Speaker 1: Get in touch with technology with text Stuff from dot com.
Speaker 1: Hey there, and welcome to text Stuff. If I sound tired,
Speaker 1: it's because I'm recording this intro at the end of
Speaker 1: an incredible marathon recording session where I have kidnapped, I mean,
Speaker 1: invited Scott Benjamin of car Stuff to join me and
Speaker 1: talk about aircraft carriers. I'm back. Yeah, part two. It's
Speaker 1: almost like you've never left. It's almost like I never right, So,
Speaker 1: so yeah, if you listen to our last episode, if
Speaker 1: you haven't listened to our last episode, you should listen
Speaker 1: to that one first, because that's where we really cover
Speaker 1: the basics of aircraft carriers. And this episode we're going
Speaker 1: to look more at the various types of aircraft carriers,
Speaker 1: sort of the how the history of aircraft carriers in
Speaker 1: the United States has unfolded. Yeah. Yeah, the class system,
Speaker 1: so the way that they're all designated and the way
Speaker 1: that they the way that the whole evolution of the
Speaker 1: aircraft carriers coming about here in the United States. Yeah, yeah,
Speaker 1: especially you know when you get into World War two
Speaker 1: and you and you see how it becomes a pivotal
Speaker 1: UH part of the Navy during World War two and
Speaker 1: then changes again just a few years later as jet
Speaker 1: fighters become a reality. It's really fascinating stuff. So I
Speaker 1: hope you enjoy. Now you want to talk about a
Speaker 1: few numbers here, because let's let's please we can do
Speaker 1: these numbers and in our articles as big numbers, and
Speaker 1: these are big numbers, and some of these will pertain
Speaker 1: to what we were just talking about. Others are just
Speaker 1: kind of coming out of nowhere. But um, okay, this
Speaker 1: is talking about the Nimitz class aircraft carrier. So that's
Speaker 1: the current aircraft carrier that is being used by the
Speaker 1: United States Navy that will be eventually replaced by the
Speaker 1: Ford class once that comes online. All right, So the
Speaker 1: total height from keel to mast is two and forty
Speaker 1: four feet. That's as high as the twenty four story building.
Speaker 1: As we mentioned earlier in the podcast. The weight in
Speaker 1: full combat mode seven thousand tons. That's that's a lot
Speaker 1: of that, sure is. And I'll go through these quickly
Speaker 1: so we can just get through them. But the weight
Speaker 1: of the structural steal alone sixty thousand tons just in
Speaker 1: steel on that ship. That's not including all the all
Speaker 1: the aircraft and the people and all the other stuff.
Speaker 1: The total area of the flight deck. I think we
Speaker 1: said this already four and a half acres. The length
Speaker 1: of the flight deck one thousand, ninety two ft. But again,
Speaker 1: they don't get to use all of that. Some of
Speaker 1: it's for launching, some of it's for recovery. Uh it's
Speaker 1: it's broken up into different ways, some of it's for storage.
Speaker 1: The width of the flight deck and it's the widest
Speaker 1: point two fifty seven ft wide, which sounds wide, but
Speaker 1: then again, you've got planes, you've got people, you've got
Speaker 1: the pilot house, pilotouse, that the island island, that's right,
Speaker 1: pilot house wherey come up with that? It sounds like
Speaker 1: a restaurant. Well you you would technically call it that
Speaker 1: on a boat, but this is significantly larger than a boat.
Speaker 1: I'm gonna go down to the pilot house for some shrimp. Okay,
Speaker 1: uh oh, this is interesting. The weight of each anchor,
Speaker 1: each anchor thirty tons, and in each each link in
Speaker 1: the section of anchor chain weighs three hundred and sixty
Speaker 1: pounds massive a couple of people just to lift the look.
Speaker 1: Each propeller weighs sixty six thousand, two hundred pounds. Each
Speaker 1: of the rudders weighs four sorry, forty five point five tons. Yeah,
Speaker 1: that's amazing. Um, all right, how about the storage capacity
Speaker 1: for aviation fuel, which we would assume would be essential
Speaker 1: for something like this Because they're not making power from
Speaker 1: the the the reactor for the planes, they still have
Speaker 1: to carry fuel for the actual point three point three
Speaker 1: million gallons is what they carry? That sure is. I
Speaker 1: mean think about that next time you go to the
Speaker 1: Georgia Aquarium and you've got that one million gallon tank. Okay,
Speaker 1: number of telephones on board, we're getting into some of
Speaker 1: the funner stuff. Um, funner, more fun, the most fun,
Speaker 1: the most fun stuff. It's the bestest stuff that's coming up. Uh.
Speaker 1: The number of telephones on board twenty five hundred telephones.
Speaker 1: The number of televisions on board three thousand. What are
Speaker 1: they doing watching TV? They got a lot of They
Speaker 1: got a ship to run. You are occasionally allowed a
Speaker 1: little downtime and amazing. Maybe I'm being harsh, I don't know. Anyways,
Speaker 1: you'd be quite the quartermaster. Thousands a thousand miles of
Speaker 1: electrical cable is on board when each one of these ships. Um,
Speaker 1: let's see, let's go down to some of the other stuff. Um,
Speaker 1: number of dentists on board five ye five dentists, So yeah,
Speaker 1: you gotta have that if you have thousands of people
Speaker 1: actually do have dental offices. They aboard, they carry enough
Speaker 1: food to feed six thousand people for seventy days. That's
Speaker 1: a lot of that's that's eighteen thousand meals a day. Yes,
Speaker 1: that's right, because you're multiplied by three eighteen thousand meals
Speaker 1: and yeah, you're right, that's exactly right. So the amount
Speaker 1: of mail that's processes on board from you know, from
Speaker 1: the post office, one million pounds of mail goes to
Speaker 1: all these people throughout the throughout the year. Um, let's
Speaker 1: a number of medical doctors on board. This is actually
Speaker 1: surprisingly low six six considering yeah that you're that's like
Speaker 1: one per thousand. That's that's a pretty low about just
Speaker 1: two more to wrap it up here. The number of
Speaker 1: haircuts that they that they give every week dred a week.
Speaker 1: But there's only one barber shop, so that that that dramatic.
Speaker 1: To be fair, come on, haircut aboard a navy vessel
Speaker 1: often or involves a pair of electric clippers and not
Speaker 1: much else. Yeah, that list wasn't as fun as I thought.
Speaker 1: It was no, no, no. But but another another one
Speaker 1: to think about is that you've got about people who
Speaker 1: are part of the air wing aboard the vessel. Now
Speaker 1: the air wing that's all the people necessary for the
Speaker 1: flying and main main maintaining of aircraft. So it's not
Speaker 1: just the pilots, it's also the crew that that the
Speaker 1: flight cruise, the maintenance cruise, that sort of thing. Then
Speaker 1: you've got another three thousand who are the ship's company.
Speaker 1: They're the ones who keep the ship running and have
Speaker 1: their own jobs aboard there, including people who are super secret,
Speaker 1: like the people who maintain the nuclear reactors, who even
Speaker 1: aboard ships end up being almost legendary because you don't
Speaker 1: necessarily know who it is who works on that duty.
Speaker 1: That it's not always something that is common knowledge aboard ship.
Speaker 1: There's a there's an amazing and truly amazing ten hour
Speaker 1: documentary series that PBS did called Carrier, where they follow
Speaker 1: a bunch of sailors aboard the U s S. Nimits,
Speaker 1: the the lead ship of the Nimitz class aircraft carrier,
Speaker 1: and they talk about their roles aboard the ship, their
Speaker 1: decisions of going into the Navy, what it's like living
Speaker 1: aboard this kind of thing. It follows a deployment during
Speaker 1: the wars in Afghanistan, and so it actually follows these
Speaker 1: people for a really long time and it's fascinating. And
Speaker 1: one of the things they talked about is how, Yeah,
Speaker 1: I don't think I've ever met anyone who works in
Speaker 1: the nuclear reactor area, or if they do, they don't. Yeah,
Speaker 1: they don't say, which is kind of interesting. I like that.
Speaker 1: I like that that secretive element to the Yeah. So
Speaker 1: it's it's really again, it's it's a very specific kind
Speaker 1: of world. And the the crew quarters I had referred
Speaker 1: to the beds are referred to as racks. You have
Speaker 1: a rack of you know, and the racks are tiny.
Speaker 1: I mean, I don't know if you've seen pictures or
Speaker 1: video of it, but they there's barely enough space for
Speaker 1: you to climb in to get into your little bed.
Speaker 1: And they are stacked three to uh to a section,
Speaker 1: so you've got a lower bunk of mettal bunk in
Speaker 1: an upper bunk. All of these are, like I said,
Speaker 1: there's just enough clearance for you to climb in essentially,
Speaker 1: um And in fact, I watched you have a guy
Speaker 1: getting in one for the first time, and he's like,
Speaker 1: I'm sure I'm going to get better at this, and
Speaker 1: this was the top one he did. He have a
Speaker 1: bunch of like bruises on his forehead. Yeah, I had
Speaker 1: a couple of lumps, you know here there. Uh, And
Speaker 1: you have like a tiny locker and maybe a foot
Speaker 1: locker to keep your belongings in otherwise, you know, and
Speaker 1: you're just sharing this tiny space, and it might be
Speaker 1: a lot of people sharing a relatively small amount of
Speaker 1: living space, including a lot of people sharing one bathroom.
Speaker 1: I mean, it's well, it's no cruise ship. And you know,
Speaker 1: even even if you do go on a cruise ship,
Speaker 1: oftentimes you'll you'll get into your room and your realize, like,
Speaker 1: this is a pretty small room, but you've got it
Speaker 1: pretty plush compared to the military. It's luxury compared to
Speaker 1: the military. So yeah, really really an amazing piece of technology.
Speaker 1: Now I'm gonna go through a little bit more about
Speaker 1: the the various aircraft classes that exist, the types of
Speaker 1: aircraft carriers that have existed in the United States history,
Speaker 1: and then I think we can conclude by talking a
Speaker 1: little that about the the Forward class of super carrier
Speaker 1: that is soon to be part of the United States
Speaker 1: Navy and how it has a couple of interesting, interesting
Speaker 1: new technological improvements. UM. That might surprise you because it's
Speaker 1: not it's not necessarily it's not that it's bigger. It's
Speaker 1: not that it's not bigger than the nimits really um.
Speaker 1: And it's not that it's necessarily faster or that it's
Speaker 1: able to carry a significantly larger UH component of aircraft.
Speaker 1: It's more about how it's more efficient and it needs
Speaker 1: fewer people aboard it, which is kind of cool. So,
Speaker 1: going back to the earliest days, the first aircraft carrier
Speaker 1: that the United States had was referred to as a
Speaker 1: Langley class aircraft carrier. It was the U S. S. Langley.
Speaker 1: If you hear something class, that means that the name
Speaker 1: of the class is generally the name of the lead
Speaker 1: ship of that class, and then other ships in that
Speaker 1: class were built as using the first one as a
Speaker 1: reference point, like that's the model, and then all the
Speaker 1: other ships are going to be built based on that,
Speaker 1: largely because manufacturing processes at this stage mean that we
Speaker 1: can actually make copies of stuff. So there might be
Speaker 1: a dozen Langley class ships out there. There could there
Speaker 1: could have been Yeah, yeah, I understand. But then but
Speaker 1: the first one was named the Langley, Yes, got it.
Speaker 1: So in this case it's a single ship class, meaning
Speaker 1: that there was only one ever made is a bad
Speaker 1: example in my part, but but only because we're talking
Speaker 1: about the very first one. Um it was. It was
Speaker 1: a commission in nineteen twenty two as an aircraft carrier. However,
Speaker 1: that's not how the Langley got got her start. And
Speaker 1: of course we refer to ships as ladies. So she
Speaker 1: had a previous life as a collier, which is a
Speaker 1: type of bulk cargo ship. So she was converted from
Speaker 1: cargo ship to aircraft carrier. She was originally launched as
Speaker 1: a cargo ship in nineteen thirteen. No boy, she the
Speaker 1: conversion process began in nineteen twenty lasted two years. She
Speaker 1: was recommissioned in nineteen twenty two, and she on a
Speaker 1: wooden deck, right, yeah, she was she She did not
Speaker 1: have all the amenities of a modern aircraft carriers. She
Speaker 1: was slow. She was only capable of traveling at fourteen knots,
Speaker 1: which is less than half of what we're talking about
Speaker 1: with the super carriers these days. That's a it's a
Speaker 1: huge problem if you're only going fourteen knots because you
Speaker 1: are not able to generate that amount of air speed
Speaker 1: that airplanes would really need to take off. So it
Speaker 1: was not not This is one of the reasons why
Speaker 1: the Langley is the only one in her class. Um
Speaker 1: or was the only one, I should say. Now, there
Speaker 1: was a captain in the Navy who ended up taking
Speaker 1: control of the Langley. Uh He was given her command
Speaker 1: and ended up establishing a lot of the handling procedures
Speaker 1: that became standard operating procedure on aircraft carriers after that.
Speaker 1: His name was Captain Joseph Reeves. He would eventually rise
Speaker 1: to the rank of admiral. Uh So, a lot of
Speaker 1: the things that ended up being used every day on
Speaker 1: aircraft carriers were that they were established because Reeves put
Speaker 1: those practices into as policy. He said, this is the
Speaker 1: way we're going to do things. Um Now, The Langley
Speaker 1: was damaged by Japanese dive bombers in nineteen forty two,
Speaker 1: and the surrounding US ships were forced to scuttle the Langley,
Speaker 1: so she was sunk by by US forces on purpose. Next,
Speaker 1: we have the Lexington class, named after the USS Lexington
Speaker 1: that was commissioned in ninety seven. Uh. It was originally
Speaker 1: a battle cruiser, not an aircraft carrier. So the first
Speaker 1: two were not necessarily they didn't start out life as
Speaker 1: an aircraft exactly. Uh. And there were two ships in
Speaker 1: the Lexington class, so really the first three aircraft carriers
Speaker 1: started as something else. Now here's the interesting thing about
Speaker 1: why we converted. We being the United States, converted a
Speaker 1: battle cruiser into an aircraft carrier. So you may have
Speaker 1: heard of things like a disarmament treaties. This is not
Speaker 1: a new concept. This does not just refer to the
Speaker 1: nuclear age. It goes back further back in the old days,
Speaker 1: like the nineteen twenties. The big weapons were these giant
Speaker 1: navy ships, and so there was a treaty signed, the
Speaker 1: Washington Naval Treaty of nineteen twenty two, which placed strict
Speaker 1: limitations on how many warships a nation would be allowed
Speaker 1: by international law to have. If the United States built
Speaker 1: to battle cruisers are actually, I'm sorry, battleships, they weren't
Speaker 1: even they weren't battle cruisers. No, they were battle cruisers.
Speaker 1: So they built two battle cruisers, they would go over
Speaker 1: their limit. However, aircraft carriers at the time were not
Speaker 1: considered really warships. They were considered support. So instead of
Speaker 1: building battle cruiser, they just took the bones of the
Speaker 1: battle cruisers and converted them into aircraft carriers. Yeah. So
Speaker 1: this was still in the construction phase. It wasn't like
Speaker 1: they they had them out and sailing and then converted them.
Speaker 1: It was all all from the uh at the shipyards. Uh.
Speaker 1: The lead ship of the class, the Lexington, was sunk
Speaker 1: in nineteen forty two during the Battle of the Coral
Speaker 1: Sea that Scott mentioned. The other was the Saratoga, which
Speaker 1: made it through World War Two. She was heavily damaged
Speaker 1: in a couple of different battles, but she made it through,
Speaker 1: and she was later sunk on purpose during a test
Speaker 1: of nuclear weapons. Yeah. Yeah, this is interesting. Huh. Yeah,
Speaker 1: it's when you start, you decide, Hey, we're just gonna
Speaker 1: we're gonna park this here boat right off the bikini
Speaker 1: and then we're gonna blow it up. Yeah, but you
Speaker 1: know what, how else are you going to test that?
Speaker 1: How else are you going to figure out how that
Speaker 1: ship is going to stand up to an attack like that?
Speaker 1: As it turns out, it doesn't, but it certainly proved
Speaker 1: it in that case. Yeah, so very interesting fate for
Speaker 1: those two. Then you have the Ranger class, another single
Speaker 1: ship class of ships. So in other words, it's almost
Speaker 1: funny to call it a class when there's only one,
Speaker 1: but that's what we do. So she was the commission
Speaker 1: in nineteen thirty four and deep commission in ninety s.
Speaker 1: And this is the first ship that was built to
Speaker 1: be an aircraft carrier. Um. She was only seven thirty
Speaker 1: feet long or two two point five meters. I say
Speaker 1: only because that's much shorter than today's super carriers, had
Speaker 1: a full crew complement of two thousand, four hundred sixty
Speaker 1: one people. And uh, she was in the Atlantic Ocean
Speaker 1: during World War Two because she was too slow to
Speaker 1: be deemed useful for the Pacific theater. And now you
Speaker 1: said seven thirty ft but that was probably sufficient for
Speaker 1: prop aircraft. Oh yeah, yeah. And and again she was
Speaker 1: built specifically with aircraft carrier in mind, so this was
Speaker 1: not a conversion. So she was, you know, designed with
Speaker 1: those those elements in mind. At that point, all we're
Speaker 1: still talking about kind of the straight uh landing takeoff
Speaker 1: strip that caused so many problems early on. Next we
Speaker 1: have the York Town class, which was commissioned in nineteen
Speaker 1: thirty seven. There were three ships built in this class.
Speaker 1: Of course, the lead ship is the York Town Um.
Speaker 1: She was sunk in nineteen forty two at the Battle
Speaker 1: of Midway, So when we talk about Midway classes, guess
Speaker 1: what that's named after. Anyway. The Hornet was another York
Speaker 1: Town class ship. She was sunk also in nineteen forty
Speaker 1: two at the Battle of the Santa Cruz Islands. The
Speaker 1: third ship was the original U S S Enterprise, the
Speaker 1: original well original in the sense of aircraft carriers. Um.
Speaker 1: Now you know what, I don't think until this morning
Speaker 1: when you were talking about I don't think I knew
Speaker 1: that there were two USS Enterprises. Yeah, yeah, so this
Speaker 1: one is This one was a York Town class ship.
Speaker 1: There would later be an Enterprise class ship also known
Speaker 1: as the USS Enterprise. So if you guys have been
Speaker 1: watching a lot of Star Trek and you get confused
Speaker 1: about which enterprises which, because there's Enterprise you know, a B, C, D,
Speaker 1: and then of course there's the previous ones. Uh that
Speaker 1: dates back all the way to the Navy days, I mean,
Speaker 1: and of course they named the Enterprise after this particular ship.
Speaker 1: This was the most decorated ship in US Navy history.
Speaker 1: It's on the bottom of the ocean. Well you can't,
Speaker 1: you know, and no one lives forever going through this list.
Speaker 1: I mean, man, there's a bunch of them down there.
Speaker 1: Oh yeah, yeah, Well she she actually was. She made
Speaker 1: it through. She was not sunk the way the York
Speaker 1: Town and the Hornet were. That's something. She was seven
Speaker 1: seventy feet long or two ys and had a complement
Speaker 1: of two thousand, two hundred seventeen crew. Next we get
Speaker 1: to the Wasp class. It's another single ship class. Only
Speaker 1: one ever made. Uh. She was commissioned in nineteen forty
Speaker 1: but sunk in nineteen forty two during the Guadalcanal Campaign,
Speaker 1: aim by a Japanese submarine. She was si eight ft
Speaker 1: long or two or ten and she carried a crew
Speaker 1: of two thousand, one hundred sixty seven during wartime or
Speaker 1: around eighteen hundred during peacetime. Now, her construction came down
Speaker 1: to politics. This was one of the things I thought
Speaker 1: was fascinating. So you remember that treaty image. In the treaty,
Speaker 1: it limited the amount of tonnage. The United States was
Speaker 1: able to dedicate two aircraft carriers, but they had fifteen
Speaker 1: thousand ton tonnage left over after everything else, and they said, well,
Speaker 1: we don't want that to go to waste. Let's build
Speaker 1: an aircraft carrier that will make up this tonnage that
Speaker 1: we have been allotted. And the Wasp was that ship.
Speaker 1: That's strange because okay, you're talking, you're talking about a
Speaker 1: fifteen thousand ton aircraft carrier, yeah, compared to like the
Speaker 1: thirty thousand plus sixty thousand Yeah. Oh yeah, yeah, I
Speaker 1: mean it's it seems like it's so small, and how
Speaker 1: it's got a wasp that yeah, yeah, and she only
Speaker 1: lasted two years before she was sunk. Let's take a
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Speaker 1: smart things dot com slash tech. Now, now we get
Speaker 1: into one of the like what was the backbone in
Speaker 1: the United States Navy during World War Two. That's the
Speaker 1: Essex class of aircraft carriers, commission in nineteen forty two.
Speaker 1: There was also an extended bowl variation. The bow is
Speaker 1: the front end of the ship. There was an extended
Speaker 1: bow variation that was commissioned in nineteen four. There were
Speaker 1: twenty four ships built in the Essex class. There were
Speaker 1: another eight that had been planned but were canceled before
Speaker 1: they could be built. Uh So this was the most
Speaker 1: plentiful of them. Out of those twenty four, fourteens saw
Speaker 1: combat during World War Two. Not a single one was sunk.
Speaker 1: That's impressive. So all of them made it through World
Speaker 1: War two. Uh. They range because there's an extended vol version.
Speaker 1: They range from about a hundred twenty feet, which is
Speaker 1: almost two to eight feet, which is about two D seventy.
Speaker 1: You know, that kind of makes sense though, because we
Speaker 1: were talking about the role reversal and how you know
Speaker 1: that became the primary player. Then the aircraft carrier was
Speaker 1: during World War Two, so they when they went out,
Speaker 1: you know, these fourteen ships that went out and saw it,
Speaker 1: saw action. They were surrounded by support ships and they
Speaker 1: were protecting them fiercely. That's probably the difference. That's probably
Speaker 1: why all four teen made it through that. I mean,
Speaker 1: clearly the biggest danger you you face there. I mean,
Speaker 1: there are plenty of dangerous lots of them, but the
Speaker 1: biggest one would be submarines because those would be the
Speaker 1: hardest to detect. Now, a lot of the aircraft carriers,
Speaker 1: in fact, all aircraft carriers to my knowledge, have anti
Speaker 1: submarine um UH strategies where they deploy what is essentially
Speaker 1: a decoy that makes a lot of noise, so a
Speaker 1: submarine ends up focusing on that. Torpedoes go towards that
Speaker 1: as opposed to going to the actual aircraft carrier, so
Speaker 1: you don't want to make a lot of noise. Then
Speaker 1: you have independence class commission in this was another conversion.
Speaker 1: These were light aircraft carriers. They were conversions of Cleveland
Speaker 1: class light cruisers. So if you look at the list
Speaker 1: of Independence class ships, you'll see that they have multiple
Speaker 1: names because they had already had a life as a
Speaker 1: light cruiser, but now had been converted into aircraft carrier,
Speaker 1: and they got named a new name in that case. Yeah,
Speaker 1: that's weird because sailors generally think that it's bad luck
Speaker 1: to rename a ship points called it something. But I
Speaker 1: guess that was technically a different ship by then. Anyway,
Speaker 1: cruisers are small to medium sized warships. They usually act
Speaker 1: as fleet support and World War Two, you the United
Speaker 1: States had need of a lot more aircraft carriers, but
Speaker 1: they are expensive they take a lot of time to make,
Speaker 1: so there weren't a whole lot of options. The best
Speaker 1: option was to convert stuff that they already had into
Speaker 1: aircraft carriers rather than have to build new ones. Makes sense, Yeah,
Speaker 1: it makes sense, um, So nine ships were converted ultimately
Speaker 1: in this way. Now, next we have the Midway class,
Speaker 1: which was commissioned in nine There were three of these.
Speaker 1: They were longer than the Essex class. The leadership of
Speaker 1: the class. The Midway remained in service until nineteen two
Speaker 1: to nine two not a bad not a bad return
Speaker 1: on investment is a surprisingly long run. Yeah. I mean,
Speaker 1: if you look at the aircraft that the United States
Speaker 1: has depended upon, some of those aircraft have been in
Speaker 1: service for a really long time. But this is this
Speaker 1: is truly, you know, impressive to me. And they might
Speaker 1: have changed a little bit between ninety probably got a
Speaker 1: couple of refits where they changed changed up, you know
Speaker 1: where Hey, you finally got the compass to stop wobbling. Um. Yeah,
Speaker 1: So the last action that the Midway saw was an
Speaker 1: Operation Desert Storm. She took took part in that, and then, uh,
Speaker 1: she is now a museum in San Diego, California, which
Speaker 1: is where I got to with several of these. Yeah,
Speaker 1: a lot of these aircraft carriers are a lot and
Speaker 1: I'm not mentioning all of them by name, because obviously
Speaker 1: that would We're gonna be running super long if I
Speaker 1: did that. But a lot of them are now museums
Speaker 1: in various locations. Some of them are in the process
Speaker 1: of being converted into museums for some places. Um, it's
Speaker 1: a great use for them. Yeah, it's really it's fascinating
Speaker 1: to really get an actual look at what the living
Speaker 1: conditions are like. To see these racks and see how
Speaker 1: tiny those bunks are, and just think, like anyone who
Speaker 1: hasn't served time on board a ship, uh you know,
Speaker 1: I had had had any service aboard a ship like that.
Speaker 1: It really kind of gives you a new appreciation for
Speaker 1: the sacrifice that the men and women who choose to
Speaker 1: do that. You know what they go through, no doubt. Um. Next,
Speaker 1: we've got the Saipan class, which was commissioned in nineteen
Speaker 1: forty six. There were only two ships built in that class.
Speaker 1: They were shorter four point six ft long two eight
Speaker 1: meters or so, and they carried a complement of seventeen hundred.
Speaker 1: They were designed to carry forty two aircraft, including twelve bombers.
Speaker 1: They had a relatively short service life because, uh well
Speaker 1: they just weren't as useful once we started getting the
Speaker 1: development of the jet engine planes right, they were far
Speaker 1: too short for that. So they were converted into command
Speaker 1: and communication ships in the nineteen fifties. Um, so that
Speaker 1: meant that we needed to have a new class of
Speaker 1: ship designed specifically to accommodate jet fighters. And here we
Speaker 1: arrive it's like the modern era. Yeah, this is where
Speaker 1: we're making that that you know, we're still not quite
Speaker 1: the nuclear era, but we're at the super carrier era.
Speaker 1: This is where we arrive at the aircraft carrier that
Speaker 1: wasn't the big one that that started but wasn't completed,
Speaker 1: the United States class the USS United States didn't. They
Speaker 1: only work on the beginning production of this thing for
Speaker 1: just a few days before it was canceled. They had
Speaker 1: laid the keel down. Depending upon the the account you read,
Speaker 1: it's between five and nine days. Like the keel was
Speaker 1: laid out, and within within a week or so it
Speaker 1: was canceled. And uh, it was supposed to be a
Speaker 1: ship that would be one thousand ninety ft long or so.
Speaker 1: This would have been the longest aircraft carrier up to
Speaker 1: that point. Um she was supposed to be able to
Speaker 1: carry twelve to eighteen heavy bombers and fifty four jet fighters.
Speaker 1: Now she was canceled by order of the Secretary of Defense,
Speaker 1: Lewis A. Johnson, who sided with the Air Force in
Speaker 1: an argument that was going on between the Air Force
Speaker 1: and the Navy. The Air Force said, listen, we're in
Speaker 1: the nuclear age, and the best investment is for us
Speaker 1: to build lots and lots of long range bombers that
Speaker 1: can fly out over a target drop a nuclear weapon.
Speaker 1: This is going to be to terrence, will never have
Speaker 1: a war again. And Johnson said, this is the way
Speaker 1: I want to go, and it led to what was
Speaker 1: called the Revolt of the Admirals. So you had these
Speaker 1: admirals in the Navy who all said, no, aircraft carriers
Speaker 1: are going to still be important. We're going to need
Speaker 1: a place that we can, uh we can maneuver into
Speaker 1: different parts of the world and use as a base
Speaker 1: of operations for our our air strategy. Yeah. So you
Speaker 1: had the Navy arguing that we still needed to have
Speaker 1: aircraft carriers and the Air Force arguing that no, we
Speaker 1: did not. Then a little conflict broke out, the Korean War,
Speaker 1: and the Korean War illustrated the nuclear deterrence would not
Speaker 1: work in every kind of outbreak of violence, and the
Speaker 1: United States believed that it had a real stake in
Speaker 1: the outcome of the Korean War. Uh A, fear of
Speaker 1: the spread of communism was a large part of this.
Speaker 1: It was all happening as the Cold War is raging,
Speaker 1: and the Navy said, see, we need aircraft carriers, and
Speaker 1: so back to building aircraft carriers. The Navy went now something,
Speaker 1: I mean the research and development I don't know how
Speaker 1: long that took before, you know, prior to to the
Speaker 1: start of the build, but to get nine or ten
Speaker 1: days or five days or whatever into the build and
Speaker 1: then just decided to quit, that's remarkable. Yeah, yeah, exactly
Speaker 1: what waste. Yeah, I mean, it's we're talking like a
Speaker 1: hundred million dollars at that point. Then we get the
Speaker 1: Forestal class. This is the one that had the famous fire,
Speaker 1: the USS forest All that was commissioned in nineteen fifty five.
Speaker 1: There were four of them built um and it was
Speaker 1: the first sexual aircraft carriers to be designated as super carriers.
Speaker 1: All four were decommissioned in the nineteen nineties and they
Speaker 1: were one thousand seventy ft long, about three and they
Speaker 1: still used steam turbines for propulsion like they steam boilers.
Speaker 1: They didn't have nuclear reactors yet. The crew compliment for
Speaker 1: that was four thousand three. So we're getting bigger. Someone
Speaker 1: down there shoveling colon Yeah, a lot of them. Actually, Yeah,
Speaker 1: you know, throw another log on the fire. We need
Speaker 1: to go a little faster what they're doing. More steam,
Speaker 1: more steam, next, we had the Kittie Hawk class now
Speaker 1: Kitty Hawk obviously named after the test flights that the
Speaker 1: Wright brothers did at Kitty Hawk. UH. That was commission
Speaker 1: in nineteen sixty one. There were three ships built in
Speaker 1: that class, the Kittie Hawk, the Constellation, and the America. UH.
Speaker 1: And they also used steam turbines. Then we get to
Speaker 1: the Enterprise class and the next USS Enterprise commissioned on
Speaker 1: November nineteen six and UH, the USS Enterprise is the
Speaker 1: only ship in this class there they've never built any
Speaker 1: other ones. UH. It was one thousand, one hundred one
Speaker 1: ft long or one thousand hundred feet two inches long
Speaker 1: three hundred thirty five point six four um. Its flight
Speaker 1: deck was two d fifty two ft wide or seventy
Speaker 1: five point six meters. It displaced eighty nine thousand, six
Speaker 1: hundred tons with a full load. Top speed was more
Speaker 1: than thirty knots. Had more than three thousand, three hundred
Speaker 1: fifty members of the ship's company and another two thousand,
Speaker 1: four hundred eighty as the air wing crew. They had
Speaker 1: a total of five thousand, eight hundred thirty people aboard
Speaker 1: this thing. That's crew, huge crew. UH. It's armament included
Speaker 1: anti ship missile defense systems and anti aircraft weapons, and
Speaker 1: it could hold more than sixty aircraft. Uh. And it's
Speaker 1: to be decommissioned this year this year, so this is
Speaker 1: one that is probably going to end up being a
Speaker 1: museum someplace, I would hope. So, yeah, and I hope
Speaker 1: that they hang up pictures from Star Trek everywhere. Next,
Speaker 1: we have the Kennedy class. Uh. This is a subclass
Speaker 1: of the Kittie Hawk class of aircraft carriers. It was
Speaker 1: commissioned in There's only one of them, or there was
Speaker 1: only one of them, the John F. Kennedy, and it
Speaker 1: was decommissioned in two thousand seven. Not quite as long
Speaker 1: as the Enterprise class, but they had a similar propulsion system,
Speaker 1: which means, you know, the Enterprise being one that was
Speaker 1: the first one to have nuclear reactors for propulsion. The
Speaker 1: Kennedy class also had it, so unlike the Kittie Hawk class,
Speaker 1: this is why it's a subclass, right, it didn't have
Speaker 1: the steam boilers like Kitty Hawk did. It had nuclear reactors,
Speaker 1: so that's why it's considered a subclass. Unto itself, it
Speaker 1: could carry more than eighty aircraft, but it was decommissioned
Speaker 1: because it was also the most expensive ship to maintain
Speaker 1: in the fleet, and it was due for a major overhaul,
Speaker 1: and budget cuts said that that was gonna happen, so
Speaker 1: they decommissioned it. Yeah, So instead they built the Nimitz class,
Speaker 1: and this is what we're using today, the largest warship
Speaker 1: on the seas right now. It's named after World War
Speaker 1: Two Pacific Lee Commander Chester W. Nimitz, and the Nimitz
Speaker 1: class was commissioned on May third, nineteen seventy, just a
Speaker 1: short time before I was nineteen seventy five. And we've
Speaker 1: gone all the way through to two thousand and fifteen
Speaker 1: or sixteen really before we come to the next version
Speaker 1: of class Et class of super carrier, which is there
Speaker 1: for class Yeah, so she's been in this class of ships,
Speaker 1: has been in service for for more than four decades.
Speaker 1: That's a long time. The Navy has ten Nimitz class
Speaker 1: aircraft carriers. They are one thousand, ninety two ft long,
Speaker 1: three thirty two point eight five and one aren't thirty
Speaker 1: four at the beam that's four meters. That's a that's
Speaker 1: at the bottom of the ship. So here's the thing.
Speaker 1: The other thing about aircraft carriers is they kind of
Speaker 1: had this thing where they're narrow at the bottom and
Speaker 1: they kind of flare out with wise at the top.
Speaker 1: And obviously you need to have a lot of surface
Speaker 1: area for your flight deck. That's another element of them.
Speaker 1: You know, it's interesting. I mean we've got ten super carriers.
Speaker 1: That's pretty cool. Yeah, no, it is really cool. Um,
Speaker 1: the ship's company is between three thousand and thirty two
Speaker 1: hundred uh crew members plus fifteen hundred pilots and crew
Speaker 1: for the air wing, plus five hundred staff. So your
Speaker 1: total is between five thousand and five thousand, two hundred
Speaker 1: people per super carrier. So it's a lot of folks
Speaker 1: on there. That is I mean, the logistics of of
Speaker 1: maintaining everything that you have to do. I mean we've
Speaker 1: i know we've talked about it, but even the mail service,
Speaker 1: the sewage system, uh, fresh food or fresh food and water, um,
Speaker 1: you know, all of this stuff. I mean, the barbershop,
Speaker 1: the dentist, the doctor is all that coordinating everything has
Speaker 1: just got to be an incredible undertake. Yeah, I mean
Speaker 1: that's that's why you have to have this huge number
Speaker 1: of staff aboard. I Mean you sit there and think
Speaker 1: like what are they doing. While they're doing they're making
Speaker 1: sure everything runs smoothly. They have to. Yeah, I mean
Speaker 1: it's a military operation and everybody is there for a
Speaker 1: specific purpose. That's the other thing is that there's six
Speaker 1: thousand people on board, roughly six thousands that have a
Speaker 1: specific job that they're doing. It's not like a cruise
Speaker 1: ship where you go on and you know, more than
Speaker 1: half the people are there just to have a good time,
Speaker 1: you know and relax. The other half are there to work.
Speaker 1: You're not gonna find a lot of people having a
Speaker 1: good time aboard and aircraft carrier. Well, yeah, maybe they
Speaker 1: are only I get a little little like basketball in
Speaker 1: or something occasionally. Yeah. Sure, But but the thing is
Speaker 1: they've all got a job, I mean, every single one
Speaker 1: of them. So it's it's it's just a different way
Speaker 1: to look at things. Yeah, and um and you might
Speaker 1: you know, we haven't talked a lot about the defense
Speaker 1: systems aboard aircraft carriers, largely because their main their main
Speaker 1: weapon are the aircraft, right, but they do have various
Speaker 1: uh defense systems aboard them with the limits. You're talking
Speaker 1: about CE Sparrow missile system, which is an anti aircraft
Speaker 1: and anti missile weapon. It also has the Phalanx c
Speaker 1: I WS defense system to protect against anti ship missiles.
Speaker 1: It's essentially an automated twenty millimeter gabbling gun that tracks
Speaker 1: and shoots down incoming missiles. Yeah, that's Watching videos of
Speaker 1: this thing working is terrifying. Also. Yeah, and also these
Speaker 1: serviced air missiles that use radar seeking UH signals to
Speaker 1: phone in on whatever they're bouncing the signals off of.
Speaker 1: So that is another cool thing to watch. I mean
Speaker 1: to watch the watch the missiles reaching their target based
Speaker 1: on radar. And they also have a rolling airframe missile
Speaker 1: mounts which can launch surface to air missiles, which is
Speaker 1: another anti ship cruise missile defense system. So in other words,
Speaker 1: if an incoming missiles coming toward the aircraft carrier, you
Speaker 1: can launch one of these to try and UH and
Speaker 1: and destroy the missile before it hits. And then you
Speaker 1: already talked about the things that they call the nixies, right, Yeah,
Speaker 1: that's the for the anti submarine. Yeah, what a cool
Speaker 1: idea that they deploy decoys behind the ship in order
Speaker 1: to draw in the torpedo file. Very cool. I think
Speaker 1: of it kind of like flak for aircraft, where you're
Speaker 1: trying to make sure by by by jettison, jettison ng uh,
Speaker 1: lots of stuff that a missile could mistake for the
Speaker 1: aircraft that you can escape without being being hit by
Speaker 1: the weapon. Clever. So now we're finally at what is
Speaker 1: coming up next. So the Nimitz class is the current
Speaker 1: aircraft carrier the United States Navy depends upon. The next
Speaker 1: is the Ford class. As we mentioned, it's the same
Speaker 1: length more or is you know, essentially the same size
Speaker 1: as the Nimitz class, but it has a wider flight deck. Uh,
Speaker 1: it's four ft wider. It's got two or fifty six
Speaker 1: ft wide or seventy eight, and has two nuclear reactors
Speaker 1: to provide the propulsion power and electricity. Has same general
Speaker 1: top speed as the limits more or less. Again the
Speaker 1: Navy doesn't really want to show, UH. But the systems
Speaker 1: aboard the Ford require fewer personnel. So the total crew
Speaker 1: of a Ford class ship, remember limits is five thousand
Speaker 1: to five thousand, two hundred Ford class four thousand, five
Speaker 1: thirty nine. How did they cut the crew down? It's
Speaker 1: it's incredible that they have streamlined system so that it
Speaker 1: requires fewer people to maintain and oversee. UH. And it
Speaker 1: can also hold more aircraft than the Nimits class vessel,
Speaker 1: more than seventy five of them. Similar armament to nmits um,
Speaker 1: and it has some advance and aircraft launches. Uh and
Speaker 1: one particular that we need to mention. This is how
Speaker 1: we're going to conclude. We're gonna talk about the difference.
Speaker 1: So we had talked about the steam catapults earlier. Yeah,
Speaker 1: then the the Ford class is changing. We're finally getting
Speaker 1: away from these steam powered pistons that launch aircraft. They're
Speaker 1: switching to an electro magnetic aircraft launch system also known
Speaker 1: as EMLS. This idea, it's a really cool idea. I
Speaker 1: gotta say that, you know. My first my initial thought
Speaker 1: of this was are they going to be able to
Speaker 1: shorten the decks? Are they're gonna be able to make
Speaker 1: smaller aircraft carriers? But but then I thought, well, they
Speaker 1: still need to store the Aircraft's still gonna need a
Speaker 1: massive ship. M It's not gonna get dramatically smaller. But
Speaker 1: they might be able to shorten the length of the
Speaker 1: takeoff area, or they might be able to provide more runways,
Speaker 1: more takeoff areas, because there's some that have as many
Speaker 1: as they can launch three or four airplanes. Actually, you
Speaker 1: know what, the most I've ever seen launched at one
Speaker 1: time is three simultaneously. But yeah, you could have like
Speaker 1: four or five catapult areas. Yes, and the emaals ones
Speaker 1: can reset much faster than the steam ones. Within forty
Speaker 1: five seconds they can reset to be able to launch
Speaker 1: another aircraft. Now, it's probably gonna take longer than forty
Speaker 1: five seconds for you to get the next aircraft hooked
Speaker 1: up and ready to go, but that's how long the
Speaker 1: system requires before it can launch again. So it's very fast.
Speaker 1: There's some downsides. I'll get to it in the second
Speaker 1: but the general way this works is that it works
Speaker 1: on the basic principles of magnetism, right where uh like,
Speaker 1: polls on the magnet repel and opposite poles attract. So
Speaker 1: remember that shuttle we talked about with the steam powered one,
Speaker 1: same sort of thing. You've got a shuttle there, and
Speaker 1: you have a leading edge the front side of the shuttle,
Speaker 1: the part that the toebar is going to connect to,
Speaker 1: and then you have the back edge of the shuttle,
Speaker 1: and you've got these two rails that are on either
Speaker 1: side of the shuttle, just like the pistons would be
Speaker 1: on the steam powered one, but instead of using steam,
Speaker 1: you're using electricity to generate magnetic fields, and you are
Speaker 1: pulling the shuttle in the front. You're creating an opposite charge,
Speaker 1: so it attracts the front of the shuttle as it
Speaker 1: starts to you know, it wants to move toward that
Speaker 1: opposite and it's going to slam into the other end.
Speaker 1: And then you use the same charge on the back
Speaker 1: to push the shells, So you're pulling and pushing it
Speaker 1: at the same time. And by changing by fluctuating this
Speaker 1: magnetic field at a particular speed down the length of
Speaker 1: these rails, you propel the shuttle very very quickly down
Speaker 1: the rails. Now, the power of that push is dependent
Speaker 1: on a couple of different things. The length of the rails,
Speaker 1: which in this case are about three feet in length,
Speaker 1: and the amount of current you're putting through. It means
Speaker 1: you've gotta put a lot of current. We're talking about
Speaker 1: a lot of electricity, a huge amount. We're talking one
Speaker 1: hundred million watts per launch, which you sound like dr
Speaker 1: e one hundred million what's doing the pinky thing? Just
Speaker 1: in case you guys can't see. Also, that's the same
Speaker 1: amount of electricity a small town would use in that
Speaker 1: same amount of time. So every time your launch you're
Speaker 1: using within that forty five seconds of of launch and recovery,
Speaker 1: you're using essentially the same amount of electricity a town
Speaker 1: would use in that Yeah, who cares, because you've got
Speaker 1: a nuclear reactor, your create in it yourself. You're using
Speaker 1: what you create. It's not like you're you're taking it
Speaker 1: from somebody else to use it. Yeah, they don't have
Speaker 1: an extension cord leading all or I don't mean to
Speaker 1: trivialize it right now what I mean, but I mean
Speaker 1: it's interesting and I wonder how many Okay, I wonder
Speaker 1: what safety aspects this brings out? Our safety concerns This
Speaker 1: brings up for crew members working on the deck well,
Speaker 1: because there's a lot of crew members that each have
Speaker 1: their own job and they're you know, they got their
Speaker 1: head down doing what they're supposed to be doing. There's
Speaker 1: gonna be brand new procedures for this, no doubt. Sure. Yeah,
Speaker 1: it's it requires a smaller crew than the steam powered
Speaker 1: version does. But obviously that crew does need to be
Speaker 1: alert because if you're in the wrong place at the
Speaker 1: wrong time, I mean, when those jet engines. Uh, fire up.
Speaker 1: I read. I read a story about a guy aboard
Speaker 1: an aircraft carrier who got sucked into the intake, but
Speaker 1: did not get sucked into the actual jet engine itself.
Speaker 1: He suffered injuries, but they were not not critical injuries
Speaker 1: because he didn't get pulled all the way into the engine.
Speaker 1: He was just stuck in a terribly uncomfortable position right
Speaker 1: at the very entrance of it. But that's a real concern,
Speaker 1: you know, And that's going to be a concern whether
Speaker 1: it's a steam powered one or electromagnetic because because again,
Speaker 1: the pilot is still going to have to power up
Speaker 1: full throttle so that they can take off properly. Okay,
Speaker 1: I was getting. I was getting more to the point of,
Speaker 1: you know, somebody whose job it is to to hook
Speaker 1: up the shuttle to the to the landing gear, and
Speaker 1: if they mistakenly touch you know, I don't touch the
Speaker 1: metal on the plane and the metal on the on
Speaker 1: the deck here at the same time. Um I can
Speaker 1: I understand. But there's also there's also huge dangers with
Speaker 1: the steam powered Yeah. Well, I mean you're talking about
Speaker 1: a massive amount of steam under huge pressure. Something's going
Speaker 1: to throw a plane off of a ship. I mean,
Speaker 1: it's gonna be it's gonna be dangerous no matter what. Right,
Speaker 1: So this has been one of those things that some
Speaker 1: people have claimed has held up the development of the
Speaker 1: Ford Supercarrier because obviously, like we're saying, you need to
Speaker 1: make sure the system is going to work, it's going
Speaker 1: to replace something that already exists. So there's some who
Speaker 1: would argue, well, why are you replacing something that has
Speaker 1: been proven to work, And the answer is that, well,
Speaker 1: this system could potentially take up much less space. You
Speaker 1: still have to have a massive mouth space just for
Speaker 1: the power generator to send the electricity to the rails,
Speaker 1: but it's still going to be smaller than the steam
Speaker 1: uh pistons that you would be using at least directly
Speaker 1: under the deck um and uh you know, it uses
Speaker 1: again a smaller cruise so you don't need to have
Speaker 1: as many people a border aircraft carrier. Military is gonna
Speaker 1: like that. Yeah, so uh, you know, not the most
Speaker 1: electrically uh the efficient device maybe, but still really fascinating. Yeah,
Speaker 1: maybe I should clarify that military budget people are gonna
Speaker 1: but the but the thing is, I still wonder I
Speaker 1: wonder if it's going to be any faster than the
Speaker 1: steam system, or if it's going to be more capable
Speaker 1: than the steam system. As far as you know, the
Speaker 1: launch distance, the launch time, because we said that it
Speaker 1: launches a plane in like in two seconds and it's
Speaker 1: going a hundred and sixty five when it at the
Speaker 1: end of that of that travel, well, I mean it
Speaker 1: is the difference between changing the electric current along the
Speaker 1: rail versus the mechanical action of a piston being pushed forward.
Speaker 1: So I guess you're going you're going on and instantly, Yeah,
Speaker 1: and then your acceleration could be even faster. I would imagine,
Speaker 1: I mean I I also imagined that, they said it.
Speaker 1: So it's not that because obviously we don't want to
Speaker 1: cause injury to the pilot or damage the vehicle. But yeah,
Speaker 1: a that that sort of speed. So uh, this was
Speaker 1: really a lot of fun to talk about. And um,
Speaker 1: you know, when we first started, I wasn't sure if
Speaker 1: we were going to get two episodes out of it,
Speaker 1: but we sure did. Yeah, yeah, we did, I can
Speaker 1: tell already. So here here's another peak behind the curtain
Speaker 1: for you new listeners out there. Sometimes we don't know
Speaker 1: how long an episode is going to be and we
Speaker 1: don't know how um you know, you know whether or
Speaker 1: not something's gonna be one part or two parts. And
Speaker 1: the funny thing is you've already listened to part one
Speaker 1: and this is the end of part two. But we
Speaker 1: didn't know what was going to be in the part
Speaker 1: two until I looked down at Scott's timing device and
Speaker 1: saw that we're well over an hour and a half.
Speaker 1: If we wanted to release this as one episode, you
Speaker 1: were giving them all the secrets, I know, right well,
Speaker 1: I mean, come on, we just had tech Stuff seven episode,
Speaker 1: so I feel like I feel like we've had a
Speaker 1: few moments, me and the listeners probably, so Scott, thank
Speaker 1: you so much for joining me for these two episodes.
Speaker 1: Are really appreciated, you know it. Once again, I had
Speaker 1: a lot of fun talking about this. You know way
Speaker 1: more about aircraft carriers than I do, obviously, but I
Speaker 1: had a great time and it's always a good conversation.
Speaker 1: So thank you for inviting me, and I'd gladly do
Speaker 1: it again. Fantastic And next time, I swear I'll pick
Speaker 1: something car related. Now, maybe next time we'll talk about
Speaker 1: the Coast to coast driverless car test that's about to happen.
Speaker 1: We're recording this the week just before that weekend where
Speaker 1: that's gonna start, and there's gonna be a coast to
Speaker 1: coast test of a an Audi vehicle from San Francisco
Speaker 1: to New York. So maybe we'll after that's over, whether
Speaker 1: it succeeds or fails, you and I can sit down
Speaker 1: and talk about what happens. Let's see what happens. That
Speaker 1: sounds good, well, guys. If you want to hear more
Speaker 1: of Scott's work, you need to go check out Car Stuff.
Speaker 1: It's a great series, the fantastic You've got the Car
Speaker 1: Stuff website that has the videos as well as the
Speaker 1: podcasts on it. Need to go check that out. Scott again,
Speaker 1: thank you so much, listeners. If you have suggestions for
Speaker 1: future topics you want to have me cover on tech Stuff,
Speaker 1: send me a message and let me know. I'm tired
Speaker 1: of guessing. Guys are tough. My email addresses tech Stuff
Speaker 1: at how stuff works dot com, or drop me a
Speaker 1: line on Facebook, Twitter or Tumbler. The handle at all
Speaker 1: three is tech Stuff hs W and we'll talk to
Speaker 1: you again really soon for more on this and thousands
Speaker 1: of other topics works dot com Change