WEBVTT - We Love the Periodic Table 0:00:00.160 --> 0:00:04.440 Yeah, welcome to Stuff from the Science Lab from how 0:00:04.480 --> 0:00:16.160 stuff works dot com. Hey, guys, welcome to the podcast. 0:00:16.280 --> 0:00:18.560 This is Alison Leader Malcot, the science editor at how 0:00:18.600 --> 0:00:20.960 stuff works dot com. And this is Robert Lamb, science 0:00:21.040 --> 0:00:23.919 writer at how stuff works dot com. So, as you 0:00:23.960 --> 0:00:25.880 guys know, as you very well know, we are a 0:00:25.920 --> 0:00:28.960 science podcast, and as such, I really did think that 0:00:29.000 --> 0:00:31.640 we had to have a podcast that covered the periodic table, 0:00:32.040 --> 0:00:35.000 one of the awesomest pieces of paper to be put 0:00:35.000 --> 0:00:37.440 out there. Yeah. Maybe it covers a whole wall in 0:00:37.479 --> 0:00:39.720 your lab or in your room or at your office, 0:00:39.800 --> 0:00:43.080 but it's it's really kind of astounding all the information 0:00:43.400 --> 0:00:46.000 that is packed onto this one sheet of paper. Yeah, 0:00:46.040 --> 0:00:47.600 it's one of those things that kind of grew to 0:00:47.640 --> 0:00:50.519 appreciate because I was kind of bored by the periodic 0:00:50.520 --> 0:00:52.040 table when I was in school. It was kind of 0:00:52.080 --> 0:00:54.800 like one more thing you have to memorize, and well, 0:00:54.800 --> 0:00:56.080 maybe not memorize. I don't know if we had a 0:00:56.080 --> 0:00:58.520 memorize Did you memorize? I don't think it memorized. No, No, 0:00:58.600 --> 0:01:00.600 you had to know because I'm remember one thing that 0:01:00.640 --> 0:01:02.240 would come to mind, like people would be like, dude, 0:01:02.240 --> 0:01:05.240 what have I got a tattoo of the periodic table 0:01:05.840 --> 0:01:10.320 on my forearm. Well, there are periodic table tattoos all 0:01:10.400 --> 0:01:12.880 sorts of merchandise. But but then it's but there was 0:01:12.920 --> 0:01:14.679 kind of like this idea that it was like like 0:01:15.160 --> 0:01:17.920 teachers wouldn't be able to like get after you for 0:01:18.000 --> 0:01:22.480 cheating if it was tattooed scan out of it as 0:01:22.520 --> 0:01:26.839 a method of cheating. Interesting. Yeah, I mean it really 0:01:26.840 --> 0:01:30.039 speaks to our desire to organize the world. I think 0:01:30.080 --> 0:01:32.720 it's one of the ultimate feats of organization that scientists 0:01:32.760 --> 0:01:36.319 have pulled off. Yeah, it's pretty spectacular. I mean, these 0:01:36.360 --> 0:01:39.360 are the building blocks of the universe. For the most part, 0:01:39.400 --> 0:01:41.440 at least, the building blocks were all matter that we 0:01:41.640 --> 0:01:44.160 regularly encounter. Let's not get into the whole dark matter thing, right, 0:01:44.200 --> 0:01:48.720 Well we're not, We're not. That's the whole Yeah. Yeah, so, um, 0:01:48.880 --> 0:01:51.080 what does it happen? It has, Yeah, all the elements 0:01:51.120 --> 0:01:54.200 on it, and so elements of course by themselves are 0:01:54.240 --> 0:01:57.160 in combination with a couple other elements make up the 0:01:57.200 --> 0:01:59.600 matter that we see. Yeah, it's good to go back 0:01:59.600 --> 0:02:02.480 to the two on the forearm. It's like the whole 0:02:02.680 --> 0:02:05.040 even like even the idea that you could have a 0:02:05.080 --> 0:02:10.120 tattoo that contained um all this data. It is pretty incredible. 0:02:10.120 --> 0:02:12.920 It just tells you how how amazing the periodic table is. 0:02:12.960 --> 0:02:15.560 It's like the the ultimate cheat sheet, you know. It's 0:02:15.600 --> 0:02:17.280 like so much data. You know. It's like you see 0:02:17.320 --> 0:02:19.760 like people who carry like a tip calculator card in 0:02:19.800 --> 0:02:21.480 your wallet or something, you know, and it's just cram 0:02:21.560 --> 0:02:23.560 full of numbers, you know, where some other kind of 0:02:23.680 --> 0:02:26.920 little bits of reference cards that people carry around, and 0:02:26.560 --> 0:02:29.480 and and you generally have to really abbreviate things big 0:02:29.520 --> 0:02:31.040 time to make it right. You have to make it 0:02:31.040 --> 0:02:33.080 really you have to make your scripts very very small. 0:02:33.160 --> 0:02:35.400 Did you ever have exams, like in college or in 0:02:35.440 --> 0:02:37.519 high school where you were allowed to bring in a 0:02:37.600 --> 0:02:40.600 cheat sheet so you would just make it teeny teeny tiny, 0:02:40.639 --> 0:02:42.720 But then you can't find anything on the cheat sheet 0:02:42.720 --> 0:02:44.600 because it was so tiny, and you're in a panic 0:02:44.600 --> 0:02:47.680 because you're trying to hustle through the test. Yeah, I remember. 0:02:47.720 --> 0:02:49.040 I think I had some classes like that where they 0:02:49.040 --> 0:02:50.800 were like you could fill up like one Q card, 0:02:51.320 --> 0:02:53.720 you know, and but that was all you got, Yeah, 0:02:53.720 --> 0:02:56.360 and then you never wind up referencing them, or maybe 0:02:56.360 --> 0:02:57.800 you did. I don't know. If I can't speak for 0:02:57.840 --> 0:03:01.760 you sneeze on them and you can't use them. First 0:03:01.760 --> 0:03:04.600 periodic table was attempted back in the late eighteen hundreds, 0:03:04.639 --> 0:03:08.200 and we have Russian chemist Dmitri mendal aev Um to 0:03:08.240 --> 0:03:11.079 thank for that. He got pretty close in six nine, 0:03:11.200 --> 0:03:14.440 and he leave the groundwork for what we have come 0:03:14.480 --> 0:03:18.280 to know and love as the periodic table. Of course, Mendaliev, 0:03:18.440 --> 0:03:21.480 who was a professor of chemistry at St. Petersburg, he 0:03:21.600 --> 0:03:23.959 got a little help from another English chemist, a guy 0:03:24.240 --> 0:03:27.200 by the name of Henry Moseley, who decided to use 0:03:27.240 --> 0:03:30.680 atomic number rather than atomic way to organize the elements 0:03:30.680 --> 0:03:33.120 in the table. But we'll get into those two terms 0:03:33.160 --> 0:03:35.160 a little bit um. Some of you guys are definitely 0:03:35.200 --> 0:03:36.960 already familiar with them, but we'll talk about them a 0:03:36.960 --> 0:03:38.760 little bit more. And some of you may be looking 0:03:38.760 --> 0:03:41.080 at a periodic table right now, which is cool. That 0:03:41.240 --> 0:03:43.720 is cool. It would help. Like, unless you're driving, don't 0:03:43.760 --> 0:03:45.880 do not pull up the periodic table. If you're driving, 0:03:46.480 --> 0:03:49.480 I have to say that a million times. Don't do it. Yeah, 0:03:49.600 --> 0:03:52.080 we just that's a warning that never gets old. Periodic 0:03:52.120 --> 0:03:55.640 table and driving are not don't do it. So nowadays 0:03:55.640 --> 0:03:57.720 we have a periodic table that starts with hydrogen and 0:03:57.760 --> 0:04:01.400 it ends with an element one eighteen or nun octium. 0:04:01.600 --> 0:04:05.000 Those are really fun to say, don't you think that's great? 0:04:05.200 --> 0:04:07.080 That could be a good band name. If you're looking 0:04:07.120 --> 0:04:09.480 at a periodic table, you you notice that elements one 0:04:09.560 --> 0:04:13.720 thirteen through get these temporary names. Yeah, and those names 0:04:13.720 --> 0:04:17.800 are just Latin for the elements atomic number, So untrium 0:04:17.880 --> 0:04:21.719 for element one thirteen, that's that's just gonna be the 0:04:21.760 --> 0:04:25.719 atomic number until it gets a permanent place in the pantheon, 0:04:25.760 --> 0:04:27.600 that is periodic table. That was a lot of peas 0:04:27.600 --> 0:04:28.920 and one sentence. Yeah, it's like if you have a 0:04:28.960 --> 0:04:31.479 literate kittens born, you're just like, it's better to name 0:04:31.520 --> 0:04:34.080 them like numbers one through twelve until you're really sure 0:04:34.080 --> 0:04:37.680 sticking around right right. It's kind of this Latin limbo 0:04:37.839 --> 0:04:42.240 on the periodic table until the whole verification process goes through. 0:04:43.360 --> 0:04:45.839 So I gonna ask, what's your favorite element name? And 0:04:45.880 --> 0:04:49.120 I'm talking about true or or real elements as supposed 0:04:49.120 --> 0:04:51.400 to fictional ones. Well, there are a lot of great ones, 0:04:52.120 --> 0:04:54.480 but I think I like scandium. You do. Why do 0:04:54.520 --> 0:04:57.440 you like scandium? What it? There's like a like scandium 0:04:57.440 --> 0:05:00.760 there's a sense of like scamps and like it's fun 0:05:00.800 --> 0:05:05.720 to say scandal, scandal. It sounds kind of sinister, you know. Um, 0:05:07.560 --> 0:05:11.680 I like Seaborg Um, it's it's got a nice ring 0:05:11.720 --> 0:05:13.720 to it. It makes me think of a racehorse. Yeah, 0:05:13.839 --> 0:05:18.480 that one was actually um discovered by professor Ernest Suborg nine. Right, 0:05:20.000 --> 0:05:23.240 another mention of Ernest borgnine. No, that was named after 0:05:23.279 --> 0:05:25.840 Glenn Seaborg. And there's a great picture of him in 0:05:25.920 --> 0:05:28.160 our article which we're you know, a lot of the 0:05:28.400 --> 0:05:30.839 researches is coming from today. We have how the periodic 0:05:30.880 --> 0:05:34.120 table works, and that was written by Craig, Craig Ford 0:05:34.120 --> 0:05:37.800 and Rich So thinking Craig. But anyway, back to Glenn Seaborg. 0:05:37.920 --> 0:05:40.159 He's the he's the guy who suggested pulling out the 0:05:40.480 --> 0:05:43.560 lanthanoids and actinoids and placing them below the table to 0:05:43.600 --> 0:05:46.680 make it more compact. So not only does he have 0:05:46.880 --> 0:05:49.400 an element named after him on the table, which is 0:05:49.440 --> 0:05:52.440 no small feat, he's the one who who kind of 0:05:52.480 --> 0:05:54.720 influenced the way you the way it's laid out on 0:05:54.760 --> 0:06:00.320 the page. So it's pretty cool. So the table, the 0:06:00.320 --> 0:06:04.000 the ultimate table, has inspired a lot of fix. Yes, well, 0:06:04.040 --> 0:06:06.359 it's way it's one of your favorites. My my absolute 0:06:06.360 --> 0:06:10.920 favorite is the table of Transitional Elements from the British 0:06:11.120 --> 0:06:14.080 um a comedy Look Around You, which was I've mentioned 0:06:14.120 --> 0:06:18.200 before on this podcast. It's like a mock documentary about science. 0:06:18.440 --> 0:06:20.760 And I know this was with Leonard Hatred, right, yes, 0:06:20.760 --> 0:06:23.080 with Leonard Hatred, isn't it. And actually have a copy 0:06:23.120 --> 0:06:26.520 of this, uh this fake periodic table over my desk, 0:06:26.760 --> 0:06:28.880 and it has things like like music is on there, 0:06:29.360 --> 0:06:32.320 um and nothing is on there with an atomic like 0:06:32.400 --> 0:06:34.960 weight of zero, and just just it's just it's worth 0:06:35.000 --> 0:06:37.400 looking up. It's it's available online. It's just got all 0:06:37.440 --> 0:06:40.400 these just that everything is ridiculous. Like France, Uh it's 0:06:40.440 --> 0:06:44.760 on their water is on there. That's pretty good. Yeah, 0:06:44.760 --> 0:06:47.159 we get a lot of the periodic tables sent to 0:06:47.240 --> 0:06:49.560 us in the fake nature. I think people think, well, 0:06:49.600 --> 0:06:52.440 you know, those guys will appreciate them. Yeah, it's become 0:06:52.480 --> 0:06:54.560 an internet meme kind of thing, like like what's your 0:06:54.560 --> 0:06:58.320 favorite that you've seen? Um, when I was hungry, it 0:06:58.360 --> 0:07:02.200 was definitely the fake table of cupcakes, remember that the 0:07:02.279 --> 0:07:04.400 Katie of I don't know if I saw that, Steph, 0:07:04.440 --> 0:07:06.240 you missed in history class, Well, don't tell Katie that 0:07:06.240 --> 0:07:08.680 because I think you're emailed on there. There's also one. 0:07:08.720 --> 0:07:11.640 Then I came across it was a periodic table of swearing, 0:07:12.000 --> 0:07:14.640 which I don't necessarily advise you to go to because 0:07:14.640 --> 0:07:18.680 it's pretty graphic. I saw one and uh one for 0:07:18.960 --> 0:07:22.040 the periodic table of metal I believe like heavy metal, 0:07:23.360 --> 0:07:26.360 and this one's really interesting and that is that when 0:07:26.400 --> 0:07:28.280 when I looked it up, it's like there were comments 0:07:28.280 --> 0:07:30.800 at the bottom of the page and everybody was complaining 0:07:30.920 --> 0:07:35.120 because everybody's was like everybody's particular favorite metal act was 0:07:35.280 --> 0:07:37.480 left off or didn't have as much prominence as they 0:07:37.480 --> 0:07:39.760 thought it should have. So people were like, like, dude, 0:07:39.760 --> 0:07:42.560 we're Slayer on this or or how can please tell 0:07:42.560 --> 0:07:45.880 me Metallica was number one? Well, I don't know how. 0:07:45.920 --> 0:07:48.280 I forget how it was that was ranking, Robert, how 0:07:48.280 --> 0:07:53.000 can you not bring that critical information? Well? But I 0:07:53.000 --> 0:07:54.720 did notice that Mi Sugar was not on there, and 0:07:54.720 --> 0:07:56.280 I was like, they're really good. Why are they not 0:07:56.320 --> 0:07:58.200 on here? But I don't really know metal all that well. 0:07:58.360 --> 0:08:00.800 But but the point being is it if you set 0:08:00.920 --> 0:08:03.800 out to make a periodic table of metal, you cannot 0:08:03.840 --> 0:08:07.240 include everything. You end up leaving important to some people 0:08:07.520 --> 0:08:11.120 important things off. Are you insinuating that there's stuff left 0:08:11.120 --> 0:08:13.720 off their real periodic table? You know, I'm I'm pointing 0:08:13.760 --> 0:08:16.680 out that the real periodic table is is that awesome 0:08:16.720 --> 0:08:19.400 because it's so inclusive. It's inclusive in ways that a 0:08:19.520 --> 0:08:24.360 periodic table of metal cannot be agreed. Agreed, But I think, 0:08:24.400 --> 0:08:25.840 I mean, I do want to talk about this a 0:08:25.880 --> 0:08:28.600 little later. But I'm not sure that everything is on 0:08:28.640 --> 0:08:30.520 the periodic table. I mean, there are mysteries yet to 0:08:30.520 --> 0:08:33.520 be discovered. They're true, it's not complete. There's definitely work 0:08:33.600 --> 0:08:36.600 to be done in particle accelerators in which different elements 0:08:36.600 --> 0:08:39.520 are another but no that scientists aren't coming up to 0:08:39.640 --> 0:08:42.480 like the periodic table and like being like, dude, how 0:08:42.520 --> 0:08:45.240 come gold didn't make this list? You know? Agreed, Agreed. 0:08:45.360 --> 0:08:47.720 You know, it's like the really important stuff is there. 0:08:47.800 --> 0:08:53.480 It's just we're sort of, yeah, we're still curious. So 0:08:53.640 --> 0:08:56.439 let's break down the contents of the periodic table. What's 0:08:56.520 --> 0:09:00.120 in a box, one element at a time, and we're 0:09:00.160 --> 0:09:02.079 not going to do all the elements. Let's just take 0:09:02.920 --> 0:09:07.360 a really really really long podcast. Sorry, Jerry um So gold, 0:09:07.800 --> 0:09:12.160 Let's just go for gold, Go for the gold. And 0:09:12.160 --> 0:09:14.240 where will we find this if for people playing along 0:09:14.240 --> 0:09:19.920 at home, UM, well, gold is going to be atomic 0:09:20.000 --> 0:09:23.520 number seventy nine, So you may or may not see 0:09:23.679 --> 0:09:26.880 uh the actual element name gold written out, but we 0:09:26.920 --> 0:09:30.079 will see definitely element symbol. You will see the atomic 0:09:30.160 --> 0:09:33.800 number seventy nine, which is going to denote the number 0:09:33.840 --> 0:09:39.080 of protons that um gold has. And you're also going 0:09:39.120 --> 0:09:41.920 to see um gold atomic weight. But let's let me 0:09:42.080 --> 0:09:44.280 let me number right. Yeah, but let me back up 0:09:44.320 --> 0:09:46.400 for one second. Um it is worth spending just a 0:09:46.440 --> 0:09:49.839 second on atomic number. So like we said, you see 0:09:49.840 --> 0:09:53.319 the number seventy nine to uh demarcate gold, So to 0:09:53.440 --> 0:09:55.600 seventy online is telling you that gold has seventy one 0:09:55.600 --> 0:09:58.320 protons like I was just saying. And protons you guys 0:09:58.360 --> 0:10:01.480 remember just those particle us with a positive charge in 0:10:01.520 --> 0:10:04.600 its nucleus. So if you have a neutral atom of gold, 0:10:04.640 --> 0:10:07.280 you're also gonna have seventy nine electrons. And you don't 0:10:07.320 --> 0:10:09.480 necessarily have to remember that. The important thing there is 0:10:09.520 --> 0:10:13.079 just remember gold seventy nine protons, and those seventy nine 0:10:13.080 --> 0:10:16.880 protons are what gives gold it's spot, it's special spot 0:10:17.000 --> 0:10:20.040 on the periodic table. You're also going to run into 0:10:20.080 --> 0:10:22.760 atomic weight on the periodic table, and it's a little different. 0:10:22.800 --> 0:10:25.800 I mean, if you're to not have heard anything about 0:10:25.840 --> 0:10:28.000 the periodic table before, you might have thinked that you 0:10:28.080 --> 0:10:29.640 might have thought that this is the way that the 0:10:30.200 --> 0:10:32.560 table would have been organized by weight, right, like weight 0:10:32.600 --> 0:10:35.640 classes and wrestling or boxing, you know, or any kind 0:10:35.640 --> 0:10:38.600 of sport. Right, that makes sense, And and it and 0:10:38.640 --> 0:10:41.080 it is somewhat and and this is the mistake that 0:10:42.640 --> 0:10:45.240 the Russian chemist made because he he went and ordered 0:10:45.240 --> 0:10:49.000 the table, yes, thank you, Medelaef, he ordered it by 0:10:49.640 --> 0:10:53.120 by atomic weight instead of atomic number. And that was 0:10:53.640 --> 0:10:55.480 not quite the right way to go about it. And 0:10:55.520 --> 0:10:58.920 that's because atomic weight kind of fluctuates a little, right, Well, yeah, 0:10:59.000 --> 0:11:01.199 so you human weight. You guys are going to remember 0:11:01.200 --> 0:11:02.679 that there are a couple of different flavors of an 0:11:02.679 --> 0:11:06.719 element out there, you know, the isotopes. I wonder if 0:11:06.760 --> 0:11:10.319 scientists are cringing right now right now, hearing me called flavors. 0:11:10.559 --> 0:11:12.839 But I hope the science, like I said before, I 0:11:12.880 --> 0:11:15.560 hope the scientists are not tuning in too like, you know, 0:11:15.679 --> 0:11:18.320 refresh on what the periodic table. They should have this down, 0:11:18.679 --> 0:11:20.400 I think they do. They should have a tattooed on 0:11:20.440 --> 0:11:24.680 their forearm. So goldway is almost one and ninety six 0:11:24.760 --> 0:11:29.480 point nine six six five six nine atomic units. Got that? 0:11:30.160 --> 0:11:32.959 Got it? Okay, so seventy two atomic number and a 0:11:33.040 --> 0:11:37.520 hundred points something something something atomic units. And like you 0:11:37.600 --> 0:11:40.360 were just saying, yeah, an element has different isotopes. So 0:11:40.600 --> 0:11:44.120 think about carbon, one of the most plentiful elements on 0:11:44.160 --> 0:11:47.719 the Earth, and that has seven different isotopes. So the 0:11:47.840 --> 0:11:51.800 atomic weight really um reflects an atom's average mass as 0:11:51.840 --> 0:11:55.640 it's found in nature. Okay, got that? Got it? Yeah, 0:11:56.360 --> 0:11:58.240 So if you're in a group of the periodic table, wait, wait, 0:11:58.280 --> 0:12:00.240 you'd wind up with kind of a different table. So, 0:12:00.280 --> 0:12:02.559 for example, if you're looking at it now, cobalt and 0:12:02.640 --> 0:12:05.120 nickel would have to be switched because cobalt has a 0:12:05.160 --> 0:12:09.640 greater atomic weight than nickel. That's kind of cool. It 0:12:09.760 --> 0:12:12.640 just throws you off a little bit. Now, scientists can 0:12:12.640 --> 0:12:16.840 be tricky. They can't. Now, Some periodic tables also include 0:12:17.360 --> 0:12:20.320 mention of its physical state, right, Yeah, what it's what 0:12:20.400 --> 0:12:21.920 it's like when it's hanging around the Earth at a 0:12:22.000 --> 0:12:26.840 normal temperatures, at room temperatures. So what's gold going to be? Solid? Excellent? 0:12:26.960 --> 0:12:29.719 Solid gold? I kind of wanted you to say solid 0:12:29.760 --> 0:12:34.200 Do you remember that show, the Solid Gold's Answers. There's 0:12:34.240 --> 0:12:36.800 a really awesome musical act that goes that the name 0:12:36.840 --> 0:12:40.120 of solid gold. Yeah. Do you know any songs that 0:12:40.160 --> 0:12:41.719 you want to sing right now? I can't sing them, 0:12:41.720 --> 0:12:45.199 but they're good. Yeah. So the interesting thing about physical 0:12:45.240 --> 0:12:48.080 state is that, apart from a couple of elements that 0:12:48.120 --> 0:12:51.120 exist as liquids at room, mostly the bulk of the 0:12:51.160 --> 0:12:54.479 elements that we know of hanging out in their solid state. Yeah, 0:12:54.600 --> 0:13:01.679 they're solid, like mercury, right ye, and francium. Francium. That's 0:13:01.679 --> 0:13:04.400 a little bit of the element. Don't you think francy 0:13:04.440 --> 0:13:09.559 francium unless it's a hard see francium, But I would 0:13:09.559 --> 0:13:11.440 think that would be okay, So I'm gonna I'm gonna 0:13:11.440 --> 0:13:14.439 go with francium. If any of you guys wanna write 0:13:14.480 --> 0:13:17.520 in and tell us about the etymology of francium, please 0:13:17.559 --> 0:13:20.680 do so. And then there's of course a smaller bunch 0:13:20.760 --> 0:13:22.520 on the periodic table that we're going to hang out 0:13:22.559 --> 0:13:27.520 as gasses. So this was interesting. If you imagine making 0:13:27.520 --> 0:13:30.160 a sort of small rough triangle that's going across the 0:13:30.200 --> 0:13:33.000 top right corner of the periodic table, then you kind 0:13:33.000 --> 0:13:34.520 of have a good idea of where most of the 0:13:34.520 --> 0:13:37.839 gases are located on the table. So there's a group 0:13:37.920 --> 0:13:41.080 that you guys may remember called the noble gasses or 0:13:41.120 --> 0:13:45.840 the inert gasses, and they are the uttermost right hand 0:13:45.880 --> 0:13:48.400 column if you're looking at a periodic table. So that's 0:13:48.400 --> 0:13:53.840 what helium, neon are gone, crypton and right on. Yeah, 0:13:54.200 --> 0:13:55.560 but then you have to throw in a couple more 0:13:55.640 --> 0:14:01.960 like hydrogen and nitrogen, oxygen, chlorine and flour in and 0:14:01.960 --> 0:14:05.360 and that covers you for gasses. Okay, what else are 0:14:05.400 --> 0:14:08.520 you gonna tell? If you're looking at the little box 0:14:08.600 --> 0:14:12.440 on a periodic table, Gold's box, we might be able 0:14:12.440 --> 0:14:15.840 to tell its classification. So that's just what family it 0:14:15.880 --> 0:14:18.280 belongs to. Is it a metal? Is it a metal lloyd? 0:14:18.400 --> 0:14:21.160 Is it halogen? Is it one of those noble gases 0:14:21.200 --> 0:14:23.120 that we're just talking on. And a lot of these 0:14:23.280 --> 0:14:26.120 periodic tables us like color coding to denote some of 0:14:26.160 --> 0:14:28.960 these things. Yeah, it does vary wildly though, Like I 0:14:29.000 --> 0:14:33.880 saw one that was arranged according to the elements discovery. 0:14:34.640 --> 0:14:36.960 I should restate that the elements on the periodic table there, 0:14:36.960 --> 0:14:39.840 their place doesn't change, but the colors do. And depending 0:14:39.880 --> 0:14:43.000 upon how delex your periodic table is. Like you, let 0:14:43.000 --> 0:14:45.160 me look at your iPhone, which I was wowed enough 0:14:45.200 --> 0:14:47.880 by because I'm such a laggard in technology, and it 0:14:47.960 --> 0:14:51.280 had that really cool iPhone app that was from E M. D. 0:14:51.480 --> 0:14:56.440 I believe D a dog. Yeah yeah, yeah, free free app. 0:14:56.760 --> 0:14:58.800 There are a number of different periodic table apps, and 0:14:58.840 --> 0:15:00.720 then they're really cool because you can just you touch it, 0:15:00.840 --> 0:15:03.320 you know, pop up an element, get all the stats 0:15:03.360 --> 0:15:05.040 on it. Yeah. It gives you a ton of information, 0:15:05.440 --> 0:15:07.680 and so that's cool. So you might learn stuff like 0:15:07.720 --> 0:15:11.560 it's atomic radius, it's melting and boiling points, it's density, 0:15:11.600 --> 0:15:17.400 it's oxidation state, it's mineral hardness, ice tubes and their prevalence, ionization, energy, 0:15:17.560 --> 0:15:20.720 and electron configuration, among other things. So that's what you're 0:15:20.720 --> 0:15:23.360 gonna get with a really premium quality periodic table, a 0:15:23.360 --> 0:15:26.360 whole lot of information. Yeah, so what can you tell 0:15:26.360 --> 0:15:30.560 by looking at the whole table? Okay, So a table 0:15:30.960 --> 0:15:34.120 is going to be organized in rows. It's pretty easy 0:15:34.160 --> 0:15:38.120 to picture, and these rows, confusingly enough, are often called 0:15:38.200 --> 0:15:40.680 periods as well. So I'm gonna I'm just gonna call 0:15:40.680 --> 0:15:44.560 them rows for this for this podcast, just so you 0:15:44.560 --> 0:15:47.400 guys don't have to think about periods too. Um. So 0:15:47.440 --> 0:15:49.360 each role is going to tell you a little something 0:15:49.400 --> 0:15:52.600 about how the electrons of that element behave in their 0:15:52.680 --> 0:15:56.160 energy levels. Their shells are occupied by the electrons that 0:15:56.560 --> 0:15:58.120 you know are kind of buzzing around the nucleus of 0:15:58.160 --> 0:16:03.440 that element. Okay, so if you're looking at hydrogen and helium, 0:16:03.680 --> 0:16:06.880 that's going to tell you that it um these two 0:16:06.920 --> 0:16:09.080 elements to have a first energy level that can only 0:16:09.120 --> 0:16:11.880 hold two electrons max. So that's what that one denotes. 0:16:12.080 --> 0:16:16.440 It has that one level for electrons essentially. So let's 0:16:16.480 --> 0:16:18.920 go down one. We're gonna shift to the second row, 0:16:19.200 --> 0:16:21.440 and then you're gonna have two energy levels now, and 0:16:21.440 --> 0:16:24.040 that's where so the first energy level be filled with 0:16:24.040 --> 0:16:26.400 electrons and you're gonna have another one and that begins 0:16:26.440 --> 0:16:29.640 to fill and these there there. I should mention that 0:16:30.120 --> 0:16:33.520 these levels also have sub levels called orbitals, but this 0:16:33.640 --> 0:16:37.080 is a podcast and I feel like, yeah, we don't 0:16:37.080 --> 0:16:39.960 want to get to depth there, so that's why it's 0:16:40.000 --> 0:16:44.720 a table and not a song. So it goes all 0:16:44.720 --> 0:16:47.280 the way up to seven. Um. There are seven different 0:16:47.360 --> 0:16:50.520 energy levels, each with their own sub levels. Except for 0:16:50.560 --> 0:16:53.960 that first row, no known element yet has eight energy 0:16:54.000 --> 0:16:56.360 levels full of electrons. So that's kind of cool. So 0:16:56.720 --> 0:17:00.760 looking at your periodic table, yep, hydrogen us just that 0:17:00.840 --> 0:17:05.600 one energy level and whoa franci Um, again mentioned on 0:17:05.640 --> 0:17:09.560 the podcast, has seven. Wow. See, don't don't rule out 0:17:09.560 --> 0:17:12.400 francium just because you don't like its name. It's gotta 0:17:12.480 --> 0:17:14.360 it's got a lot going on her at least it's 0:17:14.359 --> 0:17:16.680 got a lot of electrons gone on. Francium would be 0:17:16.720 --> 0:17:19.159 a good name for a cat, I think. Okay, so 0:17:19.160 --> 0:17:20.760 we got our rows right. Well, of course we have 0:17:20.840 --> 0:17:24.080 columns because it's a table. So the columns that comprise 0:17:24.119 --> 0:17:27.200 the periodic table are called groups. How many in total? 0:17:29.040 --> 0:17:35.720 Eighteen eighteen? That's okay, that's okay. So groups I are 0:17:35.760 --> 0:17:38.360 just going to indicate, um, these families that we're talking 0:17:38.359 --> 0:17:41.720 about with similar chemical and physical properties, so like again 0:17:41.800 --> 0:17:45.679 the noble gases um. And you can also detect a 0:17:45.680 --> 0:17:49.840 couple of trends when you're looking at the periodic table. Right, 0:17:49.840 --> 0:17:52.360 So now we know about you know, different energy levels. 0:17:52.400 --> 0:17:54.680 Just by looking at it, we can tell and now 0:17:54.720 --> 0:17:57.879 we know that what family it's in because again a 0:17:57.920 --> 0:18:00.640 lot of them are metals. In fact, of the elements 0:18:00.880 --> 0:18:04.080 are roughly, the elements on the periodic table are metals. 0:18:04.119 --> 0:18:07.719 At the metal is going on, Yeah, actual metal, not 0:18:08.240 --> 0:18:10.840 not heavy metal, right, we should we should clarify because 0:18:10.840 --> 0:18:13.480 we're talking about that earlier. You can you can detect 0:18:13.520 --> 0:18:15.040 a couple of other things if you want to wow 0:18:15.080 --> 0:18:19.200 your friends with your periodic table knowledge. So, ionization energy, right, 0:18:19.760 --> 0:18:23.359 what is ionization energy? Again, it's really it's pretty straightforward. 0:18:23.359 --> 0:18:26.320 It's just the amount of energy that an element and 0:18:26.480 --> 0:18:29.240 an atom of an element has to exert to strip 0:18:29.240 --> 0:18:32.600 away the first balance electron. And that's that's the the 0:18:32.600 --> 0:18:35.439 outermost electron. That's that's farthest from the nucleus, the one 0:18:35.480 --> 0:18:37.359 that's really right for the picking. If you will write 0:18:37.359 --> 0:18:42.680 the plate of the element, if you will, so, looking 0:18:42.680 --> 0:18:45.879 at your periodic table, the ionization energy tends to decrease 0:18:45.960 --> 0:18:48.320 as you move down a column and increase as you 0:18:48.359 --> 0:18:50.720 move across a row from left to right. So you 0:18:50.800 --> 0:18:54.760 doing that. Yeah, So that's ionization energy in a in 0:18:54.800 --> 0:18:59.520 a bit of a nutshell or an orbital shell. Nice um, 0:18:59.560 --> 0:19:01.840 And you can also tell some stuff about electro negativity, 0:19:01.880 --> 0:19:03.919 and electro negativity is going to tell us about how 0:19:03.960 --> 0:19:06.840 good elements are at attracting electrons to them. So electro 0:19:06.920 --> 0:19:10.159 negativity is gonna again decrease as you go down a 0:19:10.160 --> 0:19:12.680 column and increase as you go across a row from 0:19:12.760 --> 0:19:16.479 left to right. Okay, So if you're looking at it now, 0:19:16.520 --> 0:19:19.960 you can tell ionization energy and you can tell electro negativity. 0:19:20.000 --> 0:19:22.840 You can help tell um how good it is that's 0:19:22.840 --> 0:19:25.800 stripping away electrons, and you can tell at how good 0:19:25.840 --> 0:19:29.920 it is at attracting electrons to them. Got it? Got it? Okay, 0:19:29.960 --> 0:19:32.560 So let's talk about nuclear charge. So this is going 0:19:32.600 --> 0:19:35.040 to increase as you get down the table, and that 0:19:35.119 --> 0:19:37.520 kind of makes sense considering that nuclear charge just means 0:19:37.560 --> 0:19:40.760 the attractive force between the positive protons and the nucleus. 0:19:41.359 --> 0:19:43.679 I guess that's redundant, the protons in the nucleus and 0:19:43.720 --> 0:19:47.480 the the negative electrons in the energy shells. So the 0:19:47.480 --> 0:19:50.919 more protons, the greater the nuclear charge. And I know 0:19:51.000 --> 0:19:53.439 you guys are going to remember that what is atomic number. 0:19:53.800 --> 0:19:56.680 Atomic number is just the number of protons you've got 0:19:56.720 --> 0:19:59.760 going on in an element. So hydrogen, is it going 0:19:59.800 --> 0:20:03.639 to of a really great nuclear charge? Probably not, because 0:20:03.680 --> 0:20:07.399 it hasn't a topic number one something that's you know, 0:20:07.720 --> 0:20:11.200 a heavyweight on the periodic table. Going to be a 0:20:11.240 --> 0:20:15.240 little bit better. Where is that passium? It like one 0:20:15.240 --> 0:20:19.240 oh eight would be pretty good winnt Yeah, I think 0:20:19.240 --> 0:20:23.160 that's a heavyweight. If we were just talking about this 0:20:23.240 --> 0:20:25.760 in the science for s monsters, I think hassium would win. 0:20:27.119 --> 0:20:31.840 And then shielding is just the ability of an element 0:20:32.080 --> 0:20:35.280 and it's inner electrons to shield the outer electrons from 0:20:35.320 --> 0:20:39.160 from being stripped away from being stolen. So the more 0:20:39.280 --> 0:20:42.040 energy levels, remember the energy levels increase as you get 0:20:42.040 --> 0:20:46.560 on the table, the more shielding takes. So there's really 0:20:46.600 --> 0:20:49.639 a lot of information here if you like. Some of 0:20:49.680 --> 0:20:51.359 it is pretty obvious, and some of it you kind 0:20:51.359 --> 0:20:53.240 of have to know how to look for. But yeah, 0:20:53.280 --> 0:20:57.280