1 00:00:05,200 --> 00:00:07,520 Speaker 1: Hey, this is Annie and Samantha and welcome to stuff 2 00:00:07,560 --> 00:00:18,560 Speaker 1: I never told you protection of I Heart Radio, and 3 00:00:18,600 --> 00:00:21,480 Speaker 1: it is time for another edition of Female First, which 4 00:00:21,520 --> 00:00:26,120 Speaker 1: means we are once again joined by the wonderful, wondrous Eaves. 5 00:00:26,520 --> 00:00:30,360 Speaker 1: Welcome Eaves. Hi. I'm excited to be here, as I 6 00:00:30,400 --> 00:00:33,600 Speaker 1: am every time. Yes, and this is kind of a 7 00:00:33,680 --> 00:00:39,720 Speaker 1: special experimental thing we're doing today. Uh, because Sminty may 8 00:00:39,840 --> 00:00:44,520 Speaker 1: or may not be dipping our toes into TikTok. Maybe 9 00:00:45,040 --> 00:00:49,960 Speaker 1: I know, I know the horror, So we are kind 10 00:00:50,000 --> 00:00:56,960 Speaker 1: of unexpectedly recording this like video. I'll say, when we 11 00:00:57,000 --> 00:01:01,480 Speaker 1: say tiptoeing into TikTok, will be being told by our 12 00:01:01,720 --> 00:01:05,920 Speaker 1: gen z or researcher that we need is we need 13 00:01:05,959 --> 00:01:07,600 Speaker 1: to get into the we need to get into the 14 00:01:07,640 --> 00:01:12,080 Speaker 1: social media, so they will be controlling this aspect and 15 00:01:12,080 --> 00:01:16,560 Speaker 1: probably hopefully making us look better exactly. Yeah. But I'm 16 00:01:16,640 --> 00:01:19,440 Speaker 1: also concerned that the youth, as you say, Eves, are like, 17 00:01:19,480 --> 00:01:23,760 Speaker 1: oh no, please, this is the end of TikTok. I 18 00:01:23,760 --> 00:01:25,960 Speaker 1: have seen on TikTok They're like, please, if you're over thirty, 19 00:01:26,000 --> 00:01:30,320 Speaker 1: stop it. Well here we are like this is ours, 20 00:01:30,319 --> 00:01:33,240 Speaker 1: and I'm like, oh, but I like watching talk videos 21 00:01:33,640 --> 00:01:39,080 Speaker 1: and such. I think, you know, we can be sort 22 00:01:39,120 --> 00:01:41,840 Speaker 1: of quarantined to a certain area of TikTok. I think 23 00:01:41,840 --> 00:01:44,640 Speaker 1: that's okay. Oh yeah, le's true. They do have very 24 00:01:44,680 --> 00:01:50,360 Speaker 1: specific algorithms. So for those who are can we stop 25 00:01:50,400 --> 00:01:52,560 Speaker 1: to address the fact that he wants to go into 26 00:01:52,600 --> 00:01:58,120 Speaker 1: another type of quarantine that now you're putting listen to 27 00:01:58,160 --> 00:02:01,680 Speaker 1: a virtual box. Oh you're right, I'm sorry. I shouldn't 28 00:02:01,720 --> 00:02:06,880 Speaker 1: do that to you. Eves are very valued guests. This 29 00:02:06,920 --> 00:02:10,880 Speaker 1: is a poor star our TikTok careering into the mainstream. 30 00:02:12,000 --> 00:02:16,120 Speaker 1: That sounds like something somebody was saying in Dystopia. It 31 00:02:16,280 --> 00:02:20,799 Speaker 1: is dystopian. Have you not seen the news? Oh my gosh, 32 00:02:20,800 --> 00:02:24,359 Speaker 1: well yes, and we were just talking about nightmares we've 33 00:02:24,400 --> 00:02:28,000 Speaker 1: had um so a lot of I would say stress 34 00:02:28,760 --> 00:02:33,640 Speaker 1: is being felt by a lot of people. But you know, 35 00:02:34,720 --> 00:02:37,960 Speaker 1: this story that you bought today is equal parts inspiring 36 00:02:37,960 --> 00:02:40,320 Speaker 1: and heartbreaking. And I'm so again, I'm like stunned. I 37 00:02:40,360 --> 00:02:42,880 Speaker 1: didn't know about this, so I'm really really eager to 38 00:02:42,919 --> 00:02:46,120 Speaker 1: talk about it. Who did you bring for us today, Eves? 39 00:02:46,560 --> 00:02:48,800 Speaker 1: So today we're talking about Alice Ball. She was the 40 00:02:48,840 --> 00:02:52,400 Speaker 1: first black American to graduate from the University of Hawaii. 41 00:02:52,760 --> 00:02:55,640 Speaker 1: She was also the first woman to graduate from the 42 00:02:55,680 --> 00:02:58,840 Speaker 1: University of Hawaii with a master's degree in chemistry. She 43 00:02:59,000 --> 00:03:02,680 Speaker 1: was also the first Black American female chemistry instructor at 44 00:03:02,680 --> 00:03:05,920 Speaker 1: the university and the first Black American woman to be 45 00:03:05,960 --> 00:03:10,200 Speaker 1: published twice in the Journal of the American Chemical Society, 46 00:03:10,520 --> 00:03:13,040 Speaker 1: and that was in nineteen fourteen and in nineteen seventeen. 47 00:03:13,960 --> 00:03:18,320 Speaker 1: So she did all that work. And she was early 48 00:03:18,360 --> 00:03:20,640 Speaker 1: on in the research for leprosy, which is something that 49 00:03:20,639 --> 00:03:23,880 Speaker 1: has existed for a long time, which we'll talk about 50 00:03:23,919 --> 00:03:29,320 Speaker 1: also called Hanson's disease. But she was instrumental in developing 51 00:03:29,639 --> 00:03:33,280 Speaker 1: the first effective treatment against leprosy, which is tied to 52 00:03:33,360 --> 00:03:36,600 Speaker 1: something that people around the world we're using in a 53 00:03:36,600 --> 00:03:41,040 Speaker 1: medicinal way long before Alice Ball was ever born. But 54 00:03:41,360 --> 00:03:43,360 Speaker 1: she was instrumental in doing some of the lab work 55 00:03:43,480 --> 00:03:47,440 Speaker 1: that was like key to bringing it to a point 56 00:03:47,480 --> 00:03:51,000 Speaker 1: where people were able to use it as an injectable 57 00:03:51,160 --> 00:03:55,360 Speaker 1: and treatment of Hanson's disease. Yeah, and those aren't quite 58 00:03:55,360 --> 00:03:57,440 Speaker 1: a lot of first and she did it in such 59 00:03:57,480 --> 00:04:02,600 Speaker 1: a short amount of time. Yeah. We often I feel 60 00:04:02,640 --> 00:04:04,840 Speaker 1: like we often say on here, wow, they were so young. 61 00:04:04,920 --> 00:04:07,160 Speaker 1: They did so much in such a short period of time. 62 00:04:07,720 --> 00:04:11,080 Speaker 1: And it's true. It is true with her. She unfortunately 63 00:04:11,160 --> 00:04:15,560 Speaker 1: lived a short life, but accomplished a lot during it. Yes, yes, 64 00:04:15,840 --> 00:04:18,760 Speaker 1: so why don't get into it, let's do it. So. 65 00:04:18,960 --> 00:04:23,440 Speaker 1: She was born Alice Augusta Ball on July two in Seattle. 66 00:04:23,720 --> 00:04:27,640 Speaker 1: Her grandfather was a photographer in the nineteenth century, and 67 00:04:27,680 --> 00:04:30,680 Speaker 1: her father's name was James Pressley Ball, and he was 68 00:04:30,720 --> 00:04:33,560 Speaker 1: a newspaper editor a lawyer, and he was also a photographer. 69 00:04:33,920 --> 00:04:36,480 Speaker 1: So I spent set by some historians in the course 70 00:04:36,520 --> 00:04:38,839 Speaker 1: of her story that the chemicals they use in their photography, 71 00:04:38,880 --> 00:04:41,640 Speaker 1: because they were working with degara types and things like that, 72 00:04:41,640 --> 00:04:44,880 Speaker 1: that that may may have had some sort of influence 73 00:04:44,920 --> 00:04:47,919 Speaker 1: on the work that she did as a chemist. But 74 00:04:48,000 --> 00:04:53,839 Speaker 1: her mother was named Laura Louise Ball, and she Alice herself, 75 00:04:54,040 --> 00:04:56,920 Speaker 1: was the third of four children. Her older brothers were 76 00:04:57,000 --> 00:05:00,080 Speaker 1: William and Robert, and her younger sister was named d 77 00:05:00,800 --> 00:05:05,480 Speaker 1: and her family was relatively well off. They were around 78 00:05:05,480 --> 00:05:08,480 Speaker 1: middle class to upper middle class, and they lived in 79 00:05:08,600 --> 00:05:13,719 Speaker 1: Seattle until nineteen o two, but her grandfather was dealing 80 00:05:13,760 --> 00:05:17,400 Speaker 1: with arthritis, so the family then moved to Hawaii and 81 00:05:17,480 --> 00:05:20,400 Speaker 1: hopes that the better climate would help out with his health. 82 00:05:21,080 --> 00:05:23,960 Speaker 1: They lived in downtown Honolulu when they went to Hawaii, 83 00:05:24,000 --> 00:05:26,280 Speaker 1: and Alice went to school at a place called Central 84 00:05:26,440 --> 00:05:29,800 Speaker 1: Grammar from nineteen o two to nineteen o four. But 85 00:05:29,880 --> 00:05:32,679 Speaker 1: around that time her father died and then the family 86 00:05:32,680 --> 00:05:35,560 Speaker 1: moved back to Seattle and she went to Seattle High 87 00:05:35,600 --> 00:05:39,040 Speaker 1: School and she graduated in nineteen ten. She did really 88 00:05:39,040 --> 00:05:42,960 Speaker 1: well in school and particularly in her science classes, so 89 00:05:43,000 --> 00:05:45,039 Speaker 1: it makes sense that she moved on to continue to 90 00:05:45,080 --> 00:05:49,000 Speaker 1: work in science. She then attended the University of Washington, 91 00:05:49,160 --> 00:05:52,200 Speaker 1: where she got two Bachelor of Science degrees. She got 92 00:05:52,240 --> 00:05:55,719 Speaker 1: one in pharmaceutical chemistry in nineteen twelve and she got 93 00:05:55,760 --> 00:06:00,120 Speaker 1: another one in pharmacy in nineteen fourteen. So these are 94 00:06:00,120 --> 00:06:03,159 Speaker 1: things that were not super common happening back then in 95 00:06:03,240 --> 00:06:07,040 Speaker 1: terms of women and specifically black women and the academic 96 00:06:07,120 --> 00:06:14,440 Speaker 1: sciences and getting their master's degrees and moving into fields 97 00:06:14,480 --> 00:06:18,200 Speaker 1: as professors as well in the sciences was something that 98 00:06:18,200 --> 00:06:21,400 Speaker 1: that was not common at the time. She published an 99 00:06:21,480 --> 00:06:24,800 Speaker 1: article with her pharmacy teacher in the Journal of the 100 00:06:24,800 --> 00:06:29,960 Speaker 1: American Chemical Society called Benzo relations an ether Solution, and 101 00:06:30,080 --> 00:06:32,880 Speaker 1: she chose to get her master's degree from the College 102 00:06:32,920 --> 00:06:35,880 Speaker 1: of Hawaii, and it was at that point she graduated 103 00:06:36,400 --> 00:06:40,039 Speaker 1: that happened in June of nineteen fifteen. Her thesis at 104 00:06:40,080 --> 00:06:44,120 Speaker 1: the time was called the Chemical Constituents of Piper methysticum 105 00:06:44,760 --> 00:06:48,720 Speaker 1: the Chemical constituents of the active principle of avarut also 106 00:06:48,760 --> 00:06:51,880 Speaker 1: known as cava rout. She studied that plant to see 107 00:06:51,880 --> 00:06:55,479 Speaker 1: how it could be injected as a treatment for medical condition, 108 00:06:55,520 --> 00:06:58,880 Speaker 1: which ties into her later work. Upon graduating from a 109 00:06:58,920 --> 00:07:02,279 Speaker 1: College of Hawaii, she came the first woman and the 110 00:07:02,279 --> 00:07:05,479 Speaker 1: first black person to graduate from the school with a 111 00:07:05,560 --> 00:07:23,160 Speaker 1: master's degree. So from nineteen fifteen to nineteen sixteen, she 112 00:07:23,320 --> 00:07:27,480 Speaker 1: also taught chemistry at the college and she became the 113 00:07:27,560 --> 00:07:32,440 Speaker 1: first black woman professor in the chemistry department. And while 114 00:07:32,520 --> 00:07:36,120 Speaker 1: she was teaching at the school, man named Dr. Harry T. 115 00:07:36,360 --> 00:07:40,440 Speaker 1: Holman asked her to research how to make chalmugra oil 116 00:07:40,560 --> 00:07:44,960 Speaker 1: better at treating people with Hanson's disease, which was, like 117 00:07:45,000 --> 00:07:49,160 Speaker 1: I mentioned earlier, also known as leprosy. So Holman was 118 00:07:49,200 --> 00:07:52,720 Speaker 1: an assistant surgeon at a hospital in Hawaii called Kalihi 119 00:07:53,360 --> 00:07:56,960 Speaker 1: and he worked with patients with Hanson's disease. And so 120 00:07:57,040 --> 00:08:01,560 Speaker 1: there's a long history of leprosy and how it was 121 00:08:01,600 --> 00:08:05,800 Speaker 1: treated across the world over many centuries, but also in 122 00:08:05,840 --> 00:08:09,320 Speaker 1: the US and Hawaii has its own specific history of leprosy. 123 00:08:09,560 --> 00:08:12,680 Speaker 1: I'm sure a lot of people have heard the terminology 124 00:08:12,920 --> 00:08:17,400 Speaker 1: leper colonies a place that people who had leprosy were 125 00:08:17,440 --> 00:08:20,400 Speaker 1: directed to, And of course there's also a lot of 126 00:08:20,920 --> 00:08:25,240 Speaker 1: stigma around the actual condition of leprosy, and because of that, 127 00:08:25,320 --> 00:08:28,000 Speaker 1: there's also stigma around the word of leprosy that when 128 00:08:28,000 --> 00:08:31,160 Speaker 1: people hear leprosy they may associate it with certain things. 129 00:08:31,200 --> 00:08:34,120 Speaker 1: If they're not they don't have a deep or even 130 00:08:34,120 --> 00:08:37,720 Speaker 1: a surface understanding of how leprosy actually affects people. It 131 00:08:37,800 --> 00:08:42,520 Speaker 1: causes discoloration of the skin, it causes ulcers, muscle weakness 132 00:08:42,640 --> 00:08:45,839 Speaker 1: or paralysis, and even things like i issues that may 133 00:08:45,920 --> 00:08:49,400 Speaker 1: lead to blindness and other symptoms that are related to 134 00:08:49,920 --> 00:08:53,360 Speaker 1: the skin and too. Nerve damage and the bacteria that 135 00:08:53,440 --> 00:08:56,880 Speaker 1: caused the disease were identified in eighteen seventy three by 136 00:08:56,920 --> 00:09:00,760 Speaker 1: a Norwegian physician, but like I said, by that point 137 00:09:00,840 --> 00:09:03,040 Speaker 1: it had the condition had been around for a really 138 00:09:03,080 --> 00:09:07,160 Speaker 1: long time. There's evidence that its existed for thousands of years, 139 00:09:07,200 --> 00:09:10,520 Speaker 1: and in the United States in the twentieth century, one 140 00:09:10,640 --> 00:09:15,000 Speaker 1: way that doctors commonly tried to handle leprosy patients was 141 00:09:15,080 --> 00:09:17,480 Speaker 1: by isolating them. It's just like, well, we think they're 142 00:09:17,480 --> 00:09:19,600 Speaker 1: really contagious and we don't really know what to do 143 00:09:19,640 --> 00:09:23,559 Speaker 1: with them. But if they're really contagious and it spreads easily, 144 00:09:23,559 --> 00:09:26,120 Speaker 1: we don't want everybody else to have it, So we're 145 00:09:26,160 --> 00:09:29,559 Speaker 1: going to just contain them to a specific area based 146 00:09:29,600 --> 00:09:33,000 Speaker 1: on the limited knowledge and also all of the stereotypes 147 00:09:33,040 --> 00:09:36,120 Speaker 1: that were happening around people who had hands his disease 148 00:09:36,120 --> 00:09:39,319 Speaker 1: at the time, so they were sent to leprosy hospitals 149 00:09:39,320 --> 00:09:42,600 Speaker 1: and to so called leper colonies, and as what often 150 00:09:42,679 --> 00:09:45,720 Speaker 1: happens to of course, there are many other demographic and 151 00:09:45,800 --> 00:09:48,320 Speaker 1: sociological issues tied up into the way that people were 152 00:09:48,360 --> 00:09:50,880 Speaker 1: treated and isolated. So a lot of people who were 153 00:09:50,880 --> 00:09:52,840 Speaker 1: in Hawaii. Of course, most of those people who were 154 00:09:52,880 --> 00:09:55,840 Speaker 1: sent to this communities of people who at leprosy were 155 00:09:55,960 --> 00:10:00,280 Speaker 1: native Hawaiians, but there were other ethnicities who were there 156 00:10:00,280 --> 00:10:04,720 Speaker 1: as well, And of course Hawaii is very isolated and 157 00:10:05,160 --> 00:10:08,800 Speaker 1: that made it the quote unquote perfect place to isolate 158 00:10:08,880 --> 00:10:12,440 Speaker 1: people who had leprosy. But anyway, one of these kinds 159 00:10:12,480 --> 00:10:16,640 Speaker 1: of communities existed in Hawaii called Papa, and people with 160 00:10:16,960 --> 00:10:21,240 Speaker 1: advanced cases of the disease were often forcibly transferred there 161 00:10:21,360 --> 00:10:24,959 Speaker 1: and they lived in exile basically and often for their 162 00:10:25,120 --> 00:10:32,199 Speaker 1: entire lives. The stigma existed around leprosy because of all 163 00:10:32,240 --> 00:10:35,800 Speaker 1: the biases that people had, the ignorance about how the 164 00:10:35,840 --> 00:10:40,320 Speaker 1: disease worked, how the condition affected people physically, because it 165 00:10:40,360 --> 00:10:45,480 Speaker 1: did have physical effects, These things that people saw and 166 00:10:46,200 --> 00:10:49,120 Speaker 1: viewed people in a different way morally because of it. 167 00:10:49,480 --> 00:10:52,839 Speaker 1: Didn't understand how it spread. They thought it was really contagious, 168 00:10:52,880 --> 00:10:55,720 Speaker 1: which is not that contagious, definitely not as contagious as 169 00:10:55,800 --> 00:11:00,840 Speaker 1: people thought it was back then. They considered them unclean morally, 170 00:11:00,920 --> 00:11:04,959 Speaker 1: inferior or less lesser than from a social status standpoint. 171 00:11:05,360 --> 00:11:07,439 Speaker 1: So all of these things were wrapped up into why 172 00:11:07,480 --> 00:11:12,080 Speaker 1: people were isolated who had Handson's disease, which at the 173 00:11:12,120 --> 00:11:15,120 Speaker 1: time um but people who had this all over the world, 174 00:11:15,120 --> 00:11:18,040 Speaker 1: So it wasn't just happening in Hawaii, and that wasn't 175 00:11:18,080 --> 00:11:20,400 Speaker 1: the case over all the time. Even though it did 176 00:11:20,760 --> 00:11:23,079 Speaker 1: migrate from Europe and Asia over to the America's, it 177 00:11:23,120 --> 00:11:28,360 Speaker 1: didn't always exist in America's But isolation wasn't the only 178 00:11:28,400 --> 00:11:32,720 Speaker 1: way that doctors treated handsons um for a while. Like 179 00:11:32,760 --> 00:11:35,640 Speaker 1: I said earlier, people around the world did use chal 180 00:11:35,720 --> 00:11:38,559 Speaker 1: mugra oil from the Chalmuga tree. People in India and 181 00:11:38,640 --> 00:11:42,959 Speaker 1: China were using this medicinally and it was used to 182 00:11:43,000 --> 00:11:47,120 Speaker 1: treat handsons as well as other skin conditions. And so 183 00:11:47,280 --> 00:11:50,719 Speaker 1: some of these trees at a point were planted in Hawaii. 184 00:11:51,280 --> 00:11:56,240 Speaker 1: But doctors in the US, we're having trouble treating it 185 00:11:56,360 --> 00:12:02,640 Speaker 1: effectively with that oil. The oral doses were nauseating, and 186 00:12:02,679 --> 00:12:07,240 Speaker 1: injecting it could be painful and it could cause skin abscesses. 187 00:12:07,800 --> 00:12:11,000 Speaker 1: So they are in there's a problem that needs a 188 00:12:11,040 --> 00:12:17,160 Speaker 1: solution that people realize, Hey, this talmugra oil has been 189 00:12:17,320 --> 00:12:21,200 Speaker 1: used for many, many years and other societies, so they 190 00:12:21,200 --> 00:12:24,480 Speaker 1: already clearly have medicinal knowledge of how it's used for 191 00:12:24,520 --> 00:12:28,920 Speaker 1: this condition, but it could be improved upon. And so 192 00:12:28,960 --> 00:12:31,760 Speaker 1: that's where Holman comes in. And then that's where Alice 193 00:12:31,800 --> 00:12:35,319 Speaker 1: Ball comes in as well. So basically at that point 194 00:12:35,360 --> 00:12:37,880 Speaker 1: Ball was doing double duty. She was doing all of 195 00:12:37,920 --> 00:12:40,400 Speaker 1: her teaching work during the day and on the side 196 00:12:40,440 --> 00:12:44,360 Speaker 1: she was working on making this talmugra water soluble and 197 00:12:44,400 --> 00:12:48,679 Speaker 1: able to be injected into patients who had leprosy and 198 00:12:49,160 --> 00:12:53,280 Speaker 1: Arthur L. Dean, who was then a chemistry professor, helped 199 00:12:53,280 --> 00:12:56,920 Speaker 1: her with this work. She ended up being successful at 200 00:12:56,960 --> 00:13:00,800 Speaker 1: creating that injectable that was made with the components of 201 00:13:00,840 --> 00:13:03,840 Speaker 1: the oil. She used freezing the oil to help her 202 00:13:03,960 --> 00:13:07,960 Speaker 1: make that injectable and then after that many people were 203 00:13:08,080 --> 00:13:14,520 Speaker 1: released from isolation in the wake of that discovery. But unfortunately, 204 00:13:14,559 --> 00:13:19,000 Speaker 1: Alice Ball did die very young in nineteen sixteen. She 205 00:13:19,440 --> 00:13:22,920 Speaker 1: it was reported that she inhaled chlorine gas in one 206 00:13:22,960 --> 00:13:26,120 Speaker 1: of the classes that she was teaching, but her death 207 00:13:26,160 --> 00:13:30,680 Speaker 1: certificate also set touberculosis, so there is some debate over 208 00:13:30,960 --> 00:13:35,640 Speaker 1: how Alice Ball actually died. She got sick um and 209 00:13:35,679 --> 00:13:39,920 Speaker 1: couldn't publish her finding, so she didn't publish her findings 210 00:13:39,960 --> 00:13:43,520 Speaker 1: before she passed away. She had went back to Seattle 211 00:13:43,679 --> 00:13:46,520 Speaker 1: from Hawaii in October of nineteen sixteen and died in 212 00:13:46,520 --> 00:13:49,040 Speaker 1: December thirty one, so that year, and she was only 213 00:13:49,080 --> 00:13:53,120 Speaker 1: twenty four years old. And Dean, Arthur Dean, he did 214 00:13:53,200 --> 00:13:56,920 Speaker 1: continue her work after she died, but he didn't credit 215 00:13:57,000 --> 00:13:59,839 Speaker 1: her for her work in this publication. And here in 216 00:14:00,040 --> 00:14:03,599 Speaker 1: lies one of those stories that feels like it's apocryphal 217 00:14:03,800 --> 00:14:10,120 Speaker 1: or like some sort of odd, terrible archetype of things 218 00:14:10,160 --> 00:14:12,600 Speaker 1: happening in history, where it's like the man takes credit 219 00:14:12,640 --> 00:14:15,320 Speaker 1: for everything that the woman did, but that is what 220 00:14:15,440 --> 00:14:19,320 Speaker 1: happened in this case. The method became known as the 221 00:14:19,400 --> 00:14:21,880 Speaker 1: Dean method, which is like throwing salt on the wound, 222 00:14:22,960 --> 00:14:27,560 Speaker 1: and a bunch of treatment was of The treatment was 223 00:14:27,600 --> 00:14:31,600 Speaker 1: produced and used around the world. That had a bunch 224 00:14:31,640 --> 00:14:34,920 Speaker 1: of potential and people were really hopeful that it would 225 00:14:34,920 --> 00:14:39,080 Speaker 1: make a big difference. But and and then there were 226 00:14:39,080 --> 00:14:42,000 Speaker 1: no Handson's patients who had Hanson's disease who were sent 227 00:14:42,040 --> 00:14:47,400 Speaker 1: to Cloud Papa between nineteen nine and the injection was 228 00:14:47,640 --> 00:14:51,000 Speaker 1: used to treat people for years, but by the end 229 00:14:51,040 --> 00:14:54,680 Speaker 1: of the nineteen twenties, people realized that the treatment wouldn't 230 00:14:54,760 --> 00:14:58,760 Speaker 1: be a complete cure or help to completely set Cloud 231 00:14:58,800 --> 00:15:02,040 Speaker 1: Papa down. Shut it down down, Tom we were Oil 232 00:15:02,160 --> 00:15:07,480 Speaker 1: was replaced by treatments that were more effective medications by 233 00:15:07,520 --> 00:15:11,400 Speaker 1: the time of the nineteen forties and beyond. So in 234 00:15:11,440 --> 00:15:15,000 Speaker 1: the work that Arthur Dean published in nineteen twenty two, 235 00:15:15,040 --> 00:15:19,640 Speaker 1: he mentioned Ball's work in researching the treatment, so he 236 00:15:19,840 --> 00:15:21,800 Speaker 1: rolled it back and he was like, no, you know, 237 00:15:22,080 --> 00:15:24,520 Speaker 1: Alice Ball was the one who did this work. You know, 238 00:15:24,600 --> 00:15:27,360 Speaker 1: she was a pioneer in this research that was done 239 00:15:27,400 --> 00:15:30,360 Speaker 1: in order to create this treatment that helped people. And 240 00:15:30,400 --> 00:15:35,120 Speaker 1: here's a quote from that publication. He said, quote about 241 00:15:35,160 --> 00:15:38,080 Speaker 1: the time that Rogers and Ghosh were starting their investigations 242 00:15:38,080 --> 00:15:42,480 Speaker 1: in India. In Hawaii, I interested miss Alice Ball, MS 243 00:15:42,560 --> 00:15:46,000 Speaker 1: and instructress in chemistry at the College of Hawaii in 244 00:15:46,040 --> 00:15:49,560 Speaker 1: the chemical problem of obtaining for me the active agents 245 00:15:49,600 --> 00:15:53,080 Speaker 1: in the oil of child mugra. After a great amount 246 00:15:53,120 --> 00:15:56,280 Speaker 1: of experimental work, Miss Ball solved the problem for me 247 00:15:56,600 --> 00:15:59,760 Speaker 1: by making the ethyl esters of the fatty acids found 248 00:15:59,840 --> 00:16:03,840 Speaker 1: in tell mugra oil, employing the technique here with described. 249 00:16:04,240 --> 00:16:07,480 Speaker 1: And he goes on and he proceeds to describe what 250 00:16:07,520 --> 00:16:13,280 Speaker 1: he calls Ball's method. So reattribution is happening there. So 251 00:16:13,400 --> 00:16:17,240 Speaker 1: there were people who came across her work, Catherine to Car, 252 00:16:17,280 --> 00:16:19,240 Speaker 1: I think it is in Stanley Alei who came across 253 00:16:19,240 --> 00:16:22,480 Speaker 1: her work and records in the nineteen seventies. And it 254 00:16:22,560 --> 00:16:25,520 Speaker 1: was a long time. It was a long time when 255 00:16:26,080 --> 00:16:28,320 Speaker 1: her work just the fact that she had done it, 256 00:16:28,800 --> 00:16:32,360 Speaker 1: and that, you know, Dean did reattribute the work to her, 257 00:16:33,000 --> 00:16:35,600 Speaker 1: But that didn't really people still didn't really know about it. 258 00:16:35,640 --> 00:16:37,120 Speaker 1: You know, it was still Dean's method. He was the 259 00:16:37,160 --> 00:16:39,760 Speaker 1: one who had helped get this treatment out to everybody, 260 00:16:39,960 --> 00:16:46,040 Speaker 1: and Ball's contributions weren't specifically and deeply known. So they 261 00:16:46,200 --> 00:16:48,680 Speaker 1: brought that back to light and over time, over the 262 00:16:48,720 --> 00:16:53,600 Speaker 1: most the past few decades, her work has been more recognized. 263 00:16:53,920 --> 00:16:56,480 Speaker 1: In two thousand seven, the University of Hawaii gave her 264 00:16:56,520 --> 00:17:01,080 Speaker 1: the Regent's Medal of Distinction. And back in two thousand 265 00:17:01,760 --> 00:17:05,800 Speaker 1: Hawaii did proclaim February twenty nine to be Alice Ball Day, 266 00:17:05,880 --> 00:17:08,080 Speaker 1: but of course that is the day that only occurs 267 00:17:08,119 --> 00:17:11,640 Speaker 1: on leap years, so because it only happens every four years, 268 00:17:11,640 --> 00:17:15,680 Speaker 1: the governor Hawaii went ahead and said, okay, February two 269 00:17:15,840 --> 00:17:18,639 Speaker 1: just this year, he said that that was Alice Augusta 270 00:17:18,800 --> 00:17:22,960 Speaker 1: Ball Day. And in terms of leprosy overall, many more 271 00:17:22,960 --> 00:17:26,240 Speaker 1: advancements have been made since Alice Ball did her work. 272 00:17:26,600 --> 00:17:29,720 Speaker 1: People with Hanson's disease do have a cure that is 273 00:17:29,720 --> 00:17:33,119 Speaker 1: available to them now and it's largely tweeted with antibiotics. 274 00:17:46,600 --> 00:17:50,280 Speaker 1: So that's the story of Alice Ball is she did 275 00:17:50,320 --> 00:17:53,800 Speaker 1: a lot in her twenty four years, and she accrued 276 00:17:53,880 --> 00:17:57,800 Speaker 1: a lot of first as well. And I'm just I'm 277 00:17:57,840 --> 00:18:01,000 Speaker 1: really happy that her work is being wrecked eatonized now 278 00:18:01,800 --> 00:18:07,760 Speaker 1: because it is one of those cases of somebody else 279 00:18:08,080 --> 00:18:13,040 Speaker 1: not only taking credit for her work, but doing it 280 00:18:13,200 --> 00:18:15,560 Speaker 1: in a very in a very deep way where it's like, no, 281 00:18:15,680 --> 00:18:19,560 Speaker 1: this this is in my name, The actual method is 282 00:18:19,600 --> 00:18:21,080 Speaker 1: in my name, and that it was able to be 283 00:18:21,160 --> 00:18:27,560 Speaker 1: reattributed to her is a good thing. Yeah, I'm glad that. 284 00:18:28,520 --> 00:18:30,199 Speaker 1: I'm glad about that too, But it is kind of 285 00:18:30,240 --> 00:18:31,919 Speaker 1: like you did it when it was too late, like 286 00:18:32,000 --> 00:18:35,560 Speaker 1: everybody knows it as this now, and um, it was 287 00:18:35,600 --> 00:18:38,439 Speaker 1: sort of when all these other developments were happening. So 288 00:18:39,760 --> 00:18:43,080 Speaker 1: I am very glad it happened. Also, I've never heard 289 00:18:43,119 --> 00:18:47,560 Speaker 1: the word instructuress before. That was a new one for me. 290 00:18:48,720 --> 00:18:51,920 Speaker 1: But yeah, I wish It's so tragic that she died 291 00:18:51,960 --> 00:18:53,600 Speaker 1: so young, and she'd already done so much, so who 292 00:18:53,600 --> 00:18:58,320 Speaker 1: knows how much more she could have accomplished, and she 293 00:18:58,400 --> 00:19:02,440 Speaker 1: had such an impact. And yeah, it was a story 294 00:19:02,440 --> 00:19:05,280 Speaker 1: I had never heard of. I really didn't know much 295 00:19:05,320 --> 00:19:11,520 Speaker 1: about leprosy, to be honest, So I'm so again, I'm 296 00:19:11,520 --> 00:19:13,680 Speaker 1: so happy that you bought this to our attention. I'm 297 00:19:13,720 --> 00:19:16,120 Speaker 1: happy she's getting the recognition she could serve, the very 298 00:19:16,160 --> 00:19:19,600 Speaker 1: sad she didn't get it in her life earlier. There's 299 00:19:19,640 --> 00:19:21,719 Speaker 1: a lot like when you look at the context of 300 00:19:21,760 --> 00:19:25,600 Speaker 1: when this occurred, there's so many things to unpack, um 301 00:19:25,640 --> 00:19:27,960 Speaker 1: because even today we know that when it comes to women, 302 00:19:28,000 --> 00:19:31,280 Speaker 1: and especially Marsin's women, especially black women, and stem or 303 00:19:31,320 --> 00:19:34,200 Speaker 1: steam is rare still like to the fact that people 304 00:19:34,240 --> 00:19:37,520 Speaker 1: are still questioning, you know, women being doctors, a black 305 00:19:37,520 --> 00:19:39,919 Speaker 1: woman being a doctor, or you know, anything in the 306 00:19:39,960 --> 00:19:43,720 Speaker 1: science field, engineering field. So it's lovely to see that 307 00:19:43,920 --> 00:19:48,159 Speaker 1: she broke down these walls so early on. It's awful 308 00:19:48,240 --> 00:19:50,680 Speaker 1: to think that she didn't get that credit until what 309 00:19:51,160 --> 00:19:55,280 Speaker 1: late nineties slash early two thousand's and looking and finally 310 00:19:55,320 --> 00:19:59,240 Speaker 1: Hawaii like, yeah, she definitely did these things. But also 311 00:19:59,280 --> 00:20:02,520 Speaker 1: like we understand and it was in the late eight 312 00:20:02,760 --> 00:20:05,679 Speaker 1: hundred's early nineteen hundreds, had been in the process of 313 00:20:05,680 --> 00:20:08,080 Speaker 1: being colonized the entire time, and there was there was 314 00:20:08,160 --> 00:20:11,480 Speaker 1: battles happening for that land and that resources, even to 315 00:20:11,480 --> 00:20:14,159 Speaker 1: the point that today, hey, people don't recognize or I 316 00:20:14,280 --> 00:20:16,760 Speaker 1: don't even know the history of Hawaii, Like it took 317 00:20:16,760 --> 00:20:19,960 Speaker 1: me to the last five years I understand, Oh oh yeah, 318 00:20:20,000 --> 00:20:24,160 Speaker 1: they really were really were like colonized and taking advantage 319 00:20:24,160 --> 00:20:26,200 Speaker 1: of and still are to this day, kind of saying 320 00:20:26,200 --> 00:20:29,600 Speaker 1: with Puerto Rico. Whole different episode, but these conversations of 321 00:20:29,640 --> 00:20:32,119 Speaker 1: like how this laid out and then having this deep 322 00:20:32,240 --> 00:20:35,000 Speaker 1: history trying to unearthed and remember some of the amazing 323 00:20:35,040 --> 00:20:38,480 Speaker 1: things that did occur at the same time, as well 324 00:20:38,520 --> 00:20:40,600 Speaker 1: as the fact again yes, that she was a young 325 00:20:40,800 --> 00:20:43,920 Speaker 1: black woman coming into a field being an instructor, which 326 00:20:44,119 --> 00:20:46,959 Speaker 1: again amazes me and I was like, wow, I wonder 327 00:20:47,600 --> 00:20:50,520 Speaker 1: again like the battles that she had to go through. Again, 328 00:20:50,720 --> 00:20:52,879 Speaker 1: you had said that she came from a pretty well 329 00:20:54,240 --> 00:20:56,000 Speaker 1: to do. Does that's the word I want that re? 330 00:20:59,320 --> 00:21:02,080 Speaker 1: I'm like, how do I say this? Um? But still, 331 00:21:02,280 --> 00:21:04,399 Speaker 1: you know there were challenges, you know, there are so 332 00:21:04,440 --> 00:21:07,359 Speaker 1: many uphill battles for her and her family. UM. And 333 00:21:07,400 --> 00:21:09,240 Speaker 1: the fact that she was an instructor and was able 334 00:21:09,280 --> 00:21:14,639 Speaker 1: to instruct other people in this field is phenomenal. And 335 00:21:15,040 --> 00:21:18,520 Speaker 1: maybe I'm blowing it out of proportion in that I 336 00:21:18,560 --> 00:21:20,320 Speaker 1: really wish it didn't have to be a big deal. 337 00:21:20,520 --> 00:21:22,600 Speaker 1: But of course, like I said, even today, is still 338 00:21:22,680 --> 00:21:25,280 Speaker 1: kind of a big deal. Like seeking people who are 339 00:21:25,359 --> 00:21:29,320 Speaker 1: able to uh continue in this field and to thrive 340 00:21:29,359 --> 00:21:31,679 Speaker 1: in this field. It's difficult because of all the obstacles 341 00:21:31,680 --> 00:21:34,920 Speaker 1: that are placed in front of a marginalized people in general. 342 00:21:35,240 --> 00:21:38,719 Speaker 1: So her stories beyond amazing. And even if she hadn't 343 00:21:38,760 --> 00:21:40,880 Speaker 1: done this method, which she did, which is an amazing 344 00:21:41,240 --> 00:21:43,480 Speaker 1: feat and she should be credited for that work, the 345 00:21:43,680 --> 00:21:46,919 Speaker 1: things that she had already done is an accomplishment in itself. 346 00:21:47,440 --> 00:21:50,760 Speaker 1: Again and for me as a person who has no 347 00:21:51,840 --> 00:21:55,960 Speaker 1: understanding of science hardly at all. And then like the 348 00:21:56,119 --> 00:21:59,600 Speaker 1: things I know of leprosy comes from like biblical teachings, 349 00:21:59,680 --> 00:22:02,880 Speaker 1: which pretty much submit unclean. That's what we know. That 350 00:22:02,880 --> 00:22:08,400 Speaker 1: that's a lot of people's experience, Santhem. I'm smart, it's fine, um, 351 00:22:08,400 --> 00:22:11,080 Speaker 1: But like all of these things come into play that 352 00:22:11,119 --> 00:22:13,920 Speaker 1: you're like, wow, this this information, this story, there's so 353 00:22:13,960 --> 00:22:17,280 Speaker 1: many folds to this that in her young life there again, 354 00:22:17,320 --> 00:22:19,520 Speaker 1: as you said, there's so many first that she should 355 00:22:19,560 --> 00:22:21,879 Speaker 1: have been accredited with that we should be talking about. 356 00:22:22,160 --> 00:22:25,560 Speaker 1: And how amazing this individual and I hope her support system. 357 00:22:25,600 --> 00:22:28,240 Speaker 1: So it seems we're able to get her to this place, 358 00:22:28,320 --> 00:22:31,080 Speaker 1: for her to work and fight for this place again 359 00:22:31,440 --> 00:22:33,119 Speaker 1: kind of diminished by the fact that people try to 360 00:22:33,160 --> 00:22:36,199 Speaker 1: take credit for her work. Of course, um, but at 361 00:22:36,280 --> 00:22:38,960 Speaker 1: least we are finally hearing about it. Like, there's so 362 00:22:39,000 --> 00:22:41,640 Speaker 1: many things to this, and I'm like fascinating, really want 363 00:22:41,640 --> 00:22:44,720 Speaker 1: to dig deep into, like who was this woman? And 364 00:22:44,800 --> 00:22:51,480 Speaker 1: how did she get there? Down? Now my phone down, 365 00:22:53,760 --> 00:22:56,800 Speaker 1: there's just it's just my my scattered mind to thinking 366 00:22:56,840 --> 00:22:59,600 Speaker 1: about all the processes of like how, wow, where does 367 00:22:59,640 --> 00:23:01,800 Speaker 1: she come from? How to this go? Why haven't we 368 00:23:01,880 --> 00:23:05,080 Speaker 1: talked about this more? Why aren't we talking about this more? Again? 369 00:23:05,160 --> 00:23:06,879 Speaker 1: I would have had no idea had you not brought 370 00:23:06,880 --> 00:23:09,280 Speaker 1: this to us, Like this woman would not have been 371 00:23:09,320 --> 00:23:12,640 Speaker 1: familiar to me at all. And it's one of those 372 00:23:12,680 --> 00:23:15,840 Speaker 1: things where you wonder if she would she have even 373 00:23:16,359 --> 00:23:20,000 Speaker 1: ended up doing this work if she didn't end up 374 00:23:20,040 --> 00:23:24,399 Speaker 1: in Hawaii serendipitously. It's like, of course, it was for 375 00:23:24,440 --> 00:23:26,679 Speaker 1: an unfortunate reason that she did end up going to 376 00:23:26,720 --> 00:23:32,320 Speaker 1: Hawaii for the illness um and her family, but because 377 00:23:32,320 --> 00:23:34,600 Speaker 1: she ended up there, she ended up there in proximity 378 00:23:34,640 --> 00:23:37,399 Speaker 1: to a challenge that was happening on the island at 379 00:23:37,440 --> 00:23:39,399 Speaker 1: the time, which is that these people were in isolation 380 00:23:40,000 --> 00:23:43,000 Speaker 1: and she was there to help come up with treatment 381 00:23:43,080 --> 00:23:46,679 Speaker 1: for them. So it's one of those things where it's like, 382 00:23:46,920 --> 00:23:50,639 Speaker 1: clearly she ended up there for a reason. She was 383 00:23:50,680 --> 00:23:53,920 Speaker 1: able to help in the work that she was doing 384 00:23:53,960 --> 00:23:56,920 Speaker 1: there in the short amount of time that she did 385 00:23:57,200 --> 00:24:04,040 Speaker 1: have on this earth. Yeah. Um. And sometimes with these 386 00:24:04,080 --> 00:24:07,240 Speaker 1: I get a little, you know, almost scared of like 387 00:24:07,280 --> 00:24:09,800 Speaker 1: what if what if this guy had never said she 388 00:24:09,840 --> 00:24:11,720 Speaker 1: didn't do this and people don't do the research and 389 00:24:11,760 --> 00:24:13,760 Speaker 1: then they don't know. But I'm always hopeful when you 390 00:24:13,800 --> 00:24:15,600 Speaker 1: come on you because you're like, no, people are doing 391 00:24:15,600 --> 00:24:20,119 Speaker 1: this research. The people won't be forgotten. Um, So thank you, 392 00:24:20,160 --> 00:24:22,720 Speaker 1: thank you, thank you for for bringing these people to 393 00:24:22,840 --> 00:24:25,800 Speaker 1: us and these amazing stories to us. Yeah, I'm happy 394 00:24:25,840 --> 00:24:28,600 Speaker 1: to thank you, like thank goodness for all these people 395 00:24:28,600 --> 00:24:33,840 Speaker 1: who are doing these things right. Yes, yes, honestly, so much. 396 00:24:35,000 --> 00:24:37,520 Speaker 1: There are so many moments when you talk about this 397 00:24:37,600 --> 00:24:40,320 Speaker 1: one person discovered this one name, and then they went 398 00:24:40,359 --> 00:24:43,600 Speaker 1: down this rabbit hole and discovered this whole new aspect 399 00:24:43,640 --> 00:24:46,280 Speaker 1: of this that I'm like, oh my god. It literally 400 00:24:46,440 --> 00:24:49,679 Speaker 1: was like a detail that they got and they just like, 401 00:24:50,240 --> 00:24:53,760 Speaker 1: this looks important. Yeah. Yeah, you have to be committed 402 00:24:53,800 --> 00:24:56,080 Speaker 1: to the idea of something to believe in something that 403 00:24:56,119 --> 00:24:58,560 Speaker 1: maybe has never been come behind in certain ways before 404 00:24:59,000 --> 00:25:01,639 Speaker 1: the other people wouldn't may never think to work on. 405 00:25:02,400 --> 00:25:04,120 Speaker 1: So I think that's really admirable in some of these 406 00:25:04,119 --> 00:25:06,960 Speaker 1: people's stories too. So to those people who continue to 407 00:25:07,000 --> 00:25:11,400 Speaker 1: dig deep, thank you, and that includes you, Eves. Thank you. 408 00:25:12,480 --> 00:25:15,800 Speaker 1: And if people call you weird, it's okay. It's okay 409 00:25:15,960 --> 00:25:18,679 Speaker 1: because people probably will call you weird for doing some 410 00:25:18,720 --> 00:25:21,280 Speaker 1: of these things, but just know that greatness is in 411 00:25:21,280 --> 00:25:25,560 Speaker 1: the future for you. We would never because we really 412 00:25:25,600 --> 00:25:30,040 Speaker 1: really appreciate all of you. Yes, well, thanks as always 413 00:25:30,080 --> 00:25:33,439 Speaker 1: Eaves for coming on. Um. Where can the good listeners 414 00:25:33,480 --> 00:25:36,120 Speaker 1: find you? You can find me on many many other 415 00:25:36,200 --> 00:25:40,520 Speaker 1: episodes of stuff Mom Never told You doing, other female 416 00:25:40,560 --> 00:25:44,240 Speaker 1: firsts and history about other amazing women who had innovations, 417 00:25:45,000 --> 00:25:49,639 Speaker 1: breakthroughs and first You can also find me on a 418 00:25:49,720 --> 00:25:53,359 Speaker 1: line on Instagram at not Apologizing. You can also find 419 00:25:53,359 --> 00:25:56,400 Speaker 1: me on Twitter at Eaves Jeff Cote and if all 420 00:25:56,440 --> 00:25:59,320 Speaker 1: else fails, just go to Eves Jeff Cote dot com. 421 00:25:59,320 --> 00:26:02,760 Speaker 1: That's why I v s J E F F C 422 00:26:03,000 --> 00:26:06,639 Speaker 1: O A T dot com. Yes, yes, yes, sobat that 423 00:26:06,720 --> 00:26:08,960 Speaker 1: I were just talking about the stress of spelling things 424 00:26:09,000 --> 00:26:12,560 Speaker 1: on podcasts. I don't know why. It's I'm stressful. I'm like, nope, 425 00:26:12,600 --> 00:26:14,159 Speaker 1: I'm gonna do it because I'm gonna buss it up. 426 00:26:14,280 --> 00:26:19,639 Speaker 1: It's like a panic moment. It's interesting. Well, go and 427 00:26:19,760 --> 00:26:23,280 Speaker 1: check Eves out listeners. If you haven't already online uh. 428 00:26:23,359 --> 00:26:25,480 Speaker 1: If you want to contact us, you can our emails 429 00:26:25,480 --> 00:26:27,520 Speaker 1: stepping your mom Stuff at iHeart media dot com. You 430 00:26:27,520 --> 00:26:29,280 Speaker 1: can find us on Twitter at mom Stuff podcast or 431 00:26:29,280 --> 00:26:31,479 Speaker 1: on Instagram at Stuff I've Never Told You. Thanks as 432 00:26:31,480 --> 00:26:35,080 Speaker 1: always to our super producer Christina, thank you. Thanks to 433 00:26:35,119 --> 00:26:37,520 Speaker 1: you for listening, and also Eves, thanks for being part 434 00:26:37,560 --> 00:26:39,600 Speaker 1: of this TikTok experiment. You may or may not see 435 00:26:39,640 --> 00:26:42,520 Speaker 1: it listeners, I don't know. And thanks to Joey who 436 00:26:42,680 --> 00:26:46,600 Speaker 1: is ahead of the whenever they start this. Thank you, yes, 437 00:26:46,840 --> 00:26:50,960 Speaker 1: thank You're sorry. Step I've Never Told You This production 438 00:26:50,960 --> 00:26:52,960 Speaker 1: of y Radio. For more podcast from my Heart Radio, 439 00:26:52,960 --> 00:26:54,840 Speaker 1: you can check out the high Radio app Apple podcast, 440 00:26:54,880 --> 00:26:56,280 Speaker 1: where you listen to your favorite shows