1 00:00:01,340 --> 00:00:04,320 Speaker 1: Welcome to Stuff You Missed in History Class, a production 2 00:00:04,400 --> 00:00:14,820 Speaker 1: of iHeartRadio. Hello and welcome to the podcast. I'm Tracy V. Wilson. 3 00:00:15,060 --> 00:00:17,660 Speaker 1: And I'm Holly Frey. A few months ago, I read 4 00:00:17,680 --> 00:00:21,450 Speaker 1: a book called The Unicorn Hunters by Katherine Arden, and 5 00:00:21,480 --> 00:00:25,489 Speaker 1: that's a historical fantasy that reimagines the life of Anne 6 00:00:25,530 --> 00:00:29,090 Speaker 1: of Brittany. I started this book knowing that Anne was 7 00:00:29,150 --> 00:00:32,589 Speaker 1: a real person and that the unicorn tapestries at the 8 00:00:32,630 --> 00:00:35,709 Speaker 1: Met Cloisters might have been made in honor of her 9 00:00:35,810 --> 00:00:39,900 Speaker 1: wedding to King Louis XII of France. But I did 10 00:00:39,950 --> 00:00:44,540 Speaker 1: not know much about Anne beyond that. I wound up 11 00:00:44,620 --> 00:00:48,220 Speaker 1: finding the book's, like, fictionalized depiction of this person to 12 00:00:48,260 --> 00:00:53,229 Speaker 1: be really compelling. She is so young. I think not 13 00:00:53,330 --> 00:00:55,950 Speaker 1: quite as young as when some of these things happened 14 00:00:55,970 --> 00:00:58,090 Speaker 1: in her real life, but she's also shown as being 15 00:00:58,310 --> 00:01:01,610 Speaker 1: just very shrewd and a great sense of political strategy 16 00:01:01,630 --> 00:01:05,380 Speaker 1: and also just deeply devoted to keeping her home of 17 00:01:05,560 --> 00:01:09,380 Speaker 1: Brittany free from French rule. So I put her on 18 00:01:09,400 --> 00:01:13,260 Speaker 1: the list for an episode. This book is a novel. 19 00:01:13,900 --> 00:01:16,760 Speaker 1: It keeps some moments from Anne's real life, but it 20 00:01:16,800 --> 00:01:19,280 Speaker 1: also makes some changes for the sake of the story. 21 00:01:19,400 --> 00:01:22,500 Speaker 1: And in some ways, the novel is a little happier 22 00:01:22,610 --> 00:01:26,130 Speaker 1: and less tragic than parts of Anne's life were. In 23 00:01:26,190 --> 00:01:30,709 Speaker 1: the real world, Anne's entire immediate family died when she 24 00:01:30,750 --> 00:01:34,130 Speaker 1: was very young. And then after she was married, she 25 00:01:34,170 --> 00:01:37,330 Speaker 1: went through a series of pregnancy losses and deaths of children. 26 00:01:38,230 --> 00:01:41,110 Speaker 1: But the dedication that this novel shows to protecting the 27 00:01:41,230 --> 00:01:46,960 Speaker 1: autonomy of the Duchy of Brittany was definitely very real. Also... 28 00:01:47,650 --> 00:01:50,390 Speaker 1: A lot of people in this episode are known by 29 00:01:50,630 --> 00:01:56,300 Speaker 1: multiple names, mostly different versions of the same name in English, French, 30 00:01:56,460 --> 00:02:00,280 Speaker 1: and Breton. And I wound up just using the ones 31 00:02:00,360 --> 00:02:02,900 Speaker 1: that were used mostly in my source material, which is 32 00:02:03,120 --> 00:02:09,930 Speaker 1: mostly the anglicized versions, trying to standardize everything into Breton 33 00:02:10,050 --> 00:02:13,670 Speaker 1: or French. When some people just aren't known that, it 34 00:02:13,810 --> 00:02:19,330 Speaker 1: became very confusing. Brittany is a region of France today, 35 00:02:19,470 --> 00:02:22,850 Speaker 1: known in French as Bretagne, known in Breton as Brise. 36 00:02:23,500 --> 00:02:26,820 Speaker 1: It's on the Armorican Peninsula in the northwestern part of France, 37 00:02:26,940 --> 00:02:29,940 Speaker 1: directly south of the southwestern part of the island of 38 00:02:30,020 --> 00:02:34,190 Speaker 1: Great Britain. The name Brittany comes from the migration of 39 00:02:34,280 --> 00:02:38,370 Speaker 1: Celts from Britain in the 5th and 6th centuries. Breton 40 00:02:38,570 --> 00:02:42,570 Speaker 1: is an insular Celtic language, like Cornish, Welsh, and Irish. 41 00:02:42,980 --> 00:02:45,840 Speaker 1: and it's the only Celtic language spoken on the European 42 00:02:45,880 --> 00:02:50,400 Speaker 1: mainland today. The Duchy of Brittany was established in the 43 00:02:50,460 --> 00:02:54,640 Speaker 1: 10th century, and for about the next 500 years, it 44 00:02:54,720 --> 00:02:58,780 Speaker 1: struggled to maintain its independence. Like the rest of that 45 00:02:58,840 --> 00:03:01,540 Speaker 1: part of Europe, it had been fighting off raids and 46 00:03:01,580 --> 00:03:05,020 Speaker 1: invasions from the Norse, and it also faced pressures from 47 00:03:05,200 --> 00:03:08,239 Speaker 1: England and from the various kingdoms and duchies that would 48 00:03:08,280 --> 00:03:14,290 Speaker 1: eventually coalesce into France. Anne's father, Francis II, became Duke 49 00:03:14,330 --> 00:03:17,550 Speaker 1: of Brittany in 1548, which was near the end of 50 00:03:17,570 --> 00:03:21,630 Speaker 1: the Hundred Years' War between England and France. Brittany had 51 00:03:21,669 --> 00:03:25,170 Speaker 1: attempted to remain neutral during much of this complicated and 52 00:03:25,310 --> 00:03:28,870 Speaker 1: intermittent conflict. The war had also taken up a lot 53 00:03:28,889 --> 00:03:33,310 Speaker 1: of the resources and attention of Brittany's closest neighbors. But 54 00:03:33,350 --> 00:03:36,670 Speaker 1: a few years after the Hundred Years' War ended, Louis 55 00:03:36,790 --> 00:03:40,350 Speaker 1: XI became King of France and started trying to establish 56 00:03:40,430 --> 00:03:43,910 Speaker 1: full sovereignty over his nobles and the leaders of various 57 00:03:43,970 --> 00:03:50,010 Speaker 1: vassal kingdoms and duchies, including Brittany. In 1465, Francis joined 58 00:03:50,030 --> 00:03:53,210 Speaker 1: the League of the Public Wheel, a coalition of duchies 59 00:03:53,310 --> 00:03:56,180 Speaker 1: and counties that fought against the king and his allies. 60 00:03:56,530 --> 00:04:00,080 Speaker 1: For a few months, they won several concessions under a 61 00:04:00,120 --> 00:04:03,690 Speaker 1: series of treaties that same year. Anne was born on 62 00:04:03,830 --> 00:04:08,890 Speaker 1: January 25th, 1477, in Nantes, which was Brittany's largest city. 63 00:04:09,150 --> 00:04:12,560 Speaker 1: It had a population of about 14,000 people. She had 64 00:04:12,600 --> 00:04:16,640 Speaker 1: an older half-brother, Francis I d'Avigour, who was born to 65 00:04:16,680 --> 00:04:22,560 Speaker 1: Francis II, and Antoinette de Magnellet in 1462. This was 66 00:04:22,810 --> 00:04:27,460 Speaker 1: before Francis was married to Anne's mother, Margaret of Foix, 67 00:04:27,500 --> 00:04:30,380 Speaker 1: but at the time he was married to someone else. 68 00:04:30,620 --> 00:04:35,500 Speaker 1: That was Margaret of Brittany, who died in 1469. Francis, 69 00:04:35,700 --> 00:04:39,300 Speaker 1: of course, wanted a male heir. His only son with 70 00:04:39,360 --> 00:04:41,720 Speaker 1: Margaret of Brittany had died as a baby, and of 71 00:04:41,779 --> 00:04:44,520 Speaker 1: course his son that was born out of wedlock did 72 00:04:44,560 --> 00:04:47,619 Speaker 1: not count for the line of succession. But he was 73 00:04:47,740 --> 00:04:51,130 Speaker 1: reportedly delighted when Anne was born. taking her up to 74 00:04:51,150 --> 00:04:53,390 Speaker 1: the roof of the fortress chateau where they were living 75 00:04:53,830 --> 00:04:56,770 Speaker 1: so that the people below could call their congratulations up 76 00:04:56,830 --> 00:05:00,240 Speaker 1: to her. Anne was born with some kind of congenital 77 00:05:00,339 --> 00:05:03,640 Speaker 1: hip issue, and that may have also affected her spine. 78 00:05:04,500 --> 00:05:07,260 Speaker 1: As she got older, she wore shoes with one heel 79 00:05:07,320 --> 00:05:09,599 Speaker 1: that was taller than the other to help compensate for 80 00:05:09,640 --> 00:05:14,220 Speaker 1: a limp. She was described as charming and precocious, and 81 00:05:14,260 --> 00:05:17,840 Speaker 1: a quick study under her tutor, Francoise de Danann, who 82 00:05:17,860 --> 00:05:19,700 Speaker 1: was an heiress who was described as one of the 83 00:05:19,760 --> 00:05:25,500 Speaker 1: greatest ladies of the duchy. Francoise also taught Anne's sister, Isabeau, 84 00:05:25,700 --> 00:05:29,619 Speaker 1: who was born in 1478. As a child, Anne learned 85 00:05:29,700 --> 00:05:34,880 Speaker 1: the typical subjects of singing, dancing, embroidery, deportment, and how 86 00:05:34,900 --> 00:05:39,049 Speaker 1: to run a household. She loved literature, including writing poems 87 00:05:39,110 --> 00:05:41,849 Speaker 1: of her own, and she also learned Latin and Greek. 88 00:05:42,630 --> 00:05:46,090 Speaker 1: She was described as fashionable and clever in her dress, 89 00:05:46,450 --> 00:05:49,570 Speaker 1: including designing some of her own clothing, so near and 90 00:05:49,589 --> 00:05:52,790 Speaker 1: dear to my heart. She also loved the outdoors, including 91 00:05:52,870 --> 00:05:56,450 Speaker 1: riding horses and spending time in the gardens. And she 92 00:05:56,490 --> 00:06:00,710 Speaker 1: played tennis, the version known today as real tennis, which 93 00:06:00,750 --> 00:06:05,589 Speaker 1: was played in indoor courts. In 1481, when Anne was four, 94 00:06:05,890 --> 00:06:09,490 Speaker 1: her father arranged a marriage to Edward, Prince of Wales, 95 00:06:10,080 --> 00:06:12,820 Speaker 1: son of Edward IV and heir to the throne of England. 96 00:06:13,860 --> 00:06:17,230 Speaker 1: Under this arrangement, in the event of the prince's death, 97 00:06:17,910 --> 00:06:21,290 Speaker 1: Anne would marry his younger brother, Richard of Shrewsbury, Duke 98 00:06:21,330 --> 00:06:27,130 Speaker 1: of York. Of course, this marriage never happened. On April 9th, 1483, 99 00:06:27,110 --> 00:06:31,590 Speaker 1: 12-year-old Edward ascended to the throne as Edward V, but 100 00:06:31,650 --> 00:06:34,539 Speaker 1: his claim to the throne was attacked as illegitimate and 101 00:06:34,600 --> 00:06:37,730 Speaker 1: he and his brother were captured and It is not 102 00:06:37,790 --> 00:06:40,430 Speaker 1: fully clear what happened to them, but they became known 103 00:06:40,990 --> 00:06:44,089 Speaker 1: as the Princes in the Tower, which is a whole 104 00:06:44,230 --> 00:06:47,340 Speaker 1: other story we have covered on the show before. I 105 00:06:47,980 --> 00:06:51,000 Speaker 1: just re-listened to this old episode, and it is even 106 00:06:51,060 --> 00:06:57,520 Speaker 1: more convoluted than I remembered. Another potential husband for Anne 107 00:06:57,560 --> 00:07:00,660 Speaker 1: was Henry Tudor, who had spent some time in exile 108 00:07:00,700 --> 00:07:04,620 Speaker 1: in Brittany starting in 1471. Like the princes in the 109 00:07:04,680 --> 00:07:08,760 Speaker 1: tower situation, Henry Tudor's exile was interconnected with the War 110 00:07:08,800 --> 00:07:12,000 Speaker 1: of the Roses between the English royal houses of York 111 00:07:12,110 --> 00:07:15,690 Speaker 1: and Lancaster. That is also, of course, a whole other story. 112 00:07:16,410 --> 00:07:19,970 Speaker 1: There was also Louis, Duke d'Orléans, who made several visits 113 00:07:20,010 --> 00:07:23,620 Speaker 1: to the court of Francis II. Enough visits that there 114 00:07:23,660 --> 00:07:26,060 Speaker 1: were rumors that he was seeking the hand of Anne 115 00:07:26,140 --> 00:07:30,440 Speaker 1: or Isabeau, even though he was already married to Jeanne 116 00:07:30,480 --> 00:07:33,770 Speaker 1: de Valois, the daughter of Louis XI and sister to 117 00:07:33,890 --> 00:07:38,350 Speaker 1: his successor, Charles VIII. Charles came to the French throne 118 00:07:38,590 --> 00:07:43,390 Speaker 1: in 1483. The question of Anne's eventual marriage was still 119 00:07:43,590 --> 00:07:47,030 Speaker 1: unanswered when her father got involved in another conflict with 120 00:07:47,050 --> 00:07:51,590 Speaker 1: the French monarchy known as the Mat War in 1485. 121 00:07:51,590 --> 00:07:54,090 Speaker 1: So the Mad War grew out of the same issues 122 00:07:54,130 --> 00:07:56,620 Speaker 1: that had led to the War of the Public Wheel 123 00:07:56,820 --> 00:08:00,820 Speaker 1: and the outcome of that war. Several rebelling nobles had 124 00:08:00,860 --> 00:08:03,340 Speaker 1: gotten new lands and titles after the War of the 125 00:08:03,380 --> 00:08:06,780 Speaker 1: Public Wheel, but King Louis had not upheld the terms 126 00:08:06,820 --> 00:08:10,630 Speaker 1: of those treaties for very long. Charles VIII was only 127 00:08:10,630 --> 00:08:13,290 Speaker 1: 13 when he came to the throne, and his sister 128 00:08:13,490 --> 00:08:17,030 Speaker 1: Anne was acting as his regent, and all those same 129 00:08:17,070 --> 00:08:21,160 Speaker 1: power struggles were still going on. The last major battle 130 00:08:21,280 --> 00:08:24,980 Speaker 1: of the Mad War was the Battle of Saint-Aubin-du-Cormier, at 131 00:08:25,060 --> 00:08:29,400 Speaker 1: which Anne's father had the support of England, Spain, and Austria. 132 00:08:30,480 --> 00:08:34,140 Speaker 1: Even with all of that support, Francis was still outnumbered, 133 00:08:34,470 --> 00:08:39,390 Speaker 1: and his forces were defeated on July 28, 1488. After 134 00:08:39,410 --> 00:08:44,250 Speaker 1: this loss, Francis was forced to sign the Treaty of Verger, 135 00:08:44,490 --> 00:08:47,069 Speaker 1: also known as the Treaty of the Orchard, and as 136 00:08:47,150 --> 00:08:49,610 Speaker 1: the Treaty of Sablé for the place where it was signed. 137 00:08:50,559 --> 00:08:53,600 Speaker 1: Under the terms of this treaty, Brittany had to cede 138 00:08:53,840 --> 00:08:58,089 Speaker 1: four cities to France. Francis also had to expel any 139 00:08:58,179 --> 00:09:01,640 Speaker 1: foreigners who had sided with him against the king, and 140 00:09:01,880 --> 00:09:05,230 Speaker 1: any marriage for Anne or Isabeau would have to be 141 00:09:05,290 --> 00:09:09,689 Speaker 1: approved by the king of France. Anne and Isabeau's lives 142 00:09:09,790 --> 00:09:13,310 Speaker 1: were already in disarray when this happened. Their mother had 143 00:09:13,350 --> 00:09:14,810 Speaker 1: died on March 15, 1486, when Anne was nine and 144 00:09:14,830 --> 00:09:20,440 Speaker 1: Isabeau was eight. And after this, they had moved around 145 00:09:20,460 --> 00:09:23,180 Speaker 1: with their father, going from castle to castle and fort 146 00:09:23,220 --> 00:09:25,700 Speaker 1: to fort, depending on where he thought they would be 147 00:09:25,740 --> 00:09:29,780 Speaker 1: the safest, both from the ongoing conflict with France and 148 00:09:30,120 --> 00:09:33,650 Speaker 1: from a plague that was spreading through Brittany. Francis was 149 00:09:33,690 --> 00:09:36,250 Speaker 1: in his early 50s when the girl's mother died, but 150 00:09:36,290 --> 00:09:38,430 Speaker 1: it did not seem likely that he would marry again 151 00:09:38,870 --> 00:09:42,050 Speaker 1: in order to try to have a male heir. In Brittany, 152 00:09:42,090 --> 00:09:44,590 Speaker 1: a woman could rule the duchy if there was no 153 00:09:44,650 --> 00:09:47,940 Speaker 1: male heir, so... Francis started trying to arrange a marriage 154 00:09:48,000 --> 00:09:50,940 Speaker 1: that would allow one of his daughters to retain control. 155 00:09:51,640 --> 00:09:55,130 Speaker 1: Potential candidates included Louis of Orléans, in spite of that 156 00:09:55,190 --> 00:10:00,860 Speaker 1: pesky already married situation, Maximilian I of Austria, and Alain. d'Albray, 157 00:10:01,020 --> 00:10:03,880 Speaker 1: a French noble who had sided with Anne's father in 158 00:10:03,940 --> 00:10:08,610 Speaker 1: the Mad War. But Francis had not finalized a marriage 159 00:10:08,660 --> 00:10:12,550 Speaker 1: agreement yet by the time he unexpectedly died on September 160 00:10:12,570 --> 00:10:16,910 Speaker 1: the 9th, 1488, after a fall from his horse. His 161 00:10:16,970 --> 00:10:20,560 Speaker 1: will named guardians for his daughters, including the girl's governess, 162 00:10:20,620 --> 00:10:23,700 Speaker 1: but he did not name a husband for either of them. 163 00:10:24,440 --> 00:10:27,300 Speaker 1: We'll talk about what happened next after a sponsor break. 164 00:10:27,920 --> 00:10:34,250 Speaker 1: When Anne's father died in 1488, she became Duchess of 165 00:10:34,530 --> 00:10:44,340 Speaker 1: Brittany at the age of 11. although she was not 166 00:10:44,380 --> 00:10:48,350 Speaker 1: formally crowned until February 10th of the following year. In 167 00:10:48,370 --> 00:10:52,050 Speaker 1: the words of biographer Helen J. Sanborn, quote, what position 168 00:10:52,090 --> 00:10:55,670 Speaker 1: could have been more difficult? Ruler over a domain that 169 00:10:55,730 --> 00:10:59,030 Speaker 1: had long been coveted by all of Europe, threatened on 170 00:10:59,110 --> 00:11:01,719 Speaker 1: every side by the French king and his army that 171 00:11:01,840 --> 00:11:05,199 Speaker 1: already held four of her cities, bound by a treaty 172 00:11:05,240 --> 00:11:09,260 Speaker 1: that had sent away the English allies, deserted by many 173 00:11:09,300 --> 00:11:11,860 Speaker 1: of her nobles who were won over to the service 174 00:11:11,960 --> 00:11:16,140 Speaker 1: of France, embarrassed by a treasury so depleted that there 175 00:11:16,179 --> 00:11:19,610 Speaker 1: was not enough money to pay her soldiers, driven from 176 00:11:19,650 --> 00:11:24,030 Speaker 1: her capital by the plague and harassed by many unacceptable suitors, 177 00:11:24,690 --> 00:11:27,890 Speaker 1: what was the young maid to do? In terms of 178 00:11:27,929 --> 00:11:31,650 Speaker 1: her previous rumored marriage prospects, she could not turn to 179 00:11:31,720 --> 00:11:35,040 Speaker 1: Louis of Orléans. He had allied with her father in 180 00:11:35,080 --> 00:11:37,400 Speaker 1: the Mad War and had been captured at the Battle 181 00:11:37,740 --> 00:11:42,100 Speaker 1: of Saint-Aubin-du-Cormier. He was in prison and also still that 182 00:11:42,140 --> 00:11:46,569 Speaker 1: problem of being married. Henry Tudor was now King Henry 183 00:11:46,770 --> 00:11:49,550 Speaker 1: VII of England, and he was married to Elizabeth of York. 184 00:11:50,450 --> 00:11:53,800 Speaker 1: Anne's Tudor thought that she should marry Alain d'Abray, but 185 00:11:54,220 --> 00:11:57,840 Speaker 1: she didn't want to. She described him as a scary brute. 186 00:11:58,700 --> 00:12:02,100 Speaker 1: There were some other contenders, but the main one that 187 00:12:02,220 --> 00:12:05,800 Speaker 1: remained was Maximilian of Austria, who had become king of 188 00:12:05,850 --> 00:12:08,730 Speaker 1: the Romans and king of Germany, but he was away 189 00:12:08,809 --> 00:12:12,959 Speaker 1: on a military campaign in Hungary. Anne's advisors could not 190 00:12:13,000 --> 00:12:15,780 Speaker 1: agree on the best course of action, and they mostly 191 00:12:16,040 --> 00:12:19,780 Speaker 1: seemed to be concerned about protecting their own interests. So 192 00:12:20,120 --> 00:12:23,360 Speaker 1: Anne convened the Estates of Brittany, which was an assembly 193 00:12:23,420 --> 00:12:26,979 Speaker 1: of clergy, nobles, and other delegates, and she informed them 194 00:12:27,179 --> 00:12:30,880 Speaker 1: that her intention was to secure a marriage for herself 195 00:12:31,300 --> 00:12:35,230 Speaker 1: that would protect the autonomy of Brittany. She sold some 196 00:12:35,270 --> 00:12:38,350 Speaker 1: of her jewelry to pay her military, and she also 197 00:12:38,390 --> 00:12:42,840 Speaker 1: wrote to Henry VII, Maximilian and Ferdinand of Aragon to 198 00:12:43,059 --> 00:12:47,140 Speaker 1: ask them all to please send her some reinforcements. Meanwhile, 199 00:12:47,300 --> 00:12:50,040 Speaker 1: the French sent an emissary to Brittany to offer the 200 00:12:50,100 --> 00:12:54,120 Speaker 1: king's condolences on Francis's death, as well as to propose 201 00:12:54,160 --> 00:12:58,600 Speaker 1: that King Charles become Anne and Isabeau's guardian. During this 202 00:12:58,679 --> 00:13:03,140 Speaker 1: proposed guardianship, Charles would have control over Brittany's lands and nobles. 203 00:13:03,950 --> 00:13:07,189 Speaker 1: Charles also proposed that arbiters should be appointed to settle 204 00:13:07,330 --> 00:13:10,280 Speaker 1: any disputes between them. and that all foreigners should be 205 00:13:10,360 --> 00:13:14,090 Speaker 1: expelled from Brittany. Anne refused to do any of this, 206 00:13:14,280 --> 00:13:16,450 Speaker 1: instead saying that she had sent the Treaty of the 207 00:13:16,530 --> 00:13:19,910 Speaker 1: Orchard to the estates of Brittany to be ratified and 208 00:13:19,929 --> 00:13:23,310 Speaker 1: that she intended to abide by its terms. Yeah, the 209 00:13:23,390 --> 00:13:26,590 Speaker 1: expulsion of foreigners was apparently much more than what was 210 00:13:26,830 --> 00:13:31,000 Speaker 1: described in that treaty. Tragically, the treaty terms that applied 211 00:13:31,040 --> 00:13:34,179 Speaker 1: to her sister Isabeau did not matter for very long 212 00:13:34,340 --> 00:13:38,480 Speaker 1: because Isabeau contracted an illness and died on August 24th 213 00:13:38,640 --> 00:13:42,160 Speaker 1: of 1490 at the age of 12. This meant that 214 00:13:42,260 --> 00:13:46,950 Speaker 1: other than her illegitimate half-brother, Anne had lost her entire 215 00:13:47,070 --> 00:13:51,290 Speaker 1: immediate family by the time she turned 13. Anne also 216 00:13:51,390 --> 00:13:55,140 Speaker 1: decided to disregard the treaty's requirement that any marriage be 217 00:13:55,179 --> 00:13:59,199 Speaker 1: approved by the French monarch, and she secretly negotiated a 218 00:13:59,220 --> 00:14:03,520 Speaker 1: marriage with Maximilian I of Austria. He was 18 years 219 00:14:03,640 --> 00:14:06,340 Speaker 1: older than she was, and his wife Mary of Burgundy 220 00:14:06,380 --> 00:14:09,360 Speaker 1: had died a few years earlier after being seriously injured, 221 00:14:10,059 --> 00:14:12,780 Speaker 1: also in a fall from a horse. Since he was 222 00:14:12,860 --> 00:14:15,800 Speaker 1: away on a military campaign, he could not come to 223 00:14:15,840 --> 00:14:18,340 Speaker 1: Brittany to marry Anne, and it was not feasible for 224 00:14:18,420 --> 00:14:21,280 Speaker 1: her to try to go to him, so they were 225 00:14:21,300 --> 00:14:26,540 Speaker 1: married by proxy on December 19th of 1490. Polen, Count 226 00:14:26,590 --> 00:14:30,330 Speaker 1: of Nassau, who was described as Maximilian's favorite, traveled to 227 00:14:30,370 --> 00:14:33,070 Speaker 1: Brittany to stand in for him at a wedding ceremony 228 00:14:33,490 --> 00:14:38,010 Speaker 1: at Rennes Cathedral. Then he symbolically consummated the marriage by 229 00:14:38,070 --> 00:14:41,210 Speaker 1: putting his uncovered knee on a bed that Anne was 230 00:14:41,290 --> 00:14:45,840 Speaker 1: lying in. This was witnessed by Maximilian's envoys and members 231 00:14:45,880 --> 00:14:49,970 Speaker 1: of Anne's household. While Anne meant for this marriage to 232 00:14:50,030 --> 00:14:53,550 Speaker 1: protect Brittany from France, it had the opposite effect from 233 00:14:53,610 --> 00:14:58,520 Speaker 1: within her purported allies. Alain Delbray claimed that her late 234 00:14:58,620 --> 00:15:02,420 Speaker 1: father had promised him her hand in marriage, and he 235 00:15:02,480 --> 00:15:05,920 Speaker 1: said that she had agreed to that marriage. Anne countered 236 00:15:05,980 --> 00:15:07,940 Speaker 1: that if she had done such a thing, it was 237 00:15:08,000 --> 00:15:10,400 Speaker 1: because her father had told her to and that she 238 00:15:10,470 --> 00:15:14,230 Speaker 1: had only been 10 years old at the time. Alain 239 00:15:14,300 --> 00:15:18,890 Speaker 1: was outraged at her refusal, and in retaliation, he turned 240 00:15:18,910 --> 00:15:22,290 Speaker 1: the castle at Nantes over to the French, apparently in 241 00:15:22,350 --> 00:15:25,990 Speaker 1: exchange for a promise that Charles would help him have 242 00:15:26,050 --> 00:15:30,510 Speaker 1: this proxy marriage annulled and then support his claim to 243 00:15:30,610 --> 00:15:34,740 Speaker 1: getting married to Anne himself. Although the marriage between Anne 244 00:15:34,800 --> 00:15:37,739 Speaker 1: and Maximilian had been negotiated in secret, it, of course, 245 00:15:37,800 --> 00:15:40,860 Speaker 1: did not remain secret for long. And when Charles VIII 246 00:15:40,920 --> 00:15:43,700 Speaker 1: learned about it, he saw it as a serious threat. 247 00:15:44,500 --> 00:15:47,970 Speaker 1: Not only had Anne violated Brittany's treaty with France by 248 00:15:48,000 --> 00:15:51,550 Speaker 1: getting married without his approval, but the marriage had united 249 00:15:51,690 --> 00:15:56,130 Speaker 1: Brittany and the Habsburgs, who were enemies of France. That's 250 00:15:56,170 --> 00:16:00,730 Speaker 1: another whole huge story that went on for a very 251 00:16:00,770 --> 00:16:05,800 Speaker 1: long time. Fighting had continued along the border between Brittany 252 00:16:05,900 --> 00:16:08,300 Speaker 1: and France after the end of the Mad War, and 253 00:16:08,370 --> 00:16:13,150 Speaker 1: it escalated after Charles learned of Anne's marriage. Charles arrived 254 00:16:13,310 --> 00:16:17,790 Speaker 1: in Nantes with an entourage in 1491, holding court there 255 00:16:17,870 --> 00:16:20,630 Speaker 1: and trying to win the support of the local Bretons. 256 00:16:21,590 --> 00:16:24,670 Speaker 1: He also lay siege to the capital of Rennes, where 257 00:16:24,910 --> 00:16:26,890 Speaker 1: Anne was, and he offered her 120,000 crowns for the duchy. 258 00:16:29,750 --> 00:16:32,620 Speaker 1: The siege of Rennes lasted for about two months until 259 00:16:32,640 --> 00:16:36,620 Speaker 1: the estates of Brittany recommended that Anne marry Charles to 260 00:16:36,640 --> 00:16:39,620 Speaker 1: bring an end to the war. By this point, her 261 00:16:39,740 --> 00:16:41,980 Speaker 1: army was mostly made up of troops that had been 262 00:16:42,020 --> 00:16:45,700 Speaker 1: sent by England and Spain, along with archers provided by 263 00:16:45,760 --> 00:16:50,240 Speaker 1: her husband, Maximilian. But Maximilian's focus was really elsewhere, and 264 00:16:50,280 --> 00:16:52,700 Speaker 1: he didn't put a lot of effort into defending his 265 00:16:52,740 --> 00:16:56,230 Speaker 1: marriage to Anne. Anne felt that she had no other 266 00:16:56,280 --> 00:16:58,900 Speaker 1: choice and that ending the war with France was would 267 00:16:58,960 --> 00:17:02,340 Speaker 1: be in the best interest of Brittany. She and Charles 268 00:17:02,380 --> 00:17:06,820 Speaker 1: were married on December 6th, 1491, and Pope Innocent VIII 269 00:17:06,920 --> 00:17:11,030 Speaker 1: annulled her marriage to Maximilian early the following year. There 270 00:17:11,050 --> 00:17:15,890 Speaker 1: was also another marriage entanglement to deal with because Charles 271 00:17:15,970 --> 00:17:21,170 Speaker 1: had been betrothed to Margaret of Austria, daughter of Maximilian I, 272 00:17:21,609 --> 00:17:23,950 Speaker 1: under the Treaty of Arras, which had ended the War 273 00:17:24,010 --> 00:17:28,840 Speaker 1: of the Burgundian Succession in 1482. Very broadly speaking, this 274 00:17:28,920 --> 00:17:30,919 Speaker 1: was a war between the House of Habsburg and the 275 00:17:30,960 --> 00:17:35,060 Speaker 1: House of Valois, or between Maximilian and King Louis XI 276 00:17:35,119 --> 00:17:39,540 Speaker 1: and their various allies, part of this whole dispute between 277 00:17:39,560 --> 00:17:43,020 Speaker 1: the Habsburgs and the French that was big and complicated 278 00:17:43,060 --> 00:17:46,240 Speaker 1: and long. This treaty was signed when Charles was only 279 00:17:46,240 --> 00:17:50,160 Speaker 1: 12 and Margaret was only two. And then afterward, Margaret 280 00:17:50,200 --> 00:17:53,929 Speaker 1: had been sent to live in the French court. Breaking 281 00:17:54,090 --> 00:17:57,369 Speaker 1: this betrothal meant that lands that had been part of 282 00:17:57,490 --> 00:18:01,710 Speaker 1: Margaret's dowry, which France had already taken control of, had 283 00:18:01,750 --> 00:18:05,430 Speaker 1: to be renegotiated. But it seems like, in spite of 284 00:18:05,470 --> 00:18:09,630 Speaker 1: all of this, Anne and Margaret had a cordial relationship afterward. 285 00:18:10,369 --> 00:18:12,570 Speaker 1: The wedding of Charles and Anne took place at the 286 00:18:12,630 --> 00:18:15,750 Speaker 1: Chateau de Langeais on the Loire River, on the French 287 00:18:15,810 --> 00:18:20,010 Speaker 1: side of the border with Brittany. Anne left Wren in secret, 288 00:18:20,130 --> 00:18:23,199 Speaker 1: taking only a few travel companions with her, but she 289 00:18:23,240 --> 00:18:27,419 Speaker 1: managed to procure a luxurious wardrobe befitting someone who was 290 00:18:27,460 --> 00:18:31,030 Speaker 1: about to become Queen of France. It is not clear 291 00:18:31,090 --> 00:18:33,830 Speaker 1: how she did this, how she acquired these garments, or 292 00:18:33,850 --> 00:18:36,930 Speaker 1: how she paid for any of it. Yeah, it's not 293 00:18:36,950 --> 00:18:39,070 Speaker 1: like there was just a little store she could stop 294 00:18:39,170 --> 00:18:41,609 Speaker 1: at on the way. Right, normally you would have a 295 00:18:41,690 --> 00:18:45,630 Speaker 1: team of people making that gown. Yeah, yeah. Unclear, though, 296 00:18:45,930 --> 00:18:50,880 Speaker 1: but reportedly it did happen. On February 8th, 1492, Anne 297 00:18:50,940 --> 00:18:55,060 Speaker 1: was crowned Queen of France at the age of 15. 298 00:18:55,060 --> 00:18:58,960 Speaker 1: The crown was reportedly too big and heavy for her 299 00:18:58,980 --> 00:19:02,140 Speaker 1: 15-year-old head, so Louis of Orléans held it over her. 300 00:19:03,290 --> 00:19:06,530 Speaker 1: She had no role in the actual governing of France, 301 00:19:06,690 --> 00:19:09,449 Speaker 1: and Charles also didn't allow her to have a public 302 00:19:09,510 --> 00:19:12,659 Speaker 1: role in the governing of Brittany. She may have been 303 00:19:12,680 --> 00:19:14,840 Speaker 1: able to talk to him about things behind the scenes, 304 00:19:14,900 --> 00:19:17,959 Speaker 1: but she wasn't able to do anything publicly involving Brittany 305 00:19:18,030 --> 00:19:22,389 Speaker 1: at all. Under her marriage contract with Charles, though, if 306 00:19:22,510 --> 00:19:26,590 Speaker 1: he died without a male heir, the Duchy of Brittany 307 00:19:26,690 --> 00:19:30,270 Speaker 1: would return to her. Anne and Charles had a son, 308 00:19:30,450 --> 00:19:36,600 Speaker 1: Charles Orlon, on October 11th, 1492. Anne was extremely worried 309 00:19:36,630 --> 00:19:38,659 Speaker 1: for the baby's health from the time of his birth 310 00:19:38,940 --> 00:19:42,590 Speaker 1: and left detailed instructions about his care any time that 311 00:19:42,650 --> 00:19:46,280 Speaker 1: she and Charles traveled together. But he died on December 6, 1495, 312 00:19:46,280 --> 00:19:51,149 Speaker 1: at the age of three. A smallpox outbreak was winding 313 00:19:51,210 --> 00:19:54,230 Speaker 1: down around that time, although some sources say that he 314 00:19:54,270 --> 00:19:58,129 Speaker 1: died of measles. But Anne really lost her trust in 315 00:19:58,170 --> 00:20:03,300 Speaker 1: doctors after this. Charles was described in terms like having 316 00:20:03,340 --> 00:20:07,520 Speaker 1: a feeble constitution, and the doctors were worried about the 317 00:20:07,619 --> 00:20:11,609 Speaker 1: effects of mourning on his health. They advised the court 318 00:20:11,670 --> 00:20:16,369 Speaker 1: to arrange amusements and distractions for him. Louis of Orléans 319 00:20:16,490 --> 00:20:20,730 Speaker 1: arranged a masquerade ball, which his behavior was so over 320 00:20:20,770 --> 00:20:24,900 Speaker 1: the top that Anne interpreted it as celebrating her son's 321 00:20:24,980 --> 00:20:28,040 Speaker 1: death because Louis was next in line for the throne 322 00:20:28,140 --> 00:20:31,340 Speaker 1: if Charles did not have an heir. So Louis was 323 00:20:31,380 --> 00:20:34,280 Speaker 1: sent away to Italy, which was at war with France 324 00:20:34,340 --> 00:20:38,159 Speaker 1: at the time, because Charles had decided to try to 325 00:20:38,220 --> 00:20:42,190 Speaker 1: conquer it Italy was not a unified country at this point. 326 00:20:42,230 --> 00:20:46,990 Speaker 1: There were the papal states and all kinds of Italian principalities, 327 00:20:47,070 --> 00:20:52,450 Speaker 1: but it was, broadly speaking, Italy. Anne and Charles had 328 00:20:52,590 --> 00:20:55,800 Speaker 1: two other sons and a daughter, and unfortunately they all 329 00:20:55,840 --> 00:21:01,020 Speaker 1: died in infancy. Then on April 7th, 1498, Charles also 330 00:21:01,080 --> 00:21:04,520 Speaker 1: died at the age of 27. He was one of 331 00:21:04,660 --> 00:21:08,760 Speaker 1: multiple royals whose deaths have been tied to tennis. He 332 00:21:08,780 --> 00:21:11,460 Speaker 1: had been increasingly unwell in the days leading up to 333 00:21:11,520 --> 00:21:14,640 Speaker 1: his death, and that day, he accompanied Anne to watch 334 00:21:14,700 --> 00:21:17,840 Speaker 1: a tennis match. On the way into the tennis court, 335 00:21:18,080 --> 00:21:21,180 Speaker 1: he hit his head on a low beam. The men 336 00:21:21,200 --> 00:21:23,619 Speaker 1: around him kept him from falling all the way to 337 00:21:23,640 --> 00:21:26,980 Speaker 1: the ground, and they escorted him to his seat, but afterward, 338 00:21:27,400 --> 00:21:31,280 Speaker 1: he suddenly collapsed and he never regained consciousness. Yeah, of course, 339 00:21:31,320 --> 00:21:36,590 Speaker 1: there's debate about what the actual cause of his death was. Regardless, 340 00:21:36,910 --> 00:21:41,600 Speaker 1: Anne was grief-stricken after Charles's death. She stayed locked in 341 00:21:41,640 --> 00:21:45,580 Speaker 1: her room for two days, weeping. But then she signed 342 00:21:45,600 --> 00:21:51,230 Speaker 1: a decree reestablishing herself as Duchess of Brittany. She summoned 343 00:21:51,270 --> 00:21:55,330 Speaker 1: Louis of Orléans, now King Louis XII, back to court 344 00:21:55,390 --> 00:21:58,970 Speaker 1: and asked him to arrange a large state funeral for Charles, 345 00:21:59,030 --> 00:22:03,470 Speaker 1: which he did. He also agreed to remove French troops 346 00:22:03,630 --> 00:22:06,650 Speaker 1: from Brittany, and she made her arrangements to go back there. 347 00:22:07,390 --> 00:22:10,109 Speaker 1: And we'll talk about what happened next after we pause 348 00:22:10,130 --> 00:22:23,110 Speaker 1: for a sponsor break. When Charles VIII died, Anne was 349 00:22:23,250 --> 00:22:26,270 Speaker 1: widowed at the age of 21, but she did not 350 00:22:26,330 --> 00:22:30,230 Speaker 1: remain unmarried for long. Under that marriage agreement with Charles, 351 00:22:30,490 --> 00:22:33,770 Speaker 1: if he died without a male heir, in addition to 352 00:22:33,810 --> 00:22:36,390 Speaker 1: the fact that Brittany would return to her, she would 353 00:22:36,450 --> 00:22:40,020 Speaker 1: marry his successor. That successor was, of course, Louis XII. 354 00:22:41,020 --> 00:22:44,080 Speaker 1: As we've mentioned a couple of times, though, Louis was 355 00:22:44,420 --> 00:22:48,570 Speaker 1: already married. He had been forced to marry Jeanne de 356 00:22:48,590 --> 00:22:53,649 Speaker 1: Valois in 1476 when he was 14 and she was 12. 357 00:22:53,650 --> 00:22:57,010 Speaker 1: Anne and Louis seemed to have genuinely loved each other, 358 00:22:57,270 --> 00:23:00,990 Speaker 1: but Anne also agreed to this marriage only if the 359 00:23:01,119 --> 00:23:06,179 Speaker 1: Pope annulled his existing marriage within a year. It is 360 00:23:06,320 --> 00:23:09,240 Speaker 1: possible that she was hoping this annulment would not come 361 00:23:09,320 --> 00:23:11,640 Speaker 1: through in time and she wouldn't have to get married, 362 00:23:12,400 --> 00:23:15,260 Speaker 1: but it did. She married King Louis XII in the 363 00:23:15,380 --> 00:23:21,040 Speaker 1: castle at Nantes in Brittany on January 8, 1499. While 364 00:23:21,100 --> 00:23:25,080 Speaker 1: Pope Alexander VI did agree to annul this marriage, there 365 00:23:25,119 --> 00:23:28,399 Speaker 1: was also some acrimonious back and forth between Louis and 366 00:23:28,520 --> 00:23:31,419 Speaker 1: Jeanne about it. Louis claimed that the marriage should be 367 00:23:31,460 --> 00:23:34,020 Speaker 1: annulled because it had never been consummated due to a 368 00:23:34,080 --> 00:23:39,120 Speaker 1: physical disability that Jeanne had. Jeanne countered with witness testimony 369 00:23:39,180 --> 00:23:42,869 Speaker 1: that said Louis had bragged to them about their sex life. 370 00:23:43,660 --> 00:23:46,520 Speaker 1: This is like the worst divorce story ever. It's really bad. 371 00:23:46,920 --> 00:23:51,050 Speaker 1: Then Louis claimed that he had been bewitched, which I 372 00:23:51,310 --> 00:23:55,710 Speaker 1: could see a number of people trying. Ultimately, Jeanne was 373 00:23:55,750 --> 00:23:58,330 Speaker 1: given an income and she went to Bourges where she 374 00:23:58,390 --> 00:24:01,880 Speaker 1: founded the Order of the Annunciation of the Blessed Virgin Mary. 375 00:24:02,580 --> 00:24:07,330 Speaker 1: She died in 1505 and she was canonized in 1950. 376 00:24:07,330 --> 00:24:11,210 Speaker 1: Although Anne's marriage to Louis had come about through her 377 00:24:11,330 --> 00:24:14,690 Speaker 1: agreement with Charles, she was in a much stronger bargaining 378 00:24:14,730 --> 00:24:18,470 Speaker 1: position than she had been in 1491 when she was 379 00:24:18,670 --> 00:24:22,900 Speaker 1: in a city that was besieged by Charles's army. Under 380 00:24:22,960 --> 00:24:26,119 Speaker 1: her agreement with Louis, on her death, the Duchy of 381 00:24:26,200 --> 00:24:29,360 Speaker 1: Brittany would go either to their second son or their 382 00:24:29,500 --> 00:24:33,359 Speaker 1: oldest daughter. If they did not have a second son 383 00:24:33,460 --> 00:24:36,440 Speaker 1: or a daughter, it would follow the line of succession 384 00:24:36,520 --> 00:24:40,480 Speaker 1: for her heirs. So Brittany, under this marriage agreement, would 385 00:24:40,550 --> 00:24:44,449 Speaker 1: remain as its own duchy rather than just being absorbed 386 00:24:44,570 --> 00:24:48,709 Speaker 1: into France. She was also allowed a lot more power 387 00:24:48,830 --> 00:24:52,710 Speaker 1: over Brittany than she'd had when Charles was alive. Anne 388 00:24:52,950 --> 00:24:55,590 Speaker 1: spent the rest of her life trying to protect Brittany's 389 00:24:55,690 --> 00:24:59,780 Speaker 1: status as an independent duchy. She was also a patron 390 00:24:59,859 --> 00:25:02,820 Speaker 1: of the arts and literature. She was known for her 391 00:25:02,880 --> 00:25:06,830 Speaker 1: religious piety, and she commissioned multiple books of hours. Those 392 00:25:06,869 --> 00:25:10,210 Speaker 1: are illuminated prayer books. One of these is known as 393 00:25:10,270 --> 00:25:13,190 Speaker 1: the Grand Hours of Anne of Brittany and was illuminated 394 00:25:13,270 --> 00:25:17,830 Speaker 1: by French painter Jean Borduchon. It's in the Bibliothèque Nationale 395 00:25:17,869 --> 00:25:22,450 Speaker 1: de France. Helen J. Sanborn, who wrote a biography of Anne, wrote, quote, 396 00:25:22,550 --> 00:25:25,320 Speaker 1: Not only is it one of the most perfect monuments 397 00:25:25,380 --> 00:25:27,860 Speaker 1: of French art at the end of the 15th century, 398 00:25:28,320 --> 00:25:31,160 Speaker 1: but it is also a striking proof of the delicate 399 00:25:31,240 --> 00:25:35,220 Speaker 1: taste of the Queen Duchess, who wisely chose skillful painters 400 00:25:35,600 --> 00:25:37,659 Speaker 1: for the execution of a book which she was to 401 00:25:37,859 --> 00:25:42,120 Speaker 1: use in her daily devotions. These commissions took place not 402 00:25:42,180 --> 00:25:44,320 Speaker 1: just during her marriage to Louis, they had been taking 403 00:25:44,380 --> 00:25:47,340 Speaker 1: place this whole time. As another example, there is a 404 00:25:47,359 --> 00:25:51,110 Speaker 1: book of hours illuminated by Jean Poyer, which she had 405 00:25:51,220 --> 00:25:54,790 Speaker 1: planned to use to teach her son Charles Orlan his catechism. 406 00:25:55,720 --> 00:25:59,970 Speaker 1: That one was purchased by John Pierpont Morgan in 1905 407 00:25:59,970 --> 00:26:02,570 Speaker 1: and is now in the collection at the Morgan Library. 408 00:26:02,590 --> 00:26:07,169 Speaker 1: Anne's art patronage also included sculptures for the tomb of 409 00:26:07,210 --> 00:26:11,770 Speaker 1: her parents at Nantes Cathedral. These include statues of both 410 00:26:11,810 --> 00:26:14,840 Speaker 1: of her parents lying on top of the sarcophagus with 411 00:26:14,880 --> 00:26:18,100 Speaker 1: a lion and a greyhound at their feet. There are 412 00:26:18,200 --> 00:26:24,139 Speaker 1: also life-sized allegorical statues of temperance, fortitude, prudence, and justice. 413 00:26:24,850 --> 00:26:27,449 Speaker 1: The Statue of Justice is believed to be based on 414 00:26:27,550 --> 00:26:32,420 Speaker 1: Anne's likeness. Anne also established her own court in France, 415 00:26:32,680 --> 00:26:35,000 Speaker 1: something that really wasn't typical at the time, and she 416 00:26:35,480 --> 00:26:38,659 Speaker 1: filled it with the daughters of noblemen who she provided 417 00:26:38,700 --> 00:26:42,540 Speaker 1: with an education. Her court became a place for nobles 418 00:26:42,619 --> 00:26:46,300 Speaker 1: and royals to look for brides who were educated and cultured. 419 00:26:47,040 --> 00:26:50,850 Speaker 1: Anne also really loved matchmaking and trying to secure the 420 00:26:50,970 --> 00:26:54,850 Speaker 1: best marriages for all of her ladies. She was also 421 00:26:55,090 --> 00:26:59,810 Speaker 1: very rules-oriented and strict, and she saw the obedience of 422 00:27:00,030 --> 00:27:02,810 Speaker 1: all of her ladies and their living up to her 423 00:27:02,930 --> 00:27:05,889 Speaker 1: very high standards as part of the trade-off for the 424 00:27:05,950 --> 00:27:09,800 Speaker 1: education they were receiving and the advantageous marriages that they 425 00:27:09,840 --> 00:27:14,639 Speaker 1: were making. She also established a chivalric order for women, 426 00:27:14,980 --> 00:27:18,159 Speaker 1: Dame de la Cordillere, and she doted on the children 427 00:27:18,180 --> 00:27:21,490 Speaker 1: of the court while also still being very exacting in 428 00:27:21,530 --> 00:27:26,419 Speaker 1: their discipline. On October 13th, 1499, Anne and Louis had 429 00:27:26,460 --> 00:27:30,780 Speaker 1: a daughter, Claude. Louis had continued the Italian campaigns that 430 00:27:30,820 --> 00:27:33,760 Speaker 1: Charles had started, and when Claude was a toddler, he 431 00:27:33,780 --> 00:27:37,399 Speaker 1: was injured and became very ill. Anne believed that he 432 00:27:37,440 --> 00:27:40,260 Speaker 1: was going to die and started trying to make arrangements 433 00:27:40,300 --> 00:27:43,740 Speaker 1: to return to Brittany and take Claude with her, including 434 00:27:43,869 --> 00:27:48,030 Speaker 1: arranging to send her possessions to Nantes. This led to 435 00:27:48,070 --> 00:27:51,290 Speaker 1: a huge confrontation with the commander of the castle, Peter 436 00:27:51,310 --> 00:27:55,540 Speaker 1: de Rohan, Marshal de Guillet, His priority was protecting Louise 437 00:27:55,600 --> 00:27:59,220 Speaker 1: of Savoy and her son, Francis of Angoulême, who had 438 00:27:59,240 --> 00:28:02,650 Speaker 1: been named Louis' heir and on keeping Claude from being 439 00:28:02,690 --> 00:28:06,369 Speaker 1: taken away. He stopped the shipment of Anne's possessions out 440 00:28:06,390 --> 00:28:10,490 Speaker 1: of the castle, and he prevented her from leaving. Anne 441 00:28:10,550 --> 00:28:14,730 Speaker 1: is described as being kind and caring, but also really 442 00:28:14,830 --> 00:28:17,490 Speaker 1: able to hold a grudge, and in this case, it 443 00:28:17,550 --> 00:28:20,889 Speaker 1: involved having him charged with treason, and for that, he 444 00:28:20,950 --> 00:28:24,310 Speaker 1: was exiled. Yeah, some of her early biographers are kind 445 00:28:24,330 --> 00:28:26,729 Speaker 1: of like, that Anne woman, what a shrew. She was 446 00:28:26,810 --> 00:28:29,060 Speaker 1: out of her mind with this whole situation when it 447 00:28:29,100 --> 00:28:32,260 Speaker 1: really seems like she thought her husband was going to 448 00:28:32,300 --> 00:28:35,440 Speaker 1: die and she was looking after her own best interests 449 00:28:35,520 --> 00:28:38,000 Speaker 1: and that of her child. Anne of Brittany is the 450 00:28:38,040 --> 00:28:40,560 Speaker 1: definition of, like, the origin point of don't start none, 451 00:28:40,600 --> 00:28:46,810 Speaker 1: won't be none. On November 18th, 1504, Anne was crowned 452 00:28:46,950 --> 00:28:50,010 Speaker 1: Queen of France for the second time, making her the 453 00:28:50,150 --> 00:28:54,459 Speaker 1: only person to be crowned Queen of France twice. Her 454 00:28:54,620 --> 00:28:59,080 Speaker 1: formal coronation had been delayed because of France's ongoing war 455 00:28:59,100 --> 00:29:02,120 Speaker 1: with Italy and then her husband's serious illness that had 456 00:29:02,280 --> 00:29:05,140 Speaker 1: led her to think he was going to die. The 457 00:29:05,200 --> 00:29:08,310 Speaker 1: following year, she took a tour of Brittany for several months. 458 00:29:09,330 --> 00:29:14,970 Speaker 1: In 1506, her daughter, Claude, was betrothed to Francis of 459 00:29:15,210 --> 00:29:18,930 Speaker 1: Angoulême when she was five and he was 12. This 460 00:29:19,010 --> 00:29:22,580 Speaker 1: betrothal was one of the few really serious arguments that 461 00:29:22,740 --> 00:29:26,580 Speaker 1: Anne had with Louis. She wanted Claude to marry Charles 462 00:29:26,640 --> 00:29:30,080 Speaker 1: of Austria and had negotiated an agreement with the Archduke 463 00:29:30,100 --> 00:29:33,880 Speaker 1: of Austria to this end in 1501, so when Claude 464 00:29:33,900 --> 00:29:37,800 Speaker 1: was born, essentially. Anne thought that a marriage between Claude 465 00:29:37,840 --> 00:29:41,180 Speaker 1: and the Habsburg would secure autonomy for them. Brittany, while 466 00:29:41,220 --> 00:29:43,940 Speaker 1: a marriage into the French royal family would guarantee that 467 00:29:44,000 --> 00:29:48,920 Speaker 1: Brittany would be subsumed into France. After Louis disregarded this 468 00:29:48,960 --> 00:29:53,320 Speaker 1: arrangement and approved a betrothal to Francis, Anne was furious 469 00:29:53,660 --> 00:29:57,240 Speaker 1: and went back to Brittany, and Louis became increasingly angry 470 00:29:57,380 --> 00:30:01,930 Speaker 1: over her refusal to return. Another disagreement, although not as 471 00:30:02,050 --> 00:30:06,790 Speaker 1: major in terms of their marriage, was Louis' ongoing military 472 00:30:06,930 --> 00:30:10,050 Speaker 1: efforts in Italy, which at this point were raising the 473 00:30:10,270 --> 00:30:14,320 Speaker 1: ire of the Pope. Anne's feelings on this were interconnected 474 00:30:14,380 --> 00:30:18,580 Speaker 1: with her religious piety, especially when the Pope started threatening 475 00:30:18,660 --> 00:30:23,990 Speaker 1: to excommunicate her husband. On October 25th, 1510, Anne gave 476 00:30:24,030 --> 00:30:28,020 Speaker 1: birth to another daughter, Renée. She was pregnant several other 477 00:30:28,080 --> 00:30:31,080 Speaker 1: times during her marriage to Louis, but these pregnancies all 478 00:30:31,180 --> 00:30:35,700 Speaker 1: ended in losses and stillbirths. Anne became very ill after 479 00:30:35,740 --> 00:30:38,860 Speaker 1: Renée' s birth, and she was not expected to survive, and 480 00:30:38,900 --> 00:30:43,880 Speaker 1: she really never fully recovered. Meanwhile, France was still at war. 481 00:30:43,900 --> 00:30:48,190 Speaker 1: This was part of the Italian Wars. Kind of an 482 00:30:48,350 --> 00:30:52,350 Speaker 1: obvious name. The Italian Wars spanned more than 60 years, 483 00:30:52,930 --> 00:30:57,850 Speaker 1: starting back when Charles VIII had invaded Italy in 1494. 484 00:30:57,850 --> 00:31:01,090 Speaker 1: These wars were really sprawling and complicated, and the list 485 00:31:01,190 --> 00:31:05,350 Speaker 1: of belligerents evolved over time. It would probably take a 486 00:31:05,470 --> 00:31:10,100 Speaker 1: whole podcast series to explain all of the Italian Wars. 487 00:31:10,470 --> 00:31:15,340 Speaker 1: But in 1512, England had gotten involved in one component 488 00:31:15,480 --> 00:31:17,950 Speaker 1: of it, which was known as the War of the 489 00:31:18,010 --> 00:31:22,680 Speaker 1: League of Cambrai. In addition to commissioning art and literature, 490 00:31:23,180 --> 00:31:27,660 Speaker 1: Anne had also commissioned warships to protect the coast of Brittany. 491 00:31:28,380 --> 00:31:33,590 Speaker 1: During this war, her flagship, La Cordillère, fought against English 492 00:31:33,640 --> 00:31:36,750 Speaker 1: King Henry VIII's ship, the Regent, at the Battle of 493 00:31:36,850 --> 00:31:41,270 Speaker 1: Saint-Mathieu on August 10th, 1512. And in that battle, both 494 00:31:41,310 --> 00:31:45,070 Speaker 1: of those ships caught fire and sank. In December of 495 00:31:45,110 --> 00:31:47,950 Speaker 1: the following year, Anne became very ill with what is 496 00:31:48,020 --> 00:31:52,400 Speaker 1: described as stone. And the term stone could describe the 497 00:31:52,440 --> 00:31:56,580 Speaker 1: formation of stones in a number of internal organs. In 498 00:31:56,660 --> 00:32:00,100 Speaker 1: Anne's case, this was probably her kidneys, and she was 499 00:32:00,180 --> 00:32:05,880 Speaker 1: in acute pain. She died in Blois, France on January 9, 1514, 500 00:32:05,880 --> 00:32:10,420 Speaker 1: at the age of 37. In the words of Helen J. Sanborn, quote, 501 00:32:10,720 --> 00:32:13,760 Speaker 1: Anne's life of 37 years is can be called short 502 00:32:13,960 --> 00:32:18,000 Speaker 1: only when measured by time. Its activities might have filled 503 00:32:18,040 --> 00:32:20,940 Speaker 1: the long lives of two or three and left no 504 00:32:21,000 --> 00:32:26,170 Speaker 1: leisure for ennui or idleness. After Anne died, surgeons and 505 00:32:26,210 --> 00:32:32,030 Speaker 1: apothecaries embalmed her body in preparation for extremely long funeral services. 506 00:32:32,710 --> 00:32:36,040 Speaker 1: They went on for more than 40 days, with multiple 507 00:32:36,080 --> 00:32:39,340 Speaker 1: high masses held every day in Blois for more than 508 00:32:39,520 --> 00:32:42,900 Speaker 1: two weeks. Her body was taken to Paris in a 509 00:32:42,940 --> 00:32:47,540 Speaker 1: procession with princes and princesses riding mules draped in velvet 510 00:32:48,020 --> 00:32:50,960 Speaker 1: and all of her ladies and maids of honor on horseback. 511 00:32:51,920 --> 00:32:54,900 Speaker 1: She was laid to rest in the Basilica of Saint-Denis, 512 00:32:55,370 --> 00:32:58,390 Speaker 1: which was the site of both of her coronations as 513 00:32:58,490 --> 00:33:02,790 Speaker 1: Queen of France. Her lengthy and elaborate funeral became a 514 00:33:02,890 --> 00:33:07,390 Speaker 1: model for those of later European monarchs. Anne's heart was 515 00:33:07,470 --> 00:33:10,660 Speaker 1: removed from her body and placed in a reliquary. and 516 00:33:10,700 --> 00:33:13,760 Speaker 1: that was sent to Nantes, where her parents were both entombed. 517 00:33:14,540 --> 00:33:17,940 Speaker 1: Its inscription described her heart as grander than any lady 518 00:33:18,020 --> 00:33:24,110 Speaker 1: in the world, generous and good. On May 18, 1514, 519 00:33:24,110 --> 00:33:29,970 Speaker 1: Anne's 13-year-old daughter, Claude, married Francis d'Angoulême. On October 9 520 00:33:29,970 --> 00:33:34,070 Speaker 1: of that year, her husband, Louis XII, married Mary Tudor. 521 00:33:34,810 --> 00:33:39,930 Speaker 1: Then he died on January 1, 1515. Francis d'Angoulême was 522 00:33:40,010 --> 00:33:43,230 Speaker 1: crowned as King Francis I on what would have been 523 00:33:43,470 --> 00:33:48,260 Speaker 1: Anne's 38th birthday. Since her oldest daughter had been betrothed 524 00:33:48,300 --> 00:33:51,680 Speaker 1: to the future King of France, Anne had left instructions 525 00:33:51,760 --> 00:33:54,640 Speaker 1: for Brittany to be left to her younger daughter, Renée. 526 00:33:55,540 --> 00:34:00,000 Speaker 1: But King Francis did not follow these instructions. In 1528, 527 00:34:00,000 --> 00:34:03,540 Speaker 1: Renée was married to Hercule II, Duke of Ferrara, and 528 00:34:03,560 --> 00:34:07,969 Speaker 1: in 1532, King Francis invited the Duchy of Brittany- to 529 00:34:08,090 --> 00:34:13,390 Speaker 1: formally become part of France, which the Estates of Brittany approved. 530 00:34:14,110 --> 00:34:18,189 Speaker 1: In 1792, during the French Revolution, the reliquary containing Anne's 531 00:34:18,270 --> 00:34:22,650 Speaker 1: heart was ordered to be melted down. By that point, 532 00:34:23,010 --> 00:34:26,549 Speaker 1: the reliquary was empty. Either the heart had previously been 533 00:34:26,630 --> 00:34:30,410 Speaker 1: removed or it had just disintegrated over the centuries. But 534 00:34:30,489 --> 00:34:34,150 Speaker 1: somebody hid the reliquary in the Bibliothèque Nationale, and it 535 00:34:34,190 --> 00:34:37,839 Speaker 1: was returned to Nantes in 1819. It is there now 536 00:34:37,960 --> 00:34:41,440 Speaker 1: in a museum. It was stolen from that museum and 537 00:34:41,460 --> 00:34:45,799 Speaker 1: then recovered in 2018. So we're going to end on 538 00:34:45,840 --> 00:34:48,570 Speaker 1: the unicorn tapestries, which Tracy mentioned at the top of 539 00:34:48,610 --> 00:34:52,049 Speaker 1: the show. The tapestries were given to the Met by 540 00:34:52,110 --> 00:34:57,189 Speaker 1: John D. Rockefeller Jr. in 1937. At the time, James J. 541 00:34:57,270 --> 00:35:00,430 Speaker 1: Rorimer was curator at the Cloisters, and he would later 542 00:35:00,510 --> 00:35:03,860 Speaker 1: become director of the Met. He proposed that the tapestries 543 00:35:03,900 --> 00:35:06,430 Speaker 1: were commissioned to commemorate Anne's marriage to King Louis XII, 544 00:35:07,290 --> 00:35:12,350 Speaker 1: in the Metropolitan Museum of Art Bulletin in 1942. In 545 00:35:12,450 --> 00:35:18,009 Speaker 1: the tapestries, the letter A appears alongside a backward E repeatedly, 546 00:35:18,820 --> 00:35:22,420 Speaker 1: and Rorimer interpreted this as being the first and last 547 00:35:22,520 --> 00:35:27,320 Speaker 1: letters of Anne's name. The tapestries also use cordillere, or 548 00:35:27,440 --> 00:35:32,640 Speaker 1: twisted cords, in the initials and elsewhere. The cordillere was 549 00:35:32,680 --> 00:35:36,460 Speaker 1: an important symbol to Anne. She named her chivalric order 550 00:35:36,560 --> 00:35:40,940 Speaker 1: Dame de la Cordillere. Her flagship was also called la Cordillere. 551 00:35:41,140 --> 00:35:46,560 Speaker 1: And then she also used cordillere in all of her clothing, emblems, decorations, 552 00:35:46,660 --> 00:35:49,750 Speaker 1: just all over the place. There's also a woman depicted 553 00:35:49,770 --> 00:35:52,969 Speaker 1: in some of the tapestries who resembles some known depictions 554 00:35:53,130 --> 00:35:56,810 Speaker 1: of Anne. All of this is interesting, but there's not 555 00:35:56,870 --> 00:36:01,049 Speaker 1: actually definitive proof of who commissioned these tapestries or for whom. 556 00:36:02,480 --> 00:36:06,060 Speaker 1: But that is Anne of Brittany. Do you have listener mail? 557 00:36:06,580 --> 00:36:11,719 Speaker 1: I do have listener mail. This listener mail is from Rosemary, 558 00:36:11,800 --> 00:36:15,520 Speaker 1: who wrote after our recent installment of Unearthed. We read 559 00:36:15,560 --> 00:36:20,810 Speaker 1: about a study that had been about the pre-modern diets 560 00:36:21,210 --> 00:36:25,330 Speaker 1: of people in Osaka, Japan. And I said I had 561 00:36:25,390 --> 00:36:28,710 Speaker 1: been trying to figure out what exact years were meant 562 00:36:28,750 --> 00:36:32,060 Speaker 1: by pre-modern Osaka, Japan diet. because that wasn't in the 563 00:36:32,160 --> 00:36:34,870 Speaker 1: abstract or the news reporting. And here is the very 564 00:36:34,969 --> 00:36:38,470 Speaker 1: helpful email that I got from Rosemary. Rosemary says, Hi, 565 00:36:38,610 --> 00:36:41,779 Speaker 1: Holly and Tracy. I just finished listening to The Unearthed 566 00:36:42,280 --> 00:36:44,940 Speaker 1: and wanted to follow up on the Osaka Diet excerpt. 567 00:36:45,360 --> 00:36:47,880 Speaker 1: It looks like they were talking about the Edo period, 568 00:36:48,020 --> 00:36:49,500 Speaker 1: which was from 1603 to 1868. And then there's a 569 00:36:49,500 --> 00:36:54,380 Speaker 1: link to the actual paper. Thank you for all the 570 00:36:54,420 --> 00:36:56,700 Speaker 1: work that you do. I recently started my master's degree 571 00:36:56,739 --> 00:36:59,670 Speaker 1: while working full-time, and it's given me deeper appreciation for 572 00:36:59,710 --> 00:37:02,290 Speaker 1: all the research you do on each topic. It's hard 573 00:37:02,390 --> 00:37:06,730 Speaker 1: balancing work and research, so I completely empathize with writing something, 574 00:37:07,310 --> 00:37:10,870 Speaker 1: taking a break, then completely forgetting that you wrote that down. 575 00:37:12,170 --> 00:37:15,610 Speaker 1: Attached are my three cats, Fry, Black Cat, Dr. Pants, Tuxy, 576 00:37:15,750 --> 00:37:19,210 Speaker 1: and my forever kitten, Tina, my gray baby girl. Yes, 577 00:37:19,250 --> 00:37:22,230 Speaker 1: they all have TV character names. Dr. Pants might be 578 00:37:22,270 --> 00:37:24,989 Speaker 1: a deep cut for some listeners, but it's a home 579 00:37:25,030 --> 00:37:28,230 Speaker 1: movies reference, specifically the episode. I think it's, my name 580 00:37:28,270 --> 00:37:31,799 Speaker 1: is Mr. Pants. I'm the kitty cat man. Yeah. Oh, 581 00:37:31,860 --> 00:37:33,900 Speaker 1: I know Mr. Pants. I was like, this is not 582 00:37:33,920 --> 00:37:36,140 Speaker 1: going to be a deep cut for Holly in any 583 00:37:36,180 --> 00:37:38,480 Speaker 1: way at all. It's really Dwayne, but we all know 584 00:37:38,500 --> 00:37:42,620 Speaker 1: this is for me and Rosemary alone. Holly and Rosemary 585 00:37:42,660 --> 00:37:47,450 Speaker 1: can share a moment about home movies, specifically the episode history. 586 00:37:47,710 --> 00:37:50,959 Speaker 1: The best show maybe of all time. Rosemary also sent 587 00:37:51,140 --> 00:37:53,940 Speaker 1: some episode suggestions. I was going to send a note 588 00:37:53,960 --> 00:37:56,660 Speaker 1: back to Rosemary because some of these are either not 589 00:37:56,680 --> 00:37:59,459 Speaker 1: exactly ones that we've done, but ones that we talk 590 00:37:59,520 --> 00:38:01,440 Speaker 1: about a lot in things that we've already done. But 591 00:38:01,480 --> 00:38:05,230 Speaker 1: I haven't sent that reply. Maybe I will before this 592 00:38:05,310 --> 00:38:08,589 Speaker 1: episode comes out. And then, of course, we have the 593 00:38:08,630 --> 00:38:13,650 Speaker 1: alluded to adorable pet pictures. Oh, we have a black 594 00:38:13,690 --> 00:38:17,200 Speaker 1: cat doing a little pink tongue blep. Adorbs. It's always 595 00:38:17,239 --> 00:38:19,850 Speaker 1: my favorite. This is one of those things where these 596 00:38:19,890 --> 00:38:23,730 Speaker 1: have opened gigantic, and so I'm having to scroll around 597 00:38:23,770 --> 00:38:26,930 Speaker 1: to see the faces of the kitty cats. Oh, all 598 00:38:26,989 --> 00:38:30,140 Speaker 1: so cute. All of them, the cutest. Thank you so 599 00:38:30,180 --> 00:38:34,560 Speaker 1: much for these pictures, Rosemary, and for the paper. I 600 00:38:35,300 --> 00:38:37,880 Speaker 1: do have access to lots of ways to get papers, 601 00:38:38,700 --> 00:38:42,879 Speaker 1: but in Unearthed episodes specifically, often it is just not 602 00:38:42,920 --> 00:38:46,469 Speaker 1: feasible to use those resources for every single one of 603 00:38:46,489 --> 00:38:51,090 Speaker 1: them because there are, I usually have between 400 and 604 00:38:51,090 --> 00:38:56,169 Speaker 1: 500 bookmarked links when I start working on Earth. Not 605 00:38:56,250 --> 00:38:58,450 Speaker 1: that many things make it into the episodes, but that's 606 00:38:58,489 --> 00:39:02,450 Speaker 1: how many things I'm going through. So thank you again, Rosemary, 607 00:39:02,550 --> 00:39:05,690 Speaker 1: for that. If you would like to send us a note, 608 00:39:05,710 --> 00:39:09,790 Speaker 1: we're at historypodcasts at iheartradio.com. And if you would like 609 00:39:09,830 --> 00:39:14,819 Speaker 1: to see the show notes for this, All the resources 610 00:39:14,900 --> 00:39:17,740 Speaker 1: that we used for this episode, which in this case, 611 00:39:18,880 --> 00:39:22,120 Speaker 1: for today's episode, includes two different biographies that are both 612 00:39:22,160 --> 00:39:25,009 Speaker 1: in the public domain. You can look at that at 613 00:39:25,190 --> 00:39:29,370 Speaker 1: our website, which is MissedInHistory.com. You can also subscribe to 614 00:39:29,410 --> 00:39:21,609 Speaker 1: the show on iTunes. I Heart Radio is a production 615 00:39:21,630 --> 00:39:24,310 Speaker 1: of I Heart Radio. For more podcasts from I Heart Radio, 616 00:39:24,330 --> 00:39:26,290 Speaker 1: visit the I Heart Radio app, Apple Podcasts, or wherever 617 00:39:26,350 --> 00:39:28,370 Speaker 1: you listen to your favorite shows.