1 00:00:02,320 --> 00:00:06,280 Speaker 1: Happy Saturday, Everybody. Today's classic episode is the conclusion of 2 00:00:06,280 --> 00:00:08,920 Speaker 1: our two parter on Harriet Tubman, which we started last 3 00:00:08,920 --> 00:00:13,200 Speaker 1: Saturday in honor of Juneteenth. This episode originally came out 4 00:00:13,240 --> 00:00:17,880 Speaker 1: on June, and it covers Harriet Tubman's service as a 5 00:00:17,920 --> 00:00:21,600 Speaker 1: spy during the U s Civil War and her lifelong 6 00:00:21,680 --> 00:00:25,040 Speaker 1: dedications to helping and caring for people who were less 7 00:00:25,079 --> 00:00:28,840 Speaker 1: fortunate than she was, even when she was in need herself. 8 00:00:31,880 --> 00:00:34,919 Speaker 1: Welcome to Stuff You Missed in History Class, a production 9 00:00:35,000 --> 00:00:44,520 Speaker 1: of I Heart Radio. Hello, and welcome to the podcast. 10 00:00:44,600 --> 00:00:48,960 Speaker 1: I'm Tracy and I'm Holly Fry. We are picking up 11 00:00:48,960 --> 00:00:51,040 Speaker 1: today where we left off in the life of Harriet 12 00:00:51,040 --> 00:00:53,960 Speaker 1: Tubmant and last time we talked about her life while 13 00:00:54,080 --> 00:00:56,720 Speaker 1: enslaved in Maryland and her work with Underground out Road. 14 00:00:57,080 --> 00:00:59,360 Speaker 1: There's the parts of her life and work the people 15 00:00:59,360 --> 00:01:03,880 Speaker 1: are generally most familiar with unless they have watched drunk History, 16 00:01:04,560 --> 00:01:07,240 Speaker 1: thanks in part too, a reponderance of children's books about 17 00:01:07,240 --> 00:01:10,520 Speaker 1: her and the prevalence of the Underground Railroad and elementary 18 00:01:10,520 --> 00:01:14,039 Speaker 1: school lessons about slavery in the United States. But there 19 00:01:14,120 --> 00:01:16,480 Speaker 1: was a whole lot more to Harriet Tubbans life and 20 00:01:16,520 --> 00:01:19,360 Speaker 1: work than her time as a conductor on the Underground Railroad. 21 00:01:19,760 --> 00:01:24,240 Speaker 1: Even during the years between eighteen fifty and eighteen sixty, 22 00:01:24,319 --> 00:01:28,480 Speaker 1: while she was actively leading enslaved people from Maryland into Canada, 23 00:01:28,920 --> 00:01:31,600 Speaker 1: she was also working with the movements for abolition and 24 00:01:31,640 --> 00:01:34,200 Speaker 1: women's rights, and she traveled all over New England to 25 00:01:34,240 --> 00:01:38,399 Speaker 1: this end. She was connected to abolitionist John Brown before 26 00:01:38,400 --> 00:01:40,520 Speaker 1: his raid on Harper's Ferry, which was part of a 27 00:01:40,560 --> 00:01:43,320 Speaker 1: failed plan to start a slave uprising in the months 28 00:01:43,319 --> 00:01:46,440 Speaker 1: before the Civil War, and in Troy, New York, she 29 00:01:46,560 --> 00:01:50,080 Speaker 1: helped prevent an escaped slave named Charles Knall from being 30 00:01:50,120 --> 00:01:54,120 Speaker 1: captured by slave catchers uh and being returned South by 31 00:01:54,160 --> 00:01:58,440 Speaker 1: literally shielding him with her own body. Basically, she did 32 00:01:58,640 --> 00:02:01,160 Speaker 1: a lot in a out of her work beyond the 33 00:02:01,240 --> 00:02:05,160 Speaker 1: Underground Railroad is overlooked entirely besides that drunk history episode 34 00:02:05,160 --> 00:02:08,440 Speaker 1: that I keep mentioning because it is quite funny, uh, 35 00:02:08,480 --> 00:02:12,520 Speaker 1: And that's what we're talking about today. We've talked in 36 00:02:12,560 --> 00:02:15,400 Speaker 1: more detail about how the Civil War started in our 37 00:02:15,440 --> 00:02:18,840 Speaker 1: podcasts on Robert Small's and there's some overlap in this 38 00:02:18,919 --> 00:02:21,560 Speaker 1: story in that one. So if you've heard those podcasts, 39 00:02:21,720 --> 00:02:25,120 Speaker 1: some of this information might ring a Bell very long story, 40 00:02:25,280 --> 00:02:28,040 Speaker 1: very very short. As the balance of power in the 41 00:02:28,120 --> 00:02:31,960 Speaker 1: United States government started to tip in favor of free states, 42 00:02:31,960 --> 00:02:36,320 Speaker 1: slave states felt increasingly threatened. Many promise to secede if 43 00:02:36,360 --> 00:02:40,120 Speaker 1: Abraham Lincoln were elected president, and he was so they did. 44 00:02:41,600 --> 00:02:45,600 Speaker 1: Senator William H. Seward, who actually had sold Harriet Tubman 45 00:02:45,760 --> 00:02:48,680 Speaker 1: land in New York that was adjacent to his own property, 46 00:02:48,880 --> 00:02:51,800 Speaker 1: was one of the legislators who introduced measures meant to 47 00:02:51,840 --> 00:02:54,800 Speaker 1: try to appease the Southern States and an effort to 48 00:02:54,880 --> 00:02:59,600 Speaker 1: stop this secession crisis. These measures included the return of 49 00:02:59,720 --> 00:03:03,000 Speaker 1: escape slaves back south. When this happened, a lot of 50 00:03:03,040 --> 00:03:05,720 Speaker 1: Tubman's friends started trying to get her to flee back 51 00:03:05,720 --> 00:03:09,519 Speaker 1: to British North America, which would become Canada, from Albany, 52 00:03:09,560 --> 00:03:12,640 Speaker 1: New York, where she had settled with her aging parents. 53 00:03:12,639 --> 00:03:16,360 Speaker 1: Because Seward and Tubman knew one another, people were afraid 54 00:03:16,400 --> 00:03:18,720 Speaker 1: that he bites send her back to Maryland as a 55 00:03:18,760 --> 00:03:21,240 Speaker 1: show of goodwill to the South for the sake of 56 00:03:21,240 --> 00:03:24,840 Speaker 1: trying to hold the Union together. The idea that people 57 00:03:24,840 --> 00:03:29,240 Speaker 1: would even think this really shed some light on the 58 00:03:29,320 --> 00:03:33,840 Speaker 1: links that like the the federal government slashed the Northern 59 00:03:33,880 --> 00:03:36,440 Speaker 1: states were willing to go to try to keep the 60 00:03:36,480 --> 00:03:39,920 Speaker 1: South from succeeding, like the fact that that would even 61 00:03:39,920 --> 00:03:43,360 Speaker 1: occur to people. She did not heed this advice, though, 62 00:03:43,440 --> 00:03:45,520 Speaker 1: and in the end Seward did not use her as 63 00:03:45,560 --> 00:03:49,040 Speaker 1: a pawn. So we're including that mostly because it's illustrative, 64 00:03:50,280 --> 00:03:52,560 Speaker 1: and it's not entirely clear what she did for the 65 00:03:52,600 --> 00:03:55,520 Speaker 1: first six months or so of the war. Her biographers 66 00:03:55,520 --> 00:03:58,960 Speaker 1: actually disagree, and even with that disagreement in mind, there 67 00:03:58,960 --> 00:04:02,760 Speaker 1: are still gaps of open where there's no information. But 68 00:04:02,840 --> 00:04:06,280 Speaker 1: by October of eighteen sixty one, she had started passing 69 00:04:06,360 --> 00:04:10,040 Speaker 1: the Union information about how the war was affecting enslaved people, 70 00:04:10,520 --> 00:04:14,920 Speaker 1: delivering her intelligence to Franklin Sanborn. Sanborn had been one 71 00:04:14,960 --> 00:04:18,080 Speaker 1: of the secret Six co conspirators in John Brown's raid 72 00:04:18,080 --> 00:04:22,159 Speaker 1: on Harper's Ferry prior to the war. That fall, she 73 00:04:22,240 --> 00:04:25,360 Speaker 1: also traveled to Boston to talk to John A. Andrew, 74 00:04:25,400 --> 00:04:28,080 Speaker 1: who was the governor of Massachusetts, about how she might 75 00:04:28,160 --> 00:04:31,560 Speaker 1: serve the Union in the war. He thought, given how 76 00:04:31,640 --> 00:04:35,000 Speaker 1: long she had been undertaking secret missions into slave territory 77 00:04:35,080 --> 00:04:38,279 Speaker 1: as part of the Underground Railroad, and how staunchly opposed 78 00:04:38,320 --> 00:04:40,719 Speaker 1: she was to slavery, that she might make a good 79 00:04:40,800 --> 00:04:45,000 Speaker 1: Union spy. Once the Union captured the Sea islands off 80 00:04:45,040 --> 00:04:48,360 Speaker 1: the coast of South Carolina, Georgia and Florida, the same 81 00:04:48,400 --> 00:04:51,880 Speaker 1: islands that were so familiar to pass podcast subject Robert Smalls, 82 00:04:52,440 --> 00:04:55,920 Speaker 1: Tubman did indeed go there to serve. In early eighteen 83 00:04:55,960 --> 00:04:59,040 Speaker 1: sixty two, she was sent to Beaufort, South Carolina, and 84 00:04:59,080 --> 00:05:02,800 Speaker 1: from there to Poor Royal Island. Her cover was that 85 00:05:02,880 --> 00:05:05,719 Speaker 1: she was there as part of a humanitarian mission arranged 86 00:05:05,760 --> 00:05:09,120 Speaker 1: by Boston Society's Rebolition to try to provide clothing and 87 00:05:09,200 --> 00:05:13,680 Speaker 1: other necessities to Port Royal Islands formerly enslaved population, and 88 00:05:13,760 --> 00:05:16,320 Speaker 1: she did do some of this humanitarian work, as well 89 00:05:16,360 --> 00:05:19,680 Speaker 1: as acting as a nurse to both soldiers and contraband. 90 00:05:19,880 --> 00:05:22,839 Speaker 1: Contraband is the catch all term for formerly enslaved people 91 00:05:22,839 --> 00:05:26,480 Speaker 1: who made their way to Union controlled territory. Her first 92 00:05:26,560 --> 00:05:30,200 Speaker 1: months in Port Royal were difficult. A number of missionaries 93 00:05:30,240 --> 00:05:33,800 Speaker 1: and other volunteers there died due to disease and extreme heat. 94 00:05:34,440 --> 00:05:37,640 Speaker 1: General David Hunter had issued an order that all enslaved 95 00:05:37,680 --> 00:05:41,960 Speaker 1: people in Union held territory be declared free, but Abraham 96 00:05:42,000 --> 00:05:44,520 Speaker 1: Lincoln had reversed that order, afraid it would provoke the 97 00:05:44,520 --> 00:05:48,080 Speaker 1: South even further, and this reversal, of course, enraged both 98 00:05:48,200 --> 00:05:54,240 Speaker 1: enslaved people and abolitionists. It's another example of lengths to 99 00:05:54,360 --> 00:05:58,080 Speaker 1: which the federal government was willing to go to appease 100 00:05:58,160 --> 00:06:01,280 Speaker 1: the slave states. Uh. That could be a whole other 101 00:06:01,320 --> 00:06:06,960 Speaker 1: podcast anyway. Eventually, the Emancipation Proclamation was issued on January 102 00:06:07,000 --> 00:06:10,760 Speaker 1: one of eighteen sixty three, which freed the enslaved population 103 00:06:10,800 --> 00:06:14,080 Speaker 1: in the states that were rebelling against the Union. Also 104 00:06:14,279 --> 00:06:18,600 Speaker 1: in January, Colonel James Montgomery was authorized to recruit black 105 00:06:18,640 --> 00:06:21,919 Speaker 1: soldiers into military service and train them to be soldiers. 106 00:06:22,760 --> 00:06:26,799 Speaker 1: Once those two things happened, Tubman started investing her pay 107 00:06:26,880 --> 00:06:30,200 Speaker 1: into building a washhouse so she could teach formerly enslaved 108 00:06:30,200 --> 00:06:33,680 Speaker 1: women how to make a living for themselves. She invested 109 00:06:33,720 --> 00:06:36,320 Speaker 1: most of the rest of her money into similar endeavors, 110 00:06:36,360 --> 00:06:39,479 Speaker 1: and she gave up her privilege of military rations because 111 00:06:39,480 --> 00:06:41,840 Speaker 1: she thought it was causing jealousy among the people she 112 00:06:41,920 --> 00:06:45,560 Speaker 1: was working with. Instead, she made root beer pies in 113 00:06:45,640 --> 00:06:48,320 Speaker 1: gingerbread in her off hours so she could sell them 114 00:06:48,360 --> 00:06:52,040 Speaker 1: and earn her own keep. The presence of a black 115 00:06:52,080 --> 00:06:56,120 Speaker 1: fighting force played a role in Harriet Tubman's most famous action. 116 00:06:56,240 --> 00:06:58,680 Speaker 1: During her time as a Civil War spy which was 117 00:06:58,760 --> 00:07:01,159 Speaker 1: a raid up the Cumby River in June of eighteen 118 00:07:01,240 --> 00:07:03,880 Speaker 1: sixty three. We know it's a little early, but that 119 00:07:04,000 --> 00:07:05,680 Speaker 1: is a pretty exciting story. We want to keep it 120 00:07:05,720 --> 00:07:07,960 Speaker 1: all together, so we're going to get to it after 121 00:07:08,040 --> 00:07:20,440 Speaker 1: a brief word from a sponsor. By the summer of 122 00:07:20,480 --> 00:07:24,240 Speaker 1: eighteen sixty three, Harriet Tubman was definitely putting her underground 123 00:07:24,280 --> 00:07:27,080 Speaker 1: railroad experience to use as a spy in addition to 124 00:07:27,160 --> 00:07:30,800 Speaker 1: her humanitarian work. Earlier that year, she had been issued 125 00:07:30,880 --> 00:07:33,360 Speaker 1: a hundred dollars by the Department of the South, which 126 00:07:33,360 --> 00:07:36,240 Speaker 1: she had used to create a spy network. Her spies 127 00:07:36,280 --> 00:07:39,680 Speaker 1: were all contraband who had had experience as boat pilots 128 00:07:39,840 --> 00:07:42,760 Speaker 1: or doing other work on the water. Tubman ran this 129 00:07:42,840 --> 00:07:45,720 Speaker 1: network under the auspices of Colonel James Montgomery, who was 130 00:07:45,760 --> 00:07:49,360 Speaker 1: also by that point commanding the newly created second Regiment, 131 00:07:49,440 --> 00:07:54,960 Speaker 1: South Carolina Volunteer Infantry African Descent. That June, General Hunter 132 00:07:55,040 --> 00:07:57,840 Speaker 1: wanted to plan a raid of the Kumbi River, which 133 00:07:57,880 --> 00:08:01,040 Speaker 1: was home to a number of plantations. It's possible that 134 00:08:01,080 --> 00:08:04,280 Speaker 1: the whole raid was Tubman's idea, based on intelligence that 135 00:08:04,320 --> 00:08:07,880 Speaker 1: she'd gathered from her network of spies. Exactly where this 136 00:08:07,960 --> 00:08:10,560 Speaker 1: idea actually came from is hard to pin down, but 137 00:08:10,600 --> 00:08:12,680 Speaker 1: the fact that Tubman played a critical role in it 138 00:08:12,720 --> 00:08:15,800 Speaker 1: is absolutely undeniable, along with the fact that she told 139 00:08:15,840 --> 00:08:19,960 Speaker 1: Hunter she'd only participate if Montgomery was in command. It 140 00:08:20,040 --> 00:08:22,760 Speaker 1: also seems as though she and her spine network participated 141 00:08:22,800 --> 00:08:25,560 Speaker 1: in other similar raids as well, but the Cumby River 142 00:08:25,680 --> 00:08:30,400 Speaker 1: raid is definitely the most famous. The plan was to 143 00:08:30,440 --> 00:08:33,760 Speaker 1: take a force up the Cumby River, evading and disabling 144 00:08:33,800 --> 00:08:36,440 Speaker 1: minds that had been laid there, and then raiding the 145 00:08:36,520 --> 00:08:39,560 Speaker 1: rice and cotton plantations that lay along its length. They 146 00:08:39,559 --> 00:08:43,000 Speaker 1: would take what they could carry, liberate the enslaved labor force, 147 00:08:43,120 --> 00:08:45,600 Speaker 1: and then towards the rest of it. Apart from the 148 00:08:45,600 --> 00:08:50,160 Speaker 1: obviously humanitarian success of liberating hundreds of people from slavery, 149 00:08:50,200 --> 00:08:53,960 Speaker 1: this would also destroy a source of Confederate assets and wealth. 150 00:08:55,160 --> 00:08:57,920 Speaker 1: Tubman and the eight or nine scouts that she employed 151 00:08:57,960 --> 00:09:00,680 Speaker 1: together worked out the locations of all the minds that 152 00:09:00,720 --> 00:09:03,280 Speaker 1: needed to be disabled and spread the word to the 153 00:09:03,360 --> 00:09:06,520 Speaker 1: enslaved people on the plantations of what was about to happen. 154 00:09:07,480 --> 00:09:09,679 Speaker 1: She and at least some of these scouts were aboard 155 00:09:09,720 --> 00:09:11,760 Speaker 1: the lead boat when it's set off up the river. 156 00:09:12,400 --> 00:09:15,319 Speaker 1: Three gun ships and about three hundred Black troops were 157 00:09:15,360 --> 00:09:19,439 Speaker 1: involved as well. On June first, eighteen sixty three, they 158 00:09:19,480 --> 00:09:22,720 Speaker 1: started their journey up the river. They raided plantations in 159 00:09:22,800 --> 00:09:27,239 Speaker 1: Collaton and Bufort Counties, liberating the enslaved people there, capturing 160 00:09:27,280 --> 00:09:30,040 Speaker 1: what provisions they could and destroying what they couldn't so 161 00:09:30,160 --> 00:09:34,000 Speaker 1: that the Confederacy couldn't continue to use it. This whole 162 00:09:34,040 --> 00:09:37,640 Speaker 1: thing happened with no injuries to Tubman, her spies, or 163 00:09:37,720 --> 00:09:41,640 Speaker 1: the Union fighting force who also participated, possibly because the 164 00:09:41,640 --> 00:09:44,440 Speaker 1: people who owned and ran the plantations found the sudden 165 00:09:44,440 --> 00:09:49,800 Speaker 1: appearance of the second regiment armed terrifying. Farther upriver, plantation 166 00:09:49,840 --> 00:09:53,920 Speaker 1: owners fled in advance of the incoming raid. The raid 167 00:09:54,040 --> 00:09:58,080 Speaker 1: captured about fifteen thousand dollars worth of property and eight 168 00:09:58,120 --> 00:10:00,840 Speaker 1: hundred and forty slaves, according to a letter from a 169 00:10:00,840 --> 00:10:03,640 Speaker 1: member of the Massachusetts fifty four Colored Regiment, which was 170 00:10:03,679 --> 00:10:07,480 Speaker 1: published in the New Bedford newspaper. According to a letter 171 00:10:07,559 --> 00:10:10,640 Speaker 1: that Tubman dictated herself, there were seven hundred and fifty 172 00:10:10,679 --> 00:10:14,520 Speaker 1: six slaves who were liberated. It was this and other 173 00:10:14,600 --> 00:10:19,080 Speaker 1: actions that wound up earning Tubman the nickname General with newspapers, 174 00:10:19,120 --> 00:10:21,280 Speaker 1: even going so far as calling her the U. S. 175 00:10:21,360 --> 00:10:24,240 Speaker 1: Armies first woman general, even though she didn't actually hold 176 00:10:24,240 --> 00:10:28,040 Speaker 1: an official military rank. She is, however, the only woman 177 00:10:28,120 --> 00:10:31,319 Speaker 1: known to have led a military operation like this during 178 00:10:31,360 --> 00:10:35,440 Speaker 1: the Civil War. As a side note, after this mission, 179 00:10:35,520 --> 00:10:38,000 Speaker 1: Tubman wrote a letter to ask for money to buy 180 00:10:38,000 --> 00:10:41,520 Speaker 1: a bloomer dress of sturdy material because she tripped on 181 00:10:41,559 --> 00:10:43,760 Speaker 1: her own dress and tore it to shreds while trying 182 00:10:43,800 --> 00:10:47,720 Speaker 1: to hurry escaping slaves to the boats. A bloomer dress, 183 00:10:47,800 --> 00:10:51,440 Speaker 1: as the name suggests, had billowy pants under a shorter skirt, 184 00:10:51,559 --> 00:10:54,439 Speaker 1: so it would have been much more practical for running around. 185 00:10:56,120 --> 00:11:01,720 Speaker 1: That story really cracked me up. I need a better outfit. Yeah, 186 00:11:02,440 --> 00:11:04,000 Speaker 1: that's one of the one of the things that I 187 00:11:04,240 --> 00:11:06,120 Speaker 1: am do you while I was researching, was this story 188 00:11:06,120 --> 00:11:09,600 Speaker 1: about the bloomer dress. Uh. The Coumpy River raid was 189 00:11:09,720 --> 00:11:13,200 Speaker 1: the most dramatic moment in Harriet Tubmans's Civil War service. 190 00:11:13,280 --> 00:11:17,800 Speaker 1: I mean, a troop troops of one of the first 191 00:11:17,960 --> 00:11:21,320 Speaker 1: regiments for black soldiers making their way up the river 192 00:11:21,440 --> 00:11:26,560 Speaker 1: and burning down plantations is by itself pretty dramatic. But 193 00:11:26,880 --> 00:11:29,520 Speaker 1: for about a year after it was over, she stayed 194 00:11:29,520 --> 00:11:32,480 Speaker 1: in the Sea Islands, she maintained the spy network, acted 195 00:11:32,520 --> 00:11:35,320 Speaker 1: as a nurse, and continued supporting herself with her baking 196 00:11:35,320 --> 00:11:39,400 Speaker 1: and root beer. Following the raid, a big part of 197 00:11:39,400 --> 00:11:41,720 Speaker 1: her work turned towards seeing to the welfare of the 198 00:11:41,760 --> 00:11:45,240 Speaker 1: people that she had just liberated. While healthy adult men 199 00:11:45,320 --> 00:11:48,600 Speaker 1: were mostly recruited into the army, many others were ill 200 00:11:48,800 --> 00:11:50,960 Speaker 1: or injured, and none of them had what they needed 201 00:11:50,960 --> 00:11:54,679 Speaker 1: in terms of basic necessities. So as Harriet continued her 202 00:11:54,679 --> 00:11:57,600 Speaker 1: work as a nurse, she also developed a reputation of 203 00:11:57,640 --> 00:12:01,520 Speaker 1: being particularly skilled with herbal remedy, including a treatment for 204 00:12:01,640 --> 00:12:05,240 Speaker 1: dysenterry during an outbreak in eighteen sixty three and eighteen 205 00:12:05,280 --> 00:12:08,880 Speaker 1: sixty four. We mentioned it in the previous episode, but 206 00:12:09,000 --> 00:12:10,880 Speaker 1: we should pointed out here again that a lot of 207 00:12:10,920 --> 00:12:13,960 Speaker 1: this was probably folk traditions that had been passed down 208 00:12:14,080 --> 00:12:17,880 Speaker 1: from her ancestors who had learned them in Africa and 209 00:12:17,920 --> 00:12:21,240 Speaker 1: then brought them. Her grandmother was most likely a member 210 00:12:21,240 --> 00:12:25,640 Speaker 1: of the Ashanti tribe. In early eighteen sixty five, Harriet 211 00:12:25,679 --> 00:12:27,959 Speaker 1: Tubman went on leave and left the Sea Islands to 212 00:12:28,000 --> 00:12:30,280 Speaker 1: go north to try to visit her parents. Her leave 213 00:12:30,440 --> 00:12:33,120 Speaker 1: wasn't originally planned to be very long. The goal had 214 00:12:33,160 --> 00:12:35,280 Speaker 1: been to go back to the Sea Islands and continue 215 00:12:35,320 --> 00:12:38,280 Speaker 1: to educate the freed population on how to make a 216 00:12:38,320 --> 00:12:40,880 Speaker 1: living on their own, but she got sick while she 217 00:12:40,960 --> 00:12:43,200 Speaker 1: was away, and the war was nearly over when she 218 00:12:43,240 --> 00:12:45,600 Speaker 1: went south again, so she was still in the North 219 00:12:45,679 --> 00:12:48,560 Speaker 1: when Lincoln won reelection and when the thirteenth Amendment was 220 00:12:48,559 --> 00:12:52,720 Speaker 1: passed and abolished slavery. When she did go south again, 221 00:12:53,080 --> 00:12:55,600 Speaker 1: rather than to see island, she spent time working as 222 00:12:55,600 --> 00:12:59,720 Speaker 1: a nurse in military hospitals in Virginia. In addition to 223 00:12:59,800 --> 00:13:03,000 Speaker 1: this work in nursing, she observed abuses that were going 224 00:13:03,040 --> 00:13:05,480 Speaker 1: on in some of the hospitals that she visited, and 225 00:13:05,559 --> 00:13:10,320 Speaker 1: she reported this information back to officials in Washington. After 226 00:13:10,360 --> 00:13:13,000 Speaker 1: the Civil War was over, Tubman and a number of 227 00:13:13,040 --> 00:13:17,400 Speaker 1: her abolitionist and civil rights allies really struggled for years 228 00:13:17,440 --> 00:13:19,160 Speaker 1: to try to get back pay for the time that 229 00:13:19,240 --> 00:13:22,040 Speaker 1: she had spent working for the Union Army, as well 230 00:13:22,080 --> 00:13:26,199 Speaker 1: as a veterans pension. These attempts were really unsuccessful because 231 00:13:26,240 --> 00:13:30,240 Speaker 1: she hadn't been enlisted. Because women couldn't enlist, she wasn't 232 00:13:30,360 --> 00:13:32,560 Speaker 1: viewed as a veteran, even though she spent all that 233 00:13:32,600 --> 00:13:36,920 Speaker 1: time serving Once the war was over, Tubman went back 234 00:13:36,960 --> 00:13:39,080 Speaker 1: to Auburn, New York, and we're going to talk about 235 00:13:39,080 --> 00:13:41,720 Speaker 1: her time there after we paused for a brief word 236 00:13:41,760 --> 00:13:53,520 Speaker 1: from a sponsor, So going back to our tail. While 237 00:13:53,559 --> 00:13:55,920 Speaker 1: Harriet Tubman was on her way back to Auburn, New 238 00:13:56,000 --> 00:13:59,000 Speaker 1: York after the Civil War, a train conductor tried to 239 00:13:59,040 --> 00:14:01,319 Speaker 1: remove her from the train car that she was on. 240 00:14:02,040 --> 00:14:04,240 Speaker 1: She was traveling on a government pass rather than a 241 00:14:04,280 --> 00:14:07,640 Speaker 1: full price ticket, and the conductor, in addition to calling 242 00:14:07,640 --> 00:14:10,920 Speaker 1: her a racial epithet, tried to forcibly remove her from 243 00:14:10,960 --> 00:14:15,240 Speaker 1: the train. Subbin had been doing manual labor for most 244 00:14:15,280 --> 00:14:18,000 Speaker 1: of her life. She was consequently very strong and she 245 00:14:18,120 --> 00:14:21,800 Speaker 1: resisted him powerfully. He called three men to assist him, 246 00:14:21,840 --> 00:14:25,480 Speaker 1: and they threw her bodily into the baggage car. Her 247 00:14:25,640 --> 00:14:28,040 Speaker 1: arm was injured in all of this, and it's unclear 248 00:14:28,080 --> 00:14:30,560 Speaker 1: whether it was sprained or broken, but she wound up 249 00:14:30,560 --> 00:14:32,520 Speaker 1: having to wear it in a sling for a long 250 00:14:32,520 --> 00:14:36,880 Speaker 1: time afterward. She considered suing the railroad, especially because the 251 00:14:36,960 --> 00:14:39,320 Speaker 1: injury meant that she couldn't work, but nothing ever came 252 00:14:39,320 --> 00:14:42,680 Speaker 1: of it, apart from abolitionists and civil rights circles using 253 00:14:42,720 --> 00:14:47,760 Speaker 1: it to illustrate this discrimination on the railroad. Back in Auburn, 254 00:14:47,880 --> 00:14:50,480 Speaker 1: Tubban started something that would be her focus for the 255 00:14:50,520 --> 00:14:53,440 Speaker 1: rest of her life, and that was caring for people who, 256 00:14:53,480 --> 00:14:57,560 Speaker 1: because of age, poverty, illness, or other circumstances, couldn't take 257 00:14:57,560 --> 00:15:01,520 Speaker 1: care of themselves. Her home became temporary lodging for people 258 00:15:01,800 --> 00:15:04,040 Speaker 1: that she had guided to freedom as they returned back 259 00:15:04,080 --> 00:15:07,800 Speaker 1: from Canada hoping to make their way home. She typically 260 00:15:07,840 --> 00:15:10,000 Speaker 1: had at least two or three people staying with her 261 00:15:10,040 --> 00:15:13,400 Speaker 1: who were elderly, sick, or otherwise in need of care. 262 00:15:14,440 --> 00:15:17,880 Speaker 1: She developed a reputation for never turning away anyone who 263 00:15:17,960 --> 00:15:20,600 Speaker 1: needed her help, whether she could actually afford to help 264 00:15:20,640 --> 00:15:24,160 Speaker 1: them or not. She also collected clothing and their nations 265 00:15:24,200 --> 00:15:28,160 Speaker 1: for schools for South Carolina's newly free population. Along with 266 00:15:28,240 --> 00:15:30,560 Speaker 1: other members of her household, she tried to make a 267 00:15:30,560 --> 00:15:34,840 Speaker 1: living through growing vegetables and fruit, raising chickens, bartering, and 268 00:15:34,880 --> 00:15:38,880 Speaker 1: doing domestic work. One of her Sarah Hopkins Bradford biographies 269 00:15:38,960 --> 00:15:42,640 Speaker 1: was actually a fundraising effort during this time. Their nations 270 00:15:42,720 --> 00:15:45,880 Speaker 1: from former abolitionists and civil rights reformers also helped to 271 00:15:45,920 --> 00:15:49,320 Speaker 1: pay the bills. Although she generally was extremely reluctant to 272 00:15:49,360 --> 00:15:52,640 Speaker 1: ask for money for herself. She would, however, ask for 273 00:15:52,680 --> 00:15:55,120 Speaker 1: money to help the people she was trying to help. 274 00:15:56,480 --> 00:15:59,200 Speaker 1: In the years after the Civil War was over, the 275 00:15:59,280 --> 00:16:02,800 Speaker 1: United States was struck with ongoing waves of racial violence. 276 00:16:03,440 --> 00:16:06,840 Speaker 1: In one of these, John Tubman, Harriet's former husband, was 277 00:16:06,920 --> 00:16:09,640 Speaker 1: shot and killed by a white man named Robert Vincent, 278 00:16:09,960 --> 00:16:12,840 Speaker 1: who was found not guilty by an all white jury, 279 00:16:13,280 --> 00:16:16,680 Speaker 1: and that event took place in eighteen sixty seven. In 280 00:16:16,760 --> 00:16:20,080 Speaker 1: eighteen sixty nine, Tubman remarried to a man named Nelson 281 00:16:20,160 --> 00:16:24,160 Speaker 1: Davis at Central Presbyterian Church in Auburn. Davis had also 282 00:16:24,280 --> 00:16:27,320 Speaker 1: liberated himself from slavery. He had served in the Civil War, 283 00:16:27,480 --> 00:16:29,480 Speaker 1: and he had been boarding in her house for about 284 00:16:29,520 --> 00:16:34,320 Speaker 1: three years. In eighteen seventy three, Harriet Tubman and her 285 00:16:34,360 --> 00:16:37,200 Speaker 1: brother John Stewart had an unfortunate run in with a 286 00:16:37,200 --> 00:16:40,400 Speaker 1: couple of con men. They claimed to have five thousand 287 00:16:40,400 --> 00:16:42,600 Speaker 1: dollars worth of gold, which they were going to sell 288 00:16:42,600 --> 00:16:46,000 Speaker 1: Stewart for a mere two thousand dollars. They framed it 289 00:16:46,040 --> 00:16:47,960 Speaker 1: with a story that was taylor made to play on 290 00:16:48,000 --> 00:16:50,960 Speaker 1: tubman sensibilities. They said it was a trunk full of 291 00:16:51,000 --> 00:16:53,080 Speaker 1: gold that an ex slave had carried out of the 292 00:16:53,080 --> 00:16:55,920 Speaker 1: South and wanted to sell to her because he needed 293 00:16:55,960 --> 00:16:59,760 Speaker 1: money and he didn't trust white people. Stewart did not 294 00:16:59,840 --> 00:17:02,240 Speaker 1: have that kind of money, and neither did a sister. 295 00:17:02,560 --> 00:17:05,399 Speaker 1: But because of her work during the abolition movement and 296 00:17:05,480 --> 00:17:08,879 Speaker 1: her reputation from the underground railroad, she was very well 297 00:17:08,920 --> 00:17:13,240 Speaker 1: connected with some of Auburn's most affluent and influential citizens. 298 00:17:14,119 --> 00:17:16,639 Speaker 1: Stewart looked some of them for money and a future. 299 00:17:16,680 --> 00:17:19,320 Speaker 1: A few people tried to discourage him from this whole 300 00:17:19,440 --> 00:17:24,160 Speaker 1: endeavor because they suspected correctly that it might be a scam, 301 00:17:24,200 --> 00:17:27,359 Speaker 1: but a man named Anthony Scheimer advanced them two thousand 302 00:17:27,400 --> 00:17:30,480 Speaker 1: dollars in cash, which the fraudsters said could only be 303 00:17:30,520 --> 00:17:34,920 Speaker 1: delivered by tubman to a secret location. When the time came, 304 00:17:35,000 --> 00:17:37,480 Speaker 1: she went into the woods by herself and found the 305 00:17:37,520 --> 00:17:40,760 Speaker 1: gold man, who claimed he had forgotten the key to 306 00:17:40,800 --> 00:17:44,600 Speaker 1: the trunk. She waited there for him while he went 307 00:17:44,640 --> 00:17:47,600 Speaker 1: to get it, and after he left, someone knocked her out, 308 00:17:47,880 --> 00:17:52,280 Speaker 1: probably with chloroform, tied her up, gagged her, and stole 309 00:17:52,320 --> 00:17:55,520 Speaker 1: the two thousand dollars. She actually managed to get home 310 00:17:55,560 --> 00:18:00,400 Speaker 1: again while she was still bound and gagged. Authorities briefly 311 00:18:00,440 --> 00:18:03,680 Speaker 1: suspected that Tubman and Stewart were in cahoots with these conmen, 312 00:18:03,920 --> 00:18:06,800 Speaker 1: and Scheimer claimed that he had loaned the two thousand 313 00:18:06,800 --> 00:18:10,880 Speaker 1: dollars with Tubman's house as collaterals, so her home and 314 00:18:10,960 --> 00:18:13,480 Speaker 1: the shelter she was affording to many other people were 315 00:18:13,480 --> 00:18:16,960 Speaker 1: all at risk. In the end, though, Tubman and Stuart 316 00:18:16,960 --> 00:18:20,280 Speaker 1: were cleared of all suspicion, with multiple prominent people in 317 00:18:20,320 --> 00:18:25,840 Speaker 1: Auburn speaking up for her absolute, unfailing integrity. In the 318 00:18:25,880 --> 00:18:30,320 Speaker 1: eighteen seventies, Tubman began attending the African Methodist Episcopal Zion 319 00:18:30,440 --> 00:18:33,280 Speaker 1: Church in Auburn, where her husband was elected as a 320 00:18:33,400 --> 00:18:38,560 Speaker 1: church trustee. In eighteen seventy five, Tubman's father died, her 321 00:18:38,600 --> 00:18:42,360 Speaker 1: mother died in eighteen eighty. Her husband, Nelson Davis, died 322 00:18:42,359 --> 00:18:47,760 Speaker 1: of tuberculosis in eight By the late eighteen eighties, Tubman 323 00:18:47,880 --> 00:18:50,040 Speaker 1: was trying to turn her home based care for other 324 00:18:50,119 --> 00:18:53,480 Speaker 1: people into a more official charity, in part because most 325 00:18:53,520 --> 00:18:56,200 Speaker 1: of the places that we'd call nursing homes today weren't 326 00:18:56,240 --> 00:18:59,119 Speaker 1: open to black people. So she wanted to start a 327 00:18:59,240 --> 00:19:03,480 Speaker 1: quote home for aged and indigent negroes, which she hoped 328 00:19:03,560 --> 00:19:07,679 Speaker 1: to name John Brown Hall To that end, she expanded 329 00:19:07,720 --> 00:19:10,240 Speaker 1: the industries being done at her home to include a 330 00:19:10,280 --> 00:19:13,960 Speaker 1: pig farm and a brickyard. She bid on neighboring land 331 00:19:14,000 --> 00:19:16,359 Speaker 1: and buildings at auction, even though she didn't have the 332 00:19:16,400 --> 00:19:19,960 Speaker 1: financing lined up to pay for it. Having successfully won 333 00:19:20,000 --> 00:19:22,480 Speaker 1: the auction, she called on her network at church and 334 00:19:22,520 --> 00:19:25,239 Speaker 1: in the community to scrape together a down payment and 335 00:19:25,280 --> 00:19:29,160 Speaker 1: secure a mortgage. From here, she turned to public appearances 336 00:19:29,280 --> 00:19:31,879 Speaker 1: and a new edition of her biography in the hope 337 00:19:31,880 --> 00:19:34,399 Speaker 1: of funding the rest of the one thousand, four hundred 338 00:19:34,480 --> 00:19:37,959 Speaker 1: and fifty dollars that she needed. A lot of her 339 00:19:38,000 --> 00:19:41,879 Speaker 1: speaking engagements were at meetings and rallies to promote women's suffrage, 340 00:19:41,920 --> 00:19:44,199 Speaker 1: and she also spoke at the founding convention of the 341 00:19:44,280 --> 00:19:48,159 Speaker 1: National Association of Colored Women. But even so, raising the 342 00:19:48,200 --> 00:19:50,960 Speaker 1: money that she needed was extremely difficult, and she wound 343 00:19:51,000 --> 00:19:56,320 Speaker 1: up needing to remortgage her own home in After speaking 344 00:19:56,359 --> 00:19:59,920 Speaker 1: extensively at meetings and conventions for women's suffrage and the 345 00:20:00,080 --> 00:20:04,520 Speaker 1: National Association of Colored Women, reissuing her biography, and continuing 346 00:20:04,560 --> 00:20:07,560 Speaker 1: to try to fundraise for John Brown Hall, by the 347 00:20:07,560 --> 00:20:10,560 Speaker 1: mid nineties, Tubman realized she simply could not do it 348 00:20:10,640 --> 00:20:13,240 Speaker 1: all on her own, She turned to both her friends 349 00:20:13,320 --> 00:20:16,240 Speaker 1: from the Abolition movement and friends from the A. M. E. 350 00:20:16,320 --> 00:20:20,439 Speaker 1: Zion Church for help. Unfortunately, these two groups did not 351 00:20:20,520 --> 00:20:24,560 Speaker 1: work well together and they were sometimes at cross purposes. Yeah, 352 00:20:24,840 --> 00:20:27,800 Speaker 1: some of the biographers that look at this part of 353 00:20:27,840 --> 00:20:32,000 Speaker 1: her life get into probably some implicit racial bias on 354 00:20:32,200 --> 00:20:34,960 Speaker 1: the part of her friends from the Abolition movement, because 355 00:20:35,160 --> 00:20:37,600 Speaker 1: there were definitely some cases where it was like her 356 00:20:37,800 --> 00:20:42,119 Speaker 1: white abolitionist friends were making decisions based on what they 357 00:20:42,119 --> 00:20:46,640 Speaker 1: thought was best without actually consulting what was needed or 358 00:20:46,760 --> 00:20:48,960 Speaker 1: or what the people that they were trying to fundraise 359 00:20:49,000 --> 00:20:53,639 Speaker 1: for actually wanted. Over the years, the name and the 360 00:20:53,720 --> 00:20:56,520 Speaker 1: purpose of this project shifted as well. It went from 361 00:20:56,520 --> 00:20:59,639 Speaker 1: being John Brown Hall, which was a home for impoverished 362 00:20:59,840 --> 00:21:04,040 Speaker 1: l really people, particularly black women, to the Harriet Tubman Home, 363 00:21:04,240 --> 00:21:06,800 Speaker 1: which was both a residence for the elderly and an 364 00:21:06,840 --> 00:21:10,080 Speaker 1: industrial school to educate black women to do domestic work. 365 00:21:10,400 --> 00:21:13,800 Speaker 1: She actually felt kind of conflicted about this goal. There's 366 00:21:13,840 --> 00:21:18,240 Speaker 1: a whole other debate going on at the time about 367 00:21:18,680 --> 00:21:21,760 Speaker 1: what types of education the black community would be best 368 00:21:21,880 --> 00:21:26,160 Speaker 1: served by, Like was it best to have vocational education 369 00:21:26,240 --> 00:21:28,280 Speaker 1: so that people could learn to make a living for 370 00:21:28,320 --> 00:21:32,879 Speaker 1: themselves outside of the like the umbrella of slavery, and 371 00:21:32,920 --> 00:21:36,240 Speaker 1: then um and then that would trickle down to like 372 00:21:36,440 --> 00:21:40,040 Speaker 1: the next generations going to more academic colleges or was 373 00:21:40,080 --> 00:21:43,240 Speaker 1: it better to give people a more academic education that 374 00:21:43,359 --> 00:21:48,679 Speaker 1: would basically expand everyone's social standing and awareness. Was a 375 00:21:48,760 --> 00:21:52,120 Speaker 1: whole big debate about it. Um and then Harriet Tubb 376 00:21:52,160 --> 00:21:54,240 Speaker 1: and herself was kind of conflicted because she didn't actually 377 00:21:54,240 --> 00:21:57,120 Speaker 1: like doing domestic work. She had not been happy doing 378 00:21:57,160 --> 00:22:00,440 Speaker 1: that when she was younger. They didn't totally it behind 379 00:22:00,440 --> 00:22:03,200 Speaker 1: the idea of using her name to train black women 380 00:22:03,280 --> 00:22:06,199 Speaker 1: to do domestic work, but that's where it all ended up. 381 00:22:06,480 --> 00:22:10,040 Speaker 1: In eighteen ninety, Harriet applied for a Civil War widows 382 00:22:10,080 --> 00:22:13,120 Speaker 1: pension and she was finally granted one in the amount 383 00:22:13,160 --> 00:22:16,000 Speaker 1: of eight dollars a month. She and some of her 384 00:22:16,040 --> 00:22:18,800 Speaker 1: supporters once again renewed an effort to get a pension 385 00:22:19,000 --> 00:22:22,719 Speaker 1: based on her own service, and ultimately her widows pension 386 00:22:22,760 --> 00:22:25,280 Speaker 1: was raised to twenty dollars a month in light of 387 00:22:25,280 --> 00:22:28,399 Speaker 1: her work as a wartime nurse. She also received a 388 00:22:28,440 --> 00:22:31,719 Speaker 1: small lump sum of about five hundred dollars, and that 389 00:22:31,760 --> 00:22:37,000 Speaker 1: payout happened in eight This wasn't a lot of money though, 390 00:22:37,080 --> 00:22:40,600 Speaker 1: and as we kept talking about, Harriet Tubman was more 391 00:22:40,680 --> 00:22:44,320 Speaker 1: interested in helping other people than she was seeing to 392 00:22:44,400 --> 00:22:47,360 Speaker 1: her own financial security. It's pretty clear from her actions. 393 00:22:47,960 --> 00:22:50,040 Speaker 1: So she spent the last years of her life in 394 00:22:50,080 --> 00:22:52,960 Speaker 1: poverty while still trying to see to the needs of 395 00:22:53,000 --> 00:22:55,840 Speaker 1: people who were even less fortunate than she was. This 396 00:22:56,000 --> 00:22:58,960 Speaker 1: sometimes drew the concerns of her old friends and allies 397 00:22:58,960 --> 00:23:01,919 Speaker 1: from the abolitionist movement. Uh They were worried that she 398 00:23:02,000 --> 00:23:04,840 Speaker 1: was being taken advantage of sometimes, and that worry actually 399 00:23:04,880 --> 00:23:08,240 Speaker 1: was not entirely misplaced. In nineteen o seven, she was 400 00:23:08,359 --> 00:23:11,040 Speaker 1: robbed of money she had been given as a Christmas gift, 401 00:23:11,280 --> 00:23:14,000 Speaker 1: and that robbery was probably done by someone who had 402 00:23:14,000 --> 00:23:18,040 Speaker 1: been living with her. On May nineteenth of nineteen eleven, 403 00:23:18,320 --> 00:23:20,439 Speaker 1: she became ill enough to have to move into the 404 00:23:20,480 --> 00:23:23,480 Speaker 1: Tubman Home as a resident and be looked after by nurses. 405 00:23:24,200 --> 00:23:27,600 Speaker 1: She died there on March tenth of nineteen thirteen, at 406 00:23:27,640 --> 00:23:32,359 Speaker 1: the age of roughly ninety three and two thousand and three. 407 00:23:32,680 --> 00:23:35,920 Speaker 1: A payment of eleven thousand, seven hundred and fifty dollars 408 00:23:35,960 --> 00:23:39,400 Speaker 1: was included in a Senate appropriations bill basically as back 409 00:23:39,400 --> 00:23:42,960 Speaker 1: pay for Harriet Tubmans wartime service, with the idea that 410 00:23:43,000 --> 00:23:46,480 Speaker 1: it would go toward restoring historical sites that were associated 411 00:23:46,520 --> 00:23:50,480 Speaker 1: with her life and work. Uh and as was announced 412 00:23:50,480 --> 00:23:53,840 Speaker 1: in April of twenty sixteen, which fostered a flurry of 413 00:23:53,880 --> 00:23:56,879 Speaker 1: requests about her, she is slated to appear on a 414 00:23:56,920 --> 00:24:00,520 Speaker 1: redesigned twenty dollar bill in the US. On back will 415 00:24:00,520 --> 00:24:03,000 Speaker 1: be the White House and President Andrew Jackson, who is 416 00:24:03,040 --> 00:24:05,960 Speaker 1: currently on the front of that bill. There are, of course, 417 00:24:06,119 --> 00:24:11,000 Speaker 1: many other lifetime and posthumous accolades granted to her, and 418 00:24:11,040 --> 00:24:13,919 Speaker 1: many things named after her, all kinds of stuff. But 419 00:24:14,000 --> 00:24:16,800 Speaker 1: that's really the highlights of the life and work of 420 00:24:17,280 --> 00:24:21,920 Speaker 1: Harriet Tubman, who's pretty awesome. Like a lot of people 421 00:24:21,960 --> 00:24:25,840 Speaker 1: know the Underground Railroad part, people that watch drunk History 422 00:24:26,280 --> 00:24:28,280 Speaker 1: or have seen that video on the internet know the 423 00:24:28,280 --> 00:24:32,199 Speaker 1: part about the Cumby River raid. I don't feel like 424 00:24:32,240 --> 00:24:36,160 Speaker 1: it's particularly well known, especially maybe outside of Auburn, New York. 425 00:24:36,600 --> 00:24:38,960 Speaker 1: That then, once the war was over, she basically spent 426 00:24:39,040 --> 00:24:41,119 Speaker 1: the rest of her life trying to take care of people, 427 00:24:41,240 --> 00:24:44,359 Speaker 1: even though she did not have the money to take 428 00:24:44,400 --> 00:24:47,440 Speaker 1: care of herself. She was basically like, I'm just I'm 429 00:24:47,440 --> 00:24:49,720 Speaker 1: going to take care of these old people who don't 430 00:24:49,720 --> 00:24:53,160 Speaker 1: have anybody to look after them. I'm gonna do whatever 431 00:24:53,200 --> 00:24:55,960 Speaker 1: it takes to scrape up enough money to make that work. 432 00:24:56,600 --> 00:24:59,720 Speaker 1: I have one question, what is it? Did she get 433 00:24:59,720 --> 00:25:08,080 Speaker 1: the UM address? I don't know. That's a great question though. 434 00:25:13,960 --> 00:25:16,800 Speaker 1: Thanks so much for joining us on this Saturday. Since 435 00:25:16,800 --> 00:25:18,880 Speaker 1: this episode is out of the archive, if you heard 436 00:25:18,880 --> 00:25:20,920 Speaker 1: an email address or a Facebook U r L or 437 00:25:20,960 --> 00:25:23,600 Speaker 1: something similar over the course of the show, that could 438 00:25:23,640 --> 00:25:28,120 Speaker 1: be obsolete now. 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