Speaker 1: Guess what, mango, what's that? Well, all right, So the
Speaker 1: other day I was driving past Turner Field here in Atlanta.
Speaker 1: You know, that's the stadium where the Braves used to play,
Speaker 1: but it was originally built to serve as the Olympic
Speaker 1: stadium back in the nine Olympics that were here. You know,
Speaker 1: I've actually forgotten that was the reason it was built. Yeah,
Speaker 1: and I was thinking about the first time I had
Speaker 1: ever stepped foot in that stadium. I was in high
Speaker 1: school at the time, and my family had made the
Speaker 1: trip over from Birmingham to watch some Olympic track and
Speaker 1: field and it is an experience I will never forget.
Speaker 1: That was the year Michael Johnson and those bright yellow
Speaker 1: shoes just destroyed the competition and pretty much every race
Speaker 1: he ran. You remember this. I definitely remember watching him
Speaker 1: in a few of the heats leading up to his
Speaker 1: gold medal races and seeing some of the best athletes
Speaker 1: in the world honestly just look like children, as he
Speaker 1: was just that much better than everybody else. Yeah, he
Speaker 1: was incredible. I remember watching him from home. Well, I
Speaker 1: remember thinking, how could somebody's body be that much better
Speaker 1: at doing what it was doing than every other runner
Speaker 1: out there and these are some of the best in
Speaker 1: the world. It was just wild. But as we've done
Speaker 1: our research in recent weeks, we've realized that all human
Speaker 1: bodies do some pretty incredible things. So today we're going
Speaker 1: to talk about some of the most incredible and weird
Speaker 1: things our bodies do. And Michael Johnson, if you're listening,
Speaker 1: and I'm sure he is, definitely, it's time you knew
Speaker 1: that we're pretty special too. So let's get started, right
Speaker 1: he their podcast listeners, Welcome to Part Time Genius. I'm
Speaker 1: Will Pearson and as always I'm joined by my good
Speaker 1: friend man Guesh Ticketer on the other side of the
Speaker 1: soundproof glass doing that weird thing where you like waves
Speaker 1: with his ear. It's not like a twitch. How does
Speaker 1: he do that? It's like wave? It is so strange.
Speaker 1: So but we're talking about things we do with our bodies,
Speaker 1: and so that's appropriate. That's our friend and producer Ustan McNeil.
Speaker 1: So today we're taking a long, hard look in the
Speaker 1: mirror to find out just how weird the human body
Speaker 1: really is. You know, we tend to think of our
Speaker 1: brains as being the most remarkable and defining features of
Speaker 1: our species. And you know, for good reason. But the
Speaker 1: human body is no slouch when it comes to these
Speaker 1: unusual qualities either. So with our own weirdness in mind,
Speaker 1: we thought it'd be fun to take this anatomical tour
Speaker 1: of our most peculiar physical abilities. Yeah, and along the way,
Speaker 1: we'll try to figure out what our bodies are actually
Speaker 1: made of, as well as what happens to them once
Speaker 1: we kick the bucket. All right, So I thought we
Speaker 1: could start by looking at the building blocks of our bodies,
Speaker 1: you know, which are of course these hundreds of different
Speaker 1: types of cells that make us up. And I think
Speaker 1: it'll be a good refresher because you know, we usually
Speaker 1: take our body at face value and kind of think
Speaker 1: of it as this one continuous thing rather than maybe,
Speaker 1: I don't know, like this composite mass of microscopic tissue
Speaker 1: blobs that it it really is. I mean, I feel
Speaker 1: like we're always hearing about these building blocks, But how
Speaker 1: many does actually take to build a complete person? Do
Speaker 1: you know? Well, as you i'd expect that it's not
Speaker 1: the easiest thing in the world to calculate. So I
Speaker 1: was looking into it, though, And the best guest comes
Speaker 1: from a group of researchers who actually broke down the
Speaker 1: number of cells in the human body according to organs
Speaker 1: and cell types. So, for example, the average body contains
Speaker 1: about fifty billion fat cells, two and forty billion liver cells,
Speaker 1: and so on, And when you add up all these
Speaker 1: different cell counts, the total comes to an astounding thirty
Speaker 1: seven point two trillion cells. It's unbelievable. That's a lot
Speaker 1: of trillion cells. But it's actually insane to think that
Speaker 1: that many cells can get along and like function in
Speaker 1: a single human body. And they do it for decades.
Speaker 1: But aside from having this impressive figure to throw around,
Speaker 1: is there any real benefit to knowing how many cells
Speaker 1: compose the body? Well, there actually is, you know, according
Speaker 1: to the authors of the study quote, knowing the total
Speaker 1: cell number of the human body, as well as the
Speaker 1: individual organs is important from a cultural, biological, medical, and
Speaker 1: comparative modeling point of view. So imagine a doctor who
Speaker 1: measures a patient's liver cell and they find that it's,
Speaker 1: you know, maybe way below average. Well, that kind of
Speaker 1: quick comparison makes it easier to identify potential health problems
Speaker 1: earlier on, and that's pretty cool. And obviously cells carry
Speaker 1: out all kinds of vital functions that go overlooked. But
Speaker 1: they also have this other impact on our bodies that's
Speaker 1: even easier to miss. Have you ever heard of the
Speaker 1: blatch Co lines? No, I can't say that have So
Speaker 1: it's actually the term for this swirling pattern of invisible
Speaker 1: stripes that covers the human body from head to toe.
Speaker 1: Invisible stripes. I'm pretty sure you're making this one up. No,
Speaker 1: it's true. So one of the first people to notice
Speaker 1: them was this German dermatologist named Alfred Blatchko, which is
Speaker 1: where the name comes from. But in the early nine hundreds,
Speaker 1: he observed similarities and patterns of many of his patients
Speaker 1: rashes and blemishes, and it was almost like these formations
Speaker 1: were following these invisible lines on the skin, but the
Speaker 1: paths didn't exactly coincide with underlying nerves or blood vessels.
Speaker 1: And the truth about the lines wasn't discovered until way later.
Speaker 1: But we now know that they're actually the lingering signs
Speaker 1: of our cellular development. And how's that. Well, we may
Speaker 1: have what was a thirty seven trillion cells, you said, yeah,
Speaker 1: but each of us just started as one and then
Speaker 1: this is a single cells zygote then divided into a
Speaker 1: small bundle of cells. And from there the cells divide
Speaker 1: again and again, you know, sometimes differentiating into specialized cells.
Speaker 1: What ones that would form are various muscles or bones
Speaker 1: and organs. But skin cells, like, they're scarcer than other
Speaker 1: kinds of cells, and they have to stretch and expand
Speaker 1: as they divide in order to cover our fast growing bodies.
Speaker 1: And when this happened, lines of different cells begin to intersect,
Speaker 1: knocking into each other and creating molecular swirls in our skin.
Speaker 1: And so does this happen all over our bodies? And
Speaker 1: and why can't we see these? Yeah? So these lines
Speaker 1: are everywhere, you know, They're up and down your arms
Speaker 1: and legs and around your head and torso too. I mean,
Speaker 1: the reason we don't see them is that all of
Speaker 1: our cells tend to carry the same DNA instructions on
Speaker 1: how much pigment to use in our skin. So these
Speaker 1: subtle differences in the color between the lines of skin
Speaker 1: cells are there, but they're really hard for us to
Speaker 1: see unless you're checking for them under UV light. That said,
Speaker 1: there are people with certain skin conditions that cause these
Speaker 1: stripes to be visible to the naked eye, and This
Speaker 1: is because there are skin cells actually disagreed about which
Speaker 1: color to make the skin, with some saying they should
Speaker 1: make it lighter, others making it darker. It's so interesting.
Speaker 1: That's bizarre. I mean, I mean, our bodies shed about
Speaker 1: a pound and a half of skin every year, which
Speaker 1: means that our surface skin cells are replaced every couple
Speaker 1: of weeks. So given that quick turnaround, it's pretty wild
Speaker 1: to think that we're also just wrapped in these invisible
Speaker 1: lines that you know, kind of date back to the
Speaker 1: dawn of skin. I know, it's it's really weird to
Speaker 1: think about, but honestly, the whole body is this mishmash
Speaker 1: of cells of all different ages, Like you know, the
Speaker 1: lining of our stomachs and intestines. We literally burned through
Speaker 1: those cells every few days because of all the bile
Speaker 1: and acids that we use to digest our foods. And
Speaker 1: we're just really lucky that replacement cells are always at
Speaker 1: the ready, or else we'd be digesting our own stomachs too.
Speaker 1: And some cells do stick around longer than others, like
Speaker 1: red blood cells have I think it's a four month
Speaker 1: lifespan before new ones are produced to take their place.
Speaker 1: But given a long enough timeline, just about every part
Speaker 1: of the human body is replaced like this. Yeah, you know,
Speaker 1: I mean it's sort of eerie how influx our bodies
Speaker 1: are constantly undergoing this cycle of cellular death and birth.
Speaker 1: And it actually makes me think about that ancient Greek
Speaker 1: thought experiment about the Ship of Theseus. You remember this, right,
Speaker 1: We've talked about a little bit before, But the story
Speaker 1: goes that Athenians preserved the ship of Theseus, who was
Speaker 1: the mythical king and founder of Athens, after he passed away,
Speaker 1: but his time went on, they had to gradually replace
Speaker 1: the ship's rotting wooden planks, and finally no piece of
Speaker 1: the original ship was left. So philosophers have had a
Speaker 1: field day with this ever since then, because you know,
Speaker 1: it raises all kinds of questions about permanence and identity,
Speaker 1: and namely, you know, if if none of the original
Speaker 1: pieces are still in place, can you really still call
Speaker 1: it the ship of Theseus? Yeah, that's right, And it's
Speaker 1: kind of why so many people have this like brain
Speaker 1: over buddy bias when it comes to the self identity.
Speaker 1: I mean, the vast majority of the neurons in our
Speaker 1: brains form before birth, and stay with us our whole lives,
Speaker 1: unlike this constant turnover we experience in like red blood
Speaker 1: cells and almost every other part of the body. Maybe
Speaker 1: it's comforting, even on this like unconscious level, to tie
Speaker 1: your sense of self to something that's a bit more
Speaker 1: long lasting. That's an interesting thought. And this is kind
Speaker 1: of a tangent, but you mentioned red blood cells before,
Speaker 1: and it it reminded me of this weird study I
Speaker 1: found while we were doing our research. So, you know,
Speaker 1: you get dizzy or lightheaded when you move to higher altitudes,
Speaker 1: you know, like if you're hiking on a steep trail
Speaker 1: or heading up into the mountains or something. So this
Speaker 1: is hard for me to admit, but I never get
Speaker 1: tired when I'm climbing mountains. But I think, I think,
Speaker 1: I know what you mean. I'm sure that's true. Well, anyway,
Speaker 1: there's a special protein and our red blood cells that
Speaker 1: gets depleted when we're exposed to low oxygen levels. And
Speaker 1: when that protein is gone, other substances in our blood
Speaker 1: are then able to help us adapt to the change
Speaker 1: in oxygen. But here's the cool part. So our red
Speaker 1: blood cells don't replace that protein wants it's in which
Speaker 1: means that they're able to actually like remember their exposure
Speaker 1: to higher altitudes for the next time you had to
Speaker 1: higher ground. Wait, that's crazy. So when I head back
Speaker 1: to the mountainline body actually acclimate's faster than before. That's
Speaker 1: exactly what happens. I mean. The only catch is that
Speaker 1: four month lifespan you mentioned before. So if you wait
Speaker 1: longer than that before you return to the higher altitude,
Speaker 1: those red blood cells that remembered your last excursion, they'll
Speaker 1: be gone, and you know you'll have to teach a
Speaker 1: whole new crop of cells about that shortcut to being acclimatized.
Speaker 1: Well that's pretty amazing, But did you realize that human
Speaker 1: fat cells last ten years on average, So we could
Speaker 1: take a full twenty five years before they're all finally replaced.
Speaker 1: Really that long? So what happens if we like exercise
Speaker 1: like crazy? Wouldn't that help some of them go away
Speaker 1: more quickly? Afraid not, our fats all count is this constant,
Speaker 1: So when we gain or lose weight, that doesn't actually
Speaker 1: affect it at all. The ones we have just grow
Speaker 1: bigger or smaller, depending on which way we're tipping the scales.
Speaker 1: So you're saying, no, matter how overweight or underweight or
Speaker 1: whatever we are, we would still have the same number
Speaker 1: of fats. Yeah, exactly the same number. We're stuck with them.
Speaker 1: That is crazy. So, I mean, it's it's it's bizarre
Speaker 1: that they can last more than a quarter of our
Speaker 1: lifespan compared to these other cells. I know. It's even
Speaker 1: longer than the turnover on our bones, which are completely
Speaker 1: refreshed with new cells every ten years. And it's similar
Speaker 1: our muscles, which tend to make it fifteen years before
Speaker 1: being replaced. That's so weird to even think about, Like
Speaker 1: our bones being replaced from our muscles, that's bizarre. But
Speaker 1: but not every muscle. I mean, our hearts are actually
Speaker 1: one of the few things that last our entire lives,
Speaker 1: or at least most of it. See, our heart cells
Speaker 1: regenerate very slowly. I think it's about one per cent
Speaker 1: of a year old's heart cells are replaced each year,
Speaker 1: and that number actually continually decreases as you get older.
Speaker 1: In fact, less than half of your heart cells will
Speaker 1: actually be replaced over the course of your entire life. Well,
Speaker 1: I kind of like that there's at least one body
Speaker 1: part we can depend on for a little constancy. Right. Actually,
Speaker 1: I read the study a new scientist that gave me
Speaker 1: yet another reason to appreciate the human heart, because apparently
Speaker 1: listening to your own heartbeat can actually help you read
Speaker 1: someone else's mind. All right, I think you're gonna need
Speaker 1: to walk me through this when I'm trying to process
Speaker 1: what you just said. Sure, so, most creatures have this
Speaker 1: weird ability called inter reception that that it lets us
Speaker 1: sense the internal states of our bodies, like when we
Speaker 1: feel hungry or thirsty, you know, that kind of thing.
Speaker 1: And many researchers think this ability is actually what allows
Speaker 1: humans to generate emotions. For example, like imagine you're walking
Speaker 1: alone at night and you hear the footsteps of someone
Speaker 1: sticking up behind you. Like, the idea is that you're
Speaker 1: only going to feel afraid once you've noticed your own
Speaker 1: body's internal state, like the increase in your heart rate
Speaker 1: or the hair is standing up on the back of
Speaker 1: your neck. Yeah, but I mean that kind of just
Speaker 1: sounds like reading your own mind or something. So how
Speaker 1: do other people figure into this? So that's what I
Speaker 1: was thinking too. But there's this researcher at Oxford named
Speaker 1: Jeff Bird, and this is what he wanted to know,
Speaker 1: so he assembled a group of seventy two volunteers and
Speaker 1: measured their inter reception abilities by having them uh, they
Speaker 1: had to count their own heartbeats without actually taking their pulse,
Speaker 1: and then the participants watched videos of different social interactions
Speaker 1: and answered questions that were meant to test how well
Speaker 1: they could I guess infer the mental states of the characters. So,
Speaker 1: for for example, one scene showed this man making a
Speaker 1: pass at a woman who was clearly interested in someone else,
Speaker 1: and the question post was is she feeling annoyed? And
Speaker 1: as it turned out, the participants who were better at
Speaker 1: counting their own heartbeats actually performed better at this kind
Speaker 1: of question, like their ability to track their own internal
Speaker 1: states made them more empathetic to the feelings of others. Wow,
Speaker 1: that's pretty crazy, and I don't want to name any names,
Speaker 1: but I feel like we know a few people who
Speaker 1: must be horrible at counting their heartbeats. But but just
Speaker 1: their feelings, right, I mean, they couldn't tell what a
Speaker 1: person was planning to have for dinner or something just
Speaker 1: because they were, you aware of their heartbeat or so
Speaker 1: definitely not. I mean, when participants were asked questions about
Speaker 1: a character's thoughts that didn't involve emotion, the more terraceptive
Speaker 1: people lost their edge. But either way, I thought it
Speaker 1: was amazing that being in touch with your physiological state
Speaker 1: not only makes you more aware of your own emotions,
Speaker 1: but also of those of other people. That is a
Speaker 1: pretty awesome ability. You're listening to part time genius and
Speaker 1: we're talking about many of the eccentricities of the human body.
Speaker 1: All right, mago, So before we leave the cellular world
Speaker 1: behind for good, I do want to mention what is
Speaker 1: maybe the weirdest thing about the human body, and that's
Speaker 1: just how little of it is actually human at all. Wait,
Speaker 1: what are you talking about. Well, according to estimates from
Speaker 1: multiple scientific studies, there are ten times as many bacterial
Speaker 1: cells in our bodies as there are human cells. And
Speaker 1: we talked a little bit about this in our Clean
Speaker 1: episode way back when one of our first episodes where
Speaker 1: we talked about the microbiome. I mean, just think about
Speaker 1: for a second. Most of our bodies are not actually
Speaker 1: our bodies, and from the outer surface of our skin
Speaker 1: to the pits of our stomach, we're literally crawling with
Speaker 1: far in my grow organisms. Yeah, I mean an infestation
Speaker 1: of body bugs is deeply unsettling to me, and it
Speaker 1: might be another reason why we prefer to think of
Speaker 1: ourselves as brains and not bodies. But you know, on
Speaker 1: the bright side, the bacteria inside as do help with
Speaker 1: all kinds of important bodily functions, like I don't know,
Speaker 1: channeling the nutrients from our food and supporting our immune systems. Yeah,
Speaker 1: and and thankfully they're pretty easy to ignore to you know,
Speaker 1: since bacterial cells are so much smaller than human cells,
Speaker 1: we we really don't ever have to look at them,
Speaker 1: although honestly, I don't know if I can forget about
Speaker 1: them after reading that. If you somehow managed to gather
Speaker 1: up all the bacteria living inside you, it would be
Speaker 1: enough to fill up a half gallon jug. That's so disgusting,
Speaker 1: and I don't know why, but stuffing them into a
Speaker 1: jug makes them even gross. Although do you know, according
Speaker 1: to the Belly Button Biodiversity Project, out of robbed on
Speaker 1: lab our navels are actually one of the best places
Speaker 1: to store our microbes. In fact, there are more than
Speaker 1: bacterial strains living in there. That's pretty gross and kind
Speaker 1: of amazing. But actually I think I'm more blown away
Speaker 1: by the fact that there's a program devoted to the
Speaker 1: biodiversity of our belly buttons. You said it was called
Speaker 1: the Belly Button Biodiversity Project. I love that. Well. So
Speaker 1: did they figure out if it makes a difference whether
Speaker 1: you have an any or an audie? They did, so
Speaker 1: it turns out bacteria doesn't discriminate between belly buttons because
Speaker 1: the same amount turns up in both kinds. All right, So,
Speaker 1: now that we've done away with the pesky misconception that
Speaker 1: we're independent living beings instead of these walking, talking Petrie dishes,
Speaker 1: why don't we talk about some other things that our
Speaker 1: bodies do that we've been totally wrong about all along. Sure,
Speaker 1: and I've actually got a great one. So this is
Speaker 1: something I've been wrong about for a long time, and
Speaker 1: it's why are fingers and toes turn all pruny and
Speaker 1: wrinkled when we go swimming or take a bath. I've
Speaker 1: always heard that it had something to do with like
Speaker 1: water being absorbed into your like outer layer of skin
Speaker 1: and so the bulge in some places or whatever. But
Speaker 1: that's all wrong. Apparently, um I saw I saw this
Speaker 1: from researchers at two AI labs, and wais the Idaho,
Speaker 1: and they confirmed a different theory. They had these volunteers
Speaker 1: pick up a bunch of wet marbles of all different sizes,
Speaker 1: and some people use their regular dry hands to grasp
Speaker 1: the marbles, and others used wrinkly, pruny fingers that they
Speaker 1: had soaked in warm water for half an hour. Like,
Speaker 1: I just love that someone designed this experiment. But as
Speaker 1: it turned out, the participants with wrinkled fingers were way
Speaker 1: faster at picking up wet marbles than people with dry fingers.
Speaker 1: So all right, so our fingers and toes get pruney
Speaker 1: to help us grip wet things. Yeah, I mean, the
Speaker 1: process basically works the same way that rain treads do
Speaker 1: on car tires. But the really cool thing is that
Speaker 1: the wrinkling is this involuntary reaction that's controlled by the
Speaker 1: same part of the body's nervous system that that actually
Speaker 1: handles stuff like breathing or or us sweating. The blood
Speaker 1: vessels blow our skin constrict automatically, which tightens the skin
Speaker 1: above them to form the wrinkles. That's pretty interesting. But
Speaker 1: but why do our bodies play so much importance on
Speaker 1: getting a grip on wet objects? I mean, it seems
Speaker 1: strange that it's lumped in with these crucial access He's
Speaker 1: like breathing and sweating and things like that. So I
Speaker 1: was curious about that too, And the researchers in Boise
Speaker 1: suggests that the wrinkling might be this evolutionary holdover back
Speaker 1: from when our ancestors had to gather wet vegetation from
Speaker 1: shores like streams or river beds, and it was the
Speaker 1: same with their toes. I mean that was helpful because
Speaker 1: it was useful for getting around on slippery rocks. It
Speaker 1: actually reminds me of another body misconception, and that's the
Speaker 1: idea that fingerprints are there not only to help us
Speaker 1: keep tabs on criminals, but to improve our grip. So
Speaker 1: on the surface, it makes sense that the grooves of
Speaker 1: our fingerprints might improve the friction rate between our skin
Speaker 1: and whatever it is we're holding, you know, like a
Speaker 1: glass of water or something like that. But according to
Speaker 1: a two thousand nine study from a group of researchers
Speaker 1: in Manchester, fingerpads with prints actually provide a third less
Speaker 1: contact with the glass than completely smooth fingerpads. That's so
Speaker 1: crazy that they actually hinder our grip, So why do
Speaker 1: we have them? Then I mean, I'm guessing they're not
Speaker 1: just for detecting crimes or whatever. Right, well, they're there.
Speaker 1: Their true purpose is still a little bit of a mystery,
Speaker 1: but there are definitely some prevailing theories out there. One
Speaker 1: of them is that when we touch something the skin
Speaker 1: vibrations that occur between the ridges of our prints, will
Speaker 1: they help us to feel these fine textures that we'd
Speaker 1: otherwise miss. There's another suggestion that fingerprints wick water away
Speaker 1: from our fingertips, and that allows the skin to stretch
Speaker 1: more easily, so it can keep from becoming blistered or
Speaker 1: torn through use over such a long period of time.
Speaker 1: That's pretty cool. So while we're talking about misconceptions, this
Speaker 1: is other one I came across, and it's what should
Speaker 1: be considered our most valuable body part. And what do
Speaker 1: you mean by valuable? Like how much you can sell
Speaker 1: a kidney for on the black market or no, I mean,
Speaker 1: although you know you can get two for one of those.
Speaker 1: So this is about skin, and particular it's the foreskins
Speaker 1: from freshly circumcised newborns. So there was this time when
Speaker 1: these little pieces of excess skin were just thrown out
Speaker 1: in the trash, But now that scientists understand the growth
Speaker 1: potential of embryonic stem cells, like the ones in an
Speaker 1: infant's foreskin. They're actually being used to grow all kinds
Speaker 1: of skin for medical treatments. And in fact, a bit
Speaker 1: of foreskin the size of a postage stamp can actually
Speaker 1: produce about four acres of new skin tissue in a lab. Yeah,
Speaker 1: and and that can be used for like grafts for
Speaker 1: burns and other injuries. Alright, So so you meant valuable
Speaker 1: as in like beneficial, So that yeah, that that makes
Speaker 1: a lot more sense. I just wanted to clarify that
Speaker 1: that makes sense though. Well, I mean, the medical benefits
Speaker 1: are obvious, but you're crazy if you don't think there's
Speaker 1: money to be made there too. I mean, labs and
Speaker 1: cosmetic companies making millions in profit thanks to the skin
Speaker 1: they received from hospital donations. Yeah, but what are you saying?
Speaker 1: We talk a little bit about what happens to the
Speaker 1: rest of our bodies once we're done using them, all right, Well,
Speaker 1: before we get started with that, why don't we take
Speaker 1: a quick break. Hey, there, So we're talking about incredible
Speaker 1: things our bodies can do, and I wanted to invite
Speaker 1: one of our fellow hosts here Jonathan Strickland, who's the
Speaker 1: host of the wonder full podcast tech Stuff here in
Speaker 1: the office. Uh, and I thought he could tell us
Speaker 1: a little bit about bodies and technology and and also
Speaker 1: play a dumb quiz with us. I love all of
Speaker 1: these things. I am very pleased to be here for
Speaker 1: I love dumb quizzes, and I love talking about tech.
Speaker 1: I'm into that. Yeah. And and Will is off right now.
Speaker 1: He's he's in lots of important meetings, but he'll be
Speaker 1: back on the show later. So tell me something incredible
Speaker 1: that tech is aiding human bodies to do. Okay, so
Speaker 1: you've heard about technology using things like, you know, exo
Speaker 1: skeletons in order to help move larger pieces of equipment,
Speaker 1: things like being able to lift more weight than you
Speaker 1: normally would. Have you ever heard about an exoskeleton that
Speaker 1: does the opposite of that. No, okay, so I actually
Speaker 1: got to wear this. There is an aging exoskeleton, and
Speaker 1: the purpose of it is to give people who are
Speaker 1: able bodied young people and experience of what it's like
Speaker 1: to have are gone the effects of aging. And the
Speaker 1: exo skeleton itself uses various joints to create resistance so
Speaker 1: that it's harder for you to move around. It's like
Speaker 1: you've got you know, your your joints are all stiff,
Speaker 1: your balance is off. You wear a headset that actively
Speaker 1: starts to obscure your vision, as if you have cataracts
Speaker 1: or have developed other vision problems. The headphones will start
Speaker 1: to create statics so it's harder for you to hear.
Speaker 1: And the whole purpose of it, it's actually a bankrolled
Speaker 1: by an insurance company, but the purpose of it is
Speaker 1: to give people an appreciation for the challenges that the
Speaker 1: elderly face day to day just through the process of aging,
Speaker 1: what our bodies typically go through in this aging process.
Speaker 1: So do they like, uh, dial it up to this
Speaker 1: is what you at sixty, this is a seventy they do.
Speaker 1: And I experienced this in front of a live audience.
Speaker 1: It was a humbling experience because I had to be helped.
Speaker 1: I could not, I couldn't. I suddenly could not walk
Speaker 1: across the stage the way I thought I would be
Speaker 1: able to because my balance was off, my my knees
Speaker 1: weren't working the way I would expect them to. I
Speaker 1: couldn't really see very well even in a brightly lit environment.
Speaker 1: Do you feel like a distinct difference at any particular age,
Speaker 1: Like was the difference between fifty and sixty a bigger
Speaker 1: jomp for sixty and seventy. Sixty and seventy was probably
Speaker 1: the biggest job sixty and seven, seventy and eighty. Once
Speaker 1: you get to that point, it's it's it's increasingly difficult.
Speaker 1: But six seventy they and obviously this is all based
Speaker 1: off of averages. You know, we don't not every human
Speaker 1: body is going to age exactly the same way. Obviously,
Speaker 1: your activity levels and your diet and lots of other
Speaker 1: factors are going to play a part in that. But
Speaker 1: to me, it was an incredible use of technology to
Speaker 1: not only get across this this idea that we all
Speaker 1: are familiar with. We all know as we age, our
Speaker 1: physical capabilities will decrease. That's that's an element of aging.
Speaker 1: But knowing an ex periencing are two different things. And
Speaker 1: being able to experience that and have a deeper appreciation
Speaker 1: for what the elderly around me go through just on
Speaker 1: a daily basis, it was really eye opening. And uh,
Speaker 1: obviously this is not an experience that everyone can have easily.
Speaker 1: They're not going to market these It's not like you're
Speaker 1: going to go out and buy Hey, guys, let's find
Speaker 1: out what it's like to be eighty today. You know,
Speaker 1: you're not gonna go out and buy an exo skeleton
Speaker 1: and do that. But it really was an interesting way
Speaker 1: to open up this conversation. And of course, for the
Speaker 1: purposes of this demonstration, it was to have sort of
Speaker 1: end of life insurance planning, that sort of thing, to
Speaker 1: help to help prepare people and to care for people
Speaker 1: as they're entering, uh, the advanced years of their age,
Speaker 1: and to two explain to younger people, this is why
Speaker 1: this this kind of product is important. That was that
Speaker 1: was their their rationality for doing all of this, And
Speaker 1: I found it fascinating because I usually talk about technology
Speaker 1: as a way of augmenting our ability, not to remove them.
Speaker 1: But in a way you could argue this is to
Speaker 1: augment compassion. Yeah, I love that. That's really wonderful. Um,
Speaker 1: And I know one of the things I admire about
Speaker 1: you is that you walk like three miles a day
Speaker 1: right to the office here. When you left that, did
Speaker 1: you just appreciate your walks more? Definitely? Yeah. So so
Speaker 1: for those who do not live in the bustling metropolis
Speaker 1: that is Atlanta. There are certain areas where the sidewalks
Speaker 1: are not terribly level, and once in a while I
Speaker 1: might have a little stumble if I'm not really paying
Speaker 1: attention right wearing that suit. If I were wearing that
Speaker 1: suit and trying to take take that same pathway home,
Speaker 1: I'm not sure that I can make it to the house,
Speaker 1: at least not without lots and lots of stops. I
Speaker 1: love this idea of augment and compassion. I think that's
Speaker 1: really just a wonderful way to put it. So before
Speaker 1: I get to a quiz, because I do want to
Speaker 1: get to a quiz, I know you're a big game players,
Speaker 1: board games, video games, everything, uh, and the holidays are
Speaker 1: coming up. I was curious if you had one or
Speaker 1: two recommendations for our audience that you could sort of,
Speaker 1: uh say, has the Jonathan Strickland Seal of Approval? Sure.
Speaker 1: Just the day before we record this, I had a
Speaker 1: chance to play through The Thing, which is based off
Speaker 1: the nineteen eight two John Carpenter horror film The Thing,
Speaker 1: and that was a huge amount of fun. It's got
Speaker 1: a bit of an identity game where someone in the
Speaker 1: game is working at cross purposes of everybody else, but
Speaker 1: you don't. You don't know the identity of the other players.
Speaker 1: You only know your own, so you know if you're
Speaker 1: the trader or not, but you don't if you're not
Speaker 1: the trader, you don't really know who to trust and
Speaker 1: that creates an amazing dynamic as you play through this game.
Speaker 1: And it looked like both a beautifully design game, but
Speaker 1: also uh, I mean, obviously the gameplay seemed really interesting
Speaker 1: as well. Yes it was. It got to a point
Speaker 1: where we were actually doing this on live on camera,
Speaker 1: but it got to a point where we just forgot
Speaker 1: about that. We were just playing the game. We weren't
Speaker 1: performing any know, we were just like, oh, I really
Speaker 1: think Scott Benjamin is the bad guy. Turns out Scott
Speaker 1: was not the bad guy. I an enormous apology, but
Speaker 1: but in his defense, he was really squirreling in that
Speaker 1: game session. But yeah, that that's a big that's got
Speaker 1: a big thumbs up from me. You know, there's there's
Speaker 1: also a game if you're if you like cheeky games,
Speaker 1: you like things like you know, there's Cards Against Humanity
Speaker 1: is probably the one that everyone thinks about. But there's
Speaker 1: a game called million dollars, but and it creates scenarios
Speaker 1: where you get a million dollars, but and there's this
Speaker 1: condition and it's a it's one of those party games
Speaker 1: where you're playing with multiple people and people may give
Speaker 1: you a thing where there's a trigger something some event happens,
Speaker 1: and then there's a condition, this is what happens when
Speaker 1: you hear that. So it might be every time a
Speaker 1: bell rings, you have to punch the person to your left.
Speaker 1: So he's like, yeah, you get a million dollars, but
Speaker 1: every time you hear a bell ring, whoever staying to
Speaker 1: your left, you're just gonna punch them and you have
Speaker 1: to deal with the consequences after that. And uh. And
Speaker 1: then typically the way it works is that the judge
Speaker 1: for that round looks at all the different conditions and
Speaker 1: they decide, all, right, out of all of these, which
Speaker 1: is the one that I would most likely accept in
Speaker 1: return for getting a million dollars? And it tells you
Speaker 1: a lot about the people around you and how much
Speaker 1: they value their own personal safety. Yeah, well, I'll definitely
Speaker 1: look for that. I haven't hadn't heard of it before.
Speaker 1: But before you leave, we want to put you to
Speaker 1: one of our own games. Today, we're playing a game
Speaker 1: called three Letter body Parts, and basically we'll give you
Speaker 1: a clue and you just have to tell us what
Speaker 1: body part we're talking about. Okay, and and I know
Speaker 1: you'll do great at this. So question number one instead
Speaker 1: of three. A woman from northern England has four color
Speaker 1: cones and what body part that would have to be
Speaker 1: the eye? That's right. So because of the mutation, she
Speaker 1: can see nine million more colors than the average person.
Speaker 1: So you're one for one ready, number two. While some
Speaker 1: cultures claimed this is a sign of intelligence, the condition
Speaker 1: where your second metatarsal is larger than your first metatarsal
Speaker 1: is known as Morten's what toe? Yeah, that's right. So
Speaker 1: Morten's toe is where your second toe is bigger than
Speaker 1: your first, and it's also known as shepherd's toe or
Speaker 1: Greek foot. I guess I have that my second toe
Speaker 1: is larger than my first toe. Well, I always knew
Speaker 1: you were smart. Question three. When sixty million people tuned
Speaker 1: in to watch Elvis Pressley's debut on The Ed Sullivan Show,
Speaker 1: sensors made sure he was only shot from the waist
Speaker 1: up because they were nervous about is what shaking that
Speaker 1: would be his hip. That's right. And less memorable is
Speaker 1: the fact that a nervous announcer on the show accidentally
Speaker 1: introduced him as Elvin Pressley. But that's absolutely right. So
Speaker 1: you're three for three doing great here. Question four Keeleoscopy
Speaker 1: is a type of forensics that might investigate cups, water bottles,
Speaker 1: or cigarette butts at crime scenes for these prints. Lip Yeah. Um,
Speaker 1: while lip prints aren't often used at trial, women and
Speaker 1: men's prints are distinctive and everyone's lip prints are completely unique. Wow. Yeah,
Speaker 1: it's just that juries don't know about it, so they
Speaker 1: don't use it right now. But but they're sort of
Speaker 1: gaining acceptance. And uh, question number five or four for four,
Speaker 1: I think you can go five for five. Oddly enough,
Speaker 1: this sort of piercing existed back in prehistoric times. OT
Speaker 1: see the ice Mummy had both of his pierced here.
Speaker 1: That's right. Took a took a wild stab at that one. Well,
Speaker 1: you went five for five. That's incredible. We're gonna send
Speaker 1: you home with a part time genius certificate of genius
Speaker 1: when we actually get those printed off. But I'm so
Speaker 1: glad that it's that and not body part that starts
Speaker 1: with that has three letters, and that would have been awkward.
Speaker 1: Down Jonathan, thank you so much for coming by, Thanks
Speaker 1: for having me. Okay, well, so it's time to find
Speaker 1: out what kind of weird stuff our bodies get up
Speaker 1: to once we've vacated the premises. And to start, I
Speaker 1: thought we could debunk a long running postmorte, a myth
Speaker 1: that gets passed around way too frequently, the idea that
Speaker 1: our hair and fingernails continue to grow even after death. Hey,
Speaker 1: that's not true. I mean I've read that so many
Speaker 1: times before. I know it's everywhere, but it's actually impossible.
Speaker 1: So after your heart stops beating, our cells start to
Speaker 1: die from a lack of oxygen and putrefy within a
Speaker 1: matter of minutes. And without that fresh oxygen in the bloodstream,
Speaker 1: the cell division in our nails and hair growth simply
Speaker 1: can't happen. So there's all this definitive proof that you're
Speaker 1: talking about. But why have I heard this so much? Well,
Speaker 1: I mean sometimes books and other media helped perpetuate the myth.
Speaker 1: So there's this part in All Quiet on the Western
Speaker 1: Front where the narrator imagines the dead friends nails continue
Speaker 1: to grow. I mean they grow into these long spirals,
Speaker 1: and and the hair and the skull just keeps lengthening.
Speaker 1: And that's just one of a ton of cultural references.
Speaker 1: But really, I think the biggest reason for the misconception
Speaker 1: is the fact that our skin shrinks as it dries
Speaker 1: out in the hours after our death, and that causes
Speaker 1: the skin to retract, which makes it look like our
Speaker 1: hair and nail are actually getting longer. No kidding, Well,
Speaker 1: I guess I can accept that explanation. That makes sense, though,
Speaker 1: given how so much about death remains unknown to the living,
Speaker 1: I guess it makes sense that all kinds of crazy
Speaker 1: theories would spring up about it. You know. For example,
Speaker 1: have you ever heard the idea that caught on the
Speaker 1: eighteen hundreds, this miasmatic theory? No, what is that? Well,
Speaker 1: it comes from the ancient Greek word miasthma, which means
Speaker 1: pollution or bad air. And and so the prevailing belief
Speaker 1: during the nineteenth century was that dead people produced miasthma
Speaker 1: on their own. So most people, doctors included, Really, we're
Speaker 1: we're convinced that rotting corpses expelled little toxic clouds that
Speaker 1: then hung around the grapes, and people would get sick
Speaker 1: in this and lead to the spread of diseases like cholera.
Speaker 1: And of course all of this was later disproven, but
Speaker 1: miasmatic theory did leave its mark on culture in a
Speaker 1: major way. You know, the regulation that requires bodies to
Speaker 1: be buried six ft under, so that was the recommended
Speaker 1: depth for preventing the miasma fumes from reaching the surface.
Speaker 1: That's so funny. I just think about that like rain
Speaker 1: cloud following Charlie Brown around, right, that's his nasma. But
Speaker 1: I actually came across a few real life horror stories
Speaker 1: about air tight caskets and I wanted to share them
Speaker 1: with you because it's about the kind that's in above
Speaker 1: ground mausoleums. So the setup might keep you safe from
Speaker 1: like hungry bugs in the ground, but your body is
Speaker 1: still sealed inside this box, and that box locks in
Speaker 1: heat and humidity, which means they're going to decompose regardless.
Speaker 1: But once anaerobic bacteria step in to do their thing,
Speaker 1: the bodies produced to this gelatinous brown goop. And while
Speaker 1: disease written corps there might be a myth there's still
Speaker 1: plenty of gas involved in this decomposition process. So even
Speaker 1: enough time, the pressure from the gas builds and builds
Speaker 1: while you're still being liquefied until finally boom boom, well
Speaker 1: maybe more pop. Either way, the pressure inside can get
Speaker 1: so strong that the little square door at the front
Speaker 1: of the burial chamber blows open and out spills the foul,
Speaker 1: soupy mess. That's you, good lord. I mean, this is
Speaker 1: stuff of nightmares. But so so this really happens way
Speaker 1: more than you'd like to think. So sometimes you hear
Speaker 1: about them getting sued when like a family catches them
Speaker 1: opening a loved one's casket in order to let the
Speaker 1: gas out. I mean, I get how that's a violation
Speaker 1: at all, but it really sounds like the owner is
Speaker 1: trying to save your family from some serious lifelong trauma. Yeah.
Speaker 1: I mean, I'd much rather have someone occasionally burnt my casket,
Speaker 1: like you know, having people weighed around in this ankle
Speaker 1: deep soup of me. It's so disgusting. I mean, if
Speaker 1: nothing else, there's just better ways for your body to
Speaker 1: spend its time after its death. I mean, for example,
Speaker 1: I remember this story from Mental Floss a few years
Speaker 1: ago about creative ways to keep your dead body busy.
Speaker 1: You remember this story right, definitely, and you know one
Speaker 1: of the entries was just about how having your body
Speaker 1: cremated could help fuel a whole city, and that that
Speaker 1: was in Sweden, right, yeah, yeah, So that the incinerators
Speaker 1: used for cremation demand a great deal of energy, so
Speaker 1: crematoriums are always on the lookout for ways to make
Speaker 1: the process greener. And one solution that a few European
Speaker 1: facilities came up with was to have the heat from
Speaker 1: the fires pulled double duty so that the energy could
Speaker 1: be saved elsewhere. So, with this idea in mind, the
Speaker 1: Swedish city of Helsingborg they began sourcing as much as
Speaker 1: ten percent of the heat for its homes from local crematoriums.
Speaker 1: That was back in and you know, the idea has
Speaker 1: cropped up a bunch of times since then, but sometimes
Speaker 1: town council shoot it down over like ethical concerns. Well,
Speaker 1: i mean, I'm all for greener tech, but I'm so
Speaker 1: nodded at this idea of warming our houses via burning body.
Speaker 1: You're such a stickler mango. But anyway, if you if
Speaker 1: you rather your body give back in another way, you
Speaker 1: can always donate it to science. Just make sure you
Speaker 1: do specify that you'd rather it be used for organ
Speaker 1: transplants than say, like you know, a facelift practice. What
Speaker 1: do cosmetic surgeons actually practice on cadavers? They sure do.
Speaker 1: And in fact, I read this interview with Mary Roach,
Speaker 1: the author of a great book called Stiff The Curious
Speaker 1: Lives of Human Cadavers. And I know we've read several
Speaker 1: of her books over the years, but in this book
Speaker 1: she breaks down what happens when someone wills their body
Speaker 1: to science. As she explains, quote, you donate to a
Speaker 1: specific institution like Harvard or the Mayo Clinic. You fill
Speaker 1: out the forms through the willed body program of the school.
Speaker 1: Most of the bodies are donated through anatomy labs, so
Speaker 1: you are dissected. But what you can do is specify
Speaker 1: things that you don't want done. For example, you could
Speaker 1: say I don't want to be used specifically for cosmetic surgeries.
Speaker 1: You can select what you don't want, but not what
Speaker 1: you want. I guess there's no sense of being picked
Speaker 1: at that point, but it's still a little innnerving that
Speaker 1: you might end up with this botched facelift in the afterlife. Well,
Speaker 1: believe it or not, they're actually worse ways to go
Speaker 1: out then this. For instance, every year, universities conduct tons
Speaker 1: of safety tests using cadavers as crash tests. Yeah, a
Speaker 1: lot of the funding for these tests come from the
Speaker 1: National Highway Traffic Safety Administration, but because automakers lack the
Speaker 1: medical resources needed for cadaver test plenty of schools also
Speaker 1: received grants from companies like Ford and GM. That's awful. So,
Speaker 1: even though we've probably dwelled on death enough for one day,
Speaker 1: I'd hate to end this show on such a sour note.
Speaker 1: So instead, I actually want to tell you about what
Speaker 1: might be the best way for your body to spend
Speaker 1: it's afterlife. All right, Well, what's that? So there's this
Speaker 1: pair of Italian designers who have actually come up with
Speaker 1: a new form of burial, and it's called Capsula mundi,
Speaker 1: which means world's capsule in Latin. And basically it's this
Speaker 1: egg shaped organic casket that houses either cremated remains or
Speaker 1: a body place in the field position. And once the
Speaker 1: capsule is buried, it's biodegradable shell breaks down and the
Speaker 1: exposed remains supply nutrients to the sapling that's planted just
Speaker 1: above it. So not only is the system environmentally friendly,
Speaker 1: but it's this great way to beautify traditional cemeteries, also
Speaker 1: highlighting the cycle of life. That's a pretty great idea,
Speaker 1: and I love the thought of, you know, replacing these austere,
Speaker 1: tombstone laden graveyards with kind of a memorial forest. Imagine
Speaker 1: how much more connected you'd feel to your loved ones
Speaker 1: if you could visit a place like that and just
Speaker 1: sit beneath the tree they chose to represent them. Yeah,
Speaker 1: it's got to be one of the most peaceful and
Speaker 1: dignified ways of human body could be laid to rest.
Speaker 1: I agree. Well, before we put this episode to rest,
Speaker 1: we've got a few last rites to perform. So, Mango,
Speaker 1: are you ready for the fact I always m m
Speaker 1: all right, Well I will start us off. So I'm
Speaker 1: here to confirm a fact that I'd heard before, but
Speaker 1: I wasn't sure if it was actually true. But yes,
Speaker 1: our bodies actually are taller when we wake up in
Speaker 1: the morning than when we go to sleep at time.
Speaker 1: And the reason for that is all of the pressure
Speaker 1: that our upright posture puts on our joints each day,
Speaker 1: because for the whole time we're on our feet or
Speaker 1: sitting up straight, the weight of our bones, you know,
Speaker 1: with a little help from gravity, it's working to compress
Speaker 1: the carlage between the disks of our spine. Then we
Speaker 1: finally laid the rest at night, and the pressure is
Speaker 1: off and our cartilage is able to expand back to
Speaker 1: its original shape. So when we wake up, we're actually
Speaker 1: a little bit taller than we were the night before,
Speaker 1: until we get squeezed down again through the day, which
Speaker 1: is why I only slam dunk first thing in the morning.
Speaker 1: Of course, So I've got a fact that seems appropriate
Speaker 1: since I know as soon as we finished this episode,
Speaker 1: you're gonna head down to have some ramena. And that's
Speaker 1: the fact that there's actually a word for the growling
Speaker 1: sound your stomach mix. Yeah, so the rumblings in your
Speaker 1: gut are known as barbara rigmy among people who like
Speaker 1: to use technical terms, and it's a cool little word
Speaker 1: we picked up from the Greek barbar reason, which means
Speaker 1: to rumble. Okay, well, I've got some major borbera rigmy
Speaker 1: going on right now. I'm hungry. Okay, I've got one
Speaker 1: that I looked into because a friend of mine has
Speaker 1: this remarkable ability to think herself to warmth in cold temperatures.
Speaker 1: I don't know if you know anybody like this. But
Speaker 1: I remember standing outside in the cold before an event,
Speaker 1: and a group of us were baffled because her bare
Speaker 1: hands were as warm as though she'd been in front
Speaker 1: of a heater or something like that. And it turns
Speaker 1: out your mind actually can help you keep warm. You
Speaker 1: may have read about a group of Tibetan monks who
Speaker 1: were especially good at this. But you know, a few
Speaker 1: years ago a study was done where a group of
Speaker 1: Westerners were taught forceful breathing and it actually did help
Speaker 1: them regulate their body temperatures. So meditation triggers thermogenesis, or
Speaker 1: body warming, and also helps suppress the cooling mechanisms that
Speaker 1: our bodies use, you know, things like sweating or blood
Speaker 1: vessel dilation. So this is actually something that can happen,
Speaker 1: and I want to think about it. I got to
Speaker 1: start meditating because you know how much I hate being cold. Yeah,
Speaker 1: that's true. So this is another thing I had heard,
Speaker 1: but I wasn't sure if I believed. And it's that
Speaker 1: our joints can actually predict the weather. But it turns
Speaker 1: out our grandparents were right. There's still some debate about
Speaker 1: the specifics of it, but there does appear to be
Speaker 1: a connection between joint issues like arthritis and the weather.
Speaker 1: And in one study at Tufts, they found that as
Speaker 1: temperatures dropped, knee pain among those with arthritis increased. And
Speaker 1: the researchers showed that this happens because the barometric pressure
Speaker 1: is actually a stabilizing factor for certain joints, and so
Speaker 1: if that pressure changes, our stabilization would change as well.
Speaker 1: And also as temperatures dropped, the thickness of the synovial
Speaker 1: fluid changes, and that's the fluid that helps keep our
Speaker 1: joints lubricated. My granddad was right all along. That's pretty interesting.
Speaker 1: Everything about everything that's right, that's right, all right. Well,
Speaker 1: here's another one. So I've always wondered why it is
Speaker 1: we don't notice everything has gone dark every few seconds
Speaker 1: when we blink. It turns out that our brains have
Speaker 1: this really impressive ability to suppress the activity in the
Speaker 1: parts of the brain that help us detect changes in
Speaker 1: our environment. So our brains actually allow us to ignore
Speaker 1: those momentary periods of darkness and just see the world
Speaker 1: as though it's continue to us. That's pretty awesome. So
Speaker 1: I know, we started the show talking about an athlete
Speaker 1: with superhuman abilities and I know our goal was to
Speaker 1: tell Michael Johnson who is listening, that our bodies are
Speaker 1: special too, but I think I've got a good one.
Speaker 1: So you know how, you occasionally hear about these moments
Speaker 1: of superhuman strength, like a firefighter being able to lift
Speaker 1: a car to save someone that's trapped under it, or
Speaker 1: like a mom being able to do the same thing,
Speaker 1: and it turns out there's actual science behind this. So
Speaker 1: whenever we're doing something that requires a certain amount of
Speaker 1: physical strength, our brains have a way of preventing our
Speaker 1: muscles from being over stimulated and the purposes to keep
Speaker 1: ourselves from injuring ourselves. But in moments of extreme stress,
Speaker 1: we also have the ability to override that suppression and
Speaker 1: physically accomplished all these things that wouldn't otherwise be capable of.
Speaker 1: Hence the reason for these moments of superhuman strength. That's
Speaker 1: pretty awesome, and you're right, the whole point of this
Speaker 1: episode was to let Michael Johnson know that our bodies
Speaker 1: can do some amazing things. To got it, Michael Johnson,
Speaker 1: And I think you've nailed it with that one, Mango,
Speaker 1: So I'm actually gonna get of you Today's fact on Trophy.
Speaker 1: Thank you so much. So that's it for today's episode.
Speaker 1: If you've got some great facts about the human body
Speaker 1: that we should have shared on today's episode, let us know.
Speaker 1: You can email us part Time Genius at how stuff
Speaker 1: Works dot com or hit us up on our seven
Speaker 1: fact hot line one eight four four pt Genius, or
Speaker 1: as always, you can find us on Facebook or Twitter.
Speaker 1: Thanks so much for listening. Thanks again for listening. Part
Speaker 1: Time Genius is a production of How Stuff Works and
Speaker 1: wouldn't be possible without several brilliant people who do the
Speaker 1: important things we couldn't even begin to understand. Tristan McNeil
Speaker 1: does the editing thing. Noel Brown made the theme song
Speaker 1: and does the mixy mixy sound thing. Jerry Rowland does
Speaker 1: the exact producer thing. Gay blues Yer is our lead researcher,
Speaker 1: with support from the research Army including Austin Thompson, Nolan
Speaker 1: Brown and Lucas Adams and Eves. Jeff Cook gets the
Speaker 1: show to your ears. Good job, Eves. If you like
Speaker 1: what you heard, we hope you'll subscribe, And if you
Speaker 1: really really like what you've heard, maybe you could leave
Speaker 1: a good review for us. Did we do We forget Jason.
Speaker 1: Jason who