Speaker 1: Brought to you by the two thousand twelve Toyota Camera.
Speaker 1: It's ready. Are you welcome to Stuff You Should Know?
Speaker 1: From House Stuff Works dot Com. Hey, and welcome to
Speaker 1: the podcast. I'm Josh Clark, There's Charles W Chuck Bryant.
Speaker 1: We're doing this again. It's been a little while, been
Speaker 1: a little while, but it's still stuff you should know.
Speaker 1: But I thought the name had changed since we took
Speaker 1: our little Christmas break. No, don't you remember our race
Speaker 1: to the Patent Office trademarket again at the eleven That
Speaker 1: was a close one boom and they stamped it. Yeah,
Speaker 1: s Y s K. Actually they said s N s
Speaker 1: K right now. Wait, s Y s N is what
Speaker 1: we get from people a lot sometimes, And I'm like,
Speaker 1: you know, no starts with the K. One of them does,
Speaker 1: one of Yes, it's not stuff you should know? Is right?
Speaker 1: It doesn't make any sense. How do you doing? Oh?
Speaker 1: I'm great man? Are you okay? Good? Um? You want
Speaker 1: to do this one? We're talking about gold? Yeah, man,
Speaker 1: I've got a little bit of an intro. It might
Speaker 1: be a stretch. We'll find out. Okay, that's here. Today's January,
Speaker 1: tomorrow's January Day. It is Big Newton Day. And also
Speaker 1: on this day in history, in the Mayan general, fire
Speaker 1: is born. Uh conquered the Mayan city to Call, which
Speaker 1: was recently rediscovered, well not recently, it's been rediscovered, the
Speaker 1: rediscovered anyone. Uh and Uh. What this did was it
Speaker 1: enlarged the kingdom of King spear thrower Owl. The Minas
Speaker 1: had the best names, great name um. And all of
Speaker 1: this was going on in the heart of the Yucatan Peninsula.
Speaker 1: If you went just a little to the north, you
Speaker 1: would run into another group of people called Aztecs, which
Speaker 1: were actually the Triple Federation, is what it's what they're
Speaker 1: really called. Um. But if you were to stumble northward
Speaker 1: and run into the Aztec Empire and ask for gold,
Speaker 1: what they would give you is what they would call
Speaker 1: excrement of the gods. Do you want to try to
Speaker 1: pronounce it? Yeah, I'm gonna go with teo would. I
Speaker 1: think that's pretty close. I think you may have done it, Chuck.
Speaker 1: I think the last part is I love that language.
Speaker 1: It's similar to like the some of the native languages
Speaker 1: we heard in Guatemala. The that's because they're mine, yeah exactly,
Speaker 1: but it's got that same like I don't know. It's
Speaker 1: very staccato. It's kind of cool to hear, I think, right,
Speaker 1: like the Mayan City, the heart of King, spirit thrower
Speaker 1: owls um empires tetotactan, right, which sounds pretty close to
Speaker 1: that word tilt, which means excrement of the gods. And
Speaker 1: that's what the the the Aztecs considered gold. That was
Speaker 1: a holy metal, a very very precious metal in every
Speaker 1: sense of the word. And by three sight a d
Speaker 1: they weren't the only ones to have loved gold for
Speaker 1: a very long time. No, Egyptians were all over it.
Speaker 1: They thought it was also divine. Wait, hold on, how
Speaker 1: would you rate that intro? I would say that was
Speaker 1: on a scale of what one to ten, I was
Speaker 1: one to twenty. I would give it a solid like sixteen. Wow,
Speaker 1: thanks Chuck, higher than you thought, way higher. I thought
Speaker 1: I was gonna get a ten. That's why I extended it. No, no, no, um.
Speaker 1: So the Egyptians, like I said, they also thought it
Speaker 1: was divine of the gods, indestructible and uh they called
Speaker 1: it uh. I guess Nube and ub and if you
Speaker 1: know of the African region in Northeast Africa, Nubia or
Speaker 1: if you're a fan of the rap group brand Nubians,
Speaker 1: sure you would have heard of this. I was actually yeah,
Speaker 1: yeah they were and um that that that name so
Speaker 1: holds today because of the original original Egyptian word for
Speaker 1: gold and um. Africa, of course, has always been a
Speaker 1: major supplier of this stuff. Yeah. One of the first
Speaker 1: world Nubia was I guess, yeah, like the first heavily
Speaker 1: mined area for gold um. And then on the periodic table,
Speaker 1: the shorthand for gold is a U, which I've never
Speaker 1: understood until I realized that it's Latin, which makes a
Speaker 1: lot of sense. I thought it would be g O right, right,
Speaker 1: you had something like that. No, No, we had to
Speaker 1: go with the Latin or um, which means um shining dawn.
Speaker 1: That's nice. Yeah, And we said all this to say
Speaker 1: that people have loved gold for a very very, very
Speaker 1: very long time. Can I drop one of the stats
Speaker 1: of the show for me? Right when I saw this,
Speaker 1: I was like just gonna say this is this is
Speaker 1: the fact. I think it's pretty good. I told Emily
Speaker 1: this last night, and she was not as impressed as
Speaker 1: I would hope. She would have been Um forever and ever,
Speaker 1: all the gold we've ever mind from the beginning of time,
Speaker 1: time is only a hundred and sixty one thousand tons, Yeah,
Speaker 1: which sounds like a lot. Yeah, that's a lot of gold,
Speaker 1: right for all of time. That's not a lot of gold.
Speaker 1: They compare it to something like aluminium. We we get
Speaker 1: a five point six million tons a year in the
Speaker 1: United States alone of aluminum. And again, a hundred and
Speaker 1: sixty one thousand tons of gold is all that's ever
Speaker 1: been mined. Yeah. And the secondary stat that comes later,
Speaker 1: which I'll go ahead and ruin now, is of all
Speaker 1: the gold we've ever found is still around, We've only
Speaker 1: lost or cannot account for fifteen percent of the gold
Speaker 1: since the beginning of time. It's pretty good. Well, that
Speaker 1: is pretty good. And it suggests two things that William
Speaker 1: Harris points out. One, Um that means that if you
Speaker 1: are wearing a piece of gold jewelry, it may have
Speaker 1: belonged to somebody else a very very long time ago. Uh.
Speaker 1: And two where exactly did they get that? Who are
Speaker 1: they getting these like, um, gold masks and headpieces and
Speaker 1: stuff of milking anch of time and then melting down
Speaker 1: and reselling them. Yeah, I don't know. I mean, it's
Speaker 1: efficient and it's good because gold is really bad for
Speaker 1: the environment, as we'll see you later on. But it's
Speaker 1: really recyclable though. Yeah, it makes you It makes me wonder,
Speaker 1: like how are they acquiring that? Yeah? What is your
Speaker 1: wedding ring? Sir? My wedding ring is platinum. Platinum. It's lovely,
Speaker 1: isn't it. It's very nice? What is yours? Oh? Minus?
Speaker 1: I think titanium. It's very cheap. And it's like that
Speaker 1: I could. And it's actually my second one. I lost
Speaker 1: my first one and inside of a turtle, inside of
Speaker 1: a turtle. I have no idea where it is. Maybe
Speaker 1: it's inside of a turtle. But I luckily I like
Speaker 1: had the old email and I just sent like the
Speaker 1: same order for the same ring, and boom, I'm married
Speaker 1: all over again. It's it's a second time. Did you
Speaker 1: guys have another mini ceremony? He's just like, you need
Speaker 1: to buy another damn ring? Yeah? Alright. So, um, that's
Speaker 1: a lot of gold stats. And as I've been trying
Speaker 1: to um hammer out people of like gold for a
Speaker 1: really long time, let's talk about your gold shower. Speaking
Speaker 1: of hammering out, though I knew one more cool little
Speaker 1: fact gold one ounce of gold. One ounce of gold
Speaker 1: can be drawn out into a fifty mile wire or
Speaker 1: hammered into a sheet five millions of an inch thick.
Speaker 1: So it's really well we'll get to all this, but
Speaker 1: it's it's not only, you know, a beautiful thing for jewelry,
Speaker 1: but it's super handy and malleable and chemically inert and
Speaker 1: all these great things you can do with gold. Yeah,
Speaker 1: because of its property. It also makes it kind of
Speaker 1: ironic that the Egyptian is considered it indestructible because one
Speaker 1: of the more malleable medals around. It's so malleable that
Speaker 1: it has like almost no practical purposes as far as
Speaker 1: like hammering things go, Like you make a gold hammer,
Speaker 1: you're dummy, you know. Alright, so element number seventy nine,
Speaker 1: let's let's get in it. Okay, So gold again, uh?
Speaker 1: Was people go back to the Egyptians because they were
Speaker 1: the first ones to have like gold fever. Well, we've
Speaker 1: actually found evidence of gold being um smithed i guess
Speaker 1: um during the transition from the Stone Age, the Neolithic
Speaker 1: Age to the Bronze Age, which is the first metal
Speaker 1: age before Bronze even right, some some places that had
Speaker 1: easy access to gold like Bulgaria. I believe in a
Speaker 1: four thousand BC. Um, we're already working with gold long
Speaker 1: before the Egyptians ever cut their hands on it. Yeah.
Speaker 1: And the Egyptians, um, like you said, they really had
Speaker 1: an appetite for the stuff um Hira glyphs as early gold,
Speaker 1: and by b C they were it was like currency
Speaker 1: basically in Egypt. Well, yeah, very much so, Um, it
Speaker 1: was not that I don't know did they actually minted
Speaker 1: is for is currency? Uh? The Egyptians, Yeah, I don't
Speaker 1: know if they minted it. I don't think the menting
Speaker 1: came until the Greeks and Romans. Actually King Crosius, the
Speaker 1: ruler of ancient Lydia, which is a loss of list A,
Speaker 1: really he was the first two mint in mint gold currencies.
Speaker 1: Gold coins um in widespread use in sixt but it
Speaker 1: was the Greeks and then the Romans that really started
Speaker 1: to mint about a hundred years later though, So that's
Speaker 1: that's a pretty nice jump on things. He got. He
Speaker 1: was like, Hey, I like to look at this stuff.
Speaker 1: I'm gonna put my face on it exactly, and you
Speaker 1: guys are going to use it. Yeah. By five fifty,
Speaker 1: the Greeks were doing it. Uh and then um, the
Speaker 1: Romans of course, with their more sophisticated ways, followed suit.
Speaker 1: The orious coins called Yeah, they've pro used millions of them.
Speaker 1: Those are the ones that they find, like just some
Speaker 1: farmer in like Devonshire in England, we'll dig up like
Speaker 1: a chest filled with these things. Yeah, because the Romans
Speaker 1: were everywhere they were, and they minted a lot of
Speaker 1: these coins. So as they're doing this, the same thing
Speaker 1: is going on about the same time in South America
Speaker 1: because they have a lot of gold there as well.
Speaker 1: And what's it called the Middle Cicon Era. Yeah, I
Speaker 1: couldn't tell if it was Cicon or Cissan. I bet
Speaker 1: a Cissan Sisson. I bet it's not unleven hundred And
Speaker 1: this is modern day Peru. They there has been, there
Speaker 1: have been a lot of gold artifacts found in that region.
Speaker 1: So they were usually crazy, for sure. The Peruvians were
Speaker 1: crazy about it. The Inca like masks, ornaments, chalices, stuff,
Speaker 1: and their specialty was hammering gold into sheets and like
Speaker 1: wrapping stuff in it, like creating gold leaf. Interesting. Yeah,
Speaker 1: they were pretty good at that kind of thing. Um,
Speaker 1: and then you know there's already a certain amount of
Speaker 1: gold fever over in Europe. I think the the English
Speaker 1: minted their first gold coin in the mid century, alright,
Speaker 1: the same with the Florentine du get. Yeah, those were
Speaker 1: both about the middle of the thirteenth century. That's a
Speaker 1: popular coin. It was still is it among collectives? Um,
Speaker 1: So there was people in Europe were exposed to gold.
Speaker 1: They like gold, they wanted gold. Over in Central and
Speaker 1: South America, Over in Asia they also had the thing
Speaker 1: for gold. But the Europeans were one of the first
Speaker 1: to say, Hey, let's see where the edge of the
Speaker 1: Earth is and if there's gold there. And one of
Speaker 1: the first people to do that was Marco Polo. And strangely,
Speaker 1: a lot of people hate Christopher Columbus or think he
Speaker 1: was one of the more evil characters in history. Possibly
Speaker 1: rightfully so. Um, but you can actually trace the infection
Speaker 1: that Columbus released, literally and metaphorically back to Marco Polo,
Speaker 1: because apparently there's evidence that Marco Polo directly inspired Christopher
Speaker 1: Columbus to set sail in search of gold. Yeah. Growing
Speaker 1: up in history class, you always learned about the great explorers,
Speaker 1: and the more you learn about it, like the real histories,
Speaker 1: as you get older, the more you learn that many
Speaker 1: times they weren't just sailing upon the shore with like
Speaker 1: by a bouquet of flowers to deliver most of the time,
Speaker 1: I would say, you know, it was usually and they
Speaker 1: were in conquer mode. Uh, for one reason, to spread Christianity,
Speaker 1: as the Spaniards really wanted to do. Yeah, that was
Speaker 1: the cover story, the cover story. But King Ferdinand in
Speaker 1: fifteen eleven also sent word quote while you're there. Well
Speaker 1: I added that part. While you're there, then start quote
Speaker 1: get gold humanly if you can, but by but at
Speaker 1: all hazards, get the gold. So I mean that was
Speaker 1: definitely a charge. And thanks to the travels of Marco Polo,
Speaker 1: the book that he wrote where he talked about palaces
Speaker 1: of silver and gold, Uh, you know, people thought it
Speaker 1: was just like the streets were lined with this stuff
Speaker 1: in the New World. And I mean imagine though, if
Speaker 1: you were one of the conquistadors who started sailing um
Speaker 1: west and you ran into the Maya or the Aztecs
Speaker 1: or the Inca, and you saw that they had all
Speaker 1: this gold, you would think, well, this is all very
Speaker 1: much true in this place gold city. So let's kill
Speaker 1: all these people and take their gold, and there was
Speaker 1: actually a famed gold city, El Dorado. They're all looking
Speaker 1: for exactly like everyone was looking for Eldorado. And apparently
Speaker 1: every time a conquistador would find a significant seam of gold,
Speaker 1: they found El Dorado, and everybody else would come and
Speaker 1: it becomes like a boom area. But of course it
Speaker 1: was a mythical city, right, Yeah, it was just like legend. Yeah,
Speaker 1: and probably the closest thing to it obviously not a
Speaker 1: city built of gold, the closest thing to it. It
Speaker 1: was in Brazil, in the meanest Gurai region, Minas Gerais.
Speaker 1: That looks good, freaky Gervais. We've been doing this like
Speaker 1: five years in our pronunciation is maybe even worse rather
Speaker 1: than better. Actually, we have a listener mail today where
Speaker 1: someone lauds us just for taking a chance and being
Speaker 1: willing to be creative. Corrected, thank you, I'm glad to
Speaker 1: hear that. I'll read that one at the end of
Speaker 1: this one. Yeah, that was in Brazil, and uh, there
Speaker 1: was a lot of gold there and they were the
Speaker 1: largest gold producer by seventeen twenty years. They became the
Speaker 1: world's largest gold producer because of this area, using, of course,
Speaker 1: slave labor panning for gold in sort of rudimentary ways.
Speaker 1: Not good. No, we're not too far removed from that now. No,
Speaker 1: So onto America, North America, California, the gold rush. Like
Speaker 1: the point here is is that gold has rewritten history
Speaker 1: and how we form societies because of the search for gold. Yeah,
Speaker 1: it's like spread people out over the world and intermixed
Speaker 1: and inter intermarried and inter did it. And you know,
Speaker 1: like we have entire groups of people ethnicities who are
Speaker 1: the result of gold. The gold rushes. Um, California gets
Speaker 1: a lot of press obviously because by the end of
Speaker 1: the first year of the gold rush afterwards discovered in
Speaker 1: eighteen eight, five thousand people were mining there. By the
Speaker 1: end of the second year, forty people were mining there.
Speaker 1: But North Carolina actually was the first American gold rush. Yeah,
Speaker 1: and like you're saying, California gets all the all the attention.
Speaker 1: San Francisco forty Niners are named after the gold rush. Um.
Speaker 1: There was that great Scooby Doo episode with the minor
Speaker 1: forty niner, remember him, a scary guy. Yeah. When you
Speaker 1: think of gold rush, you think of California, or I
Speaker 1: also think of Delawaga. Yeah. Yeah, he was the mayor
Speaker 1: of Delanaga was the one who said there's golden then
Speaker 1: our hills. Oh really yeah, it was the mayor of Delnaga.
Speaker 1: I had no idea, Stas Todd something. I think have
Speaker 1: you ever panned up there in Delnah? I did that
Speaker 1: when I was a kid. And you know it's fun
Speaker 1: if you're a little kid, right right, You think you're
Speaker 1: gonna find a little gold flag and it would be rich,
Speaker 1: or you just might find a little gold flag. And
Speaker 1: if you do, you won't be rich. Yeah, you're going
Speaker 1: to find it doesn't buy you virtually anything. But you
Speaker 1: were saying, North Carolina doesn't usually get much attention, and
Speaker 1: that was the first gold rush. Yeah, up until the
Speaker 1: eighteen thirties. In fact um, they supplied all of the
Speaker 1: domestic gold that was coined here at the U. S.
Speaker 1: Mint and Philly came from North Carolina, or North Kakaki
Speaker 1: as we like to call it. Who calls it that?
Speaker 1: You never called it that? Uh? Have you ever heard
Speaker 1: it called that? I have. There's a tribe called quest Song.
Speaker 1: Oh really, I can't remember what it is, but somebody
Speaker 1: calls it North Kakillaka and Compton take a check. Check
Speaker 1: it out. No, I didn't make that up. Well, I
Speaker 1: just wrapped you did your j tip. So uh yeah,
Speaker 1: we talked about the gold rushes in the US. There
Speaker 1: was also a big one in Oz. Yeah, we can't
Speaker 1: leave out our Ozzie mates. No, um hello Australia. Yeah,
Speaker 1: they're like we got tons of gold. They're like it's
Speaker 1: so hot. I watched Mad Max the other day, by
Speaker 1: the way, all the way through the original it was,
Speaker 1: and it was, um, I don't know. Road Warrior got
Speaker 1: most of the attention because it was bigger and more
Speaker 1: of an action adventure, but Mad Max was a really
Speaker 1: dark kind of revenge the exploitation movie. Yeah, it was
Speaker 1: really good oxploitation osploitation. So was that the one where
Speaker 1: the guys in the personal helicopter is that road Warrior
Speaker 1: Mad Max? That's road Warrior? Then it's like, I mean
Speaker 1: it was when Mel Gibson was still a cop and
Speaker 1: he was you know, there was this biker gang led
Speaker 1: by the toe Cutter, and you don't it something cool?
Speaker 1: You know justin my friend his uncle is was the
Speaker 1: toe cutter in Mad Max? Wow? Is uh man? I
Speaker 1: can't remember his name? Now uncle U uncle toe Cutter?
Speaker 1: Now I can call him that it said, it say,
Speaker 1: isn't as Christmas talking? Oh, I can know. He just
Speaker 1: sends toes every year in the little card. Oh man,
Speaker 1: I can't remember his name now Uncle yeah, Uncle toe cutter.
Speaker 1: I think that's the better day. Yeah, it's pretty cool. Yeah.
Speaker 1: So Australia has this huge gold rush um in the
Speaker 1: what eighteen fifties, Yes, Edward, him and Hargraves found gold
Speaker 1: in New South Wales Bam gold brush. A few years later,
Speaker 1: South Africa steps onto the scene. Eight George Harrison. Uh,
Speaker 1: he uncovered gold in South Africa? And what how many
Speaker 1: contributions has that man made humanity in his hundred and
Speaker 1: sixty years? I mean he wrote here comes the Sun.
Speaker 1: He discovered gold like a hundred years before he was born,
Speaker 1: Not a hundred, but hundred years for he was famous
Speaker 1: about the same time, about a full century. But down
Speaker 1: South Africa is the leading gold producer in the world.
Speaker 1: Oh today it is, wow, followed by the United States.
Speaker 1: In the United States, Nevada is the number one gold
Speaker 1: producer these days. You mean Nevada Nevada? Alright, So let's
Speaker 1: talk about how you get gold onto your finger. It's
Speaker 1: not as easy as you would think, but it's well
Speaker 1: it's at times drudimentary and at times a little more
Speaker 1: sophisticated the whole process. Yeah, and it come likes to
Speaker 1: say the least. Yeah, I mean like it really shows
Speaker 1: how much we want gold. Yeah, it's sort of like
Speaker 1: fracking in a way to the one method. Alright, So
Speaker 1: what you gotta do, there's diff You gotta start by prospecting,
Speaker 1: which is the act of looking for gold, right, And
Speaker 1: that's what you would call an old grizzled dude with
Speaker 1: the pack mule up in the hills in California prospect or. Yeah,
Speaker 1: that's what you call a geologist who finds gold. Today too,
Speaker 1: they're still called prospectors. And I guess the idea is
Speaker 1: that what are the prospects for finding gold? I'm sure
Speaker 1: that's where it came from, right, So their prospecting, that
Speaker 1: makes a lot of sense. I've never thought about that.
Speaker 1: So back in the day, there was a lot of
Speaker 1: luck involved, uh, looking around for it basically where you
Speaker 1: think it might be. These days it is way more precise. Um,
Speaker 1: they have equipment that can tell you if there is
Speaker 1: likely gold there, and then well here's the thing is,
Speaker 1: there's gold everywhere, but it's just not concentrated enough to
Speaker 1: be worth mining. Yeah, that's an excellent point. In most cases,
Speaker 1: it's a visible but it's still present in the soil.
Speaker 1: Isn't it crazy? Invisible gold in dirt and rocks. Yeah,
Speaker 1: or it's in gold, schlagger, that's crazy too. It's like
Speaker 1: they're just throwing it away, throwing away, you're drinking it
Speaker 1: for a premium price. It's crazy. That's gross. That was
Speaker 1: like a college thing. Oh yeah, schlagger, jagger, maister anything
Speaker 1: that sounded like vaguely Germanic. That was a college thing,
Speaker 1: maister brow. Um. So where they find gold and heaviest
Speaker 1: concentration is when they will say, all right, you know
Speaker 1: what it's worth setting up a mining operation here. Um.
Speaker 1: There may be other metals there, like silver, which is great. Yeah.
Speaker 1: A lot of times gold is combined with silver in
Speaker 1: an ore, which I'm sure you're just like, okay, great,
Speaker 1: that's fine with me. That's twice the value, right, well,
Speaker 1: not twice the value, but one in three quarters times
Speaker 1: the value. We could figure it out. So they drill
Speaker 1: down to obtain samples, um, analyze it see if there's
Speaker 1: enough gold. If there is, they're going to set up
Speaker 1: a mining operation there, right, there's not They're gonna move
Speaker 1: on and look at another place that they think they
Speaker 1: might have a lot of gold. Yeah. And then depending
Speaker 1: on how the gold is present in the area. UM,
Speaker 1: there's basically two ways. One is the load a load deposit,
Speaker 1: which is it's combined with rock or or and it's UM.
Speaker 1: It can be at the surface or underground. UM. And
Speaker 1: with a load deposit, basically you just want to blow
Speaker 1: things up when you find gold like that. If it's
Speaker 1: at the surface, you're gonna use what's called an open
Speaker 1: pit method, which is basically just drill a bunch of
Speaker 1: holes into the ore the gold or put some explosives
Speaker 1: in there and bloat up and then haul the ore out. Yeah.
Speaker 1: I mean your goal here is just to make I mean,
Speaker 1: if they could load up that huge boulder and take
Speaker 1: it and do it need or somewhere else, they might,
Speaker 1: but they're just trying to make smaller rocks excellent point
Speaker 1: for transport. UM. And then if it's underground, If the
Speaker 1: load is underground, they'll dig a shaft down to it
Speaker 1: and add it. You go down to it, and this
Speaker 1: is shaft. I'm sure they go down to it and
Speaker 1: drill holes all the way through that ore rock um
Speaker 1: and those holes are called stokes. Then they packed those
Speaker 1: full of explosives and blow it up. So it's basically
Speaker 1: like the open pit method, but underground because then they
Speaker 1: just truck that or out and off to the um extractor.
Speaker 1: That's right. If you're in Delonaga, Georgia, or maybe at
Speaker 1: a river and Utah, why not, why not give a
Speaker 1: Utah shout out, you might look for something called a
Speaker 1: placer deposit, and that is when you find the loose
Speaker 1: gold um in a stream bed, you know, the little
Speaker 1: flakes for the little chunks of little nuggets in a
Speaker 1: mountain stream or a beach, and uh, this is where
Speaker 1: you would pan and you you know, you scoop it
Speaker 1: up in a pan and you shake it in the Yeah,
Speaker 1: a lot of water because gold is is more dense,
Speaker 1: so it's gonna sink and collect at the bottom of
Speaker 1: you a little screen that separates everything and then you
Speaker 1: got a little bit of gold hopefully, and then the
Speaker 1: sixth graders are all very happy. That's right. Or I'm egine.
Speaker 1: If you were a prospector in California back in the day,
Speaker 1: you could do quite well as a banner. Yeah, you
Speaker 1: look around and be like, it's mine, it's my gold,
Speaker 1: all right, So then you have to extract it. That's
Speaker 1: the next step. Right, So you've got all these big
Speaker 1: rocks that you've blown up. Uh, yeah, I guess this
Speaker 1: is mostly The first couple of steps are from load deposits.
Speaker 1: You have a bunch of rocks, You put them on
Speaker 1: a on a conveyor belt, and they go into a
Speaker 1: machine that's appropriately called the crusher, which breaks the ore
Speaker 1: into gravel. Then you take that gravel and you put
Speaker 1: them into drums with a bunch of little steel balls.
Speaker 1: Spin it around real quickness. Steel balls collide with that
Speaker 1: gravel and they turn it into basically like a powder,
Speaker 1: and you add water to that powder. You form a slurry,
Speaker 1: add cyanide to that slurry and exposed it to oxygen,
Speaker 1: and all of a sudden you're starting to extract gold
Speaker 1: from ore. Yeah, the pulp. Basically, the gold in the
Speaker 1: pulp dissolves with that chemical reaction, the side and side
Speaker 1: and O two and uh, the little carbon in there,
Speaker 1: like tiny little carbon grains, and um, the gold is
Speaker 1: gonna adhere to it. They have They like each other
Speaker 1: very much, so they're gonna get together in party for
Speaker 1: a little while. Then you filter that and you have
Speaker 1: gold bearing carbon at this point, still not pure gold, right,
Speaker 1: so it's gold with carbon. Then you move that to
Speaker 1: something called a stripping vessel. They put another solution, a
Speaker 1: caustic solution to separate the gold from the carbon, have
Speaker 1: more filters to filter out the carbon, and so now
Speaker 1: you have actual gold bearing solution. But you're still not done.
Speaker 1: And this is my favorite part. Yeah, this is pretty cool.
Speaker 1: It's called electro winning, which thank god, Charlie she never
Speaker 1: heard of this because this whole thing would be even
Speaker 1: more annoying. But um, you put you put the gold
Speaker 1: into a cell with positive and negative terminals, pass an
Speaker 1: electrical current over it, and the gold separates uh from
Speaker 1: the carbon solution or the gold bearing solution, and is
Speaker 1: attracted to the negative terminal so much so that I
Speaker 1: get the impression that basically becomes embedded in the negative terminal. Yeah,
Speaker 1: I kind of wondered, because the next step is to
Speaker 1: actually melt that negative terminal along with the gold, right,
Speaker 1: and then you begin to separate the two. Basically, you
Speaker 1: pour off the negative terminal metal metal, maybe steel or
Speaker 1: something like that, Right, exactly. Um, so when you smell,
Speaker 1: and I thought smell it was just melting, Like why
Speaker 1: they add the s because it's not melting, it's smelting exactly.
Speaker 1: So when you pour off the steel, I guess maybe
Speaker 1: that comes off first, and then what you have left
Speaker 1: is relatively impure gold, but as close as you're gonna
Speaker 1: get it in the extracting process. You pour them into
Speaker 1: bars called door a bars, and then you ship them
Speaker 1: off to the refiner. Yeah, and that's not the bar
Speaker 1: that you will see in die Hard three. Um, this
Speaker 1: is a more impure door a bar. Sure, still nice
Speaker 1: to have one. Yeah, I'm sure you can be the
Speaker 1: look at me. Um okay. And then you need to
Speaker 1: refine gold from that point once you have it in
Speaker 1: its uh purest impure form. So imagine the process that
Speaker 1: we just went through. It was like add this, subtract this,
Speaker 1: remove that, but add this, and then like the gold
Speaker 1: that here this, and let's burn the whole thing up
Speaker 1: until it gets melty. Still impure, it still has to
Speaker 1: be refined. So um, when refineries get gold dory bars.
Speaker 1: They also frequently when you sell your your gold to J. D.
Speaker 1: Wentworth or whoever. Um, they take all this gold scrap
Speaker 1: and send that off also to these um refineries which
Speaker 1: are all which also served as recycling centers to basically,
Speaker 1: that's like the saddest shipment. Yeah, it's just full of
Speaker 1: people's like lost hopes and dreams and wedding rings and
Speaker 1: gold bracelets, anniversary bracelets. I'll just sent back to be
Speaker 1: melted down because of the economy. Um. So when they
Speaker 1: throw all this into the same they add a little
Speaker 1: bit of soda ash, a little bit of borax, And honestly,
Speaker 1: what camp borax do, um and the soda ash and
Speaker 1: borax basically filters out impurities and then what you have
Speaker 1: left most of the time and they use essay tests
Speaker 1: to uh to to figure out the purity. But um,
Speaker 1: they you have about ninety nine point nine percent pure
Speaker 1: gold and that's usually what they stamp on the bar
Speaker 1: that they pour. And those bars are called ingots. Yeah,
Speaker 1: those are the ones you'll see in the heist movies.
Speaker 1: And um, if you have ever seen Diehard three and
Speaker 1: you see them loading up these ingots into big gym
Speaker 1: bags and then throwing them over their shoulder and running out,
Speaker 1: that is uh not possible because each one of those
Speaker 1: bars weighs twenty seven pounds. So if you have fifty
Speaker 1: of those in a bag, like Jeremy Irons might Jeremy
Speaker 1: Irons not a strong man. You're not gonna throw that
Speaker 1: on your back, like three pounds of gold and like
Speaker 1: go running up a bunch of stairs and out of
Speaker 1: the New York Uh. Where is it the New York
Speaker 1: feder Yeah, supposedly they're in Fort Knox is where they
Speaker 1: have all the gold, and he was talking last night
Speaker 1: about that. She's like, let in summary safe to have
Speaker 1: all this golden one place. I was like, well, that's
Speaker 1: why they say, like it's built like Fort Knox. It's
Speaker 1: like it's super secure. She's like, yeah, but what if
Speaker 1: you know some terrors just bombed it. She's like, you
Speaker 1: could just bomb it and then sneak out of there
Speaker 1: with the gold. And I went, you just wrote Diehard three.
Speaker 1: She's like, is that what happened out? That's exactly what happened.
Speaker 1: But I think she makes a good point. I was
Speaker 1: thinking last night to like, if we have all this gold,
Speaker 1: and if it is all there, just keeping it in
Speaker 1: two places, it seems I don't know, it seems unusually
Speaker 1: like tempting fate. I I think I agree with Emily. Yeah,
Speaker 1: six billion dollars worth of gold at Fort Knox. You know,
Speaker 1: my friend, is that more now? Dude? So when when
Speaker 1: Harris wrote this one gold was forty two twenty two
Speaker 1: an ounces and ounce. Right now it's six hundred and
Speaker 1: sixty seven dollars and forty nine cents and ounce. What
Speaker 1: So that means that if Knocks holds a hundred and
Speaker 1: forty seven point three million ounces of gold, the gold
Speaker 1: is worth two five point six billion dollars just sitting
Speaker 1: there and Fort Knock this article. Like, No, I think
Speaker 1: gold went up in the last couple of years because
Speaker 1: of the economy. Everybody flocked to gold. Demand increased, and
Speaker 1: so the price did. It's so amazing to me after
Speaker 1: all these years, gold is still like people hoard it. Yeah. Man,
Speaker 1: When gold prices are low, you're very smart to invest
Speaker 1: in gold because there's always going to be another economic
Speaker 1: downturn and the prices are always just gonna skyrocket. You
Speaker 1: got a couple of in gets in your closet. I
Speaker 1: have them. I have them strapped in my leg. That's
Speaker 1: how I have a limp. That's how we walk. Funny um, alright,
Speaker 1: so during the refining stage, we should point out that
Speaker 1: a lot of times they will um because gold is
Speaker 1: so soft pure gold is, they will combine it with
Speaker 1: other medals to form alloys. And that's why you will
Speaker 1: get something like white gold, which is gold combined with
Speaker 1: nicol or silver pladium. A red gold is golden copper.
Speaker 1: That's pretty and I've ne seen red gold on them.
Speaker 1: They seen roads gold surely all my fans. I mean
Speaker 1: it has like has like a just a slight pink
Speaker 1: hue too. It's very pretty stuff. I'm not big into gold,
Speaker 1: like as far as jewelry. Yeah, no, I'm like you. Uh.
Speaker 1: And then of course you have to talk about a
Speaker 1: carrots caritage, and that is how much gold is in
Speaker 1: the object compared to like silver, nickel or whatever else
Speaker 1: is in that alloy. And interestingly, um, different countries have
Speaker 1: different preferences. Here. You always hear about fourteen carrot gold
Speaker 1: in the United States, which is only fifty eight point
Speaker 1: five percent gold. Apparently in India they're partial to the
Speaker 1: twenty two carrot and uh, which is ninety one point
Speaker 1: seven five percent gold. And the Europeans like to take
Speaker 1: that middle road and hit eighteen carrots Yeah, that's very strange,
Speaker 1: and I don't understand what it is. I can understand
Speaker 1: price being a factor, but maybe it's very odd to
Speaker 1: me that like cultures. Yeah, so it's twenty four carrots
Speaker 1: is percent gold obviously, Yeah, and in for twelve carried
Speaker 1: is fift and about two thirds of all the gold
Speaker 1: is uh jewelry, Yeah, which makes sense. And what's interesting
Speaker 1: about the jewelry is that it's still basically produced as
Speaker 1: it has been for hundreds or thousands of years, um,
Speaker 1: using the same techniques, virtually the same tools. I mean,
Speaker 1: I'm sure they're manufactured much differently, but they are kind
Speaker 1: of the same thing. Yeah. Um. And while jewelry accounts
Speaker 1: for what do you say, two thirds use, there's a
Speaker 1: lot of other pretty interesting uses for gold to electronics
Speaker 1: use a lot of gold and a lot of other
Speaker 1: rare earth minerals like um. Uh. Apparently gold is very
Speaker 1: very conductive. It's more conductive than any metal except for
Speaker 1: copper and um silver. But it has a leg up
Speaker 1: on conference silver and that it corrode. It's very difficult
Speaker 1: for gold to corrode. So that means that if you
Speaker 1: want something that's gonna last a very long time, and
Speaker 1: be conductive. You might as well use some gold, so
Speaker 1: they do, and things like processors and hard drives and
Speaker 1: that kind of stuff. Yeah, I mean you you might
Speaker 1: see gold on your headphone plug. Your headphone jack might
Speaker 1: be gold plated because it's if it's higher end, they
Speaker 1: might use gold conducts electricity therefore sound better. I have
Speaker 1: seen that. I just thought it was like fancy high
Speaker 1: end or something. Uh. Here's a cool stat because they
Speaker 1: use it so much in electronics and microelectronics. NASA use
Speaker 1: more than forty kilograms ninety pounds of gold on the
Speaker 1: construction of the Space Shuttle Columbia. Right, that's pretty cool.
Speaker 1: FA electronics, And they used it as a reflective surface.
Speaker 1: They use gold film. Remember, you can be gold into
Speaker 1: like a point um point one five millimeter thin sheet.
Speaker 1: It's amazing. So it's light at that point, highly reflective,
Speaker 1: effective against radiation. Yeah, so that's pretty awesome. Um. You
Speaker 1: also use it for crowns. Yeah, they still use gold
Speaker 1: crowns suddenly, I guess, and I imagine it because it's
Speaker 1: not reactive because when things are reactive, especially with cooking,
Speaker 1: it will make things taste terribly. Like there was something
Speaker 1: called a fish fork and it was made of silver,
Speaker 1: and apparently if you had this thing, it was like
Speaker 1: a status symbol or whatever in Victorian the Victorian era.
Speaker 1: But it also did have a practical use in that
Speaker 1: silver didn't react with um lemon juice, which is often
Speaker 1: used to serve with fish, so it didn't affect the taste.
Speaker 1: I imagine that's probably one of the reasons why they
Speaker 1: use gold and crowns, so that you everything doesn't just
Speaker 1: taste back because it's not reacting with anything because it's
Speaker 1: chemically inert. That's a good point, yeah, because you don't
Speaker 1: want to be eating something and think, oh man, my
Speaker 1: new gold tooth makes this Telapia tastes like squid, tastes
Speaker 1: like squid. I don't know, that's not so bad. No,
Speaker 1: I like squid. But if you're eat in telapia, you
Speaker 1: don't want to eat squid? Do eat squid? Will you
Speaker 1: eat octopus? I mean I'll eat all that stuff to
Speaker 1: a certain degree. I mean like Emily when it comes
Speaker 1: to calamari, she will only eat like the things that
Speaker 1: look like little onion rings. As soon as it looks
Speaker 1: like the little miniature creature, She's like, that's for you,
Speaker 1: And I popped that in my mouth. I will probably both,
Speaker 1: especially eat squid. You we won't eat octopus because of
Speaker 1: Remember one of our friends had a friend. They told
Speaker 1: us a story that their friend was a cook for
Speaker 1: some couple down in the Caribbean and the couple like
Speaker 1: caught an octopus and was going to cook it, or
Speaker 1: they gave it to the to their cook to cook,
Speaker 1: and the cook was going to put it in the
Speaker 1: pot alive, and the octopus was wrapping its tentacles around
Speaker 1: the woman like, please don't kill me. And she said
Speaker 1: it was, you know, like one of the worst things
Speaker 1: that ever happened to because she did it anyway, like
Speaker 1: you literally when you literally have to fight to put
Speaker 1: the animal to their death. And and then so that
Speaker 1: combined with I think being inspired to go research octopi
Speaker 1: and finding that they were very intelligent and just like,
Speaker 1: I just can't eat those anymore, which is because there's
Speaker 1: they pop up. It's some pretty delicious dishes, I imagine,
Speaker 1: but they're a very smart animals. And he's like, I'm
Speaker 1: just gonna eat them animals, just stupid ones. Right, Yeah,
Speaker 1: I could see that I would be traumatized, Oh my god. Yeah,
Speaker 1: because it was like no, yeah, I would just walk
Speaker 1: slowly into the ocean until it released itself and swam away. Yeah,
Speaker 1: you'd be like the Woodsman and snow White, like I
Speaker 1: don't know what happened to it. But then you start
Speaker 1: to walk back and the octopus reaches up with one
Speaker 1: hand and holds your hand. He's like, I want to
Speaker 1: be your pet. I don't want to go back to
Speaker 1: the sea. Just don't cook me. Don't cook me? All right?
Speaker 1: Where do we leave off food and beverage. You can
Speaker 1: get it in gold slagger, in certain jellies, gold by
Speaker 1: the way, not octopus. Yeah, yeah, yeah, um. And that
Speaker 1: that's all just for marketing and making things. It really is.
Speaker 1: You know. They have like the World's most Expensive Sunday
Speaker 1: or the World's most expensive tells always got gold flakes.
Speaker 1: It does so much so that I think we've talked
Speaker 1: about this. They have another category for world's most expensive
Speaker 1: non gold because it's like any smoke, can you know,
Speaker 1: spit out a hot dog and relish and then put
Speaker 1: gold flakes on and be like World's expensive hot dog
Speaker 1: and that doesn't really you know, So then that means
Speaker 1: some of the gold that we've lost that has been
Speaker 1: pooped out. Yeah. So that's sad, is it. I think so,
Speaker 1: since it's you know, so limited and supply and bad
Speaker 1: for the environment to get well, I guess we should
Speaker 1: talk about that. Yeah, we probably should, because I was
Speaker 1: very surprised. I mean, I've heard that gold was bad
Speaker 1: for the environment, but I didn't realize this. You want
Speaker 1: to you want to tell one of the facts of
Speaker 1: the podcast. Yes, it is like most mining operations, um,
Speaker 1: not great for the environment. In order to get just
Speaker 1: one ounce of gold, you have to get out two
Speaker 1: and fifty tons of the rock and ore and a
Speaker 1: lot of times um well of course, just the cyanide,
Speaker 1: which is never great when you're introducing those kind of chemicals. No,
Speaker 1: and apparently they take this affluent, right, yeah, refluent and
Speaker 1: they dump it out in the ocean, which probably affects OCTOPI. Yeah,
Speaker 1: it's like, hey, here's a bunch of cyanide water, and
Speaker 1: I'm sure the ocean will eventually like even things out,
Speaker 1: But for that local area where it gets dumped, that
Speaker 1: can't be good. Of course not. And that's why there's
Speaker 1: a group, a nonprofit called Earthworks that runs a campaign
Speaker 1: called no Dirty Gold. So I imagine if you have
Speaker 1: a gold wedding band and a blood diamond on your finger,
Speaker 1: then uh, you just like you're that's a double whammy's hatrick? Yeah?
Speaker 1: That well, now hatrick could be three, so not in
Speaker 1: this not in this case. Okay, that's as good as
Speaker 1: you can get, as bad as it gets. So we
Speaker 1: should talk a little bit about gold. Although I think
Speaker 1: we should do a full podcast in the gold standard
Speaker 1: at some point. I know we've touched at some point,
Speaker 1: let's do it. But um, the gold standard was, wasn't
Speaker 1: it like, uh, every dollar amount like was that you
Speaker 1: could print, there was a certain amount of gold that
Speaker 1: had to be in reserve that matched that. Is that
Speaker 1: what it was, Yes, exactly, And if you had a bunch,
Speaker 1: if you had enough money, you could go up to
Speaker 1: you know, the Federal Deservance say I want to catch
Speaker 1: this money out for gold, and they had to give
Speaker 1: it to you by federal law. And that was from
Speaker 1: nineteen hundred to nineteen seventy one. When didn't we just
Speaker 1: start pretty more money than gold and said we should
Speaker 1: abandon the gold standard? Yea, And I think when you
Speaker 1: detach your currency from gold becomes a fiat currency right
Speaker 1: to the whims of the market. I seem to remember
Speaker 1: discussing this sum in one of our econ podcasts way
Speaker 1: back when, maybe even audiobook How the Economy Work. Uh,
Speaker 1: the super stuff got into the economy, that's what it's called. Um,
Speaker 1: that was a good one. Um. So two thirty six
Speaker 1: tons of gold are uh being so called hoarded by
Speaker 1: people in governments. Um, is that all two six tons? Yeah,
Speaker 1: it seemed like if if there was still of the
Speaker 1: hundred and sixty one thousand tons. Yeah, if that doesn't
Speaker 1: seem like much, But it doesn't. It's a lot of
Speaker 1: jewelry being more. Yeah. But um, they think there's actually
Speaker 1: gold out and outer space, you know, and some of
Speaker 1: these big asteroids flying by that are chuck full of
Speaker 1: minerals and other metals. Um. There was a near Earth
Speaker 1: asteroid rendezvous spacecraft passed close enough to the asteroid arrows
Speaker 1: to actually send back data and um, they think the
Speaker 1: arrows might have as much as twenty billion tons of gold,
Speaker 1: which would probably really drop the value of gold here
Speaker 1: on Earth if anyone ever got their hands on that.
Speaker 1: How many How do you go about capturing an asteroid?
Speaker 1: I wonder we've we did a podcast on asteroid minding.
Speaker 1: Remember is that the same thing? Okay, that's what they
Speaker 1: would do. Well, I retreat, Then we should just do that.
Speaker 1: I could do that. Senders will us up with a lasso,
Speaker 1: a golden lasso riding a jackalope and attach it to
Speaker 1: the jackalobes tale and ride it back to Earth. You
Speaker 1: got anything else? I don't, Well, that's uh oh, I
Speaker 1: have one more thing I want to recommend. Um Harris
Speaker 1: didn't mention this. One of the other really bad environmental
Speaker 1: impacts of gold is illegal gold mining. Apparently, um Guiana
Speaker 1: has a lot of illegal gold mining. And one of
Speaker 1: the things that you if you're an illegal underground gold miner,
Speaker 1: you're not going through this elaborate extraction and refining process.
Speaker 1: You are basically taking your ore in. You're refining or
Speaker 1: extracting on site using mercury. Mercury is what they use.
Speaker 1: So there's not only a lot of like illegal, horrible
Speaker 1: for the environment gold mining going on, there's also a
Speaker 1: lot of mercury mining and a lot of mercury like runoff.
Speaker 1: So there's mercury poisoning all over Guiana right now. And
Speaker 1: there's a really great article may have one appealed to
Speaker 1: I found it puels or dot org, but it was
Speaker 1: originally in Harper's That's where I read it. Gold Guns
Speaker 1: and guaren Pierros. That is g A R I M
Speaker 1: P E I R O S. And it's by Damon Tabor.
Speaker 1: Good stuff, awesome. Article is so engrossing, one of those
Speaker 1: that makes you want to like not ever use gold
Speaker 1: for anything. Uh, it has that effect a little bit,
Speaker 1: but it's it's more just completely fascinating, like you can't
Speaker 1: believe that people are doing this. Yeah, and child labor two, right,
Speaker 1: isn't that a big problem? I think that's part of it,
Speaker 1: but more um, it's just you are you really risk
Speaker 1: death in these like called wildcat camps, these illegal gold
Speaker 1: mining operations, because I mean if some in the mercury
Speaker 1: in the guns, and you know, people staking other people's claims,
Speaker 1: bad bad news. So there you can gold gold. If
Speaker 1: you want to learn more about gold, you can type
Speaker 1: that words into the handy search bar at how stuff
Speaker 1: works dot com. And since I said that, it's time
Speaker 1: for a listener mail Josh, I'm gonna call this the
Speaker 1: ten Commandments of Chuck and Josh, although there's only eight.
Speaker 1: Um and this is from Professor Tom uh, guys, I
Speaker 1: teach a communications course at an area of community college
Speaker 1: and UH and in universities. I often recommend your podcast
Speaker 1: in my classes, especially to students that seem to love
Speaker 1: learning but may have not been encouraged by family, your friends. UM,
Speaker 1: I'm hoping that they may pick up a few important
Speaker 1: life lessons from you guys, as well as interesting guys.
Speaker 1: Here a few life lesson highlights that I think you
Speaker 1: guys display. Number one, normal guys can talk about something
Speaker 1: other than sports. It's true, I don't know sports. Number two.
Speaker 1: Good presentations begin with an attention getting introduction. Josh will
Speaker 1: tell you this is sometimes easier said, been done. Yes,
Speaker 1: that's absolutely true. Um, if you don't know something, UH,
Speaker 1: look it up. And if you're looking it up on
Speaker 1: the internet, check more than one source. Life lessons this
Speaker 1: this this guy is really paying attention to what we're doing. Yes,
Speaker 1: learning involves mistakes. Number four. Take a shot at pronouncing
Speaker 1: new word to get wrong, venture I guess, share a
Speaker 1: new hypothesis, then invite feedback, which is the important part.
Speaker 1: Karen Pierro's number five. You don't have to make fun
Speaker 1: of people to be funny. If you absolutely must mock
Speaker 1: someone mock yourself. You're fit at that. Number six, It's
Speaker 1: okay for guys to have a variety of emotions. There's
Speaker 1: nothing unmanly with being sensitive or expressing emotions other than anger.
Speaker 1: It's even healthy for guys to talk about their emotions. Chuckle.
Speaker 1: Do you like the new Rosy career? Yeah? Number seven,
Speaker 1: it's worth the effort to be respectful of others. Sometimes
Speaker 1: you have to stop yourself before you make an off
Speaker 1: hand joke, which we do. Um. Sometimes you have to
Speaker 1: use a term that is more accurate up to date,
Speaker 1: which we try and do. Sometimes you have to remember
Speaker 1: what it feels like to be seen as different and
Speaker 1: see if your language could be more inclusive or encouraging.
Speaker 1: Even if only one person in your audience notices the efforts,
Speaker 1: It's worth it, man, This this is my conscience writing.
Speaker 1: And number eight, curiosity can last a lifetime. And that
Speaker 1: was the last one, and he said, guys, there's a
Speaker 1: lot to be said for teaching by example. Whether you
Speaker 1: realize it or not, you're doing it every week, and
Speaker 1: he goes on with an interesting ps from Professor Tom. Yes,
Speaker 1: if you have my gay male friends and I got
Speaker 1: talking about your show. We tried to figure out which
Speaker 1: type you would be if you'd been born gay. It
Speaker 1: was unanimous. Chuck is clearly a bear. If you have
Speaker 1: a gay brother, Chuck, I have a few friends who
Speaker 1: would like to meet him. I do have a brother,
Speaker 1: but he's not gay, and he would not be a bear.
Speaker 1: He's he's prettier than me. He is very pretty. You
Speaker 1: would actually love my brother. Yeah, he's got great hair.
Speaker 1: I thought you guys would know with like knowing that
Speaker 1: you were being stereotyped by a bunch of gay guys
Speaker 1: standing around drinking beer at a bar called the Whole
Speaker 1: Performing Stuff you Should Know podcast analysis, What a world,
Speaker 1: Thanks Professor Tom. Yeah, that's a great email. That was
Speaker 1: a great email. We gotta print that one out frame
Speaker 1: it Um. If you ever do an analysis of stuff
Speaker 1: you should Know, we want to hear what you've can concluded. Um,
Speaker 1: you can tweak to us if it's a short conclusion
Speaker 1: at s Y s K Podcast. You can join us
Speaker 1: at Facebook dot com slash Stuff you Should Know. You
Speaker 1: can send us an email to uh Stuff Podcast at
Speaker 1: Discovery dot com, and you can join us on our
Speaker 1: website always the Home of Stuff you Should Know That
Speaker 1: is stuff you should know dot com. Hey, and don't
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