1 00:00:01,440 --> 00:00:11,119 Speaker 1: Welcome to Stuff you should know, a production of iHeartRadio. Hey, 2 00:00:11,160 --> 00:00:13,960 Speaker 1: and welcome to the podcast. I'm Josh Clark with Charles W. 3 00:00:14,160 --> 00:00:18,880 Speaker 1: Chuck Bryant, and guest producer Noel Noels in the house. 4 00:00:19,120 --> 00:00:22,160 Speaker 1: It's the It and the New Studio. Yeah, man, this 5 00:00:22,280 --> 00:00:25,080 Speaker 1: place is comfy, cozy. I like it. I wish um, 6 00:00:26,239 --> 00:00:28,600 Speaker 1: you know, I wish there was a chair version of 7 00:00:28,640 --> 00:00:32,440 Speaker 1: a water bed. I know this is a nappish little place. Yeah, 8 00:00:32,560 --> 00:00:36,800 Speaker 1: especially today, I think I'm I'm dragging all apologies. Yeah, 9 00:00:36,840 --> 00:00:40,000 Speaker 1: same here. So if we're talking kind of slow or low, 10 00:00:40,280 --> 00:00:42,840 Speaker 1: or we just stopped talking for a little while, it's 11 00:00:43,560 --> 00:00:46,360 Speaker 1: where its tired. Yeah. We bumped into you at the 12 00:00:46,400 --> 00:00:48,680 Speaker 1: Hawks game last night. I know. Hey, how many does 13 00:00:48,720 --> 00:00:52,599 Speaker 1: that you know? Yeah? Just the bumping. Yep, we were 14 00:00:52,640 --> 00:00:54,720 Speaker 1: both at the Hawks. Gammy in the Hawks. One didn't 15 00:00:54,720 --> 00:00:57,080 Speaker 1: even know we were going. No. Look over in the line. 16 00:00:57,280 --> 00:01:01,000 Speaker 1: There's Josh and Yumi. Yeah that's great. There's Chuck and 17 00:01:01,120 --> 00:01:06,880 Speaker 1: Eddie yep, each other in an arena of eighteen thousand 18 00:01:07,200 --> 00:01:09,679 Speaker 1: bumping into someone. Is that it? That's all it holds. 19 00:01:09,959 --> 00:01:12,360 Speaker 1: I think it's something like that. It's a good a 20 00:01:12,400 --> 00:01:14,280 Speaker 1: lot of people. It's a good arena. Yeah, but you 21 00:01:14,319 --> 00:01:17,880 Speaker 1: had box seats because you're special. They were free o. 22 00:01:18,080 --> 00:01:21,120 Speaker 1: Mine were free to in. The nosebleeds Yeah, I like 23 00:01:21,280 --> 00:01:23,280 Speaker 1: just about every seat in that place. Yeah, it's not 24 00:01:23,319 --> 00:01:26,399 Speaker 1: too bad. I was. I was laughing about the nosebleeds 25 00:01:26,440 --> 00:01:28,800 Speaker 1: going in, But then I got up there. I was like, 26 00:01:28,840 --> 00:01:31,200 Speaker 1: this is great. Yeah you can see everything. Did your 27 00:01:31,319 --> 00:01:36,160 Speaker 1: nose actually bleed just twice? Yeah, once out of a 28 00:01:36,280 --> 00:01:39,760 Speaker 1: cheer excitement, and then once from the altitude and that 29 00:01:39,840 --> 00:01:43,280 Speaker 1: was more of a spray, right yeah, yeah, just covering everyone. 30 00:01:43,440 --> 00:01:47,360 Speaker 1: Everyone was like hawks, Boy, what a weird intro. It's 31 00:01:47,360 --> 00:01:49,840 Speaker 1: a little weird, um, But I mean it kind of 32 00:01:50,280 --> 00:01:55,559 Speaker 1: jibes a little bit because we're talking. Yeah, you're mentioning blood. Sure, 33 00:01:55,680 --> 00:01:59,240 Speaker 1: I was shedding cells and blood. You were like blood 34 00:01:59,320 --> 00:02:01,680 Speaker 1: is made up of sell and we shed tons of cells. 35 00:02:01,720 --> 00:02:04,080 Speaker 1: But before we get to that, right, there's the fact 36 00:02:04,080 --> 00:02:08,200 Speaker 1: of the podcast. You shed cells. Um. I want to 37 00:02:08,200 --> 00:02:11,640 Speaker 1: mention this one thing I read. Yeah, it's called I 38 00:02:11,680 --> 00:02:14,320 Speaker 1: think the title of the article is the Self is Moral. 39 00:02:14,520 --> 00:02:17,600 Speaker 1: It's about like where we get our identity of self from, 40 00:02:18,040 --> 00:02:20,840 Speaker 1: like where it's rooted. It was written by a person 41 00:02:20,960 --> 00:02:24,520 Speaker 1: named Nina Stromeyer, I believe is on aon magazine. Just 42 00:02:24,600 --> 00:02:28,080 Speaker 1: type in the self is moral aon It'll come up. 43 00:02:28,080 --> 00:02:32,639 Speaker 1: I'll get you there. Uh and uh. It Towards the beginning, 44 00:02:33,560 --> 00:02:38,799 Speaker 1: the author says, there's this very famous philosophical exercise, which 45 00:02:38,840 --> 00:02:41,919 Speaker 1: you know, philosophers love to do, like mental exercises. Yeah, 46 00:02:41,960 --> 00:02:44,440 Speaker 1: that's what that's all they have. So imagine you have 47 00:02:44,560 --> 00:02:49,000 Speaker 1: like kind of imagine you have like a ship, right, 48 00:02:49,400 --> 00:02:54,000 Speaker 1: like a boat, ye, a nice Yankee clipper okay, okay, 49 00:02:54,240 --> 00:02:57,800 Speaker 1: And this Yankee clipper is slowly, over time kind of 50 00:02:57,919 --> 00:03:01,680 Speaker 1: salvage for parts, okay, but rather than just being stripped, 51 00:03:01,720 --> 00:03:04,560 Speaker 1: like every time a part is taken out, it's replaced 52 00:03:05,400 --> 00:03:08,160 Speaker 1: and then over the course of like fifty one hundred years, 53 00:03:08,160 --> 00:03:12,560 Speaker 1: as each plank, as each bolt, as each like masked head, 54 00:03:13,080 --> 00:03:17,000 Speaker 1: even the thing the carved lady in front, yeah, eventually 55 00:03:17,160 --> 00:03:20,000 Speaker 1: just gets replaced with something else. Yeah, a new carved 56 00:03:20,040 --> 00:03:23,400 Speaker 1: lady that speaks of the time, right, you know? Is 57 00:03:23,400 --> 00:03:27,160 Speaker 1: it still though, after every single part has been replaced, 58 00:03:27,400 --> 00:03:30,839 Speaker 1: the same ship that it was before? Yeah, I see 59 00:03:30,880 --> 00:03:33,920 Speaker 1: what you mean. I don't think that can be possible. 60 00:03:35,800 --> 00:03:38,680 Speaker 1: Why not, especially if it has the same name and 61 00:03:38,720 --> 00:03:41,120 Speaker 1: it's the same ship in the same place as before. 62 00:03:41,200 --> 00:03:46,000 Speaker 1: It was just slowly, over time moved out. True, where 63 00:03:46,040 --> 00:03:49,440 Speaker 1: does the self lie? Yeah, that's a good point, man, 64 00:03:49,600 --> 00:03:52,240 Speaker 1: Like redoing a house, same thing, Yeah, I mean all 65 00:03:52,280 --> 00:03:54,480 Speaker 1: the floors and the walls and the windows, Like when 66 00:03:54,480 --> 00:03:57,840 Speaker 1: does it cease to become that same house that was 67 00:03:57,880 --> 00:04:00,920 Speaker 1: built in nineteen thirty exactly? Isn't that cool? Yeah? It 68 00:04:01,000 --> 00:04:02,760 Speaker 1: is really cool. And the reason that it applies to 69 00:04:02,800 --> 00:04:05,720 Speaker 1: this episode is because over the course of your lifetime, 70 00:04:06,280 --> 00:04:11,000 Speaker 1: a significant portion pretty much all of the cells in 71 00:04:11,040 --> 00:04:16,120 Speaker 1: your body are going to like be replaced. Yeah, so 72 00:04:16,160 --> 00:04:21,560 Speaker 1: that the the person even after you reach your adult self. Yeah, physically, 73 00:04:23,000 --> 00:04:26,640 Speaker 1: by the time you die, assuming you're gonna die much later, 74 00:04:27,520 --> 00:04:30,760 Speaker 1: you're you are essentially a different person, at least on 75 00:04:30,800 --> 00:04:36,680 Speaker 1: the cellular level. Yeah. Thirty seven trillion cells ish, that's 76 00:04:36,680 --> 00:04:39,719 Speaker 1: how many we have. Yeah, that's what they estimate. And 77 00:04:39,800 --> 00:04:43,000 Speaker 1: I did a little looking into lifespans. Sounds like an 78 00:04:43,160 --> 00:04:46,800 Speaker 1: estimate thirty seven trillions. Yeah, what do you want, like 79 00:04:46,800 --> 00:04:50,200 Speaker 1: like give or take? Yeah, I did a little research 80 00:04:50,240 --> 00:04:53,240 Speaker 1: into lifespans just because this all sort of comes back to, 81 00:04:54,640 --> 00:04:57,880 Speaker 1: like your death basically, because that's all death is is 82 00:04:57,920 --> 00:05:04,279 Speaker 1: your your cells, you know, dying little by little. Well, yeah, 83 00:05:04,320 --> 00:05:05,920 Speaker 1: I mean if you think about it, chuck, one of 84 00:05:05,960 --> 00:05:08,160 Speaker 1: the things that like why do we die? If our 85 00:05:09,120 --> 00:05:11,719 Speaker 1: we'll get to all that, but it's intriguing, you know, 86 00:05:11,839 --> 00:05:16,320 Speaker 1: it started, you know, questions started popping up. So apparently 87 00:05:16,320 --> 00:05:19,599 Speaker 1: we gain about three months every three months of life 88 00:05:19,720 --> 00:05:26,200 Speaker 1: humanity every year that we progress, Like the average lifespans 89 00:05:26,520 --> 00:05:28,880 Speaker 1: spans by three months. Yeah, Like if you were born 90 00:05:28,880 --> 00:05:31,680 Speaker 1: in twenty twelve, the average lifespan is now and this 91 00:05:31,800 --> 00:05:34,760 Speaker 1: is the United States, is seventy eight point eight. If 92 00:05:34,760 --> 00:05:36,719 Speaker 1: you were born in nineteen oh one, it was about 93 00:05:36,800 --> 00:05:40,200 Speaker 1: forty seven and fifty years for men and women respectively. 94 00:05:40,720 --> 00:05:42,920 Speaker 1: But if you look at the ratio, it's still about 95 00:05:43,000 --> 00:05:48,520 Speaker 1: three months. Despite all our technologies, three months a year, 96 00:05:49,000 --> 00:05:52,359 Speaker 1: every year, every year, just slowly creeping along. Yeah, Because 97 00:05:52,560 --> 00:05:54,560 Speaker 1: I think the article it was like when we're going 98 00:05:54,600 --> 00:05:56,560 Speaker 1: to live to be one hundred by average, and they 99 00:05:56,600 --> 00:05:59,040 Speaker 1: say by the year twenty one hundred, if things hold, 100 00:05:59,600 --> 00:06:02,839 Speaker 1: then the average human or American will be about one 101 00:06:02,920 --> 00:06:05,160 Speaker 1: hundred years old. I thought that, so I guess that 102 00:06:06,040 --> 00:06:08,640 Speaker 1: if things are steadily progressing, I had heard that like 103 00:06:08,800 --> 00:06:13,320 Speaker 1: our generation would be either the last or the first, 104 00:06:13,360 --> 00:06:16,719 Speaker 1: the last two to not hit triple digits or the 105 00:06:16,800 --> 00:06:20,799 Speaker 1: first two on average. Yeah. Yeah, again these are all guesses, 106 00:06:20,839 --> 00:06:24,280 Speaker 1: you know, so who knows. Plus if you believe in like, 107 00:06:24,480 --> 00:06:29,400 Speaker 1: uh things, speeding science, speeding up? Yeah, what is that? 108 00:06:29,440 --> 00:06:33,000 Speaker 1: Moore's law? Yea is at it? Yeah, applied to computer 109 00:06:33,080 --> 00:06:35,080 Speaker 1: or though in that case right right, but I mean 110 00:06:35,520 --> 00:06:38,440 Speaker 1: you can send it to other stuff. Yeah, then you 111 00:06:38,520 --> 00:06:41,160 Speaker 1: might think, you know, it's it's but you know, they 112 00:06:41,160 --> 00:06:44,320 Speaker 1: say it's not increasing like that. No, at least not 113 00:06:44,360 --> 00:06:47,479 Speaker 1: so far. Moore's law is exponential growth just adding three 114 00:06:47,520 --> 00:06:52,480 Speaker 1: months every years, non exponentials geometric. I think we're still 115 00:06:52,520 --> 00:06:57,640 Speaker 1: at non exponential growth definitely. Yeah, we're just adding three months. Yeah, 116 00:06:57,680 --> 00:07:00,760 Speaker 1: it's not bad though. That's pretty good average every four years. 117 00:07:00,760 --> 00:07:03,279 Speaker 1: That's an extra year. Yeah. Well, and it's interesting to 118 00:07:03,320 --> 00:07:06,000 Speaker 1: think about, you know, people that were born you know 119 00:07:06,040 --> 00:07:09,320 Speaker 1: a lot of our colleagues like eight years behind us. 120 00:07:10,080 --> 00:07:15,280 Speaker 1: We're going to live an average of two years longer. Yeah, 121 00:07:15,320 --> 00:07:17,720 Speaker 1: that seems unfair, sad. Yeah, I know, what did they do? 122 00:07:18,440 --> 00:07:23,000 Speaker 1: Just observe that we're thinking about our own deaths today. Yeah, 123 00:07:24,520 --> 00:07:30,960 Speaker 1: and chuck that there's this rumor theory legend maybe okay, 124 00:07:31,360 --> 00:07:36,640 Speaker 1: that your body regenerates itself, of your body regenerates itself 125 00:07:36,680 --> 00:07:40,360 Speaker 1: every year. Yeah, that's not true. No, it's not true, 126 00:07:40,400 --> 00:07:42,320 Speaker 1: but it was a very long standing rumor, and it 127 00:07:42,360 --> 00:07:45,400 Speaker 1: was actually based on science. Yeah, you know, not just 128 00:07:45,440 --> 00:07:48,800 Speaker 1: the idea that, oh, yeah, ourselves regenerate. So back of 129 00:07:48,880 --> 00:07:52,360 Speaker 1: the envelope estimate is that, you know, we regenerate ninety 130 00:07:52,400 --> 00:07:55,120 Speaker 1: five or ninety eight percent of ourselves every year. It 131 00:07:55,200 --> 00:08:01,280 Speaker 1: was early experimentation by injecting radio act of isotopes into 132 00:08:01,400 --> 00:08:04,679 Speaker 1: human beings and then following their course and then making 133 00:08:04,800 --> 00:08:08,040 Speaker 1: estimates based on that led to this idea. It's called 134 00:08:08,040 --> 00:08:11,000 Speaker 1: pulse labeling, is it. Yeah. It's like tagging an animal 135 00:08:11,040 --> 00:08:14,280 Speaker 1: in the wild basically, right, but you're just tagging a cell, yeah, 136 00:08:14,320 --> 00:08:16,360 Speaker 1: for specific types of cell. Yeah. They don't do that 137 00:08:16,400 --> 00:08:19,280 Speaker 1: to humans anymore. No, it's very animals anything. It's a 138 00:08:19,360 --> 00:08:23,880 Speaker 1: very dumb thing to do. Sure, ejecting radiation exactly, Yeah, unless, 139 00:08:23,880 --> 00:08:28,040 Speaker 1: of course you know it's radiation treatment. That's true, which 140 00:08:28,080 --> 00:08:29,920 Speaker 1: is still a really weird thing if you think about it. 141 00:08:29,920 --> 00:08:31,720 Speaker 1: It's Yeah, I have a feeling it's gonna be like 142 00:08:31,720 --> 00:08:33,800 Speaker 1: one of those things we look back on as like 143 00:08:33,800 --> 00:08:37,240 Speaker 1: a primitive treatment. Yeah, yeah, yeah, I hope so. Um, 144 00:08:38,000 --> 00:08:41,040 Speaker 1: but there there was this long standing science for decades 145 00:08:41,160 --> 00:08:47,640 Speaker 1: or this idea, scientific idea that we regenerated ourselves by finally, 146 00:08:47,760 --> 00:08:53,320 Speaker 1: and I think two thousand five, Um, there was a 147 00:08:53,320 --> 00:08:59,440 Speaker 1: a researcher named doctor Jonas Freezing. He was Swedish. Dude's awesome. 148 00:09:00,200 --> 00:09:04,080 Speaker 1: He said, this whole urban legend is really bringing me down. 149 00:09:04,520 --> 00:09:08,520 Speaker 1: I want to figure out a way to really track 150 00:09:09,080 --> 00:09:13,120 Speaker 1: how often the human body regenerates itself. Yeah, and the 151 00:09:13,360 --> 00:09:19,800 Speaker 1: biggest question has been the brain, specifically the cerebral cortex 152 00:09:20,360 --> 00:09:23,120 Speaker 1: and the heart and the heart muscles. I mean, they 153 00:09:23,120 --> 00:09:24,920 Speaker 1: want to know all this stuff, but those were the 154 00:09:24,920 --> 00:09:27,800 Speaker 1: two biggest mysteries. I think. Right, there's still the mysteries. 155 00:09:27,840 --> 00:09:30,280 Speaker 1: But if you went back to prior to two thousand 156 00:09:30,280 --> 00:09:33,400 Speaker 1: and five, in doctor Freeson's research, it was all a mystery. Yeah, 157 00:09:33,600 --> 00:09:37,880 Speaker 1: he figured out he basically put a very accurate time 158 00:09:37,920 --> 00:09:42,959 Speaker 1: stamp on how often human tissue and human cells regenerate themselves. Right, 159 00:09:43,360 --> 00:09:47,880 Speaker 1: So the way he did this is very clever. For 160 00:09:47,920 --> 00:09:52,840 Speaker 1: a long time, botanists knew that the trees around the 161 00:09:52,840 --> 00:09:59,000 Speaker 1: world contained a spike of carbon fourteen radiation, Yes, thanks 162 00:09:59,000 --> 00:10:02,800 Speaker 1: to humans and nuclear bombs. Exactly from nineteen fifty four 163 00:10:02,880 --> 00:10:07,640 Speaker 1: to nineteen sixty three, tree rings for tree growth around 164 00:10:07,640 --> 00:10:11,040 Speaker 1: the world show a big spike in carbon fourteen. Carbon 165 00:10:11,080 --> 00:10:15,880 Speaker 1: fourteen is naturally occurring too, So like just cosmic rays 166 00:10:15,960 --> 00:10:21,800 Speaker 1: from the Sun bombard Earth's atmosphere and create radioactive isotopes 167 00:10:21,840 --> 00:10:26,560 Speaker 1: by knocking electrons from particles in our atmosphere, right, those 168 00:10:26,880 --> 00:10:32,360 Speaker 1: radioactive particles become carbon fourteen, which is radioactive, and in 169 00:10:32,400 --> 00:10:38,040 Speaker 1: the atmosphere, carbon fourteen binds to oxygen and creates carbon dioxide, 170 00:10:38,400 --> 00:10:42,840 Speaker 1: which comes to Earth. Every living thing breathes this stuff in, 171 00:10:43,000 --> 00:10:45,800 Speaker 1: whether it's a plant, whether it's a human, Like we 172 00:10:45,920 --> 00:10:49,760 Speaker 1: just have C fourteen in our bodies. We also eat 173 00:10:49,880 --> 00:10:53,160 Speaker 1: plants exactly contain the C fourteen bids breathing it in, 174 00:10:53,200 --> 00:10:55,320 Speaker 1: and we also eat the animals that eat the plants 175 00:10:55,360 --> 00:10:59,280 Speaker 1: that in just C fourteen. Right, Yeah, so like we 176 00:10:59,400 --> 00:11:05,160 Speaker 1: got CAR fourteen in our bodies, that's right. But because 177 00:11:05,200 --> 00:11:08,040 Speaker 1: of the spike in carbon fourteen that was introduced to 178 00:11:08,160 --> 00:11:14,840 Speaker 1: the atmosphere from nuclear testing there there is a spike 179 00:11:14,920 --> 00:11:17,960 Speaker 1: in humans as well. So you can roughly age like 180 00:11:18,000 --> 00:11:22,240 Speaker 1: a human compared to another human if they were born 181 00:11:22,520 --> 00:11:25,680 Speaker 1: in say nineteen fifty nine, and one who was born 182 00:11:25,720 --> 00:11:29,440 Speaker 1: in nineteen seventy after there was that spike of carbon 183 00:11:29,480 --> 00:11:32,760 Speaker 1: fourteen had gone away, right, right, that's pretty cool. But 184 00:11:32,840 --> 00:11:36,520 Speaker 1: what doctor Freezen did is even cooler. He basically went 185 00:11:36,559 --> 00:11:39,320 Speaker 1: back to those tree trunks, those tree rings that show 186 00:11:39,320 --> 00:11:45,400 Speaker 1: a spike in carbon fourteen, and created a calendar of 187 00:11:46,080 --> 00:11:51,679 Speaker 1: carbon fourteen to Kay and basically said, Okay, on this date, 188 00:11:52,200 --> 00:11:56,520 Speaker 1: this is how much carbon fourteen was on Earth. And 189 00:11:56,679 --> 00:11:59,600 Speaker 1: if I take this cell and compare it, knowing that 190 00:11:59,640 --> 00:12:03,240 Speaker 1: carbon fourteen decays at a constant rate, yeah, I can 191 00:12:03,280 --> 00:12:07,199 Speaker 1: tell you exactly how old this cell is exactly. And 192 00:12:07,400 --> 00:12:10,559 Speaker 1: he used it to date cells and tissues and all 193 00:12:10,559 --> 00:12:13,120 Speaker 1: sorts of cool stuff. Yeah. He he went looking for 194 00:12:13,160 --> 00:12:17,280 Speaker 1: a marker and he found one due to our atomic 195 00:12:17,320 --> 00:12:21,440 Speaker 1: testing program. Yeah, which is pretty weird. Just released all 196 00:12:21,480 --> 00:12:24,400 Speaker 1: that junk in the atmosphere, and now all these years 197 00:12:24,480 --> 00:12:27,440 Speaker 1: later it has a nice use. Yeah, you know it does. 198 00:12:28,080 --> 00:12:31,480 Speaker 1: So we now know when we're gonna die, right, And 199 00:12:31,520 --> 00:12:34,000 Speaker 1: the reason he was able to use this as a marker, Chuckers, 200 00:12:34,120 --> 00:12:37,959 Speaker 1: is that, um, when you when you take a breath 201 00:12:37,960 --> 00:12:41,360 Speaker 1: of life, your first breath of life. That's right, and 202 00:12:41,520 --> 00:12:44,560 Speaker 1: you get some you get some of that C fourteen 203 00:12:44,800 --> 00:12:48,440 Speaker 1: into your DNA um and a steady amount stays in there, 204 00:12:48,520 --> 00:12:51,560 Speaker 1: like you don't keep ingesting C fourteen as far as 205 00:12:51,600 --> 00:12:54,680 Speaker 1: I understand, as far as your DNA goes, Oh okay, 206 00:12:54,840 --> 00:12:58,760 Speaker 1: once it's in your DNA, as your cells divide, yeah, 207 00:12:59,200 --> 00:13:04,360 Speaker 1: that original amount becomes divided evenly. Right, So the less 208 00:13:04,400 --> 00:13:09,160 Speaker 1: C fourteen that's in tissue, the older those that cell line, 209 00:13:09,280 --> 00:13:12,560 Speaker 1: is right, or the younger the actual cells are, right? 210 00:13:13,480 --> 00:13:15,360 Speaker 1: Is that right? I think so? Which would mean the 211 00:13:15,440 --> 00:13:19,480 Speaker 1: new cell the marker would be a fresh batch of 212 00:13:19,520 --> 00:13:23,440 Speaker 1: the C fourteen. No, it have less C fourteen? Oh really? Yeah, 213 00:13:23,520 --> 00:13:26,360 Speaker 1: let's say you have because the cell divided, Yes, exactly, Yeah, 214 00:13:26,679 --> 00:13:30,120 Speaker 1: like you have ten grams of C fourteen, which you don't. 215 00:13:31,080 --> 00:13:33,719 Speaker 1: I can't imagine that would be Like let's say you're 216 00:13:33,960 --> 00:13:37,040 Speaker 1: you're one cell that's never divided has ten Yeah, when 217 00:13:37,040 --> 00:13:39,640 Speaker 1: it divides into two, it's each of those two cells 218 00:13:39,679 --> 00:13:42,360 Speaker 1: is going to have five grants, and then two and 219 00:13:42,400 --> 00:13:44,440 Speaker 1: a half and then one point seven five and so 220 00:13:44,480 --> 00:13:47,320 Speaker 1: on and so on. Um, So, since you know that 221 00:13:47,400 --> 00:13:50,199 Speaker 1: C fourteen is generated at a constell rate, you know 222 00:13:50,320 --> 00:13:52,560 Speaker 1: that it decays that a half life of fifty seven 223 00:13:52,679 --> 00:13:57,440 Speaker 1: hundred and thirty years. You can look at the amount 224 00:13:57,559 --> 00:14:02,240 Speaker 1: of C fourteen and then also the decay of it 225 00:14:02,240 --> 00:14:04,120 Speaker 1: as well. Yeah, you can date things that are no 226 00:14:04,200 --> 00:14:07,640 Speaker 1: longer living too, to see when when they ingested that 227 00:14:07,720 --> 00:14:10,880 Speaker 1: C fourteen was. Yeah, he's a little like a bingo card. 228 00:14:10,920 --> 00:14:13,000 Speaker 1: He just from the calendar that he made with the 229 00:14:13,040 --> 00:14:15,360 Speaker 1: trees and he holds it up in the light and 230 00:14:15,480 --> 00:14:18,560 Speaker 1: that's how he determines it. It's not true. But what 231 00:14:18,559 --> 00:14:21,760 Speaker 1: he did determine though, was which is really cool. And 232 00:14:21,800 --> 00:14:23,800 Speaker 1: this is sort of what we've been building toward, is 233 00:14:23,880 --> 00:14:29,680 Speaker 1: that most of your cells are about seven to ten 234 00:14:29,760 --> 00:14:32,800 Speaker 1: years old, yes, in the body, and there are variances, 235 00:14:32,840 --> 00:14:34,240 Speaker 1: and of course we're going to talk about all that, 236 00:14:34,400 --> 00:14:37,880 Speaker 1: and right after this break, we're going to give you 237 00:14:37,880 --> 00:14:40,160 Speaker 1: a little primer on cells. So you know what all 238 00:14:40,200 --> 00:15:03,160 Speaker 1: this means, right, all right, Josh, we were promised to 239 00:15:03,200 --> 00:15:06,920 Speaker 1: sell primer and we like to deliver on those promises. 240 00:15:07,240 --> 00:15:11,480 Speaker 1: Here stuff you should know. So I guess we started 241 00:15:11,520 --> 00:15:15,440 Speaker 1: off by saying they're thirty seven trillion cells about in 242 00:15:15,480 --> 00:15:20,080 Speaker 1: the human body, give or take, and water makes up 243 00:15:20,120 --> 00:15:23,640 Speaker 1: about two thirds the weight of those cells. Oh yeah, 244 00:15:23,680 --> 00:15:27,160 Speaker 1: that's right. They're tiny. You need a microscope to seum 245 00:15:27,760 --> 00:15:31,680 Speaker 1: and it's like it's the tiniest thing that can still reproduce. Yeah. 246 00:15:31,680 --> 00:15:34,200 Speaker 1: And even though we have many different kinds of cells, 247 00:15:34,360 --> 00:15:38,920 Speaker 1: I think two hundred types, and within those cells there 248 00:15:38,920 --> 00:15:41,720 Speaker 1: are differences, but there are a lot of similarities with 249 00:15:41,800 --> 00:15:45,640 Speaker 1: all cells in their structure. Um. Namely, they have a 250 00:15:45,680 --> 00:15:48,240 Speaker 1: cell membrane, they have a nucleus. They have a nucleus. 251 00:15:48,240 --> 00:15:51,560 Speaker 1: I have more than one. And these membranes are what 252 00:15:51,640 --> 00:15:54,440 Speaker 1: allows nutrients to pass in and out, ways to pass 253 00:15:54,480 --> 00:16:04,640 Speaker 1: out water through osmosis travels in reverse, osmosis travels out. Yeah. 254 00:16:04,680 --> 00:16:08,000 Speaker 1: And what else you got your mitochondrian as well. That's 255 00:16:08,000 --> 00:16:11,000 Speaker 1: where this is the important, really important thing, which is 256 00:16:11,240 --> 00:16:14,240 Speaker 1: basically what keeps your cells alive. That's the power center, 257 00:16:14,360 --> 00:16:17,120 Speaker 1: right yeah, and that's um. You know, your cells need 258 00:16:17,320 --> 00:16:20,400 Speaker 1: food to live just like your body does. But you 259 00:16:20,400 --> 00:16:24,480 Speaker 1: can't pass that that hamburger straight into your cell. It 260 00:16:24,480 --> 00:16:26,400 Speaker 1: needs to be broken down so your cell can use 261 00:16:26,440 --> 00:16:32,040 Speaker 1: it exactly into what adnosine triphosphate ATP is like the 262 00:16:32,040 --> 00:16:38,080 Speaker 1: the universal cell fuel, right. Yeah. So there's a lot 263 00:16:38,120 --> 00:16:40,160 Speaker 1: of stuff that the body does make I think you 264 00:16:40,200 --> 00:16:44,600 Speaker 1: need like twenty three. I think you need twenty three 265 00:16:44,800 --> 00:16:47,800 Speaker 1: amino acids, and like nine of them your body doesn't 266 00:16:47,800 --> 00:16:51,440 Speaker 1: really manufacture. So those are the nine non essential amino acids. Right, 267 00:16:51,640 --> 00:16:54,680 Speaker 1: And you use amino acids to build proteins, and use 268 00:16:54,720 --> 00:16:59,000 Speaker 1: proteins for everything from making muscles to making red blood 269 00:16:59,040 --> 00:17:04,080 Speaker 1: cells to um, you're mounting an immune response. Proteins are very, 270 00:17:04,160 --> 00:17:07,680 Speaker 1: very vital, and some of them you have to build 271 00:17:07,720 --> 00:17:11,000 Speaker 1: by eating stuff from your environment. Right. Yeah, So you 272 00:17:11,040 --> 00:17:13,119 Speaker 1: go out and you find yourself a nice pig and 273 00:17:13,160 --> 00:17:15,600 Speaker 1: you cut off its back leg. You say, sorry, pig, 274 00:17:16,119 --> 00:17:19,160 Speaker 1: here's a peg leg for you. But I need this leg. 275 00:17:19,480 --> 00:17:21,360 Speaker 1: I'm going to eat this leg. And what I'm really 276 00:17:21,400 --> 00:17:23,560 Speaker 1: eating is the muscle, and what I'm really really eating 277 00:17:24,080 --> 00:17:26,919 Speaker 1: is the glutamine. Yeah, and my body is going to 278 00:17:26,960 --> 00:17:29,199 Speaker 1: take this glutamine. It can make it itself, but it 279 00:17:29,240 --> 00:17:31,640 Speaker 1: doesn't hurt to have an extra little bit of glutamine. Yeah, 280 00:17:31,640 --> 00:17:33,480 Speaker 1: it doesn't hurt to have that pig leg. And you're 281 00:17:33,520 --> 00:17:38,800 Speaker 1: exactly right, So I'm chomping on the pig legs, like right, 282 00:17:38,880 --> 00:17:42,360 Speaker 1: just use your imagination for a second, sure, um, And yes, 283 00:17:42,440 --> 00:17:45,640 Speaker 1: I'm sorry too, uh, so you're eating the pig leg 284 00:17:45,760 --> 00:17:48,680 Speaker 1: and you're gaining this glutamine as a result, and your 285 00:17:48,680 --> 00:17:52,240 Speaker 1: body's metabolizing the glutamine and then reusing it, right, Yeah, 286 00:17:52,320 --> 00:17:56,040 Speaker 1: And it can be glutamine, it can be um anything. 287 00:17:56,160 --> 00:17:59,760 Speaker 1: We if we're ingesting a protein, if we're ingesting amino acids, 288 00:17:59,760 --> 00:18:03,680 Speaker 1: before eating any kind of food, sugars, whatever, our bodies 289 00:18:03,800 --> 00:18:07,199 Speaker 1: break it down into its constituent parts, and then a 290 00:18:07,240 --> 00:18:12,560 Speaker 1: lot of those constituent parts become part of our bodies. Yeah. 291 00:18:12,600 --> 00:18:15,000 Speaker 1: So if you think about it in this sense, when 292 00:18:15,040 --> 00:18:18,959 Speaker 1: we eat, when we breathe, we're taking in stuff we 293 00:18:19,000 --> 00:18:22,159 Speaker 1: need from the environment. Yeah, and that stuff that we 294 00:18:22,280 --> 00:18:24,520 Speaker 1: take in from the environment becomes a part of us 295 00:18:24,600 --> 00:18:28,240 Speaker 1: literally physically on the molecular level. It becomes a part 296 00:18:28,240 --> 00:18:30,320 Speaker 1: of us, for better or worse, depending on what it is. 297 00:18:30,320 --> 00:18:32,600 Speaker 1: Of course. Yeah, that's a that's a great I think 298 00:18:32,640 --> 00:18:35,280 Speaker 1: that's ultimately one of the side lessons of this whole 299 00:18:35,280 --> 00:18:38,720 Speaker 1: thing is we should take care of our environment because 300 00:18:38,760 --> 00:18:41,960 Speaker 1: that environment becomes us and we either suffer or thrive 301 00:18:42,000 --> 00:18:43,960 Speaker 1: as a result of it. You ever heard the expression 302 00:18:44,000 --> 00:18:46,560 Speaker 1: you are what you eat exactly? You know, you literally 303 00:18:46,560 --> 00:18:49,680 Speaker 1: are what you eat, quite literally, and then also chuck 304 00:18:49,680 --> 00:18:51,960 Speaker 1: it goes. It goes the other way as well. When 305 00:18:52,000 --> 00:18:57,240 Speaker 1: we excrete waste, when we exhale CO two that's taken 306 00:18:57,320 --> 00:18:59,760 Speaker 1: up by other things in the environment, is deposited into 307 00:18:59,800 --> 00:19:03,440 Speaker 1: the environment and it becomes part of the environment itself. Yeah. 308 00:19:03,480 --> 00:19:08,360 Speaker 1: So not only do we regenerate our cells, regenerate tissue 309 00:19:09,359 --> 00:19:14,480 Speaker 1: every on average seven to ten years, become almost wholly 310 00:19:14,680 --> 00:19:20,120 Speaker 1: a new version of ourselves. Yea, we are also the 311 00:19:20,160 --> 00:19:26,760 Speaker 1: boundary between us and the surrounding environment is really nonexistent 312 00:19:26,920 --> 00:19:31,880 Speaker 1: because there's a constant exchange of molecules. Yeah, we lose 313 00:19:32,080 --> 00:19:35,639 Speaker 1: on average, they say nine average adult male loses ninety 314 00:19:35,720 --> 00:19:43,840 Speaker 1: six million cells per minute, but we also replace those 315 00:19:43,920 --> 00:19:48,000 Speaker 1: at the rate of ninety six million per minute, yeah, roughly. Yeah. Yeah, 316 00:19:48,480 --> 00:19:50,520 Speaker 1: so that's the good news. So we've got all these 317 00:19:50,600 --> 00:19:52,600 Speaker 1: cells that we're losing, we've got all these new cells 318 00:19:52,600 --> 00:19:54,680 Speaker 1: that are replacing them. And I think, like you said 319 00:19:54,720 --> 00:19:59,600 Speaker 1: earlier before the break, that these the different types of 320 00:19:59,640 --> 00:20:04,960 Speaker 1: cell and then hence different tissues regenerate at a different rate, right, Yeah, 321 00:20:05,000 --> 00:20:08,200 Speaker 1: And they all have specialized jobs, and the cells are 322 00:20:08,240 --> 00:20:13,520 Speaker 1: often built in such a way to aid that job physically, 323 00:20:13,600 --> 00:20:15,800 Speaker 1: you know, different to make that job easier, which is 324 00:20:15,840 --> 00:20:20,119 Speaker 1: really cool too. Shows how versatile they are. Yes, you know, 325 00:20:20,359 --> 00:20:24,320 Speaker 1: like stem cells are very versatile. Super. So let's say 326 00:20:24,600 --> 00:20:29,960 Speaker 1: your skin. Yeah, your skin regenerates every two to four weeks. 327 00:20:30,000 --> 00:20:33,560 Speaker 1: I think, ye, so exactly, you get a new healthy 328 00:20:33,920 --> 00:20:36,560 Speaker 1: coating of skin every two to four weeks because your 329 00:20:36,840 --> 00:20:42,240 Speaker 1: epithelial cells are particularly good at regenerating themselves. That's right, 330 00:20:42,320 --> 00:20:46,159 Speaker 1: and that is well. I guess that would fall on 331 00:20:46,200 --> 00:20:49,840 Speaker 1: the low side obviously, if we're talking seven to ten years. 332 00:20:49,880 --> 00:20:52,560 Speaker 1: On the super low side, you have the cells that 333 00:20:52,680 --> 00:20:56,560 Speaker 1: line like you're intestine and your gut, and those things 334 00:20:56,600 --> 00:20:59,600 Speaker 1: don't last long at all because it's such a harsh environment. 335 00:20:59,640 --> 00:21:01,719 Speaker 1: You know, you would expect him to last like weeks 336 00:21:01,720 --> 00:21:04,399 Speaker 1: and months and years, but I think, how long is it? 337 00:21:04,600 --> 00:21:08,200 Speaker 1: Five days? Yeah, that's nothing. But the structure of your guts, 338 00:21:08,440 --> 00:21:12,520 Speaker 1: they that are beneath that membrane lining that turns over 339 00:21:12,640 --> 00:21:18,040 Speaker 1: five days, they last about fifteen years. Yeah, it's it's 340 00:21:18,080 --> 00:21:22,439 Speaker 1: such a like a beautiful, elegant system. Yeah, that we 341 00:21:22,520 --> 00:21:25,800 Speaker 1: have to keep us alive. Red blood cells last about 342 00:21:25,800 --> 00:21:28,760 Speaker 1: one hundred and twenty days. But then you have things 343 00:21:28,800 --> 00:21:32,920 Speaker 1: like cells in your bone which actually regenerate as well, 344 00:21:33,200 --> 00:21:36,480 Speaker 1: so your bones are over time, over a much longer 345 00:21:36,480 --> 00:21:39,520 Speaker 1: period of time, actually becoming I mean, I hate to 346 00:21:39,560 --> 00:21:44,080 Speaker 1: call them new bones, but they kind of are, you know, well, yeah, 347 00:21:44,119 --> 00:21:49,120 Speaker 1: I mean compared if you took your femur and somehow 348 00:21:49,160 --> 00:21:53,000 Speaker 1: compared it to your femur when you were fifteen years old, Like, 349 00:21:53,040 --> 00:21:56,840 Speaker 1: they are two totally different bones, even though they're your bones. Yeah, 350 00:21:56,880 --> 00:21:58,480 Speaker 1: they were in the same place, growing in the same 351 00:21:58,480 --> 00:22:02,320 Speaker 1: person with the same DNA. There's still different bones because 352 00:22:02,520 --> 00:22:06,080 Speaker 1: they're made of different cells. Ten years or so for 353 00:22:06,200 --> 00:22:08,280 Speaker 1: the bones, yeah, something like that. For the human skeleton, 354 00:22:09,440 --> 00:22:12,520 Speaker 1: three hundred to five hundred days. For the liver, very 355 00:22:12,520 --> 00:22:14,920 Speaker 1: important organ it is. And one of the other cool 356 00:22:14,960 --> 00:22:19,440 Speaker 1: things about the liver is it's just gangbusters that regenerating itself. Yeah. 357 00:22:19,800 --> 00:22:22,520 Speaker 1: You can apparently cut out ninety five percent of a 358 00:22:22,600 --> 00:22:26,000 Speaker 1: person's liver and it will grow back, and you won't 359 00:22:26,000 --> 00:22:29,040 Speaker 1: have full function, but it will function and you'll survive 360 00:22:29,200 --> 00:22:33,480 Speaker 1: with just five percent of your liver. That's pretty amazing actually, yeah, 361 00:22:33,560 --> 00:22:35,800 Speaker 1: because it will just grow right back, kind of like 362 00:22:35,880 --> 00:22:41,880 Speaker 1: a hornet's nest. Uh. Interestingly, the inner lens cells of 363 00:22:41,880 --> 00:22:48,480 Speaker 1: your eye um form in your embryo and basically don't change. Yeah, Now, 364 00:22:48,560 --> 00:22:51,960 Speaker 1: is that why you have suffer from degeneration and vision? 365 00:22:52,040 --> 00:22:53,880 Speaker 1: That's what I would guess. Is that the reason? Yeah, 366 00:22:53,960 --> 00:22:57,520 Speaker 1: So with the corneo lens Chuck, when you're when you're born, 367 00:22:57,760 --> 00:23:03,880 Speaker 1: when you're conceived, right, you are a cell that divides. Finally, 368 00:23:04,200 --> 00:23:08,600 Speaker 1: once that first division takes place, those corneal cells, they're 369 00:23:08,680 --> 00:23:11,640 Speaker 1: set in stone. Like your corneal cells are as old 370 00:23:11,680 --> 00:23:15,760 Speaker 1: as you are, the same age as you. Other cells 371 00:23:15,760 --> 00:23:18,360 Speaker 1: that make up different parts of the eyes they're far newer. 372 00:23:18,640 --> 00:23:24,440 Speaker 1: But your corneal cells, your cerebral cortex cells, they think, Yeah, 373 00:23:24,440 --> 00:23:26,879 Speaker 1: that's the one I mentioned. The brain and the heart muscles, 374 00:23:26,880 --> 00:23:30,120 Speaker 1: those are the two big ones. Because obviously the reason 375 00:23:30,200 --> 00:23:34,840 Speaker 1: we have diseases like Alzheimer's and dementia are because the 376 00:23:34,880 --> 00:23:39,520 Speaker 1: cerebral cortex has long thought to not to regenerate cells 377 00:23:39,600 --> 00:23:44,760 Speaker 1: at all. Now I think they believe that they do 378 00:23:45,280 --> 00:23:48,600 Speaker 1: in a very small number or different regions, like the 379 00:23:48,600 --> 00:23:52,280 Speaker 1: olfactory bulb supposedly does. Yeah, in the hippocampus, so we 380 00:23:52,320 --> 00:23:55,040 Speaker 1: can learn new things. Our sense of smell can be 381 00:23:55,080 --> 00:23:57,560 Speaker 1: refined over time. Yeah, And I think isn't that also 382 00:23:57,600 --> 00:24:02,320 Speaker 1: the reason the smell is very much tied to your memory, 383 00:24:02,640 --> 00:24:08,119 Speaker 1: probably like a smell can conjure up a memory more clearly. Yeah, 384 00:24:08,160 --> 00:24:12,919 Speaker 1: but the cerebral quartex itself, they don't think. Who was 385 00:24:12,920 --> 00:24:16,520 Speaker 1: her name? Elizabeth Gould Princeton did a lot of work 386 00:24:16,520 --> 00:24:20,119 Speaker 1: on this because it was just basically set in stone 387 00:24:20,119 --> 00:24:22,960 Speaker 1: for years like, no, it doesn't happen. And she did 388 00:24:22,960 --> 00:24:24,720 Speaker 1: a lot of work over the years trying to prove 389 00:24:25,720 --> 00:24:29,639 Speaker 1: that it did using tracer studies. And I think that 390 00:24:29,760 --> 00:24:31,600 Speaker 1: where they are now as they think it does some 391 00:24:32,320 --> 00:24:35,520 Speaker 1: yeah here there, here there, But obviously we still have 392 00:24:35,560 --> 00:24:38,520 Speaker 1: to mention Alzheimer, so it's not it doesn't regenerate like 393 00:24:38,560 --> 00:24:41,280 Speaker 1: the rest of the body. Name close. Yeah, Alzheimer's also 394 00:24:41,359 --> 00:24:45,480 Speaker 1: maybe produced I guess by plaques rember plaque build up. 395 00:24:45,520 --> 00:24:47,800 Speaker 1: Oh yeah, in between your neurons that keep them from 396 00:24:47,800 --> 00:24:50,679 Speaker 1: firing as well. Yeah, that's it seems like we're so 397 00:24:50,720 --> 00:24:55,119 Speaker 1: close to figuring out the secret, you know. Yeah, to uh, 398 00:24:55,400 --> 00:24:59,480 Speaker 1: I don't know about not dying ever, I'm not talking immortality, 399 00:25:00,040 --> 00:25:04,600 Speaker 1: but um, living much longer lives. Well, let's talk about that, 400 00:25:04,640 --> 00:25:07,679 Speaker 1: because all of this stuff kind of leads to that 401 00:25:07,760 --> 00:25:11,000 Speaker 1: question if we regenerate, so often why do we die? 402 00:25:11,200 --> 00:25:34,200 Speaker 1: And we'll address that right after this. All right, So 403 00:25:34,280 --> 00:25:38,399 Speaker 1: chuck Um, there's this kind of there's this idea that 404 00:25:38,800 --> 00:25:41,880 Speaker 1: if we are regenerating ourselves every seven to ten years, 405 00:25:41,920 --> 00:25:45,720 Speaker 1: where like the vast majority of our body cells regenerate, 406 00:25:46,560 --> 00:25:50,320 Speaker 1: why do we age and why do we die? It 407 00:25:50,400 --> 00:25:53,199 Speaker 1: doesn't it doesn't really make sense in that respect. Yeah, 408 00:25:53,240 --> 00:25:55,520 Speaker 1: it's um. What they think is it has to do 409 00:25:55,560 --> 00:25:59,400 Speaker 1: with your DNA actually in the cell. Our cells as 410 00:25:59,400 --> 00:26:01,920 Speaker 1: we age, even the new ones to get replaced, which 411 00:26:01,920 --> 00:26:06,480 Speaker 1: really stinks, become what they call sentisent, which means that 412 00:26:06,960 --> 00:26:09,800 Speaker 1: they can't divide any longer. We've talked about the Hayflick 413 00:26:09,880 --> 00:26:15,960 Speaker 1: limit before, or replicative citizens is basically how many times 414 00:26:15,960 --> 00:26:19,600 Speaker 1: your cells can divide over its lifetime. Yeah, and I 415 00:26:19,640 --> 00:26:22,919 Speaker 1: think like a fibroblast, which is the cells of the 416 00:26:22,920 --> 00:26:26,800 Speaker 1: connective tissue in mammals, it's about fifty cell divisions. Yeah, 417 00:26:27,119 --> 00:26:29,919 Speaker 1: and then it hits that point of senticence and it 418 00:26:30,040 --> 00:26:33,359 Speaker 1: starts sending out repair signals to your body that aren't 419 00:26:33,359 --> 00:26:37,960 Speaker 1: necessary and that causes inflammation. And we've talked about inflammation 420 00:26:38,040 --> 00:26:42,359 Speaker 1: kind of being the source of most most of the 421 00:26:42,400 --> 00:26:45,600 Speaker 1: original problems that will eventually lead to your debt. Yeah, 422 00:26:45,960 --> 00:26:49,520 Speaker 1: you know. Yeah, something becomes inflamed and leads to all 423 00:26:49,600 --> 00:26:51,880 Speaker 1: kinds of problems, so there's no repair needed. So it's 424 00:26:51,880 --> 00:26:54,840 Speaker 1: a false signal. So they're trying to come up with drugs. Now, 425 00:26:55,920 --> 00:27:01,399 Speaker 1: there's one called repamycine that pries to stop the cells 426 00:27:01,400 --> 00:27:05,360 Speaker 1: from sending out those false signals, which is amazing. Yeah, 427 00:27:05,400 --> 00:27:09,520 Speaker 1: that would be wonderful. You know. There's another explanation for 428 00:27:09,600 --> 00:27:13,880 Speaker 1: it as well, is that when our cells divide, especially 429 00:27:13,920 --> 00:27:19,200 Speaker 1: over time as we age, they're basically making photocopies of themselves. Yeah, 430 00:27:19,320 --> 00:27:22,520 Speaker 1: and you ultimately, years down the road, end up making 431 00:27:22,560 --> 00:27:26,760 Speaker 1: photocopies of photocopies and those don't tend to pan out 432 00:27:26,880 --> 00:27:29,959 Speaker 1: very well. So as far as analogies go, that one 433 00:27:30,040 --> 00:27:33,680 Speaker 1: kind of makes sense that, yes, we have brand new cells, 434 00:27:34,080 --> 00:27:38,520 Speaker 1: but the DNA copies, the DNA blueprints that they're based on, 435 00:27:39,280 --> 00:27:42,560 Speaker 1: have seen better days. Yeah, many years back. You know. Yeah, 436 00:27:42,600 --> 00:27:44,199 Speaker 1: that makes sense. It's a good way to say it. 437 00:27:44,920 --> 00:27:46,800 Speaker 1: We also talked a little bit about whether or not 438 00:27:48,680 --> 00:27:54,800 Speaker 1: the heart muscle itself replenishes itself in the cells, and 439 00:27:55,040 --> 00:27:58,200 Speaker 1: for a long time they had no idea. But um, now, 440 00:27:58,880 --> 00:28:02,840 Speaker 1: thanks to our buddy doctor Frisson, He uh is pretty much. 441 00:28:03,119 --> 00:28:05,640 Speaker 1: I don't even think we said what his um who 442 00:28:05,680 --> 00:28:09,080 Speaker 1: he works with, did we? Uh? No, he works with 443 00:28:09,160 --> 00:28:14,119 Speaker 1: the with A K. Carolinska team. Yeah, just like incredible 444 00:28:14,680 --> 00:28:17,520 Speaker 1: scientists that are making like amazing advancements and trying to 445 00:28:17,520 --> 00:28:20,040 Speaker 1: figure the stuff out. But they did, in fact find 446 00:28:20,080 --> 00:28:23,200 Speaker 1: that the heart does replace itself the muscle cells. About 447 00:28:23,200 --> 00:28:25,480 Speaker 1: one percent of the heart muscles replaced every year at 448 00:28:25,520 --> 00:28:28,199 Speaker 1: age twenty five, and that falls over your lifetime to 449 00:28:28,280 --> 00:28:31,320 Speaker 1: less than half a percent per year by the age 450 00:28:31,359 --> 00:28:34,320 Speaker 1: seventy five. I spoke too soon. That does make sense. Yeah, 451 00:28:34,359 --> 00:28:37,359 Speaker 1: So what they basically said is about half of your 452 00:28:37,400 --> 00:28:42,120 Speaker 1: heart's muscle cells will be exchanged during a normal lifetime, Okay, 453 00:28:42,160 --> 00:28:45,280 Speaker 1: which is okay, it is, but it's slowing down over time. 454 00:28:45,360 --> 00:28:48,360 Speaker 1: I mean, the heart's kind of essential. Yeah, but they're 455 00:28:48,360 --> 00:28:53,160 Speaker 1: hoping again to develop drugs that can accelerate that process too. Yeah. 456 00:28:53,200 --> 00:28:54,640 Speaker 1: And I don't know how far along they are on that, 457 00:28:54,720 --> 00:28:59,720 Speaker 1: but that'd be amazing. So there's this whole thing that 458 00:28:59,800 --> 00:29:01,280 Speaker 1: kind and it came up to me man like that 459 00:29:01,440 --> 00:29:05,920 Speaker 1: I don't all of this raises this question to me, right, Yeah, 460 00:29:06,120 --> 00:29:09,080 Speaker 1: if you look at like you or me or any 461 00:29:09,200 --> 00:29:16,000 Speaker 1: living thing as as an investment, like a molecular investment 462 00:29:16,280 --> 00:29:20,400 Speaker 1: in the ability to reproduce. Right, Okay, once you finish 463 00:29:20,560 --> 00:29:25,480 Speaker 1: your reproductive age, then it does make sense that you 464 00:29:25,520 --> 00:29:27,560 Speaker 1: would just kind of there would be built in this 465 00:29:28,480 --> 00:29:32,960 Speaker 1: mechanism of aging and then death and then decay, which 466 00:29:33,000 --> 00:29:36,360 Speaker 1: is what we do. Yeah, we return back to the earth. 467 00:29:36,400 --> 00:29:38,360 Speaker 1: To put it in kind of biblical terms, there's like 468 00:29:38,400 --> 00:29:41,360 Speaker 1: that whole ashes to ashes dust to us thing. It 469 00:29:41,480 --> 00:29:45,040 Speaker 1: is very very true. And if you look at us 470 00:29:45,480 --> 00:29:50,160 Speaker 1: and you look at all living things as it is 471 00:29:50,160 --> 00:29:55,280 Speaker 1: something that exchanges molecules with the external environment, takes them in, 472 00:29:55,440 --> 00:29:59,440 Speaker 1: puts them out right, and you look at us as 473 00:29:59,440 --> 00:30:01,920 Speaker 1: all connect acted in that sense. Yeah, like we're just 474 00:30:02,000 --> 00:30:04,800 Speaker 1: like a plant exactly, or we're just like a rock, 475 00:30:05,320 --> 00:30:07,800 Speaker 1: Like we're all that stuff and those things are us 476 00:30:07,840 --> 00:30:14,200 Speaker 1: because we're able to exchange basic ingredients. Then it makes 477 00:30:14,240 --> 00:30:17,680 Speaker 1: total sense that a person would come together, be conceived, 478 00:30:17,680 --> 00:30:21,120 Speaker 1: start dividing as cells, you know, make more of itself, 479 00:30:21,400 --> 00:30:23,880 Speaker 1: and then start to age and then die in decay, 480 00:30:24,200 --> 00:30:26,120 Speaker 1: and then it would give something else a chance to 481 00:30:26,160 --> 00:30:28,760 Speaker 1: come up from that again. Right, sure, but then it 482 00:30:28,840 --> 00:30:31,560 Speaker 1: makes you it makes you wonder what's the point of that? 483 00:30:33,000 --> 00:30:35,080 Speaker 1: What I mean, like, think about it. If we're just 484 00:30:35,160 --> 00:30:38,360 Speaker 1: the same as plants, Like why are we all here? Yeah, Like, 485 00:30:38,560 --> 00:30:41,000 Speaker 1: if we're if the whole point is to just basically 486 00:30:41,040 --> 00:30:45,400 Speaker 1: recycle materials, because we are just recycling stuff from the environment, 487 00:30:45,400 --> 00:30:49,120 Speaker 1: and we're recycled as we die in decay, what is 488 00:30:49,160 --> 00:30:52,320 Speaker 1: the point? Is our point just to be part of 489 00:30:52,360 --> 00:30:55,400 Speaker 1: the carbon cycle, so we're moving carbon in and out 490 00:30:55,400 --> 00:30:57,880 Speaker 1: of ourselves and in and out of the environment, moving 491 00:30:57,880 --> 00:31:01,360 Speaker 1: it around. Or I don't understand what the point is 492 00:31:01,360 --> 00:31:04,480 Speaker 1: of life, I guess is what I'm saying here nihilists. No, 493 00:31:04,560 --> 00:31:06,800 Speaker 1: I'm not saying I don't believe that there isn't a point. 494 00:31:06,920 --> 00:31:11,240 Speaker 1: I'm just curious what it is. Because because if we 495 00:31:11,280 --> 00:31:14,840 Speaker 1: are the same as any other living thing, and the 496 00:31:15,360 --> 00:31:20,000 Speaker 1: definition of living is an exchange with an active exchange 497 00:31:20,040 --> 00:31:24,760 Speaker 1: with the surrounding environment and breathing, true, eating whatever, yes, 498 00:31:25,320 --> 00:31:29,680 Speaker 1: then and then if you kind of take that a 499 00:31:29,680 --> 00:31:32,040 Speaker 1: little further and say, well, clearly we're meant to like 500 00:31:32,080 --> 00:31:35,240 Speaker 1: reproduce or something like that, and then after that we 501 00:31:35,360 --> 00:31:39,520 Speaker 1: age and die, what's the what's the point? Like why 502 00:31:39,560 --> 00:31:42,600 Speaker 1: not just have one species? Of living thing and just 503 00:31:42,680 --> 00:31:47,200 Speaker 1: let that do all of your carbon recycling or whatever. Yeah, 504 00:31:47,240 --> 00:31:52,280 Speaker 1: I think are you about to quit the show? Um? Yeah, 505 00:31:52,320 --> 00:31:55,800 Speaker 1: see what you mean? Like, um, if we look at 506 00:31:55,800 --> 00:31:59,440 Speaker 1: ourselves as a purely mechanical serving a purely mechanical function 507 00:31:59,640 --> 00:32:02,680 Speaker 1: right on the planet, like we are to the carbon cycle, 508 00:32:02,720 --> 00:32:06,880 Speaker 1: what say evaporation is to the rain cycle? Yeah, like 509 00:32:06,920 --> 00:32:10,080 Speaker 1: we're a means of moving something along. Well, I think 510 00:32:10,080 --> 00:32:12,640 Speaker 1: that's when you, man, this is getting philosophical. I think 511 00:32:12,640 --> 00:32:16,120 Speaker 1: that's when you start getting into questions of the soul. 512 00:32:16,840 --> 00:32:19,680 Speaker 1: Well yeah, I mean it kind of makes me wonder, like, well, 513 00:32:20,120 --> 00:32:22,120 Speaker 1: why would there be more than one species? It will 514 00:32:22,160 --> 00:32:24,480 Speaker 1: be much more efficient to just have one, maybe two. 515 00:32:24,640 --> 00:32:27,880 Speaker 1: There's all these different ones, so why. Yeah, the fact 516 00:32:27,960 --> 00:32:30,520 Speaker 1: that that why is just sitting there and flashing neon 517 00:32:30,640 --> 00:32:34,760 Speaker 1: lights definitely made me wonder basically the opposite. It's made 518 00:32:34,800 --> 00:32:39,400 Speaker 1: me think in a different direction than nihilistically, right, you know, 519 00:32:39,560 --> 00:32:41,400 Speaker 1: like we're only here for so long, and so if 520 00:32:41,400 --> 00:32:45,600 Speaker 1: there is the point is to make the most of 521 00:32:45,640 --> 00:32:47,560 Speaker 1: your time, well I think that's a separate that's a 522 00:32:47,640 --> 00:32:50,720 Speaker 1: separate part of it. Yeah, Because no matter what conclusion 523 00:32:50,800 --> 00:32:53,600 Speaker 1: you come to, whether nope, we're just a means of 524 00:32:53,640 --> 00:32:57,080 Speaker 1: recycling carbon and that is it. Yeah, kind of like 525 00:32:57,080 --> 00:33:00,720 Speaker 1: a Guya theory view of things. Or if you say no, 526 00:33:01,280 --> 00:33:05,920 Speaker 1: like the fact that we're inefficient and redundant as far 527 00:33:05,960 --> 00:33:09,720 Speaker 1: as that carbon recycling thing goes, Yeah, suggests that maybe 528 00:33:09,760 --> 00:33:12,720 Speaker 1: there is a higher purpose to us. Either way, I 529 00:33:12,760 --> 00:33:15,080 Speaker 1: feel like you come to the conclusion, or you should 530 00:33:15,080 --> 00:33:18,600 Speaker 1: come to the conclusion that the one thing we do 531 00:33:18,720 --> 00:33:21,560 Speaker 1: know is that we are here right now, and the 532 00:33:21,600 --> 00:33:24,120 Speaker 1: best thing we can do is make the absolute best 533 00:33:24,120 --> 00:33:27,000 Speaker 1: of it for ourselves and for other people as well. Yeah, 534 00:33:27,000 --> 00:33:28,680 Speaker 1: and there are probably others out there that think the 535 00:33:28,680 --> 00:33:30,880 Speaker 1: whole point is to make as much cash as you 536 00:33:30,920 --> 00:33:35,280 Speaker 1: can so you can buy products. Yeah, Edward Burns would 537 00:33:35,280 --> 00:33:37,920 Speaker 1: probably say that, Yes, he would. Man, he lived that 538 00:33:37,920 --> 00:33:41,160 Speaker 1: way then, Man, that's interesting. I think we should. I'd 539 00:33:41,160 --> 00:33:44,200 Speaker 1: love to tackle something philosophical and deep, like the soul, 540 00:33:44,400 --> 00:33:46,680 Speaker 1: the meaning of life. Yeah, that'd be tough. I mean 541 00:33:46,920 --> 00:33:48,640 Speaker 1: that'd be cool, though, it would be cool. We don't 542 00:33:48,680 --> 00:33:50,960 Speaker 1: delve into that very much, No, we should. I'd like 543 00:33:51,000 --> 00:33:55,040 Speaker 1: to do that. And consciousness that's a really interesting one too, 544 00:33:55,520 --> 00:33:58,320 Speaker 1: Like it doesn't make any sense a sense, very trippy 545 00:33:58,360 --> 00:34:00,960 Speaker 1: way forward. For this show. Yeah, we're gonna start getting weird. 546 00:34:01,080 --> 00:34:03,800 Speaker 1: I took a lot of acid this morning. So that's 547 00:34:03,840 --> 00:34:08,319 Speaker 1: great if you want to know more about some just 548 00:34:08,440 --> 00:34:12,920 Speaker 1: weird trippy stuff. How stuff works has a surprising amount 549 00:34:13,000 --> 00:34:15,879 Speaker 1: of it on there. Um, I don't know. Just try 550 00:34:15,920 --> 00:34:18,399 Speaker 1: typing the word trippy into the search bar. You can 551 00:34:18,680 --> 00:34:21,759 Speaker 1: also type does your body really replace itself every seven years? 552 00:34:21,800 --> 00:34:24,359 Speaker 1: And it'll bring up this cool article. And I think 553 00:34:24,360 --> 00:34:26,600 Speaker 1: I said search bar at some point in time. So 554 00:34:27,120 --> 00:34:31,680 Speaker 1: how about some listener mail. I like how you specified 555 00:34:31,760 --> 00:34:34,960 Speaker 1: you took a lot of acid, not just just a little. Yeah, 556 00:34:35,080 --> 00:34:38,080 Speaker 1: there's a lot out of it. Um, all right, I'm 557 00:34:38,080 --> 00:34:40,560 Speaker 1: gonna call this multiple we had. We got like a 558 00:34:40,600 --> 00:34:44,879 Speaker 1: bunch of emails in one day about people picking at 559 00:34:44,920 --> 00:34:48,200 Speaker 1: our grammar and things. Oh yeah, so I'm just decorded 560 00:34:48,239 --> 00:34:50,520 Speaker 1: to read three of them because they're short. Okay, hey, guys, 561 00:34:50,520 --> 00:34:55,200 Speaker 1: I generally enjoy the episodes, but you do have one 562 00:34:55,280 --> 00:34:58,600 Speaker 1: issue with your grammar and noun verb agreement. You tend 563 00:34:58,680 --> 00:35:01,880 Speaker 1: to say they're are many lines of evidence or there's 564 00:35:01,960 --> 00:35:05,879 Speaker 1: lots of experiment showing, instead of there are not. There 565 00:35:06,080 --> 00:35:09,600 Speaker 1: is boo when the pronoun refers to a plural subject. 566 00:35:09,640 --> 00:35:12,480 Speaker 1: Check yourselves next time, guys. You typically make the mistake 567 00:35:12,640 --> 00:35:15,720 Speaker 1: about ten times every show. Why don't you go recycle 568 00:35:15,800 --> 00:35:20,960 Speaker 1: some carbon power. That's from Kim Keller in Temple Terrorists, Florida. 569 00:35:23,000 --> 00:35:26,160 Speaker 1: I always like to pick apart their emails too, about 570 00:35:26,200 --> 00:35:28,160 Speaker 1: because people usually make a mistake or two in their 571 00:35:28,160 --> 00:35:31,919 Speaker 1: own emails. Hey, guys, system's from Blair. I love the show. 572 00:35:31,920 --> 00:35:35,000 Speaker 1: I hate to be nitpicky. They always say that, yeah, 573 00:35:35,080 --> 00:35:37,600 Speaker 1: right before they knitpick. But I have a grammar correction. 574 00:35:37,760 --> 00:35:40,640 Speaker 1: It's been bugging me for months, and Stonehenge was a 575 00:35:40,680 --> 00:35:42,960 Speaker 1: major offender. At least one of you not naming names 576 00:35:43,640 --> 00:35:46,760 Speaker 1: frequently used the word further when you really mean farther. 577 00:35:47,640 --> 00:35:51,120 Speaker 1: The latter term is used for literal distances. Further is 578 00:35:51,120 --> 00:35:55,720 Speaker 1: only supposed to be used figuratively. Huh. I didn't know that, Okay, 579 00:35:55,840 --> 00:35:58,440 Speaker 1: so thanks Blair. Yeah. And then the last one, Phil, 580 00:35:58,880 --> 00:36:02,960 Speaker 1: who was an English and grammar pronunciation freak, He says, hey, guys, 581 00:36:03,400 --> 00:36:05,440 Speaker 1: when there's an Italian word, you take your time to 582 00:36:05,440 --> 00:36:08,000 Speaker 1: pronounce it properly. The same with Japanese in the Far 583 00:36:08,040 --> 00:36:10,600 Speaker 1: East in general. So why don't you extend that same 584 00:36:10,640 --> 00:36:13,920 Speaker 1: courtesy to English words? Because we're masters of the language, 585 00:36:14,000 --> 00:36:16,719 Speaker 1: and I mean words actually in the UK vernacular, not 586 00:36:16,760 --> 00:36:23,240 Speaker 1: American English. Salisbury, No, it's Salisbury, the marl Borough Downs, Nope, 587 00:36:24,080 --> 00:36:29,440 Speaker 1: marl Browdowns. Well, we're using the American vernacular because we're 588 00:36:29,719 --> 00:36:34,879 Speaker 1: in America and recording as American. That's from Phil I had. 589 00:36:35,000 --> 00:36:37,399 Speaker 1: I've addressed all those. I think, yeah, I think that's 590 00:36:37,680 --> 00:36:39,400 Speaker 1: I feel good about it. I think it's good and 591 00:36:39,600 --> 00:36:42,799 Speaker 1: very big of you two have read those as listener mail. 592 00:36:42,920 --> 00:36:46,160 Speaker 1: Why not? Nice job man? Yeah, we just we don't 593 00:36:46,160 --> 00:36:49,080 Speaker 1: profess to talk gooder than other people. We just do 594 00:36:49,160 --> 00:36:51,799 Speaker 1: our little thing here in the studio, send it out 595 00:36:51,800 --> 00:36:54,960 Speaker 1: into the world nice for people to pick apart. What 596 00:36:55,080 --> 00:36:59,640 Speaker 1: we're doing is we're creating grammatical tableaus like that Highlights 597 00:36:59,680 --> 00:37:01,600 Speaker 1: Magna ze, where it's like pick out the things that 598 00:37:01,640 --> 00:37:04,480 Speaker 1: don't belong. Yeah, that's what we're doing for you guys. Yeah, 599 00:37:04,640 --> 00:37:06,320 Speaker 1: keep you entertained. If you didn't have something to complain 600 00:37:06,360 --> 00:37:09,600 Speaker 1: about it, it'd be so boring. Yep. If you want 601 00:37:09,640 --> 00:37:14,440 Speaker 1: to nitpick or compliment or suggest something whatever. If you 602 00:37:14,480 --> 00:37:16,000 Speaker 1: want to get in touch with us for any reason, 603 00:37:16,320 --> 00:37:20,120 Speaker 1: you can do that by tweeting to SYSK podcasts. You 604 00:37:20,160 --> 00:37:22,279 Speaker 1: can join us on Facebook, dot com slash Stuff you 605 00:37:22,280 --> 00:37:24,600 Speaker 1: Should Know. You can send us an email to Stuff 606 00:37:24,600 --> 00:37:27,799 Speaker 1: Podcast at HowStuffWorks dot com, and as always, join us 607 00:37:27,800 --> 00:37:29,640 Speaker 1: at our home on the web. Stuff you Should Know 608 00:37:29,760 --> 00:37:35,200 Speaker 1: dot com. Stuff you Should Know is a production of iHeartRadio. 609 00:37:35,719 --> 00:37:38,880 Speaker 1: For more podcasts my Heart Radio, visit the iHeartRadio app, 610 00:37:39,080 --> 00:37:42,000 Speaker 1: Apple Podcasts, or wherever you listen to your favorite shows.