, search, find out, and view such 226 00:12:58,960 --> 00:13:04,040 Speaker 1: remote he and barbarous lands, countries and territories not actually 227 00:13:04,080 --> 00:13:07,959 Speaker 1: possessed of any Christian prince nor inhabited by Christian people. 228 00:13:08,920 --> 00:13:12,640 Speaker 1: This was England's first meaningful attempt to establish a colony 229 00:13:12,679 --> 00:13:15,840 Speaker 1: in North America. Yes, half brother had been kind of 230 00:13:15,920 --> 00:13:19,280 Speaker 1: dabbling at this idea of colonizing Newfoundland, and there had 231 00:13:19,360 --> 00:13:21,720 Speaker 1: of course been lots of voyages back and forth between 232 00:13:21,760 --> 00:13:24,840 Speaker 1: Europe and North America, but in terms of England attempting 233 00:13:24,880 --> 00:13:28,120 Speaker 1: to establish a colony, this was the first serious effort. 234 00:13:28,200 --> 00:13:32,360 Speaker 1: So Raleigh first mounted a reconnaissance expedition in fifteen eighty 235 00:13:32,400 --> 00:13:34,840 Speaker 1: four and that landed on the outer banks of what's 236 00:13:34,840 --> 00:13:39,000 Speaker 1: now in North Carolina. This reconnaissance expedition returned with at 237 00:13:39,040 --> 00:13:43,200 Speaker 1: least two indigenous men, known as Manteo and Wanches. They 238 00:13:43,240 --> 00:13:46,440 Speaker 1: stayed at one of Raleigh's residences when they arrived in England. 239 00:13:46,920 --> 00:13:49,600 Speaker 1: Manteo and wan She's were two of the first Indigenous 240 00:13:49,640 --> 00:13:52,559 Speaker 1: Americans to be brought to England, and they each obviously 241 00:13:52,600 --> 00:13:55,960 Speaker 1: have their own stories outside the scope of Walter Raleigh's. 242 00:13:55,960 --> 00:13:58,880 Speaker 1: Both of them returned to North America with Raleigh's next 243 00:13:58,920 --> 00:14:04,000 Speaker 1: voyage in fifteen five five. Voyage was intended to establish 244 00:14:04,040 --> 00:14:08,199 Speaker 1: a colony, but this colony failed. The indigenous peoples in 245 00:14:08,240 --> 00:14:11,280 Speaker 1: the area were divided in their opinions of the colonists, 246 00:14:11,679 --> 00:14:15,200 Speaker 1: and this was also true of Manteo and Wanchese. Manteo 247 00:14:15,440 --> 00:14:17,680 Speaker 1: stayed with the colony to work as an interpreter and 248 00:14:17,679 --> 00:14:20,760 Speaker 1: a guide, but Lanche's left and warned his people that 249 00:14:20,800 --> 00:14:24,320 Speaker 1: the English should not be trusted. Aside from this division 250 00:14:24,400 --> 00:14:27,080 Speaker 1: and their relationships with the indigenous people in the area, 251 00:14:27,160 --> 00:14:30,360 Speaker 1: the colony was also struck by illness and a lack 252 00:14:30,400 --> 00:14:34,640 Speaker 1: of planning and supplies. When Sir Francis Drake coincidentally passed 253 00:14:34,640 --> 00:14:37,000 Speaker 1: through the area on his way back from the Caribbean, 254 00:14:37,200 --> 00:14:39,600 Speaker 1: most of the colonists took the opportunity to go back 255 00:14:39,640 --> 00:14:42,640 Speaker 1: to England with him. Manteo returned to England with Sir 256 00:14:42,680 --> 00:14:46,440 Speaker 1: Francis Drake. Also, Raleigh planned one more expedition to North 257 00:14:46,480 --> 00:14:50,960 Speaker 1: America and Mantio traveled on that expedition. These colonists arrived 258 00:14:51,000 --> 00:14:54,960 Speaker 1: in August of seven and became the famous lost Colony 259 00:14:55,040 --> 00:14:58,840 Speaker 1: of Roanoke. The colony's governor, John White, was sent back 260 00:14:58,880 --> 00:15:01,720 Speaker 1: to England for more supp lies, but England was at 261 00:15:01,720 --> 00:15:03,760 Speaker 1: war with Spain by the time that he got there, 262 00:15:04,160 --> 00:15:06,440 Speaker 1: and when White finally got back to North America in 263 00:15:06,480 --> 00:15:10,479 Speaker 1: fifteen ninety, the colony was gone, with the word Croatoan 264 00:15:10,680 --> 00:15:13,600 Speaker 1: carved into a post as the only evidence that anyone 265 00:15:13,640 --> 00:15:17,040 Speaker 1: had ever been there. Archaeologists tried to work out exactly 266 00:15:17,040 --> 00:15:19,280 Speaker 1: what happened, and this comes up from time to time 267 00:15:19,280 --> 00:15:22,280 Speaker 1: on on Earth. It's one of every history buff's favorite mysteries. 268 00:15:23,160 --> 00:15:29,040 Speaker 1: M uh, partly to bring tourists see an outdoor drama 269 00:15:29,280 --> 00:15:36,120 Speaker 1: and to launch an entire TV series. So these expeditions 270 00:15:36,360 --> 00:15:40,479 Speaker 1: are why Walter Raleigh is often incorrectly credited with introducing 271 00:15:40,520 --> 00:15:44,280 Speaker 1: potatoes and tobacco to England and Ireland specifically, or to 272 00:15:44,360 --> 00:15:49,480 Speaker 1: Europe in general. But number one, he didn't go on 273 00:15:49,520 --> 00:15:52,560 Speaker 1: any of these personally, the Queen did not want him 274 00:15:52,600 --> 00:15:55,960 Speaker 1: to go. But potatoes were introduced to Spain more than 275 00:15:56,000 --> 00:15:59,360 Speaker 1: a decade before these voyages took place, and Ireland had 276 00:15:59,360 --> 00:16:03,800 Speaker 1: also a published trade with Spain before Raleigh's voyages, so 277 00:16:03,840 --> 00:16:08,120 Speaker 1: it's entirely possible that there were potatoes in Ireland before 278 00:16:08,160 --> 00:16:11,680 Speaker 1: ships from Raleigh's expeditions arrived there with potatoes on board, 279 00:16:11,720 --> 00:16:15,080 Speaker 1: and there were definitely potatoes elsewhere in Europe for sure, 280 00:16:15,800 --> 00:16:19,760 Speaker 1: way before any of this happened. Tobacco was also introduced 281 00:16:19,760 --> 00:16:22,920 Speaker 1: to Europe long before Raleigh's voyages and had been grown 282 00:16:22,920 --> 00:16:25,880 Speaker 1: in England for more than ten years before his first 283 00:16:25,880 --> 00:16:30,880 Speaker 1: ships left for North America. Raleigh probably did help popularize 284 00:16:30,880 --> 00:16:34,840 Speaker 1: its use in England, though so, like I said earlier, 285 00:16:34,920 --> 00:16:38,880 Speaker 1: Walter Raleigh didn't go on any of these actual voyages, 286 00:16:39,240 --> 00:16:43,800 Speaker 1: and even though they weren't particularly successful, his position continued 287 00:16:43,840 --> 00:16:47,440 Speaker 1: to rise at court while he stayed behind. In six 288 00:16:47,520 --> 00:16:49,680 Speaker 1: or fifteen eighties seven, Raleigh was made captain of the 289 00:16:49,760 --> 00:16:54,280 Speaker 1: Queen's personal Guard. The Anglo Spanish War started just before 290 00:16:54,320 --> 00:16:57,880 Speaker 1: that happened in five, and Raleigh served on the War Council. 291 00:16:58,240 --> 00:17:01,160 Speaker 1: He also helped organize the Devon Militia to fight against 292 00:17:01,160 --> 00:17:06,119 Speaker 1: the Spanish armada in He also commissioned a ship called 293 00:17:06,160 --> 00:17:08,880 Speaker 1: the Ark Raleigh that he gave to the Queen, who 294 00:17:08,920 --> 00:17:11,879 Speaker 1: renamed the Ark Royal and made it the flagship of 295 00:17:11,920 --> 00:17:15,760 Speaker 1: the British naval fleet. Throughout all of this, Raleigh was 296 00:17:15,800 --> 00:17:19,879 Speaker 1: making friends and enemies at and outside of court. He 297 00:17:20,000 --> 00:17:22,800 Speaker 1: was friends with poet Edmund Spencer and introduced him to 298 00:17:22,880 --> 00:17:26,760 Speaker 1: Queen Elizabeth. Spencer was later named Poet Laureate, and he 299 00:17:26,800 --> 00:17:29,400 Speaker 1: wrote The Fairy Queen, one of the great epic poems 300 00:17:29,400 --> 00:17:32,920 Speaker 1: in English, in part as an allegory about Queen Elizabeth 301 00:17:32,920 --> 00:17:36,439 Speaker 1: the First and the Tutors. Raleigh also wrote a couple 302 00:17:36,520 --> 00:17:39,880 Speaker 1: of commendatory sonnets for the Fairy Queen, and he makes 303 00:17:39,880 --> 00:17:42,600 Speaker 1: a number of appearances in Spencer's work, and as a 304 00:17:42,640 --> 00:17:46,680 Speaker 1: side note, Spencer also served England during the Desmond Rebellion 305 00:17:46,840 --> 00:17:51,000 Speaker 1: as Lord Gray's secretary. If you had to read The 306 00:17:51,000 --> 00:17:54,040 Speaker 1: Fairy Queen just hypothetically when you were studying literature in 307 00:17:54,119 --> 00:17:57,040 Speaker 1: college and you didn't find it a particularly enjoyable experience, 308 00:17:57,160 --> 00:18:00,880 Speaker 1: you could just blame Walter Raleigh having it all that possible, 309 00:18:01,040 --> 00:18:06,000 Speaker 1: and I do so. On the other end of this 310 00:18:06,080 --> 00:18:10,320 Speaker 1: spectrum was Robert Devereaux, Earl of Essex, who was sometimes 311 00:18:10,480 --> 00:18:14,800 Speaker 1: Raleigh's friend and sometimes really his adversary, and always his 312 00:18:14,960 --> 00:18:19,119 Speaker 1: rival for the Queen's attention. The disputes that Raleigh started 313 00:18:19,160 --> 00:18:22,560 Speaker 1: having with Essex almost led them to a duel, And 314 00:18:22,600 --> 00:18:25,720 Speaker 1: then there was the relationship that caused Raleigh to fall 315 00:18:25,760 --> 00:18:29,640 Speaker 1: out of the Queen's favor almost for good. He started 316 00:18:29,680 --> 00:18:33,879 Speaker 1: a secret relationship with Elizabeth Throckmorton, known as Best, one 317 00:18:33,920 --> 00:18:37,080 Speaker 1: of the Queen's maids of honor. She wasn't supposed to 318 00:18:37,080 --> 00:18:40,200 Speaker 1: marry without the Queen's approval, but when she became pregnant 319 00:18:40,200 --> 00:18:43,760 Speaker 1: with Raleigh's child, they got married in secret, and Bess 320 00:18:44,000 --> 00:18:47,440 Speaker 1: left the court to give birth. Best delivered a son 321 00:18:47,680 --> 00:18:51,040 Speaker 1: named day Marie We're not sure on that pronunciation on March, 322 00:18:53,320 --> 00:18:55,879 Speaker 1: and this was during the better part of Raleigh's relationship 323 00:18:55,960 --> 00:18:58,960 Speaker 1: with the Earl of Essex, who was the baby's godfather. 324 00:18:59,560 --> 00:19:02,280 Speaker 1: Best came back to court in April and she and 325 00:19:02,320 --> 00:19:04,959 Speaker 1: Walter are both trying to keep their marriage and baby 326 00:19:05,160 --> 00:19:09,479 Speaker 1: secret from the Queen. Of course, that idea was doomed 327 00:19:09,560 --> 00:19:13,240 Speaker 1: to failure. Walter and Bess apologized to the Queen after 328 00:19:13,240 --> 00:19:15,480 Speaker 1: she found out that they were secretly married and had 329 00:19:15,520 --> 00:19:18,359 Speaker 1: a secret baby, but neither of them seemed all that 330 00:19:18,440 --> 00:19:21,480 Speaker 1: sincere about their apology, and that just made things worse, 331 00:19:21,920 --> 00:19:25,240 Speaker 1: so Queen Elizabeth had them imprisoned in separate quarters in 332 00:19:25,280 --> 00:19:28,679 Speaker 1: the Tower of London. Walter was released from the tower 333 00:19:28,760 --> 00:19:31,159 Speaker 1: after one of his ships returned to port with a 334 00:19:31,240 --> 00:19:35,440 Speaker 1: massive Portuguese ship in tow the Madre di Dios. There 335 00:19:35,440 --> 00:19:38,239 Speaker 1: were concerns that Raleigh's crew was going to mutiny, so 336 00:19:38,320 --> 00:19:40,199 Speaker 1: he was released to go down to the docks and 337 00:19:40,320 --> 00:19:43,120 Speaker 1: try to keep everything in order, and once the Queen 338 00:19:43,119 --> 00:19:45,960 Speaker 1: took most of the treasure, she finally released both Walter 339 00:19:46,160 --> 00:19:49,320 Speaker 1: and Best from the tower, although she banished Walter from 340 00:19:49,359 --> 00:19:52,840 Speaker 1: court and stripped him of all his estates and privileges. 341 00:19:53,400 --> 00:19:55,719 Speaker 1: The Rallies went back to his home of Devonshire, and 342 00:19:55,800 --> 00:19:59,400 Speaker 1: sadly day Marie Raleigh died while still a baby. While 343 00:19:59,480 --> 00:20:02,480 Speaker 1: banished from court, Walter Raleigh spent some time hanging out 344 00:20:02,520 --> 00:20:05,320 Speaker 1: with some of the most notable literary figures of the time, 345 00:20:05,320 --> 00:20:09,399 Speaker 1: including William Shakespeare and Ben Johnson. Although he was banned 346 00:20:09,440 --> 00:20:13,320 Speaker 1: from court until fifte Raleigh figured out a way he 347 00:20:13,440 --> 00:20:17,320 Speaker 1: might win back the Queen's good graces in and we're 348 00:20:17,320 --> 00:20:19,600 Speaker 1: going to get to that after we take another little 349 00:20:19,600 --> 00:20:32,840 Speaker 1: pause for a sponsor break. In February of Walter Raleigh 350 00:20:32,840 --> 00:20:36,000 Speaker 1: got the Queen's permission to go on an expedition on 351 00:20:36,040 --> 00:20:39,280 Speaker 1: the Orinoca River and what's now Venezuela, which at the 352 00:20:39,320 --> 00:20:42,560 Speaker 1: time was known as Guiana. He was searching for the 353 00:20:42,600 --> 00:20:46,480 Speaker 1: fabled city of El Dorado, and Robert Devreaux, Earl of Essex, 354 00:20:46,560 --> 00:20:48,879 Speaker 1: went on this expedition as well. This is one of 355 00:20:48,880 --> 00:20:52,000 Speaker 1: the times that they were getting along. They did not 356 00:20:52,240 --> 00:20:55,080 Speaker 1: find a city of gold Dough, but Raleigh did write 357 00:20:55,080 --> 00:20:57,640 Speaker 1: a book called The Discovery of Guiana, which came out 358 00:20:57,640 --> 00:21:01,439 Speaker 1: in fift This book was extremely popular and it was 359 00:21:01,520 --> 00:21:05,119 Speaker 1: reprinted four times that year. He also seems to have 360 00:21:05,200 --> 00:21:08,280 Speaker 1: brought an indigenous boy of about ten or twelve back 361 00:21:08,320 --> 00:21:11,760 Speaker 1: with him, who he might have adopted. The Anglo Spanish 362 00:21:11,800 --> 00:21:15,280 Speaker 1: War was still ongoing, and Raleigh and Essex were both 363 00:21:15,320 --> 00:21:18,120 Speaker 1: part of a raid on the Spanish port of Cadiz 364 00:21:18,200 --> 00:21:22,480 Speaker 1: in fifteen ninety six, which destroyed more than thirty Spanish ships. 365 00:21:23,359 --> 00:21:27,000 Speaker 1: Raleigh was seriously wounded in the thigh, which never fully healed, 366 00:21:27,480 --> 00:21:30,080 Speaker 1: but this was a victory for England and a somewhat 367 00:21:30,160 --> 00:21:33,119 Speaker 1: lucrative one, so he did start to win back some 368 00:21:33,200 --> 00:21:36,679 Speaker 1: of the Queen's affections. She eventually allowed him back to 369 00:21:36,720 --> 00:21:39,800 Speaker 1: court and restored him to his position as the Captain 370 00:21:39,840 --> 00:21:43,080 Speaker 1: of the Queen's Guard. With things starting to turn around 371 00:21:43,160 --> 00:21:47,280 Speaker 1: after this Orinoco expedition and the raid on Cadiz, soon 372 00:21:47,600 --> 00:21:51,160 Speaker 1: Elizabeth's was starting to bestow more favors on Walter Raleigh again, 373 00:21:51,680 --> 00:21:54,680 Speaker 1: including making him the governor of the Isle of Jersey 374 00:21:54,760 --> 00:21:58,800 Speaker 1: and six, and she granted him a monopoly on playing 375 00:21:58,880 --> 00:22:02,560 Speaker 1: cards as well. I'm telling you, with the fabric and 376 00:22:02,600 --> 00:22:04,959 Speaker 1: the wine and the playing cards, he really had the 377 00:22:05,080 --> 00:22:09,320 Speaker 1: entertainment market cornered. Um Then in sixteen o one, the 378 00:22:09,400 --> 00:22:12,840 Speaker 1: Earl of Essex rebelled against the Queen, and Raleigh helped 379 00:22:12,880 --> 00:22:17,600 Speaker 1: put down that rebellion. Essex was executed for treason. The 380 00:22:17,680 --> 00:22:21,200 Speaker 1: Queen was devastated, but this meant that Raleigh's chief rival 381 00:22:21,240 --> 00:22:25,400 Speaker 1: at court was dead. Raleigh was widely reported as gloating 382 00:22:25,520 --> 00:22:29,119 Speaker 1: over Essex's execution, but in reality he seems to have 383 00:22:29,160 --> 00:22:31,840 Speaker 1: been a little more conflicted over it. The two men 384 00:22:32,000 --> 00:22:34,760 Speaker 1: had really been close earlier on in their lives, and 385 00:22:34,840 --> 00:22:38,359 Speaker 1: Raleigh didn't attend the execution, even though he was expected 386 00:22:38,359 --> 00:22:42,520 Speaker 1: to as captain of the Queen's guard. But Raleigh's return 387 00:22:42,640 --> 00:22:46,119 Speaker 1: to relative favor at court was pretty short lived because 388 00:22:46,200 --> 00:22:49,640 Speaker 1: Queen Elizabeth died in sixteen o three, James the first 389 00:22:49,640 --> 00:22:53,199 Speaker 1: of England and sixth of Scotland became king, and James 390 00:22:53,240 --> 00:22:58,199 Speaker 1: didn't particularly like Raleigh. Raleigh also had a lot of 391 00:22:58,359 --> 00:23:01,240 Speaker 1: enemies at court, some of whom had convinced the King 392 00:23:01,320 --> 00:23:04,000 Speaker 1: that Raleigh was ready to back a rival claimant to 393 00:23:04,000 --> 00:23:08,760 Speaker 1: the throne. This rumor was not particularly realistic. It involved 394 00:23:08,760 --> 00:23:11,920 Speaker 1: a Spanish claimant to this throne, and Raley had spent 395 00:23:12,040 --> 00:23:15,720 Speaker 1: much of his military career fighting against Spain. He was 396 00:23:15,760 --> 00:23:19,560 Speaker 1: also against the idea of England ending the ongoing Anglo 397 00:23:19,680 --> 00:23:22,360 Speaker 1: Spanish War, and he even wrote a treatise about it. 398 00:23:22,840 --> 00:23:25,399 Speaker 1: So the idea that he would support a Spanish monarch 399 00:23:25,480 --> 00:23:29,159 Speaker 1: while also advocating continuing the war with Spain just doesn't 400 00:23:29,280 --> 00:23:33,200 Speaker 1: make much sense. But soon Raleigh had way bigger problems 401 00:23:33,200 --> 00:23:37,520 Speaker 1: than these rumors. In November of three, he was charged 402 00:23:37,560 --> 00:23:41,160 Speaker 1: with treason and a plot to overthrow King James. This 403 00:23:41,240 --> 00:23:44,720 Speaker 1: plot was known as the Main Plot m A I N. 404 00:23:45,359 --> 00:23:48,320 Speaker 1: It got its name because of its relationship to a lesser, 405 00:23:48,920 --> 00:23:52,480 Speaker 1: weirder plot known as the by plot. And that's by 406 00:23:52,560 --> 00:23:57,679 Speaker 1: leg bye by like yes. It cracks me up that 407 00:23:57,760 --> 00:24:00,400 Speaker 1: the names that they settled on for these two plots 408 00:24:00,440 --> 00:24:03,600 Speaker 1: are solely about their relationship to one another, and neither 409 00:24:03,680 --> 00:24:06,240 Speaker 1: of them is about what the plot was actually meant 410 00:24:06,280 --> 00:24:10,159 Speaker 1: to involve. The by plot was discovered first, and it 411 00:24:10,200 --> 00:24:13,800 Speaker 1: was a conspiracy among Catholic priests and lay people to 412 00:24:14,000 --> 00:24:17,080 Speaker 1: kidnap the king in the spring of sixteen o three. 413 00:24:17,600 --> 00:24:20,400 Speaker 1: Their goal was to force him to grant religious tolerance 414 00:24:20,440 --> 00:24:24,480 Speaker 1: to Catholics and Puritans, and to place Catholics in office. 415 00:24:24,880 --> 00:24:28,280 Speaker 1: On July eighteen, sixteen oh three, George Brooke was giving 416 00:24:28,359 --> 00:24:31,400 Speaker 1: testimony about this plot, and as he was doing so, 417 00:24:31,520 --> 00:24:35,040 Speaker 1: he revealed that his brother, Henry Brooke, Lord Cobham, was 418 00:24:35,119 --> 00:24:38,040 Speaker 1: involved in a whole different plot, which was to kidnap 419 00:24:38,080 --> 00:24:41,720 Speaker 1: the King, murder him, and replace him with Lady Arbella Stewart. 420 00:24:43,240 --> 00:24:46,600 Speaker 1: There were no real connections between the main plot and 421 00:24:46,640 --> 00:24:48,800 Speaker 1: the by plot, except for the fact that George and 422 00:24:48,840 --> 00:24:51,320 Speaker 1: Henry Brooke were brothers and each of them was involved 423 00:24:51,359 --> 00:24:53,840 Speaker 1: in one of these plots, and that the authorities found 424 00:24:53,880 --> 00:24:56,639 Speaker 1: out about the main plot while investigating the by plot 425 00:24:57,040 --> 00:24:59,800 Speaker 1: because of the connection between the brothers Brook. This is 426 00:24:59,840 --> 00:25:01,639 Speaker 1: a of those things that if you wrote it in 427 00:25:01,680 --> 00:25:05,080 Speaker 1: a forest, people would be like, too far. The whole 428 00:25:05,119 --> 00:25:09,160 Speaker 1: thing is so weird and convoluted. During months of interrogations, 429 00:25:09,400 --> 00:25:12,760 Speaker 1: Cobbam made and retracted a whole huge string of ever 430 00:25:12,920 --> 00:25:18,320 Speaker 1: changing confessions and accusations against Raleigh. The most consistent and 431 00:25:18,400 --> 00:25:21,840 Speaker 1: possibly believable charge was that Raleigh sought out a pension 432 00:25:21,960 --> 00:25:26,439 Speaker 1: from Spain in exchange for providing information about British activities 433 00:25:26,480 --> 00:25:30,520 Speaker 1: in the Low Countries or the Indies. After Queen Elizabeth died, 434 00:25:30,680 --> 00:25:33,359 Speaker 1: Raleigh had once again lost most of his estates and 435 00:25:33,400 --> 00:25:37,640 Speaker 1: monopolies and other favors. He needed money, and it's possible 436 00:25:37,760 --> 00:25:39,840 Speaker 1: that he needed it badly enough to be willing to 437 00:25:39,840 --> 00:25:44,000 Speaker 1: exchange information for it, even to the Spanish. Raleigh was 438 00:25:44,080 --> 00:25:47,159 Speaker 1: arrested based on Cobbam's accusations. I mean, even though they 439 00:25:47,240 --> 00:25:49,560 Speaker 1: kept changing and he kept recanting them and then having 440 00:25:49,560 --> 00:25:52,680 Speaker 1: a completely different story. The fact that he was implicating 441 00:25:52,800 --> 00:25:57,520 Speaker 1: himself while making these accusations made people believe it more 442 00:25:57,880 --> 00:26:00,639 Speaker 1: so Raleigh was arrested. He was imprisoned the tower on 443 00:26:00,720 --> 00:26:04,680 Speaker 1: July three. About a week later, he tried to stab 444 00:26:04,760 --> 00:26:07,240 Speaker 1: himself with a table knife, but he struck a rib 445 00:26:07,320 --> 00:26:10,520 Speaker 1: and didn't do a lot of lasting damage. When Raleigh 446 00:26:10,520 --> 00:26:13,000 Speaker 1: and the rest of the co conspirators were put on trial, 447 00:26:13,200 --> 00:26:16,480 Speaker 1: he spoke in his own defense, including answering some questions 448 00:26:16,480 --> 00:26:19,040 Speaker 1: about his actions back in the siege of Smerwick in 449 00:26:19,640 --> 00:26:22,640 Speaker 1: eight His response to these questions about whether he had 450 00:26:22,640 --> 00:26:27,080 Speaker 1: acted appropriately was basically that he was following his commander's orders. 451 00:26:27,080 --> 00:26:30,639 Speaker 1: On November seventeen, Raleigh and the co conspirators in the 452 00:26:30,680 --> 00:26:34,600 Speaker 1: main plot were found guilty and sentenced to death. About 453 00:26:34,640 --> 00:26:37,879 Speaker 1: two weeks later, Cobbham once again retracted a lot of 454 00:26:37,920 --> 00:26:41,440 Speaker 1: the accusations that he had made against Raleigh, So it's 455 00:26:41,480 --> 00:26:45,320 Speaker 1: not really clear whether Raleigh had any involvement at all 456 00:26:45,359 --> 00:26:48,760 Speaker 1: in the main plot, even this whole question about whether 457 00:26:48,800 --> 00:26:51,320 Speaker 1: he was trying to get a pension from Spain. But 458 00:26:51,840 --> 00:26:55,680 Speaker 1: regardless of that question, he was definitely guilty of treason 459 00:26:55,760 --> 00:26:58,160 Speaker 1: under the terms of the law at the time, because 460 00:26:58,200 --> 00:27:00,560 Speaker 1: the Trees in Act of fifteen thirty one included in 461 00:27:00,600 --> 00:27:04,240 Speaker 1: its definition of treason this quote, when a man doth 462 00:27:04,359 --> 00:27:07,360 Speaker 1: compass or imagine the death of our Lord the King, 463 00:27:08,160 --> 00:27:12,160 Speaker 1: that was treason. Raleigh had definitely been really vocal about 464 00:27:12,200 --> 00:27:15,280 Speaker 1: his dislike of King James and his general ill wishing 465 00:27:15,400 --> 00:27:21,080 Speaker 1: of the monarch, So even though his definitely real imagining 466 00:27:21,119 --> 00:27:22,960 Speaker 1: of the death of the King was basically just a 467 00:27:23,000 --> 00:27:26,520 Speaker 1: bunch of idle griping among his friends, it's still counted 468 00:27:26,520 --> 00:27:30,960 Speaker 1: as treason under the law. On December night three, Walter 469 00:27:31,119 --> 00:27:33,639 Speaker 1: Raleigh and the other condemned men were taken out to 470 00:27:33,680 --> 00:27:36,879 Speaker 1: the Scaffold one at a time to be executed, but 471 00:27:36,960 --> 00:27:39,960 Speaker 1: each one was given a last minute stay and sentenced 472 00:27:39,960 --> 00:27:43,919 Speaker 1: to imprisonment instead. Raleigh was sentenced to life in the 473 00:27:43,960 --> 00:27:47,320 Speaker 1: Tower of London. He spent the next thirteen years in 474 00:27:47,400 --> 00:27:50,359 Speaker 1: prison in the Tower, but honestly, this was a pretty 475 00:27:50,440 --> 00:27:54,600 Speaker 1: luxurious incarceration. He had a large apartment suite with living 476 00:27:54,720 --> 00:27:58,760 Speaker 1: servants and a laboratory and a library, and daily visits 477 00:27:58,800 --> 00:28:00,920 Speaker 1: from his wife and their son, Walter, who had been 478 00:28:00,920 --> 00:28:04,600 Speaker 1: born in fifteen They had a second son in sixteen 479 00:28:04,600 --> 00:28:07,920 Speaker 1: o five while Raleigh was still incarcerated, and the rest 480 00:28:08,000 --> 00:28:10,760 Speaker 1: of the family moved into a home on Tower Hill 481 00:28:10,880 --> 00:28:13,320 Speaker 1: to be closer to the incarcerated Walter and make it 482 00:28:13,359 --> 00:28:16,680 Speaker 1: easier for all these daily visits to happen. Raleigh spent 483 00:28:16,760 --> 00:28:18,960 Speaker 1: a lot of this time writing while in the Tower. 484 00:28:19,760 --> 00:28:23,040 Speaker 1: He wrote a morality book for boys called Instructions to 485 00:28:23,119 --> 00:28:25,960 Speaker 1: his son, and he also wrote The History of the World, 486 00:28:26,080 --> 00:28:29,400 Speaker 1: which started with creation and went to the Second Macedonian 487 00:28:29,440 --> 00:28:32,879 Speaker 1: War in one b c e. He dedicated it to 488 00:28:33,040 --> 00:28:37,639 Speaker 1: James's son, Henry, who he also tutored while imprisoned. Henry 489 00:28:37,680 --> 00:28:41,360 Speaker 1: advocated for Raleigh's release, but died in sixteen twelve before 490 00:28:41,360 --> 00:28:44,280 Speaker 1: he had secured it. Yeah. This, uh, This History of 491 00:28:44,280 --> 00:28:49,320 Speaker 1: the World was five volumes, something like a million words long, 492 00:28:49,480 --> 00:28:51,320 Speaker 1: and was clearly meant to be the first in a 493 00:28:51,400 --> 00:28:53,440 Speaker 1: series that was going to then go on to cover 494 00:28:53,600 --> 00:28:56,479 Speaker 1: the rest of the history of the world after one 495 00:28:57,200 --> 00:29:02,440 Speaker 1: b C. Finally, in Steen sixteen, Raleigh convinced King James 496 00:29:02,520 --> 00:29:05,959 Speaker 1: to let him out of prison. James needed money, and 497 00:29:06,080 --> 00:29:09,040 Speaker 1: Raleigh made it sound like he could locate riches in 498 00:29:09,120 --> 00:29:13,480 Speaker 1: South America based on his previous voyage along the Orinoca River. 499 00:29:14,000 --> 00:29:16,680 Speaker 1: He was given leave to do this on one condition 500 00:29:17,200 --> 00:29:21,080 Speaker 1: that he not attacked Spain in any way. The Anglo 501 00:29:21,120 --> 00:29:24,720 Speaker 1: Spanish War was finally over and James did not want 502 00:29:24,760 --> 00:29:28,160 Speaker 1: to do anything to start it up again. Plus, Spain 503 00:29:28,200 --> 00:29:30,840 Speaker 1: had insisted that if Raleigh did cause any trouble to 504 00:29:30,880 --> 00:29:33,920 Speaker 1: its subjects that he would be sent to Madrid for trial. 505 00:29:34,680 --> 00:29:37,520 Speaker 1: Raley was released from the tower on March nineteenth of 506 00:29:37,560 --> 00:29:40,960 Speaker 1: sixteen sixteen, at the age of about sixty two. But 507 00:29:41,040 --> 00:29:43,920 Speaker 1: this voyage went terribly. Raleigh was on board as a 508 00:29:43,960 --> 00:29:47,480 Speaker 1: civilian and his friend Lawrence Chemis, who you'll also see 509 00:29:47,600 --> 00:29:49,960 Speaker 1: spelled chemes with no eye in it, was the one 510 00:29:49,960 --> 00:29:53,240 Speaker 1: in charge. I like, how just not leaving the eye in. 511 00:29:53,320 --> 00:29:56,240 Speaker 1: There is a running theme in names in the side. 512 00:29:57,200 --> 00:30:01,200 Speaker 1: Chemis attacked the Spanish colonial town of Santo Tomay, killing 513 00:30:01,280 --> 00:30:03,520 Speaker 1: its governor, which was literally the thing. They were not 514 00:30:03,560 --> 00:30:07,320 Speaker 1: supposed to do. The younger Walter Raleigh was also with 515 00:30:07,400 --> 00:30:11,520 Speaker 1: them on this expedition, and he was killed in the battle. Also, 516 00:30:11,640 --> 00:30:14,600 Speaker 1: they didn't find the gold mine that had inspired them 517 00:30:14,840 --> 00:30:18,280 Speaker 1: to go on this expedition in the first place. Raleigh 518 00:30:18,360 --> 00:30:21,600 Speaker 1: berated Chemis so incessantly about the death of his son 519 00:30:21,760 --> 00:30:24,200 Speaker 1: and the failure to find a mine that he took 520 00:30:24,240 --> 00:30:27,600 Speaker 1: his own life. Raleigh wrote a massive apology for this 521 00:30:27,640 --> 00:30:30,080 Speaker 1: whole incident on the way home, and once he got 522 00:30:30,120 --> 00:30:32,320 Speaker 1: there he tried to use his illness to buy himself 523 00:30:32,360 --> 00:30:36,240 Speaker 1: some more time, but Spain demanded retribution for what had 524 00:30:36,280 --> 00:30:40,080 Speaker 1: happened on this voyage, and ultimately Raleigh's death sentence from 525 00:30:40,120 --> 00:30:43,959 Speaker 1: the main plot back in S three was reinstated. He 526 00:30:44,040 --> 00:30:46,920 Speaker 1: was taken to the scaffold outside the Palace of Westminster 527 00:30:47,040 --> 00:30:52,240 Speaker 1: on October eighteen. He gave a speech before being executed, 528 00:30:52,280 --> 00:30:55,560 Speaker 1: which was typical, but he didn't admit any guilt or 529 00:30:55,600 --> 00:30:59,200 Speaker 1: asked for the King's forgiveness, which was not typical. Instead, 530 00:30:59,440 --> 00:31:03,200 Speaker 1: according to newsletter writer John Pory, the speech began quote, 531 00:31:03,640 --> 00:31:06,080 Speaker 1: I give God thanks. I am come to die in 532 00:31:06,120 --> 00:31:09,080 Speaker 1: the light and not in the darkness, and then he 533 00:31:09,120 --> 00:31:11,440 Speaker 1: went on to justify what he had done and forgive 534 00:31:11,480 --> 00:31:14,560 Speaker 1: his accusers, but also to deny his own guilt. For 535 00:31:14,640 --> 00:31:17,440 Speaker 1: a total of about forty five minutes. It went on 536 00:31:17,560 --> 00:31:22,960 Speaker 1: to be a very dramatic and theatrical execution. Raleigh refused 537 00:31:22,960 --> 00:31:25,680 Speaker 1: to warm himself by the fire that was there specifically 538 00:31:25,720 --> 00:31:28,880 Speaker 1: for that purpose. Reportedly, he also asked to see the 539 00:31:28,920 --> 00:31:31,560 Speaker 1: executioner's acts, and then after looking at it, he said, 540 00:31:32,040 --> 00:31:35,400 Speaker 1: this is a sharp medicine, but it is a physician 541 00:31:35,520 --> 00:31:40,000 Speaker 1: for all diseases and miseries. He comforted the executioner before 542 00:31:40,080 --> 00:31:42,040 Speaker 1: placing his head on the stand, and then when the 543 00:31:42,080 --> 00:31:46,120 Speaker 1: executioner didn't immediately began the whole beheading process, Raleigh said 544 00:31:46,160 --> 00:31:49,440 Speaker 1: something along the lines of strike, man, strike. Then it 545 00:31:49,520 --> 00:31:54,560 Speaker 1: took two blows to decapitate him. A bystander reportedly said, quote, 546 00:31:54,920 --> 00:31:58,640 Speaker 1: we have not such another head to be cut off again. 547 00:31:58,720 --> 00:32:01,200 Speaker 1: In the words of John Poory, quote every man that 548 00:32:01,280 --> 00:32:04,719 Speaker 1: saw Sir Walter Raleigh die said it was impossible for 549 00:32:04,760 --> 00:32:08,560 Speaker 1: any man to show more decorum, courage, or piety, and 550 00:32:08,560 --> 00:32:10,840 Speaker 1: that his death will do more hurt to the faction 551 00:32:10,920 --> 00:32:13,360 Speaker 1: that sought it than ever his life could have done. 552 00:32:13,960 --> 00:32:17,120 Speaker 1: Raleigh's body, minus the head, was buried at the church 553 00:32:17,160 --> 00:32:21,400 Speaker 1: of St Margaret's, Westminster. His head was placed in a 554 00:32:21,480 --> 00:32:24,120 Speaker 1: red leather bag and given to his widow Bess, who 555 00:32:24,120 --> 00:32:26,440 Speaker 1: reportedly kept it for the rest of her life, which 556 00:32:26,480 --> 00:32:30,080 Speaker 1: was twenty nine more years. Often, this head is described 557 00:32:30,120 --> 00:32:33,720 Speaker 1: as having been embalmed, and there are reports that she 558 00:32:33,840 --> 00:32:35,720 Speaker 1: might have kept it in a glass case and not 559 00:32:35,920 --> 00:32:38,760 Speaker 1: in a bag. There's like this is one of those 560 00:32:38,800 --> 00:32:41,240 Speaker 1: stories where I kind of go for real, that seems 561 00:32:41,240 --> 00:32:45,240 Speaker 1: a little fishy to me and maybe apocryphal. But their 562 00:32:45,400 --> 00:32:50,040 Speaker 1: son Carrow took possession of this head, reportedly after his 563 00:32:50,160 --> 00:32:52,960 Speaker 1: mother's death, and then had it buried with him when 564 00:32:53,000 --> 00:32:55,760 Speaker 1: he died in sixteen sixty six. At least that is 565 00:32:55,840 --> 00:32:59,600 Speaker 1: one possibility for the location of Sir Walter Raleigh's head. St. 566 00:32:59,680 --> 00:33:02,560 Speaker 1: Mary and West Horseley has also said it is the 567 00:33:02,560 --> 00:33:06,000 Speaker 1: resting place of Sir Walter Raleigh's head because Carew had 568 00:33:06,000 --> 00:33:09,720 Speaker 1: it buried there when his own sons died during a plague. 569 00:33:10,120 --> 00:33:13,120 Speaker 1: So it is unclear, but there are multiple sources that 570 00:33:13,200 --> 00:33:16,360 Speaker 1: say his head stayed separate from his body and got 571 00:33:16,440 --> 00:33:20,280 Speaker 1: carried around for a couple or three decades. I'm a 572 00:33:20,280 --> 00:33:22,880 Speaker 1: little lost in thought over what one would do with 573 00:33:22,960 --> 00:33:26,920 Speaker 1: a head of your beloved um, like do you look 574 00:33:26,920 --> 00:33:28,160 Speaker 1: at it? Do you just leave it in in the bag 575 00:33:28,200 --> 00:33:30,200 Speaker 1: and pretend it's not there? But no, it's there, Like 576 00:33:30,240 --> 00:33:32,720 Speaker 1: I don't. There's a lot of debts, there's a lot 577 00:33:32,760 --> 00:33:35,760 Speaker 1: of debunking about various things about Sir Walter Raleigh's life, 578 00:33:35,800 --> 00:33:41,520 Speaker 1: but this head I did not find any debunking. Today, 579 00:33:41,600 --> 00:33:44,640 Speaker 1: Sir Walter Raleigh is one of the ghosts purportedly haunting 580 00:33:44,640 --> 00:33:48,520 Speaker 1: the Tower of London. He also reportedly haunts Beddington in 581 00:33:48,560 --> 00:33:51,080 Speaker 1: South London, where he owned land and where his wife 582 00:33:51,080 --> 00:33:54,280 Speaker 1: had requested to be buried after the execution. There were 583 00:33:54,320 --> 00:33:57,080 Speaker 1: also rumors that he was actually buried there in secret. 584 00:33:57,720 --> 00:34:01,120 Speaker 1: During his life, Raleigh had not been particular early beloved 585 00:34:01,160 --> 00:34:05,560 Speaker 1: by the public at large, but his execution, as indicated 586 00:34:05,560 --> 00:34:07,920 Speaker 1: by some of the quotes we read earlier, really earned 587 00:34:08,000 --> 00:34:11,319 Speaker 1: him a lot of sympathy. So much sympathy that the 588 00:34:11,360 --> 00:34:14,080 Speaker 1: Crown commissioned its own right up of the execution, which 589 00:34:14,080 --> 00:34:18,280 Speaker 1: made him sound arrogant and combative instead of gallant and poetic. 590 00:34:18,840 --> 00:34:21,840 Speaker 1: This didn't really work out, though, and public opinion grew 591 00:34:22,160 --> 00:34:25,600 Speaker 1: that Walter Raleigh had been unfairly sacrificed to appease Spain, 592 00:34:26,120 --> 00:34:30,359 Speaker 1: and that England had lost a worthy gentleman by executing him. 593 00:34:30,480 --> 00:34:33,400 Speaker 1: His popularity really grew after his death, partly because he 594 00:34:33,480 --> 00:34:36,880 Speaker 1: was so emblematic of this idea of a Renaissance man 595 00:34:36,960 --> 00:34:41,000 Speaker 1: and an Elizabethan knight. He was handsome and valiant and chivalrous, 596 00:34:41,040 --> 00:34:43,440 Speaker 1: and he was a writer and a statesman in addition 597 00:34:43,440 --> 00:34:45,640 Speaker 1: to being an explorer. So he kind of had this whole, 598 00:34:45,760 --> 00:34:49,880 Speaker 1: very romanticized package, especially if you overlook some of the 599 00:34:49,960 --> 00:34:53,720 Speaker 1: other parts of his life, like the massacre that he 600 00:34:53,719 --> 00:34:56,640 Speaker 1: helped work straight and all that brawling. I'm still back 601 00:34:56,680 --> 00:35:00,480 Speaker 1: on Brawley Raleigh um, which brings us to that story. 602 00:35:00,719 --> 00:35:03,760 Speaker 1: It is probably apocryphal, but it has really stuck around, 603 00:35:04,000 --> 00:35:06,319 Speaker 1: and it's often repeated as fact. I know I heard 604 00:35:06,360 --> 00:35:08,960 Speaker 1: it like as part of a lesson in elementary school 605 00:35:09,600 --> 00:35:12,360 Speaker 1: on how to remember who he was. I found it 606 00:35:12,360 --> 00:35:16,600 Speaker 1: in very reputable websites as like a real thing that happened. 607 00:35:17,360 --> 00:35:19,160 Speaker 1: And a big part of that is because, based on 608 00:35:19,280 --> 00:35:22,879 Speaker 1: Raleigh's personality and everything we've talked about today, you can think, yeah, 609 00:35:22,960 --> 00:35:24,839 Speaker 1: but he would probably be the type of guy who 610 00:35:24,880 --> 00:35:28,080 Speaker 1: would do something kind of uh not just chivalrous, but 611 00:35:28,120 --> 00:35:30,120 Speaker 1: also a little showy that way, like that's kind of 612 00:35:30,120 --> 00:35:32,200 Speaker 1: a show body move to be like, no, no, walk 613 00:35:32,239 --> 00:35:37,759 Speaker 1: on my beautiful clothes. And this cloak story, the earliest 614 00:35:37,800 --> 00:35:40,359 Speaker 1: record of it we have is from History of the 615 00:35:40,360 --> 00:35:44,560 Speaker 1: Worthies of England, written by Thomas Fuller in sixteen sixty two. 616 00:35:44,960 --> 00:35:47,200 Speaker 1: Since it's such an iconic story, it seems like a 617 00:35:47,239 --> 00:35:50,240 Speaker 1: good way to end today's show. So here is how 618 00:35:50,280 --> 00:35:55,319 Speaker 1: Thomas Fuller recounts it. Quote, This Captain Raleigh, coming out 619 00:35:55,320 --> 00:35:58,480 Speaker 1: of Ireland to the English court in good habit, his 620 00:35:58,640 --> 00:36:02,320 Speaker 1: clothes being then a considerable part of his estate, found 621 00:36:02,400 --> 00:36:06,400 Speaker 1: the Queen walking till meeting with a plashy place. She 622 00:36:06,520 --> 00:36:11,000 Speaker 1: seemed to scruple going there on. Presently, Raleigh cast and 623 00:36:11,040 --> 00:36:13,800 Speaker 1: spread his new plush cloak on the ground, where on 624 00:36:14,000 --> 00:36:18,439 Speaker 1: the Queen trod gently, rewarding him afterwards with many suits 625 00:36:18,480 --> 00:36:21,880 Speaker 1: for his so free and sasonable tender of so fair 626 00:36:21,920 --> 00:36:27,120 Speaker 1: a footcloth. Thus, an advantageous admission into the first notice 627 00:36:27,120 --> 00:36:29,680 Speaker 1: of a prince is more than half a degree to 628 00:36:29,840 --> 00:36:32,680 Speaker 1: perform it. Do you also have listener mail that may 629 00:36:32,760 --> 00:36:36,360 Speaker 1: or may not involve beheading? It doesn't involve any beheading 630 00:36:36,400 --> 00:36:40,040 Speaker 1: that would be extremely sad based on what this email 631 00:36:40,080 --> 00:36:42,680 Speaker 1: is going to be about. Oh fooy, I ruined it. 632 00:36:45,440 --> 00:36:47,200 Speaker 1: Uh No, this is one of those emails that I 633 00:36:47,280 --> 00:36:49,560 Speaker 1: got and it was just such a delightful email that 634 00:36:49,640 --> 00:36:52,439 Speaker 1: it completely brightened my day and I wanted to share 635 00:36:52,520 --> 00:36:55,200 Speaker 1: with everyone because it made me that happy. And the 636 00:36:55,239 --> 00:36:58,720 Speaker 1: subject line of it is my dog, the Historian Hound, 637 00:37:01,560 --> 00:37:03,759 Speaker 1: and it's from Rachel, and Rachel says, so I just 638 00:37:03,800 --> 00:37:05,960 Speaker 1: had to email you, guys, because I have discovered the 639 00:37:05,960 --> 00:37:09,440 Speaker 1: greatest thing. First Off, I love your show so much. 640 00:37:09,520 --> 00:37:11,799 Speaker 1: I've always loved learning about a wide range of things 641 00:37:11,800 --> 00:37:13,920 Speaker 1: in Your podcast has so many topics, and you too, 642 00:37:14,000 --> 00:37:16,279 Speaker 1: make it so easy to listen to. But that is 643 00:37:16,360 --> 00:37:18,840 Speaker 1: not the real reason I am writing. You are my 644 00:37:18,960 --> 00:37:22,680 Speaker 1: dog's favorite podcast. We got our dog, Momo, in May, 645 00:37:22,800 --> 00:37:25,400 Speaker 1: and originally she didn't mind baths, but as we have 646 00:37:25,440 --> 00:37:28,359 Speaker 1: gotten into a rainy and rather muddy fall, she has 647 00:37:28,360 --> 00:37:31,400 Speaker 1: started to hate getting in the tub. I almost always 648 00:37:31,400 --> 00:37:33,799 Speaker 1: listened to podcast when I bathe her, just to make 649 00:37:33,840 --> 00:37:36,640 Speaker 1: it less of a chore for me. But the craziest 650 00:37:36,680 --> 00:37:39,040 Speaker 1: thing has started to happen. Whenever I put stuff you 651 00:37:39,040 --> 00:37:41,600 Speaker 1: missed in history class on, she will actually willingly go 652 00:37:41,840 --> 00:37:44,320 Speaker 1: into the bathroom instead of hiding under the table or 653 00:37:44,360 --> 00:37:46,719 Speaker 1: in the closet. Not only that, but when I turned 654 00:37:46,719 --> 00:37:48,840 Speaker 1: the water on, she just sits down and is fine. 655 00:37:49,200 --> 00:37:51,640 Speaker 1: Normally she's shaking and trying to escape the whole time, 656 00:37:51,680 --> 00:37:54,120 Speaker 1: even with other podcasts on. I have to put it 657 00:37:54,160 --> 00:37:56,680 Speaker 1: down to you two. You must be dog whisperers. Either 658 00:37:56,760 --> 00:37:59,320 Speaker 1: that or my dog is a major history buff. Whatever 659 00:37:59,360 --> 00:38:01,560 Speaker 1: the reason, I so excited to have discovered a way 660 00:38:01,640 --> 00:38:03,520 Speaker 1: to give her a bath that isn't stressful for either 661 00:38:03,600 --> 00:38:07,240 Speaker 1: of us. Thank you, thank you, Thank you, Rachel and Momo. PS. 662 00:38:07,480 --> 00:38:09,640 Speaker 1: Momo would appreciate it if you did more episodes on 663 00:38:09,719 --> 00:38:13,080 Speaker 1: dogs or the history of some famous pooches PPS. I've 664 00:38:13,120 --> 00:38:16,680 Speaker 1: also included some pictures of a freshly bathed dog as proof, 665 00:38:16,880 --> 00:38:19,440 Speaker 1: and it is followed by an adorable picture of Momo 666 00:38:19,760 --> 00:38:22,880 Speaker 1: the dog who is wearing like a little doggy jacket 667 00:38:22,920 --> 00:38:25,160 Speaker 1: with little dragon scales down the back. And I love it, 668 00:38:25,200 --> 00:38:27,919 Speaker 1: and I love Momo. Momo is the best dog. Momo 669 00:38:28,000 --> 00:38:31,239 Speaker 1: is a good girl. I was definitely like, Momo is 670 00:38:31,280 --> 00:38:33,560 Speaker 1: the best. I'm not even really a dog person, but 671 00:38:33,600 --> 00:38:36,480 Speaker 1: I was so delighted by this whole situation. That I 672 00:38:36,520 --> 00:38:39,320 Speaker 1: was like, look at Momo. Momo was the best girl. 673 00:38:39,600 --> 00:38:41,120 Speaker 1: I hope Momo is listening to this right now and 674 00:38:41,200 --> 00:38:44,120 Speaker 1: being really excited. Yeah, I am a dog person, and 675 00:38:44,160 --> 00:38:48,960 Speaker 1: I Momo is painfully cute. Painfully cute. I would go 676 00:38:49,040 --> 00:38:51,880 Speaker 1: so Elmira Duff on that dog. The Momo would be like, 677 00:38:51,920 --> 00:38:57,200 Speaker 1: no more History, lady. Thank you so much, Rachel for 678 00:38:57,280 --> 00:38:59,680 Speaker 1: sharing this story with us and for sending the picture 679 00:38:59,719 --> 00:39:03,600 Speaker 1: of moment really did absolutely measurably brighten my day a 680 00:39:03,680 --> 00:39:08,160 Speaker 1: whole lot, and obviously I am still delighted. So if 681 00:39:08,200 --> 00:39:09,960 Speaker 1: you would like to send us pictures of your dog 682 00:39:10,080 --> 00:39:12,640 Speaker 1: or stories about your dogs having baths, or any other 683 00:39:12,680 --> 00:39:15,760 Speaker 1: pet pictures or other animal stories, we are at History 684 00:39:15,760 --> 00:39:18,680 Speaker 1: Podcast at how stuff Works dot com, and then we're 685 00:39:18,719 --> 00:39:20,880 Speaker 1: all over social media at miss in History. That is 686 00:39:20,920 --> 00:39:23,520 Speaker 1: where you will find our Facebook and our Twitter, and 687 00:39:23,560 --> 00:39:27,440 Speaker 1: our Pinterest and our Instagram. You can come to our website, 688 00:39:27,440 --> 00:39:29,719 Speaker 1: which is missed in History dot com and you will 689 00:39:29,760 --> 00:39:31,920 Speaker 1: find show notes for all the episodes that Holly and 690 00:39:31,920 --> 00:39:34,319 Speaker 1: I have ever done together and a searchable archive of 691 00:39:34,440 --> 00:39:38,840 Speaker 1: every episode ever, and you can subscribe to our show 692 00:39:39,200 --> 00:39:46,799 Speaker 1: wherever it is that you're listening to this podcast for 693 00:39:46,920 --> 00:39:49,239 Speaker 1: more on this and thousands of other topics. Is It 694 00:39:49,320 --> 00:39:56,399 Speaker 1: How stuff Works dot com