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Speaker 1: A fifty year old woman presented to her GP following

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Speaker 1: an episode of ear candling. After fifteen minutes, the person

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Speaker 1: performing the candling burned herself while attempting to remove the

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Speaker 1: candle and spilled candle wax into the patient's right ear canal.

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Speaker 1: On examination, a piece of candle wax was found in

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Speaker 1: the patient's ear and she was referred to the local ear, nose,

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Speaker 1: and throat department under general anesthetic. A large mass of

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Speaker 1: solidified yellow candle wax was removed from the deep meatus

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Speaker 1: of the ear. The patient had a small perforation in

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Speaker 1: her right to panic membrane. Results of a pure tone

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Speaker 1: audiogram showed a mild conductive hearing loss on the right side.

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Speaker 1: At a follow up appointment one month later, the perforation

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Speaker 1: was still there and the patient's hearing had not improved.

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Speaker 1: An account of why not to ear candle.

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Speaker 2: I mean, just one example, just one that sounds horrific. Yep.

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Speaker 1: I agree. Every single account of ear candling that I

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Speaker 1: read was exactly like this. This particular account comes from

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Speaker 1: an article from two thousand and seven by Rafferty at

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Speaker 1: All published in the Canadian Family Physician that was titled

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Speaker 1: ear candling. Should general prec tishners recommend it? The answer

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Speaker 1: was no.

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Speaker 2: No, firmly. Wow that's awful. Yeah, that's awful.

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Speaker 1: It's not great.

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Speaker 2: Hi. I'm Aaron Welsh.

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Speaker 1: And I'm Erin.

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Speaker 2: I'm an Updike and this is this podcast will kill you.

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Speaker 1: Today we're talking about ear wax, ear wax, continuing our

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Speaker 1: bodily fluids.

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Speaker 2: There's so much more that I've been like mentally collecting them.

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Speaker 2: There's like saliva would be a great one, belly button lint.

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Speaker 2: What's in there tojam on skin cells?

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Speaker 1: It's probably the same thing as to jam.

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Speaker 2: Aaron, Well, we'll do an episode on it, babe.

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Speaker 1: Okay, I can't wait.

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Speaker 2: We'll have to see if there's enough material there. But

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Speaker 2: don't get it like, I'm sorry, absolutely done, thank you.

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Speaker 2: I am thrilled for this episode.

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Speaker 1: I can't wait because I have nothing to contribute, but

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Speaker 1: I really want to. You have to say, I'm sure

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Speaker 1: that you.

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Speaker 2: I mean, I want to know what makes up earwax. Yeah.

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Speaker 1: I have several pages of notes, but like it's I'm

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Speaker 1: here for you.

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Speaker 2: I'm here for you. I love you. I love you.

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Speaker 2: I also love quarantine time me too.

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Speaker 1: That's what time it is.

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Speaker 2: How is that done? Was that nicely done? Really? Really good? Good?

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Speaker 1: Good? What are we drinking this week?

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Speaker 2: Arin, We're drinking the gold Mine gold mine. Yeah, not

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Speaker 2: out ear wax is gold some.

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Speaker 1: Of it is so many different shades, so many different grays, blacks, yellowish, brown.

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Speaker 2: Do you already say brown? I did, Yeah, okay, yeah.

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Speaker 1: Lots of shades though.

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Speaker 2: Lots of shades within mustard. But we are we're drinking.

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Speaker 2: I mean, we named it gold mine because the amount

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Speaker 2: of information that you can tell from earwax is more

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Speaker 2: than I ever expected.

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Speaker 1: I didn't know that.

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Speaker 2: So I plus earwax is a resource, like not just informationally, well,

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Speaker 2: there's a lot to cover.

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Speaker 1: Oh yeah, okay, you're gonna tell me everything. What's in

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Speaker 1: the gold mine?

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Speaker 2: It's I mean, we wanted to make it look goldish.

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Speaker 2: You know. It's got pineapple juice, Jlipino simple syrup and

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Speaker 2: lime club soda. It's refreshing, delicious. This episode will come

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Speaker 2: out summertime, I think, so it's great in the summer,

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Speaker 2: in the summer, in the Northern Hemisphere summer.

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Speaker 1: You can find the full recipe on our website, this

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Speaker 1: podcastikila dot com, and all of our social media channels

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Speaker 1: which you should be following us if you're not already,

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Speaker 1: because we're there posting things like this Quarantini recipe. Also,

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Speaker 1: I don't remember what else, rate review and subscribe. Thank

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Speaker 1: you to everyone who has left us a review. It

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Speaker 1: really does help other people find this podcast, and we'd

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Speaker 1: like for like I don't know, everyone to listen to it. Yeah,

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Speaker 1: if you are watching on YouTube, hi, hi, and we

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Speaker 1: we are there on a web subscribe on a website

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Speaker 1: we have called this podcast will Kill You dot com.

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Speaker 1: You can find transcripts, you can find sources from every episode, Merchpatreon,

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Speaker 1: bookshop dot org, bookmobile, bloodmobile. Who does the music?

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Speaker 2: There's a lot, there's a lot, and I just I

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Speaker 2: know we always thank everyone at the end of these episodes,

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Speaker 2: but I was thinking, how there are there's so much

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Speaker 2: out there, Like there are so many podcasts out there,

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Speaker 2: there's so much media to listen to, to watch, et cetera.

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Speaker 2: And the fact that people choose to engage with ours

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Speaker 2: is really it's really surreal and wonderful and so thank

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Speaker 2: you for choosing to spend your time with us. It

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Speaker 2: means the world truly really does.

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Speaker 1: It really does. Like we love getting to make this

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Speaker 1: podcast as our jobs, yeah, and sharing everything that we

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Speaker 1: learn with you. And I still can't believe that anyone

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Speaker 1: I know listen. It's truly say. Every time someone's like,

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Speaker 1: oh I listen, I'm.

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Speaker 2: Like, really, you've heard of this podcast? What why do

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Speaker 2: you listen? Thank you, thank you, thank you.

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Speaker 1: We appreciate it, we do.

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Speaker 2: But enough enough of all that. It's time for earwax.

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Speaker 1: Ear wax. Let's get into it right after this break. Earwax.

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Speaker 1: That's how I started good. I like it all caps,

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Speaker 1: so we all know what it is. It's the junk

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Speaker 1: in our ears. The official medical term for ear wax

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Speaker 1: is serumin.

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Speaker 2: Junk is you know I'm going to take issue with that.

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Speaker 1: Oh I can't wait for you to take issue with that.

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Speaker 1: So serumin is this waxy substance that our ear makes.

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Speaker 1: Our ear makes this in order to stay lubricated, to

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Speaker 1: clean and protect our ear canal. And really it functions

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Speaker 1: a lot like the mucus in our nose, except it's

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Speaker 1: kind of also completely different.

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Speaker 2: So it was like, its just ear boogers.

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Speaker 1: It's ear boogers, yeah, more or less, but different. So

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Speaker 1: it is a protective barrier the same way that our nose,

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Speaker 1: mucus is it is a little bit acidic, and so

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Speaker 1: in being a little bit acidic, it keeps our ear

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Speaker 1: canal acidic, which helps to inhibit the growth of bacteria

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Speaker 1: and fungi which would really love to be able to

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Speaker 1: grow in our ear canal. There was a nineteen ninety

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Speaker 1: four pape which I didn't read this paper, but I

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Speaker 1: read a paper that quoted this paper that called the

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Speaker 1: ear canal quote the green house of the human body

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Speaker 1: end quote, because of how much fung i would love

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Speaker 1: to grow in our ear canal. And I was like,

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Speaker 1: wouldn't we have a lot of moist dark.

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Speaker 2: Eye was, yeah, there's gotta be more. I can think

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Speaker 2: of many greenhouses we too populate throughout our bodies.

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Speaker 1: But anyways, the potentially I mean every mucus membrane, really

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Speaker 1: every mucus membrane. Anyways, just like in our nose, in

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Speaker 1: our ears, we have these glands just underneath the skin

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Speaker 1: that are what produced the oily substance that ends up

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Speaker 1: getting mixed with shed skin cells and debris that all

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Speaker 1: together become our ear wax. There's two types of glands.

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Speaker 1: There are sabaceous glands and we have subacious glands all

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Speaker 1: over our body, and sabacious glands produce a substance called seam,

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Speaker 1: which is like this sort of oily type of substance.

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Speaker 1: And then we also have in our ears these modified

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Speaker 1: apicrin glands, and our apocrine glands are basically like our

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Speaker 1: sweat glands are a type of apricin gland as well,

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Speaker 1: and these glands produce a variety of substances, including lipids

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Speaker 1: so like fats, wax esters, alcohols, something called squaleen, which

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Speaker 1: is a kind of fatty substance, and cholesterol, and all

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Speaker 1: of these get together, the secretions from our apicrine glands

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Speaker 1: and the secretions from our sebum glands and mix with

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Speaker 1: our dead skin cells, which I find very fascinating because

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Speaker 1: the cells in our ear, like our skin cells, shed

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Speaker 1: all the time, right like rub your hand against your

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Speaker 1: skin and the top layer is sluffing off.

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Speaker 2: Okay, got it, It sluffed the top layer.

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Speaker 1: That's happening in our ears as well, and it moves

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Speaker 1: from the inside of our ear towards the outside of

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Speaker 1: our ear like the cells do this shedding thing in

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Speaker 1: a particular way. There's a paper from nineteen sixty four

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Speaker 1: that like tracked the way that our ear canal sheds

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Speaker 1: its own skin. How is it doing hairs? No, So

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Speaker 1: here's what's so fascinating. It's not little hairs or little cilia.

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Speaker 1: A big part of what moves the skin and all

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Speaker 1: of the debris within it is our jaw movements. So

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Speaker 1: when we are talking and chewing, it helps to move

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Speaker 1: the ear wax and these skin cells along the ear

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Speaker 1: canal itself. And this is all our Technically, our outer ear,

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Speaker 1: which is our ear, has three parts in our middle

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Speaker 1: and outer and this is all the outer parts, so

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Speaker 1: from the tympanic membrane out towards the outside world. Cool.

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Speaker 2: I have, very cool. I have a few questions.

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Speaker 1: Give it to me.

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Speaker 2: Where are these glands located? They located throughout our ear canal,

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Speaker 2: just in our inner ear. Okay, so yeah, they're throughout

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Speaker 2: our ear canal. This is all outer ear canal. This

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Speaker 2: is all outer ear, all outer ear. Okay, yeah, okay, yeah,

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Speaker 2: oh yeah, yeah, Okay.

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Speaker 1: It feels like it's inner because I like the oracle

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Speaker 1: or the pinnow, which is like the visible.

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Speaker 2: Part of your ear, the little hole.

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Speaker 1: Yeah, but it's yeah, it's a canal that's like usually

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Speaker 1: like an inch or so long. It can be a

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Speaker 1: little bit windy, so it sometimes feels longer when you're

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Speaker 1: looking in it.

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Speaker 2: But okay, how much do we produced? And here's the

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Speaker 2: other question. Can you answer?

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Speaker 1: I don't have an answer to that question, and it

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Speaker 1: bothers me so much that I didn't see that anywhere.

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Speaker 1: Do you have an answer?

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Speaker 2: I don't have an answer. I mean, I I had

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Speaker 2: a hard time finding I was trying to find the

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Speaker 2: origin of these glands, the like seruminous glands, and like

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Speaker 2: when did they evolve and blah blah blah, and I

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Speaker 2: I mean maybe my search terms weren't great, but I

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Speaker 2: couldn't find anything. Okay, So then the other question is

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Speaker 2: does the amount that we produce what affects it? And

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Speaker 2: I was just thinking of like, if if you're grinding

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Speaker 2: your teeth at night and that's an eight solid hours

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Speaker 2: of just jaw movement movement, are you producing more ear

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Speaker 2: wax or are you moving more ear wax? Is there

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Speaker 2: an impact on earwax?

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Speaker 1: That's an excellent question. I have literally no idea. I

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Speaker 1: have no idea, but that's such an interesting question. So

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Speaker 1: we do are our ear the glands in our ears?

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Speaker 1: The cruminous glands. So the semum glands and the apocrine glands,

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Speaker 1: they reduce in number as we get older, and so

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Speaker 1: that's one thing that's going to affect how much earwax

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Speaker 1: we make. So the older that you get, the less

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Speaker 1: the dryer your ear wax tends to be because you

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Speaker 1: have less of these glands. Why don't ask me, I

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Speaker 1: don't know except that, like, I mean, your skin gets

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Speaker 1: drier in general as you get older, right, so you're

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Speaker 1: just losing sebum producing glands everywhere. I don't I don't

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Speaker 1: actually know they fall off?

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Speaker 2: Yeah, why do they fall fall off?

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Speaker 1: Or they just kind of like dry, you.

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Speaker 2: Know, I mean, I get you physically fall off. Okay,

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Speaker 2: what about ear?

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Speaker 1: Ear hair? Ear hair also increases in number as we

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Speaker 1: get older, and so the like, older people might have

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Speaker 1: quite a lot of hair in their ears, especially males,

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Speaker 1: and that can actually block the ear wax from coming

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Speaker 1: all the way out, so it can contribute to serum

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Speaker 1: and impaction, which I'll talk a little bit more about

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Speaker 1: in a minute.

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Speaker 2: Why do we get more ear hair when we get older.

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Speaker 1: I don't have it. I don't have an answer. We

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Speaker 1: get hair everywhere when we get older.

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Speaker 2: Right, Okay, we lose hair body hairs as an episode.

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Speaker 1: Listen, I'm down. So there's two main types of earwax.

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Speaker 1: It's usually split. There's wet earwax and there's dry earwax.

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Speaker 1: And I think you're going to talk a little bit

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Speaker 1: more about this distinction, Arin, but it's genetically determined, which

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Speaker 1: I think is so interesting, except that obviously it does also,

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Speaker 1: like I said, get drier as we age. But the drier,

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Speaker 1: flakier earwax, which some people have, is usually lighter in color,

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Speaker 1: and it tends to be more common in people of

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Speaker 1: Asian and Native American descent. And then the sticky, dark earwax,

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Speaker 1: which is what I have say, very sticky wax, it's

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Speaker 1: more common in people of African and European descent. And

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Speaker 1: apparently the dry, flaky earwax is like a recessive trait. Correct,

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Speaker 1: you're gonna tell me more about that I got about

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Speaker 1: ear wax. There's not I tried to find if there

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Speaker 1: was like a big literature about like who's more likely

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Speaker 1: to get earwax impaction or something like that, And there

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Speaker 1: isn't a strong association between types of ear wax, like

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Speaker 1: you can get too much of it, whether you have

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Speaker 1: the dry, flaky stuff or the wet, sticky stuff.

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Speaker 2: Okay, that's interesting, Okay.

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Speaker 1: Yeah, And so under typical or ideal conditions, our outer

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Speaker 1: ear is kind of like a self clean oven. Okay.

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Speaker 1: So it makes this wax and then it pushes it

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Speaker 1: out in order to keep our ear canals free of

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Speaker 1: debris and bacteria and getting rid of all of these

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Speaker 1: skin cells once they're dead and done.

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Speaker 2: All right.

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Speaker 1: The biggest complication that we see is when this mechanism,

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Speaker 1: for one reason or another doesn't go as planned, and

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Speaker 1: so our ear wax builds up and gets stuck inside

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Speaker 1: of our ear canals. And this is called serumin impaction.

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Speaker 2: Why problem might that happen? Let me tell you.

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Speaker 1: There's so many different reasons. It's probably the biggest ear

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Speaker 1: wax complaints, certainly like that you see in primary care

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Speaker 1: or things like that. There's lots of other things that

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Speaker 1: you can get stuck in your ear canal, bugs and

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Speaker 1: legos and other small toys very common.

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Speaker 2: I feel like you have an ear invasion phobia. Dem

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Speaker 2: I remembering that, correct.

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Speaker 1: I love that you remember that and said it on

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Speaker 1: a podcast for the world. I do. It's because of

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Speaker 1: the wrath of con okay, okay. In the Wrath of

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Speaker 1: con they put a little like alien guy in this

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Speaker 1: is like the original star track of movie. They put

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Speaker 1: a little alien like mind control guy. And then in

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Speaker 1: Anamorphs that's also how they control or something. Is that

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Speaker 1: what they're called? Wow, something like that. Did you know

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Speaker 1: they're making a series, Eric, I do know that.

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Speaker 2: I am very excited about it, so excited about and

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Speaker 2: I'm also nervous because like those books.

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Speaker 1: Were very dark, I know.

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Speaker 2: So we'll see how it goes, so we'll see what happens.

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Speaker 1: But anyways, so yes, I do have a phobia of

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Speaker 1: like mind control creatures being put specifically.

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Speaker 2: I just figured it was like any bug.

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Speaker 1: I mean, yeah, I don't like the idea of anybody.

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Speaker 1: I've taken some cockroaches out of ears, and it's not

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Speaker 1: like a pleasant experience for the person who has the

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Speaker 1: cockroach in their ear.

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Speaker 2: Sorry, I regret going down. It's well, it's.

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Speaker 1: Not it's not great, okay, But anyways, ear wax much

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Speaker 1: more common to get stuck in your ears than other things,

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Speaker 1: and the biggest issue that can happen from this is

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Speaker 1: that if the ear wax completely obscures your tympanic membrane,

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Speaker 1: which is the thing that separates your outer ear from

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Speaker 1: your middle ear, and this is like the membrane that

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Speaker 1: allows us to hear. Then, not only can this be

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Speaker 1: very uncomfortable, it can create the sensation of fullness, it

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Speaker 1: can be very itchy, but it also can cause hearing loss.

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Speaker 1: Right if you completely block the thing that we use

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Speaker 1: to hear, you can have substantially diminished hearing. And it

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Speaker 1: can really exacerbate tintous or that ringing in your ear

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Speaker 1: tonitics some people call it. I have that.

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Speaker 2: Yeah. It also could set you up.

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Speaker 1: For an ear infection because you're obviously blocking a tube,

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Speaker 1: which anytime you do that can set you up for

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Speaker 1: an infection. So this can happen for a few different reasons.

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Speaker 1: Number one, if you just have very tight or very

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Speaker 1: like snaky shaped ear canals, then you might be more

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Speaker 1: prone to getting those blocked. So we might see this

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Speaker 1: in small children who have smaller ear canals that they

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Speaker 1: might have be more likely to get ear wax built up.

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Speaker 1: Or if for whatever reason developmentally you have a different

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Speaker 1: shape of ear canal, or if you just happen to

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Speaker 1: be a person who makes a lot of ear wax

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Speaker 1: and I don't have any statistics on who you are

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Speaker 1: compared to anyone else. Yeah, So the biggest modifiable risk

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Speaker 1: factors are using things like cotton swabs that you stick

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Speaker 1: in your ear aus in.

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Speaker 2: Don't use them because using them will lead to impaction. Yeah.

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Speaker 1: Not only can they push the ear wax further in,

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Speaker 1: which can lead to impaction, they also can create little

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Speaker 1: microabrasions in your ear canal which can put you at

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Speaker 1: risk for infection. Also, hearing aids or all of the

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Speaker 1: earbuds that we use now, they just shove stuff down

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Speaker 1: into your ear.

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Speaker 2: Yeah.

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Speaker 1: And then, like we talked about, as we get older,

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Speaker 1: our earwax gets drier, which can make it sometimes more

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Speaker 1: likely to get stuck. But also the hairs that we

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Speaker 1: see in the outer, like the very outer part, can

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Speaker 1: just prevent all that earwax from leaving. So we actually

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Speaker 1: see even though your ear canals are larger when you're older,

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Speaker 1: we see more impaction in older adults than we do

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Speaker 1: in younger adults or children. Wow.

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Speaker 2: Yeah, m hm. How do you manage impaction removal? How

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Speaker 2: do you manage You're not supposed to use cotton swabs,

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Speaker 2: So don't use cotton swabs.

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Speaker 1: This is not a medical advice podcast, but please Yeah,

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Speaker 1: if it's impacted, like if you have true serumin impaction

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Speaker 1: in your ear, then usually you're gonna need a little

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Speaker 1: bit of help to get it out, though not always so.

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Speaker 1: In the office, we might use something that's like a

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Speaker 1: spray bottle with a special hose nozzle on the end

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Speaker 1: of it that we can stick just far enough but

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Speaker 1: not too far into your ear canal and spray warm

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Speaker 1: like lukewarm water, sometimes with hydrogen peroxide because the bubbles

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Speaker 1: can help, and you just spray spray spraying until you

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Speaker 1: can dislodge that thing. It's really really satisfying, like so satisfying.

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Speaker 2: Sure videos exist on the internet.

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Speaker 1: Oh yes, definitely. Sometimes we might use like a curette

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Speaker 1: or something, or there's like little vacuum aspirators that, like

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Speaker 1: the ant specialists might have to really suck it out,

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Speaker 1: depending on how it's in there or at home. There's

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Speaker 1: actually a lot of things that people can do that

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Speaker 1: are safe to not only help to soften up something

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Speaker 1: that might be stuck, but also just help get rid

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Speaker 1: of earwax if you feel like you have too much

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Speaker 1: of it. Though again, your ears are a self cleaning oven.

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Speaker 1: That's going to do it all on their own without

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Speaker 1: your help. But over the counter remedies might be even

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Speaker 1: just putting water or like saline drops in the ear

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Speaker 1: which can help to soften up dry ear wax, hydrogen

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Speaker 1: peroxide or there's similar drops that are made of carbamide peroxide.

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Speaker 1: That's like d Brox brand drops in the pharmacies here.

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Speaker 1: Those basically just help to soften and the bubbles can

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Speaker 1: kind of help to loosen up some of that wax

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Speaker 1: so that it can come out on their own. Some

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Speaker 1: people might use mineral oil, which is totally safe to use,

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Speaker 1: but in general, the goal is just to keep that

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Speaker 1: ear wax soft enough that your ear can do its

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Speaker 1: job of getting it out on its own. Ear candling

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Speaker 1: is a thing I want to mention real quick because

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Speaker 1: you heard about it in our first hand accounting. The

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Speaker 1: claim apparently on how it works is that it creates

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Speaker 1: a negative pressure in your ear canal to draw out

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Speaker 1: the wax.

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Speaker 2: I did not know that was the claim.

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Speaker 1: Apparently that's the claim. It also apparently is supposedly this

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Speaker 1: negative pressure also helps to treat other non ear wax

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Speaker 1: related things like allergic rhinitis or like sinus pressure in general.

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Speaker 1: So notwithstanding the fact that you can legitimately just be

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Speaker 1: setting yourself on fire, as you heard in our first

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Speaker 1: hand account, you can also end up with wax that

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Speaker 1: is not the ear variety, the candle variety, that gets

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Speaker 1: stuck in your ear, which can potentially cause really serious

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Speaker 1: damage to the tympanic membrane. And not only is there

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Speaker 1: no evidence in the literature that it works, there is

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Speaker 1: actually at least one study that shows that it does

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Speaker 1: not work and actually creates deposits of candle wax even

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Speaker 1: if you don't have like visible candle wax. Like in

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Speaker 1: our first hand account, it was obviously like a big

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Speaker 1: deal chunks got stuck. But even in this other study

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Speaker 1: there was just like deposits of like debris from the

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Speaker 1: smoke and the wax in the ear without removing any

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Speaker 1: wax whatsoever.

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Speaker 2: So you're just start adding gunk to.

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Speaker 1: Your ear, to your ear without removing any actual ear

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Speaker 1: wax whatsoever. Also, no negative pressure was created in this study.

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Speaker 1: They used like a fake ear canal and they put

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Speaker 1: an ear candle in it and they measured the pressure.

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Speaker 1: No negative pressure differential created, and they found all of

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Speaker 1: this like just stuff that was deposited in the ears,

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Speaker 1: I mean, without getting any ear wax out.

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Speaker 2: So it seems like there's no there seemed to be

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Speaker 2: no clear benefits whatsoever. Benefit just the well on the

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Speaker 2: list of cons and potentially severe.

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Speaker 1: Outcomes, severe outcomes, and that is Aaron earwax beautiful.

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Speaker 2: Thank you, Thank you so much.

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Speaker 1: I think it's my shortest episode ever. Please tell me

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Speaker 1: everything I want to know from you.

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Speaker 2: God, There's so there's so much. It's going to be great. Okay. Wait.

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Speaker 2: One of the true absolute joys of doing this podcast

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Speaker 2: is discovering that there's like a whole world of study

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Speaker 2: out there about a topic that, on the surface seems

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00:23:53,560 --> 00:23:59,280
Speaker 2: pretty mundane. Earx, earx. Earwax didn't immediately strike me as

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Speaker 2: a topic of fascination. Despite being like, we should do

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Speaker 2: earwax next and pushing to do it classic, I was like, okay,

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Speaker 2: I knew that it was probably important for ear health

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Speaker 2: and that you shouldn't use cotton swabs to remove wax

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Speaker 2: from your ears, but that was basically the limit of

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Speaker 2: my knowledge. As it turns out, earwax is, like our

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00:24:20,520 --> 00:24:25,680
Speaker 2: quarantine suggests, a true gold mine of information. I came

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Speaker 2: across papers discussing earwax in the context of human migration,

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Speaker 2: art history, forensic analysis, and anthropogenic change. What I am now,

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Speaker 2: I'm a convert, I'm a believer. I love it, and

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Speaker 2: I think hopefully by the end of this history section

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Speaker 2: you might be too, or at least you'll have a

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Speaker 2: couple pieces of trivia to impress your friends with at

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Speaker 2: the next party.

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Speaker 1: I can't wait. No, I love that.

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Speaker 2: Ear wax has been a subject of at least minor

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Speaker 2: medical interest for millennia, mostly in the context of its

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Speaker 2: removal or what it signifies for total body health. So,

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Speaker 2: for instance, Hippocrates apparently viewed sweet earwax as an unfavorable symptom,

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Speaker 2: while bitter ear wax meant that you were in good health.

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Speaker 1: So people were out here just tasting earwax.

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Speaker 2: That's that is what I wrote. I was like, I

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Speaker 2: don't I can't think of any other way that you

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Speaker 2: can judge bitter versus sweet besides your taste buds. And so, yeah,

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Speaker 2: Hippocrates is out there going taste your patient's earwax.

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Speaker 1: I mean, they tasted a lot of urine, et cetera.

435
00:25:31,480 --> 00:25:32,439
Speaker 1: So it shouldn't surprise.

436
00:25:32,640 --> 00:25:39,160
Speaker 2: It shouldn't surprise, but it did surprise, and my capacity

437
00:25:39,200 --> 00:25:41,840
Speaker 2: for surprise is still is still present.

438
00:25:42,800 --> 00:25:43,720
Speaker 1: I think that's a good thing.

439
00:25:43,920 --> 00:25:48,639
Speaker 2: It's good. You know, there's wonder left in this world exactly,

440
00:25:49,840 --> 00:25:54,000
Speaker 2: And of course the typical recipes of unlikely ingredients for removal,

441
00:25:54,080 --> 00:25:58,400
Speaker 2: things like milk, cinnamon, mirrhr, almond, oyle, saffron. These were

442
00:25:58,440 --> 00:26:02,359
Speaker 2: described to cure earache or remove earwax.

443
00:26:02,520 --> 00:26:05,600
Speaker 1: I saw allmond oil listed still today, so that one's interesting.

444
00:26:05,840 --> 00:26:08,880
Speaker 2: Yeah, it is olive oil, but.

445
00:26:08,920 --> 00:26:12,159
Speaker 1: Not I don't know, I don't know what I read.

446
00:26:12,400 --> 00:26:15,800
Speaker 2: As far back as the second century, Celsus, who is

447
00:26:15,840 --> 00:26:19,199
Speaker 2: a Greek philosopher and physician, suggested using water to flush

448
00:26:19,200 --> 00:26:22,879
Speaker 2: out foreign bodies and potentially earwax impactions, so or ahead

449
00:26:22,880 --> 00:26:26,720
Speaker 2: of his time. Then the suggestion his suggestion to use

450
00:26:27,520 --> 00:26:32,840
Speaker 2: quote the saliva of a hungry man end quote, to

451
00:26:32,960 --> 00:26:37,359
Speaker 2: treat a larval infestation in the ear, which is like

452
00:26:38,359 --> 00:26:40,639
Speaker 2: so many questions, there, so many questions.

453
00:26:40,800 --> 00:26:45,720
Speaker 1: The saliva of a hungry man. Yeah, where does one

454
00:26:46,440 --> 00:26:49,800
Speaker 1: get this? How hungry do they have to be? How

455
00:26:49,880 --> 00:26:52,320
Speaker 1: much saliva does it all have to come from the

456
00:26:52,359 --> 00:26:54,920
Speaker 1: same man or can it be from multiple hungry.

457
00:26:54,640 --> 00:26:57,240
Speaker 2: Well, it says a hungry man, not the saliva of

458
00:26:57,359 --> 00:26:58,119
Speaker 2: hungry men.

459
00:26:58,280 --> 00:27:01,359
Speaker 1: Okay, and what larva are infesting your ear?

460
00:27:01,600 --> 00:27:06,719
Speaker 2: I mean you described cockroaches? Yeah, but okay, I don't know.

461
00:27:08,080 --> 00:27:10,879
Speaker 2: I apologize for that haunting thought, but I read it,

462
00:27:10,960 --> 00:27:14,439
Speaker 2: so now you have to read it, thank you, Just

463
00:27:14,480 --> 00:27:19,960
Speaker 2: like the booger taste thing last week. Over the centuries,

464
00:27:20,000 --> 00:27:23,800
Speaker 2: physicians became more interested in earwax in the context of

465
00:27:23,880 --> 00:27:29,480
Speaker 2: ear health and hearing overall. It was recognized by the

466
00:27:29,520 --> 00:27:33,360
Speaker 2: late seventeen hundreds that earwax held several important functions, including

467
00:27:33,440 --> 00:27:36,479
Speaker 2: preventing dirt and insects from injuring the ear drum. They

468
00:27:36,480 --> 00:27:41,560
Speaker 2: seemed particularly preoccupied by insects. Quote. The yellow humor purged

469
00:27:41,560 --> 00:27:45,280
Speaker 2: by the ears defendeth them against fleas, little flies, and

470
00:27:45,400 --> 00:27:49,000
Speaker 2: other small worms and beasts that might otherwise enter within

471
00:27:49,080 --> 00:27:50,359
Speaker 2: them end quote.

472
00:27:50,600 --> 00:27:53,480
Speaker 1: So it's not just me who has a like fear

473
00:27:53,640 --> 00:27:55,600
Speaker 1: of creepy caralis in my ears.

474
00:27:55,760 --> 00:28:00,679
Speaker 2: No, I think that's a reasonable thing to fear, thank you. Yeah, sorry,

475
00:28:00,720 --> 00:28:04,000
Speaker 2: sorry if I imply that it wasn't. I also fear

476
00:28:04,040 --> 00:28:04,360
Speaker 2: the year.

477
00:28:08,560 --> 00:28:09,240
Speaker 1: I appreciate that.

478
00:28:10,280 --> 00:28:13,080
Speaker 2: And so you you described how ear wax you're producing

479
00:28:13,119 --> 00:28:17,200
Speaker 2: it continuously. It's just going out of your ears continuously.

480
00:28:17,760 --> 00:28:21,560
Speaker 2: And this continuous production was shown by a professor who

481
00:28:21,960 --> 00:28:24,119
Speaker 2: carried out a very simple experiment. I think this is

482
00:28:24,119 --> 00:28:27,800
Speaker 2: in the seventeen hundreds, just by wiping his ears with

483
00:28:27,880 --> 00:28:30,760
Speaker 2: a piece of black velvet one hundred times an hour,

484
00:28:31,160 --> 00:28:33,600
Speaker 2: and no matter how many times he wiped, there was

485
00:28:33,680 --> 00:28:40,320
Speaker 2: always a little bit of wax on the cloth. I've

486
00:28:40,440 --> 00:28:41,440
Speaker 2: just loved that imagery.

487
00:28:41,640 --> 00:28:42,200
Speaker 1: That's amazing.

488
00:28:42,520 --> 00:28:46,520
Speaker 2: Physicians also noted several cases where someone's hearing improved or

489
00:28:46,560 --> 00:28:50,320
Speaker 2: worsened depending on earwax compaction or removal, and so in

490
00:28:50,320 --> 00:28:53,960
Speaker 2: this way, earwax kind of helped to turn hearing into

491
00:28:53,960 --> 00:28:56,680
Speaker 2: a more fluid, dynamic state where it could be permanent

492
00:28:56,800 --> 00:28:59,520
Speaker 2: or temporary, It could change over the course of your life,

493
00:28:59,560 --> 00:29:03,680
Speaker 2: and it could be partial or complete. Earwax related deafness

494
00:29:03,760 --> 00:29:08,640
Speaker 2: was apparently not uncommon or other issues related to earwax compaction.

495
00:29:08,880 --> 00:29:13,040
Speaker 2: So the seventeenth century scientist Robert Hook described his month's

496
00:29:13,080 --> 00:29:17,640
Speaker 2: long experience with tenitis or tindas and impaired hearing that

497
00:29:17,720 --> 00:29:20,560
Speaker 2: was ultimately found to be caused in part by a

498
00:29:20,680 --> 00:29:25,000
Speaker 2: hard compacted stone of earwax, which was not a rare occurrence.

499
00:29:26,040 --> 00:29:29,560
Speaker 2: All sorts of remedies were employed and attempts to remove earwax,

500
00:29:29,680 --> 00:29:33,000
Speaker 2: like applying heat, plugging the ear with perfumed wool or

501
00:29:33,040 --> 00:29:36,720
Speaker 2: cotton to try to stimulate the flow, liquid injections with

502
00:29:36,800 --> 00:29:41,160
Speaker 2: various ingredients. Hook used warmed honey that he wriggled in

503
00:29:41,200 --> 00:29:45,600
Speaker 2: his ear. Okay, yeah, I feel like that would attract bugs.

504
00:29:45,840 --> 00:29:48,160
Speaker 1: Yeah honey. Yeah sounds real sticky.

505
00:29:48,320 --> 00:29:51,840
Speaker 2: It sounds sticky the logic. But he used it warmed

506
00:29:52,520 --> 00:29:54,960
Speaker 2: and that you know, I'm not saying that that's any better.

507
00:29:55,120 --> 00:29:58,920
Speaker 2: I'm just saying that that logic of warming something that

508
00:29:59,040 --> 00:30:02,680
Speaker 2: heat to help remove earwax that held support in the

509
00:30:02,760 --> 00:30:05,200
Speaker 2: lab actually is where it was found to be supported.

510
00:30:05,320 --> 00:30:08,280
Speaker 2: In the late seventeen hundreds, a chemist who had become

511
00:30:08,360 --> 00:30:11,800
Speaker 2: interested in the topic. He had a friend with prodigious

512
00:30:12,000 --> 00:30:14,520
Speaker 2: ear wax production. I think it was the same guy

513
00:30:14,560 --> 00:30:18,200
Speaker 2: who did the black velvet ear wax extremes, Okay, And

514
00:30:18,400 --> 00:30:21,120
Speaker 2: he supplied the chemist with heaps of earwax, and he

515
00:30:21,560 --> 00:30:24,840
Speaker 2: discovered that it hardened over time, it melted with heat,

516
00:30:24,880 --> 00:30:26,080
Speaker 2: and it dissolved in water.

517
00:30:26,400 --> 00:30:29,440
Speaker 1: Makes sense. So yeah, do you know what's also interesting

518
00:30:29,440 --> 00:30:33,120
Speaker 1: about warm things in your ear versus cold? This is

519
00:30:33,120 --> 00:30:36,160
Speaker 1: like a separate topic entirely. But if you put cold

520
00:30:36,200 --> 00:30:38,240
Speaker 1: water in your ear, Like if you used cold water

521
00:30:38,360 --> 00:30:41,480
Speaker 1: to try and juj out your ear wax instead of

522
00:30:41,520 --> 00:30:45,200
Speaker 1: warm water, it would make you super dizzy. It would

523
00:30:45,240 --> 00:30:48,719
Speaker 1: give us really really wild vertigo because it does a

524
00:30:48,760 --> 00:30:52,080
Speaker 1: weird thing that messes with your inner ear. Cold water

525
00:30:52,160 --> 00:30:56,440
Speaker 1: versus warm water. Why I don't it's a different episode

526
00:30:57,840 --> 00:31:01,080
Speaker 1: next week, next not next week, next week.

527
00:31:01,200 --> 00:31:09,200
Speaker 2: Next week, we're doing cholesterol colors. But when all l's fails,

528
00:31:09,440 --> 00:31:15,320
Speaker 2: any of your honey, whatever situations fail, there's always physical removal.

529
00:31:15,560 --> 00:31:15,960
Speaker 1: Yeah.

530
00:31:16,080 --> 00:31:20,960
Speaker 2: Ear spoons or ear scoops were popular devices, and what

531
00:31:21,040 --> 00:31:23,280
Speaker 2: was appealing about these tools was that you could just

532
00:31:23,320 --> 00:31:25,280
Speaker 2: own one yourself and you didn't have to seek out

533
00:31:25,280 --> 00:31:27,840
Speaker 2: a doctor. If you're like, hey, I you know, can

534
00:31:27,880 --> 00:31:30,120
Speaker 2: you clean my ear out? No, you didn't have to

535
00:31:30,160 --> 00:31:33,600
Speaker 2: do that. Ear scoops have been around for millennia, as

536
00:31:33,600 --> 00:31:38,800
Speaker 2: evidenced by historical writings and archaeological finds. But similar to

537
00:31:38,880 --> 00:31:41,120
Speaker 2: the way there are just so many parallels between earwax

538
00:31:41,160 --> 00:31:45,240
Speaker 2: and boogers. So with boogers, you know, I talked about handkerchiefs,

539
00:31:45,240 --> 00:31:48,880
Speaker 2: and they became status symbols and they transcended their role

540
00:31:49,000 --> 00:31:55,000
Speaker 2: as just a snotrag. A market of decorative grooming tools grew,

541
00:31:55,480 --> 00:31:58,600
Speaker 2: and there are examples of these really intricately and ornately

542
00:31:58,800 --> 00:32:03,959
Speaker 2: carved earpicks and ear scoops. Really yeah, little ear scoop,

543
00:32:04,040 --> 00:32:06,600
Speaker 2: beautiful ear scoops. There's one. There's a paper you can

544
00:32:06,640 --> 00:32:08,720
Speaker 2: see an image of this. There was one that was

545
00:32:08,720 --> 00:32:11,920
Speaker 2: found at Jamestown, the English colony established in what is

546
00:32:12,000 --> 00:32:14,280
Speaker 2: now Virginia in sixteen oh seven, and in like the

547
00:32:14,320 --> 00:32:18,680
Speaker 2: first iteration of that town, they found in archaeological digs

548
00:32:19,200 --> 00:32:22,920
Speaker 2: a combination toothpick and ear scoop. It's shaped like a dolphin,

549
00:32:23,000 --> 00:32:26,280
Speaker 2: and so the toothpick part comes out of its little mouth,

550
00:32:26,320 --> 00:32:28,320
Speaker 2: and then there's an ear scoop coming out of its

551
00:32:28,320 --> 00:32:31,720
Speaker 2: tail wo and then it has a little loop on

552
00:32:31,760 --> 00:32:33,840
Speaker 2: its back, and so you could wear it as a

553
00:32:33,880 --> 00:32:38,080
Speaker 2: necklace what and carry it around with a little ear scoop.

554
00:32:38,720 --> 00:32:39,320
Speaker 2: Who knew?

555
00:32:39,840 --> 00:32:41,960
Speaker 1: Who knew? I definitely did not know.

556
00:32:41,920 --> 00:32:44,360
Speaker 2: That I did not, And also I was like, dolphin,

557
00:32:44,480 --> 00:32:48,880
Speaker 2: why why a dolphin? Yeah? And apparently sea creatures were

558
00:32:48,880 --> 00:32:52,200
Speaker 2: featured heavily in jewelry and decorative items at the time

559
00:32:52,280 --> 00:32:56,400
Speaker 2: because maritime supremacy was blossoming in England. And I just

560
00:32:56,520 --> 00:32:59,600
Speaker 2: was like, that's very that's very interesting, because there was

561
00:32:59,640 --> 00:33:03,120
Speaker 2: another ear scoop found somewhere in England that was similar

562
00:33:03,200 --> 00:33:05,440
Speaker 2: and they were like, we think it's a dolphin, it

563
00:33:05,560 --> 00:33:09,440
Speaker 2: might be a fish, it's some sort of marine or creature. Yeah,

564
00:33:11,280 --> 00:33:14,560
Speaker 2: but these ear scoop tools also signify that earwax was

565
00:33:14,600 --> 00:33:17,720
Speaker 2: not solely relegated to the realm of medicine. Everyone was

566
00:33:17,880 --> 00:33:20,560
Speaker 2: individually concerned with it. It was just a routine part

567
00:33:20,560 --> 00:33:23,240
Speaker 2: of life to clean out your ears, and those who

568
00:33:23,280 --> 00:33:26,200
Speaker 2: could afford to do so often had their ears cleaned

569
00:33:26,200 --> 00:33:29,040
Speaker 2: out by a barber who use special tools to scoop

570
00:33:29,080 --> 00:33:32,160
Speaker 2: out any crud there. And this is referenced in place.

571
00:33:32,280 --> 00:33:34,680
Speaker 2: So there's a play I believe from the seventeen hundreds

572
00:33:34,680 --> 00:33:37,680
Speaker 2: where a soldier worries that the king has had his

573
00:33:37,800 --> 00:33:40,720
Speaker 2: ears picked too much, and so he has no protection

574
00:33:40,840 --> 00:33:47,880
Speaker 2: from flies, from earwigs and from flattery. He's like, anyone

575
00:33:47,920 --> 00:33:49,880
Speaker 2: has the ear of the king with his ears cleaned

576
00:33:49,920 --> 00:33:50,960
Speaker 2: of earwax.

577
00:33:50,640 --> 00:33:53,360
Speaker 1: Oh my god, that's so funny, hilarious.

578
00:33:53,880 --> 00:33:58,640
Speaker 2: And there are occasionally hints at the recognition that earwax

579
00:33:58,680 --> 00:34:02,040
Speaker 2: holds some value, like the situation that I just described

580
00:34:02,080 --> 00:34:04,240
Speaker 2: where it's like, well, we need some ear wax there.

581
00:34:04,600 --> 00:34:07,960
Speaker 2: Mostly it was considered a waste product or junk, as

582
00:34:08,000 --> 00:34:09,040
Speaker 2: you put it, junk.

583
00:34:10,640 --> 00:34:12,000
Speaker 1: So sorry for calling it.

584
00:34:12,000 --> 00:34:17,160
Speaker 2: That, I accept. I accept your apology. And so. For instance,

585
00:34:17,239 --> 00:34:21,440
Speaker 2: in Shakespeare's Troilis and Cressida, Agamemnon is described as not

586
00:34:21,640 --> 00:34:29,719
Speaker 2: having quote so much brain as earwax. Quote devastating, devastating. Yeah,

587
00:34:29,840 --> 00:34:35,200
Speaker 2: put that in your back pocket. Yeah right. In reality, however,

588
00:34:35,280 --> 00:34:39,200
Speaker 2: earwax held far more uses than I would have guessed. So,

589
00:34:39,239 --> 00:34:42,960
Speaker 2: for instance, in the American Frugal Housewife, which was written

590
00:34:42,960 --> 00:34:47,080
Speaker 2: by Lydia Child in eighteen thirty two, holds ear wax

591
00:34:47,200 --> 00:34:51,160
Speaker 2: in quite high regard. What quote, nothing is better than

592
00:34:51,200 --> 00:34:54,720
Speaker 2: earwax to prevent the painful effects resulting from a wound

593
00:34:54,800 --> 00:34:57,799
Speaker 2: by a nail skewer, et cetera. It should be put

594
00:34:57,840 --> 00:35:01,000
Speaker 2: on as soon as possible. Those who are troubled with

595
00:35:01,120 --> 00:35:05,280
Speaker 2: cracked lips have found this remedy successful when others have failed.

596
00:35:06,239 --> 00:35:09,279
Speaker 2: It is one of those sorts of cures which are

597
00:35:09,400 --> 00:35:11,960
Speaker 2: very likely to be laughed at. But I know of

598
00:35:12,040 --> 00:35:16,680
Speaker 2: it's having produced very beneficial results. So she's using it

599
00:35:16,719 --> 00:35:18,960
Speaker 2: as vacine, using it as chapstick.

600
00:35:19,040 --> 00:35:24,080
Speaker 1: Yeah, taking out the ear wax, put it on your cuts. Literally,

601
00:35:24,239 --> 00:35:26,319
Speaker 1: I have like an aqua force stick that I do

602
00:35:26,400 --> 00:35:30,879
Speaker 1: that with, not earwax. Okay, yeah, uh huh yeah, ear

603
00:35:30,880 --> 00:35:33,440
Speaker 1: wax on your lips. I don't know if I'm going

604
00:35:33,480 --> 00:35:34,040
Speaker 1: to try that.

605
00:35:34,239 --> 00:35:35,520
Speaker 2: I don't. I mean, you can.

606
00:35:35,840 --> 00:35:39,280
Speaker 1: You're certainly entitled to got enough earwax, that's for sure.

607
00:35:39,480 --> 00:35:41,960
Speaker 2: I feel like I'm a super producer as well. Me too.

608
00:35:42,040 --> 00:35:45,160
Speaker 1: I've always felt that way, saying what are you gonna

609
00:35:45,160 --> 00:35:45,600
Speaker 1: do about it?

610
00:35:45,600 --> 00:35:47,239
Speaker 2: It's just it's life. It's life.

611
00:35:47,480 --> 00:35:50,720
Speaker 1: Like you know, we probably make a very typical amount

612
00:35:50,719 --> 00:35:51,200
Speaker 1: of ear wax.

613
00:35:51,360 --> 00:35:53,120
Speaker 2: We probably do. We probably do.

614
00:35:54,600 --> 00:35:58,080
Speaker 1: They're probably not special in any way. No wear earwax.

615
00:35:58,239 --> 00:36:02,600
Speaker 2: No, we'll see. I mean, maybe somebody will do a

616
00:36:02,640 --> 00:36:09,160
Speaker 2: paper and we'll revisit this topic and discover our specialness. Okay,

617
00:36:09,200 --> 00:36:12,279
Speaker 2: So I didn't see it mentioned in The American Frugal Housewife,

618
00:36:12,320 --> 00:36:14,759
Speaker 2: but the author may have also been familiar with the

619
00:36:14,800 --> 00:36:19,120
Speaker 2: common practice of using earwax while stitching and sewing. It's

620
00:36:19,200 --> 00:36:22,640
Speaker 2: really great at keeping the ends of cut thread from unraveling.

621
00:36:22,719 --> 00:36:23,880
Speaker 1: I could see that, actually.

622
00:36:24,200 --> 00:36:27,839
Speaker 2: Yeah, And so in fact, there are some bodkins which

623
00:36:27,840 --> 00:36:31,040
Speaker 2: are these like large blunted needles with a big eye

624
00:36:31,040 --> 00:36:33,399
Speaker 2: to hold ribbon, kind of like a tapestry needle you'd

625
00:36:33,480 --> 00:36:37,040
Speaker 2: use to sew to weaven ends, but like bigger. Yeah,

626
00:36:37,080 --> 00:36:39,720
Speaker 2: some of these have ear scoops on the end of them.

627
00:36:39,840 --> 00:36:41,839
Speaker 1: So that you can scoop and then use it for

628
00:36:41,920 --> 00:36:44,720
Speaker 1: your best is so interesting.

629
00:36:44,360 --> 00:36:48,480
Speaker 2: Right wow. Ear wax was also favored by many artists,

630
00:36:48,520 --> 00:36:51,080
Speaker 2: who used it to help bind pigment to the paper

631
00:36:51,280 --> 00:36:54,120
Speaker 2: or other surfaces they were working on. So I asked

632
00:36:54,120 --> 00:36:56,680
Speaker 2: you to find a paper for me because I couldn't

633
00:36:56,719 --> 00:37:00,759
Speaker 2: find it. And this is what this is what was

634
00:37:00,800 --> 00:37:03,400
Speaker 2: inside that paper. Okay, I didn't read it, Okay, okay,

635
00:37:03,440 --> 00:37:08,080
Speaker 2: good spoilers. Yeah. So you know illuminated manuscripts, those beautiful

636
00:37:08,120 --> 00:37:12,319
Speaker 2: books with intricate color, colorful decorations or illustrations around the side,

637
00:37:12,480 --> 00:37:15,759
Speaker 2: and they were like all hand drawn and everything. The

638
00:37:15,760 --> 00:37:17,640
Speaker 2: Book of Kel's is a famous one if you want

639
00:37:17,680 --> 00:37:20,840
Speaker 2: to look up, like a really exceptionally beautiful example. But

640
00:37:20,920 --> 00:37:25,440
Speaker 2: apparently many illustrators of these manuscripts were regular users of

641
00:37:25,520 --> 00:37:29,960
Speaker 2: earwax to prevent bubbles from forming in their metallic paint mixtures.

642
00:37:30,200 --> 00:37:33,400
Speaker 2: What and so the author of a paper that I

643
00:37:33,440 --> 00:37:36,600
Speaker 2: read about this actually tried it out himself. He made

644
00:37:36,600 --> 00:37:42,040
Speaker 2: a couple of bronze pigment egg white mixtures, one that

645
00:37:42,160 --> 00:37:45,080
Speaker 2: had earwax added to it and one without. You mix

646
00:37:45,160 --> 00:37:47,400
Speaker 2: them together. Of course egg white's going to create bubbles

647
00:37:47,920 --> 00:37:50,000
Speaker 2: and it's and he was like, yeah, there were fewer

648
00:37:50,040 --> 00:37:52,480
Speaker 2: bubbles in the earwax one. And then he used it

649
00:37:52,520 --> 00:37:57,040
Speaker 2: to like paint. I think UCSF it was the example.

650
00:37:57,800 --> 00:38:00,480
Speaker 2: It must have been, that must have been where he was. Yeah,

651
00:38:00,520 --> 00:38:03,120
Speaker 2: but one that so he compared the one that had

652
00:38:03,120 --> 00:38:05,520
Speaker 2: ear wax and the one that didn't, and you can

653
00:38:05,719 --> 00:38:08,319
Speaker 2: kind of see that the one with ear wax is

654
00:38:08,440 --> 00:38:12,760
Speaker 2: smoother and the color seems more consistent. So any artists

655
00:38:12,760 --> 00:38:15,560
Speaker 2: who are out there listening who've been struggling blending ear

656
00:38:16,080 --> 00:38:18,719
Speaker 2: or egg whites into paints, try it to have a

657
00:38:18,760 --> 00:38:21,360
Speaker 2: ear wax, let us know, let us know how it goes.

658
00:38:21,800 --> 00:38:24,920
Speaker 1: They probably use like artificial things now that are just

659
00:38:25,280 --> 00:38:27,000
Speaker 1: that have waxes in them or whatever.

660
00:38:27,080 --> 00:38:29,560
Speaker 2: Yeah, you might not eat ear wax, like get purpose.

661
00:38:29,840 --> 00:38:32,840
Speaker 1: Did that guy use his own ear wax or someone else's.

662
00:38:32,400 --> 00:38:33,560
Speaker 2: I believe he used his own.

663
00:38:33,960 --> 00:38:36,560
Speaker 1: Interesting. I wonder if it depends, like if it got

664
00:38:36,640 --> 00:38:39,200
Speaker 1: to be wet ear wax or is dry ear wax okay?

665
00:38:39,360 --> 00:38:42,960
Speaker 2: Right? Which I mean? So that's a great question. I

666
00:38:43,000 --> 00:38:46,120
Speaker 2: think he I think, I mean he said he had

667
00:38:46,120 --> 00:38:50,120
Speaker 2: wet earwax, okay, But I don't know if he experimented.

668
00:38:50,880 --> 00:38:53,440
Speaker 2: That could be another Bat'll be another paper, other paper,

669
00:38:53,600 --> 00:38:56,839
Speaker 2: someone someone get a master's thesis at the very least, right.

670
00:38:59,440 --> 00:39:04,680
Speaker 2: But yeah, it's a more powerful resource than I expected. Rich,

671
00:39:04,800 --> 00:39:07,600
Speaker 2: not just in the application of the stuff itself, but

672
00:39:07,640 --> 00:39:11,520
Speaker 2: also what it can tell us about ourselves. So Aarin,

673
00:39:11,560 --> 00:39:14,240
Speaker 2: you mentioned that there are basically two types of earwax

674
00:39:14,280 --> 00:39:17,200
Speaker 2: and humans, dry and wet, and there might be some

675
00:39:17,480 --> 00:39:19,799
Speaker 2: that fall in between, but for the most part, the

676
00:39:19,840 --> 00:39:23,560
Speaker 2: distinction seems to be pretty clear, like pretty night and day,

677
00:39:23,920 --> 00:39:26,720
Speaker 2: and it is strongly associated with ancestry, like you mentioned,

678
00:39:26,760 --> 00:39:30,160
Speaker 2: So people with East Asian ancestry tend to have dry earwax,

679
00:39:30,200 --> 00:39:33,719
Speaker 2: those of European and African ancestry have wet earwax, and

680
00:39:33,760 --> 00:39:38,600
Speaker 2: those who have Southern Asian Pacific Islands, Central Asian, Native

681
00:39:38,600 --> 00:39:42,520
Speaker 2: North American, and Inuit have intermediate proportions of wet and dry.

682
00:39:42,760 --> 00:39:43,160
Speaker 1: Okay.

683
00:39:43,160 --> 00:39:47,160
Speaker 2: Interesting, Yeah, And this observation first started to garner attention

684
00:39:47,280 --> 00:39:50,880
Speaker 2: around the mid twentieth century, and researchers made note of

685
00:39:50,920 --> 00:39:54,560
Speaker 2: a couple of things. It was also associated with armpit odor,

686
00:39:55,120 --> 00:39:59,959
Speaker 2: So those who have wet earwax have much more odoriferous pits,

687
00:40:00,320 --> 00:40:04,319
Speaker 2: we have stinkyr armpit have stinky pits, agreed, And it

688
00:40:04,400 --> 00:40:08,759
Speaker 2: seemed to follow a pretty straightforward pattern of inheritance. And

689
00:40:09,040 --> 00:40:11,959
Speaker 2: just how straightforward was determined in two thousand and six,

690
00:40:12,280 --> 00:40:14,640
Speaker 2: and this is when researchers publish their results that the

691
00:40:14,719 --> 00:40:19,120
Speaker 2: difference between dry and wet earwax was down to one

692
00:40:19,400 --> 00:40:23,759
Speaker 2: letter change in one gene of our DNA, one single

693
00:40:23,880 --> 00:40:25,720
Speaker 2: nucleotide polymorphism.

694
00:40:26,160 --> 00:40:27,040
Speaker 1: That's so weird.

695
00:40:27,360 --> 00:40:32,760
Speaker 2: Yes, just one nucleotide changes earwax composition and has strong

696
00:40:32,800 --> 00:40:34,640
Speaker 2: associations with armput odor.

697
00:40:38,120 --> 00:40:40,680
Speaker 1: And the drier earwax is well, and that makes sense

698
00:40:40,680 --> 00:40:43,759
Speaker 1: because it's all apricrine gland secretions, right, which is like

699
00:40:43,800 --> 00:40:47,279
Speaker 1: what your armpit odor is, why that is there and

700
00:40:47,480 --> 00:40:49,000
Speaker 1: your earwax your earwax.

701
00:40:49,640 --> 00:40:53,560
Speaker 2: And it follows this dominant recessive Mendelian inheritance, which is

702
00:40:53,560 --> 00:40:56,520
Speaker 2: the thing that you learn about in school and it's basic,

703
00:40:57,480 --> 00:41:00,360
Speaker 2: basic jicks. But you so, if you have two copies

704
00:41:00,640 --> 00:41:04,000
Speaker 2: of the G version, which is the wet earwax version

705
00:41:04,160 --> 00:41:06,480
Speaker 2: or one G in one a wet earwax. But if

706
00:41:06,520 --> 00:41:08,880
Speaker 2: you have two copies of the A version that's the

707
00:41:09,560 --> 00:41:13,000
Speaker 2: nucleotide substitution, then you have dry.

708
00:41:13,120 --> 00:41:15,000
Speaker 1: Earwax and you're less stinky, and you're.

709
00:41:14,880 --> 00:41:17,200
Speaker 2: Less stinky, and so for context, I feel like eye

710
00:41:17,200 --> 00:41:20,680
Speaker 2: color is often taught as a simple Mendelian trait involves

711
00:41:20,719 --> 00:41:24,799
Speaker 2: at least sixteen genes, if not more. Yeah, yeah, but

712
00:41:25,160 --> 00:41:27,600
Speaker 2: this is very interesting and I didn't go down this

713
00:41:27,719 --> 00:41:31,120
Speaker 2: rabbit hole. But in addition to being associated with earwax

714
00:41:31,160 --> 00:41:34,360
Speaker 2: type and armpit odor, this same letter swap might be

715
00:41:34,400 --> 00:41:38,279
Speaker 2: associated with the amount of colostrum produced, with people with

716
00:41:38,400 --> 00:41:40,960
Speaker 2: dry earwax producing less colostrum.

717
00:41:41,440 --> 00:41:45,400
Speaker 1: Fascinating. Yeah, also apricin glands.

718
00:41:45,239 --> 00:41:50,760
Speaker 2: Exactly, So like what yeah, yeah, how interesting. So does

719
00:41:51,000 --> 00:41:54,239
Speaker 2: earwax type matter or was it just like a random

720
00:41:54,320 --> 00:41:58,760
Speaker 2: mutation that's spread And it seems like it might actually matter,

721
00:41:59,200 --> 00:42:02,080
Speaker 2: although it's unclear why. So. Some researchers suggest that it

722
00:42:02,120 --> 00:42:05,000
Speaker 2: could be because of the cold. As humans migrated out

723
00:42:05,000 --> 00:42:08,239
Speaker 2: of Africa and spread across Eurasia, cold temperatures would have

724
00:42:08,280 --> 00:42:11,680
Speaker 2: had would have been a strong selection pressure and So

725
00:42:11,719 --> 00:42:16,319
Speaker 2: the dry earwax phoenotype emerged around forty five thousand years

726
00:42:16,360 --> 00:42:19,759
Speaker 2: ago in North and east North or East Asia, where

727
00:42:19,800 --> 00:42:22,920
Speaker 2: it was colder, and it's thought that maybe the reduced

728
00:42:22,920 --> 00:42:26,160
Speaker 2: sweating could have been an advantage or the reduced stinking.

729
00:42:26,800 --> 00:42:29,640
Speaker 2: I don't yeah, I don't know. But in any case,

730
00:42:29,719 --> 00:42:33,160
Speaker 2: like what these researchers have proposed is that because it's

731
00:42:33,160 --> 00:42:36,840
Speaker 2: so widespread, it seems like there is some positive selection.

732
00:42:37,120 --> 00:42:39,480
Speaker 2: It seems like it was like this is selected for it,

733
00:42:39,640 --> 00:42:41,440
Speaker 2: not just like it happened to spread.

734
00:42:41,480 --> 00:42:44,880
Speaker 1: Right, not just random, because it's too too prevalent for that.

735
00:42:45,080 --> 00:42:49,360
Speaker 2: Yeah, right, that's that's the idea. How interesting, Okay, So

736
00:42:50,160 --> 00:42:53,200
Speaker 2: earwax can tell us about human migration, it can be

737
00:42:53,280 --> 00:42:57,640
Speaker 2: used as a lip bomb. It's great if you're illustrating

738
00:42:57,680 --> 00:43:01,880
Speaker 2: a medieval illuminated manuscript, and it can be analyzed to

739
00:43:01,880 --> 00:43:04,839
Speaker 2: tell us about the individual that produced it. So there's

740
00:43:04,920 --> 00:43:09,080
Speaker 2: some interest, and I don't know how much interest in

741
00:43:09,080 --> 00:43:15,000
Speaker 2: in the forensic applications of earwax analysis, things like tobacco exposure,

742
00:43:15,320 --> 00:43:20,000
Speaker 2: cortisol levels, et cetera, stuff like that in your earwax.

743
00:43:20,640 --> 00:43:23,640
Speaker 2: And so there's there's more. I mean, because your ear

744
00:43:23,640 --> 00:43:24,560
Speaker 2: wax is also like.

745
00:43:25,120 --> 00:43:28,000
Speaker 1: It's being exposed, just like you no right to the

746
00:43:28,000 --> 00:43:30,839
Speaker 1: outside world. Yes, you're getting other junk stuck in your

747
00:43:30,960 --> 00:43:35,960
Speaker 1: That's why I say junk erin defending myself.

748
00:43:37,040 --> 00:43:42,120
Speaker 2: Debris. You didn't know about chapstick and right idea. Now

749
00:43:42,160 --> 00:43:47,160
Speaker 2: that you know, you won't make that same mistake. But

750
00:43:47,280 --> 00:43:53,799
Speaker 2: that's just the uses of human earwax. Oh oh yeah,

751
00:43:53,920 --> 00:43:57,960
Speaker 2: because humans are not the only producers of this glorious stuff.

752
00:43:58,719 --> 00:44:08,320
Speaker 2: Seruminous glands the glass that produce earwax are widespread among mammals, dogs, raccoons, pigs, goats, foxes, cats, whales, whales.

753
00:44:08,960 --> 00:44:16,200
Speaker 2: Whales have ears. Oh yeah, okay, there are some fascinating

754
00:44:16,239 --> 00:44:24,120
Speaker 2: papers on whale cetacean hearing that I really enjoyed. Okay, yeah, okay, whales.

755
00:44:24,640 --> 00:44:28,840
Speaker 2: So this is now we've arrived at the last and

756
00:44:28,960 --> 00:44:31,680
Speaker 2: my personal favorite chapter in the air wax story.

757
00:44:32,040 --> 00:44:32,399
Speaker 1: Me too.

758
00:44:33,400 --> 00:44:37,840
Speaker 2: All cetaceans, whales, dolphins, porpoises evolved from a land dwelling,

759
00:44:37,920 --> 00:44:42,040
Speaker 2: carnivorous cat like creature that began its aquatic journey around

760
00:44:42,040 --> 00:44:45,600
Speaker 2: fifty million years ago. Going from land to water is

761
00:44:45,640 --> 00:44:48,800
Speaker 2: a heck of a transition, and so many different aspects

762
00:44:48,800 --> 00:44:51,960
Speaker 2: of anatomy and physiology had to change to allow for

763
00:44:52,000 --> 00:44:56,080
Speaker 2: that to happen. Like hearing, which in land dwellers is

764
00:44:56,120 --> 00:45:00,600
Speaker 2: done using air adapted ears, when whales evolve of those

765
00:45:00,640 --> 00:45:05,160
Speaker 2: ears and they're hearing more generally adapted to an aquatic environment,

766
00:45:05,560 --> 00:45:08,279
Speaker 2: but the canals and the wax that they produced did

767
00:45:08,320 --> 00:45:15,200
Speaker 2: not simply disappear. Instead, bayleen whales keep producing ear wax

768
00:45:15,480 --> 00:45:20,560
Speaker 2: that accumulates over their entire life, rather than getting continuously

769
00:45:20,600 --> 00:45:21,800
Speaker 2: expelled like ours.

770
00:45:22,160 --> 00:45:25,759
Speaker 1: What yeah, what does that do?

771
00:45:26,000 --> 00:45:30,920
Speaker 2: Okay? Over time, these waxy layers form an earplug that

772
00:45:31,040 --> 00:45:34,440
Speaker 2: is centimeters long, like twenty five centimeters in one adult

773
00:45:34,480 --> 00:45:40,839
Speaker 2: male blue whale. A long whale earplug. You can look

774
00:45:40,920 --> 00:45:44,719
Speaker 2: up pictures of these. I will, yes, okay, but that's

775
00:45:44,719 --> 00:45:47,040
Speaker 2: not even the coolest part, Like it just keeps getting cooler.

776
00:45:47,760 --> 00:45:50,719
Speaker 2: What is amazing about these layers is that they're distinct,

777
00:45:51,120 --> 00:45:54,239
Speaker 2: about two formed every year, so they're predictable in their

778
00:45:54,400 --> 00:45:59,279
Speaker 2: deposition stop it, and their color corresponds to times of

779
00:45:59,360 --> 00:46:04,120
Speaker 2: like feeding migration. People have used these ear plugs to

780
00:46:04,280 --> 00:46:08,040
Speaker 2: estimate the age of whales like tree rings, tree rings,

781
00:46:08,080 --> 00:46:11,000
Speaker 2: and that's they've used this for a while. But what

782
00:46:11,040 --> 00:46:15,359
Speaker 2: they're doing now is even cooler than that. Researchers are

783
00:46:15,440 --> 00:46:21,320
Speaker 2: using these ear plugs to detect layer specific levels of hormones, contaminants,

784
00:46:21,360 --> 00:46:24,319
Speaker 2: and other compounds, and so you end up getting a

785
00:46:24,400 --> 00:46:28,600
Speaker 2: more detailed picture of what a whale's entire life was. Like,

786
00:46:29,960 --> 00:46:33,520
Speaker 2: what time is this where you thought this would go?

787
00:46:33,960 --> 00:46:34,040
Speaker 1: No?

788
00:46:34,800 --> 00:46:38,319
Speaker 2: No, I know, I was so excited when I was

789
00:46:38,360 --> 00:46:42,600
Speaker 2: reading these papers. So, for instance, there was a blue,

790
00:46:42,600 --> 00:46:44,480
Speaker 2: a male blue whale that was killed in a boat

791
00:46:44,480 --> 00:46:48,279
Speaker 2: collision and was found to be around twelve years old.

792
00:46:48,400 --> 00:46:53,480
Speaker 2: Based on these the earplug, his testosterone spiked enormously a

793
00:46:53,520 --> 00:46:56,360
Speaker 2: couple years prior, which is when he reached sexual maturity,

794
00:46:57,080 --> 00:47:01,239
Speaker 2: and his corticol increased over his lifetime, and most of

795
00:47:01,280 --> 00:47:04,520
Speaker 2: the contaminants that he was exposed to occurred in the

796
00:47:04,560 --> 00:47:08,919
Speaker 2: first six months of his life, which suggested transfer through

797
00:47:09,080 --> 00:47:12,160
Speaker 2: gestation and lactation, which is really depressing.

798
00:47:12,600 --> 00:47:13,360
Speaker 1: Wow.

799
00:47:13,480 --> 00:47:17,560
Speaker 2: Yeah, Okay, that's just one whale.

800
00:47:17,280 --> 00:47:19,200
Speaker 1: One whale, one ear plug.

801
00:47:19,040 --> 00:47:21,680
Speaker 2: One ear plug, And as it turns out, people have

802
00:47:21,800 --> 00:47:25,800
Speaker 2: been collecting and preserving whale ear plugs for decades.

803
00:47:26,040 --> 00:47:27,400
Speaker 1: Just should surprise me, I know.

804
00:47:27,480 --> 00:47:31,279
Speaker 2: Shout out to natural history museums, to collections like we

805
00:47:31,320 --> 00:47:34,759
Speaker 2: can learn so much it's been unbelievable. And so that

806
00:47:34,880 --> 00:47:37,160
Speaker 2: same research group who did this study on this single

807
00:47:37,239 --> 00:47:41,360
Speaker 2: male blue whale looked at cortisol levels in twenty preserved

808
00:47:41,360 --> 00:47:47,040
Speaker 2: whale ear plugs collected from eighteen seventy to twenty sixteen. Wow,

809
00:47:47,440 --> 00:47:52,200
Speaker 2: And they found that cortisol was which is associated with stress. Yeah,

810
00:47:52,239 --> 00:47:54,200
Speaker 2: it's one of our stress hormones, one of our stress hormones.

811
00:47:54,280 --> 00:47:56,719
Speaker 1: Yeah. They found so essential for life functioning, like it

812
00:47:56,760 --> 00:47:59,440
Speaker 1: is essentral life to be alive, right, yeah, right, yeah.

813
00:48:00,000 --> 00:48:03,640
Speaker 2: And what they found was that cortisol was pretty closely

814
00:48:03,719 --> 00:48:08,040
Speaker 2: tied to whaling counts, as in years where more whales

815
00:48:08,080 --> 00:48:11,400
Speaker 2: were hunted were more stressful for whales. So the higher

816
00:48:11,440 --> 00:48:13,799
Speaker 2: the whaling count, the higher and above whales killed, the

817
00:48:13,920 --> 00:48:17,000
Speaker 2: higher the cortisol level and the whale in the whale

818
00:48:17,000 --> 00:48:20,560
Speaker 2: earplugs they collected. The exception is World War Two, when

819
00:48:20,600 --> 00:48:24,000
Speaker 2: whaling counts were low but stress was high, no doubt

820
00:48:24,239 --> 00:48:27,560
Speaker 2: due to the war also being explosions and submuntins and

821
00:48:27,600 --> 00:48:32,440
Speaker 2: all that. And this relationship was especially pronounced in the

822
00:48:32,560 --> 00:48:36,160
Speaker 2: years following nineteen seventy two, when the Marine Mammal Protection

823
00:48:36,239 --> 00:48:39,200
Speaker 2: Act was passed just a big drop in cortisol levels.

824
00:48:39,719 --> 00:48:44,600
Speaker 2: Oh wow. And that drop remained fairly low until you

825
00:48:44,680 --> 00:48:48,880
Speaker 2: get to the past few decades where courtisol increases again

826
00:48:49,239 --> 00:48:55,800
Speaker 2: in certain years. Why abnormally warm sea surface temperatures.

827
00:48:55,200 --> 00:48:58,360
Speaker 1: In those years to global warming? Yeah, yep.

828
00:48:59,040 --> 00:49:02,400
Speaker 2: And the relationship between this is just like it is

829
00:49:03,719 --> 00:49:08,560
Speaker 2: it's very grim, right, Like this research is so grim,

830
00:49:08,640 --> 00:49:10,080
Speaker 2: but it is vital.

831
00:49:10,440 --> 00:49:10,840
Speaker 1: Yeah.

832
00:49:10,880 --> 00:49:13,920
Speaker 2: These earplugs are able to show us something that has

833
00:49:13,960 --> 00:49:17,320
Speaker 2: been kind of hard to measure in certain populations or

834
00:49:17,320 --> 00:49:21,280
Speaker 2: in certain situations especially, I mean, cetaceans are incredibly difficult,

835
00:49:21,640 --> 00:49:25,880
Speaker 2: so hard to study long term as well, and so

836
00:49:26,040 --> 00:49:29,840
Speaker 2: these ear plugs being able to show us the non

837
00:49:30,000 --> 00:49:36,839
Speaker 2: lethal human impact on organisms is incredibly important and tell

838
00:49:36,920 --> 00:49:42,560
Speaker 2: you so much, yes, like oh wow, yeah, so will

839
00:49:42,600 --> 00:49:48,200
Speaker 2: we do anything with that information that's remaining? But that

840
00:49:48,360 --> 00:49:52,200
Speaker 2: is all that I have on earwas wow.

841
00:49:51,960 --> 00:49:57,800
Speaker 1: And I have not thought about whale ears.

842
00:49:58,680 --> 00:50:01,839
Speaker 2: Okay, there are some papers and there is a researcher.

843
00:50:02,160 --> 00:50:04,719
Speaker 2: I watched a video of hers on I think it

844
00:50:04,760 --> 00:50:07,040
Speaker 2: was like an old PBS video or something like that,

845
00:50:07,120 --> 00:50:11,960
Speaker 2: and she was so engaging and wonderful and I just

846
00:50:12,040 --> 00:50:14,320
Speaker 2: I really liked it. There was one of the papers

847
00:50:14,320 --> 00:50:15,920
Speaker 2: I will shout out at the kind as soon as

848
00:50:15,960 --> 00:50:16,759
Speaker 2: I find the name of it.

849
00:50:16,840 --> 00:50:19,000
Speaker 1: But I love it. Their ears are just like flat,

850
00:50:19,120 --> 00:50:20,160
Speaker 1: just like holes, right.

851
00:50:20,360 --> 00:50:22,680
Speaker 2: They're small, but then they use a lot of like

852
00:50:22,880 --> 00:50:25,799
Speaker 2: jaw fat or something like that that absorbed and I

853
00:50:25,840 --> 00:50:28,640
Speaker 2: didn't I yeah, I should have spent more time learning

854
00:50:28,680 --> 00:50:30,640
Speaker 2: about ear or whale hearing overall.

855
00:50:30,719 --> 00:50:33,240
Speaker 1: But okay, this wasn't an episode about hearing. I didn't

856
00:50:33,280 --> 00:50:34,319
Speaker 1: talk about hearing at all.

857
00:50:34,480 --> 00:50:35,160
Speaker 2: Yeah.

858
00:50:35,200 --> 00:50:40,040
Speaker 1: How interesting though, Yeah, wow, I want to know so

859
00:50:40,120 --> 00:50:45,000
Speaker 1: much more. People can learn more, which aware can learn more.

860
00:50:46,600 --> 00:50:49,560
Speaker 2: I have a bunch of sources all over the place,

861
00:50:50,040 --> 00:50:51,799
Speaker 2: but I'm going to shout out a few here. If

862
00:50:51,800 --> 00:50:54,480
Speaker 2: you want to learn more about hearing in wales overall,

863
00:50:54,880 --> 00:50:58,239
Speaker 2: there's Darlene Kenton is the researcher that I was thinking of.

864
00:50:58,320 --> 00:51:00,239
Speaker 2: And there's a paper from nineteen ninety seven that I

865
00:51:00,360 --> 00:51:04,759
Speaker 2: liked called Structure and Function in Whale Ears. And then

866
00:51:04,880 --> 00:51:07,600
Speaker 2: if you want to check out that paper on the

867
00:51:07,640 --> 00:51:11,560
Speaker 2: whale cortisol levels over time, there's a paper by trumble

868
00:51:11,680 --> 00:51:15,720
Speaker 2: at All from twenty eighteen called Baleen Whale cortisol levels

869
00:51:15,760 --> 00:51:20,319
Speaker 2: reveal a physiological response to twentieth century whaling and then

870
00:51:20,440 --> 00:51:23,839
Speaker 2: a couple more. So there's that paper about wet versus

871
00:51:23,920 --> 00:51:27,160
Speaker 2: dry earwax and how it's just one snip, and that's

872
00:51:27,320 --> 00:51:31,480
Speaker 2: by Ohashi at All from twenty eleven, and then ear

873
00:51:31,719 --> 00:51:36,080
Speaker 2: Wax and Art History by Petrakis from two thousand called

874
00:51:36,160 --> 00:51:40,000
Speaker 2: Earmarks of Art History, Seruman and Medieval Art, and a

875
00:51:40,040 --> 00:51:40,479
Speaker 2: lot more.

876
00:51:41,200 --> 00:51:44,600
Speaker 1: I also have a number of papers, but the two

877
00:51:45,000 --> 00:51:49,840
Speaker 1: that were cited in every other paper effort that I

878
00:51:49,880 --> 00:51:54,040
Speaker 1: read were one from nineteen ninety seven by Rosa and

879
00:51:54,200 --> 00:51:59,320
Speaker 1: Bala Chanda that was called Physiology, Pathophysiology and Anthropology slash

880
00:51:59,320 --> 00:52:03,200
Speaker 1: Epidemiology of Human earcanal Secretions from the Journal of the

881
00:52:03,200 --> 00:52:06,800
Speaker 1: American Academy of Audiology, and then one from nineteen sixty

882
00:52:06,880 --> 00:52:12,400
Speaker 1: four by Alberti called Epithelial Migration on the tympanic Membrane.

883
00:52:12,560 --> 00:52:15,680
Speaker 1: It was actually really interesting. I don't read a lot

884
00:52:15,680 --> 00:52:17,440
Speaker 1: of papers from the sixties, but I always get a

885
00:52:17,480 --> 00:52:18,440
Speaker 1: kick out of it when I get to.

886
00:52:18,680 --> 00:52:22,200
Speaker 2: I love reading papers from the sixties. Sometimes it's yeah,

887
00:52:22,280 --> 00:52:25,279
Speaker 2: it's just they're so different in vibe, so different, they're

888
00:52:25,360 --> 00:52:26,480
Speaker 2: so different. Yeah.

889
00:52:26,600 --> 00:52:29,360
Speaker 1: And then I have a bunch of papers on like

890
00:52:29,600 --> 00:52:31,640
Speaker 1: Impacted the Room and and s Room and impaction and

891
00:52:31,680 --> 00:52:33,719
Speaker 1: how we deal with it, and then a few as

892
00:52:33,760 --> 00:52:38,800
Speaker 1: well on the ear candling business. You can find all

893
00:52:39,080 --> 00:52:41,680
Speaker 1: of these sources on our website, This podcast will Kill

894
00:52:41,719 --> 00:52:44,080
Speaker 1: You dot com under the episodes tab.

895
00:52:44,320 --> 00:52:47,600
Speaker 2: You certainly can a big thank you to Bloodmobile for

896
00:52:47,640 --> 00:52:50,440
Speaker 2: providing the music for this episode and all of our episodes.

897
00:52:50,600 --> 00:52:54,160
Speaker 1: Thank you. Thank you to Leanna and Tom and Mark

898
00:52:54,239 --> 00:52:59,120
Speaker 1: and Pete and Jessica and everyone. There's like so many

899
00:52:59,120 --> 00:53:02,200
Speaker 1: people to sink exactly right. Network, Thank you all for me.

900
00:53:02,200 --> 00:53:03,200
Speaker 1: Thank you as possible.

901
00:53:03,400 --> 00:53:07,800
Speaker 2: Yes, thank you also to anyone who you know watches

902
00:53:07,840 --> 00:53:11,120
Speaker 2: this podcast listens to this podcast, We appreciate it. Like

903
00:53:11,120 --> 00:53:13,160
Speaker 2: like we said, you have a lot of different ways

904
00:53:13,200 --> 00:53:15,120
Speaker 2: you can spend your time, and we really appreciate you

905
00:53:15,520 --> 00:53:18,920
Speaker 2: spending that time with us. It means everything, It really

906
00:53:18,960 --> 00:53:19,480
Speaker 2: truly does.

907
00:53:19,520 --> 00:53:22,120
Speaker 1: So thank you and a special thank you to our

908
00:53:22,160 --> 00:53:24,600
Speaker 1: patrons for your support over on Patreon. It really does

909
00:53:24,719 --> 00:53:27,479
Speaker 1: mean like we we're not good. I think at using

910
00:53:27,520 --> 00:53:29,400
Speaker 1: words to explain how much it means to us, but

911
00:53:29,719 --> 00:53:30,719
Speaker 1: it really means a lot.

912
00:53:30,840 --> 00:53:31,239
Speaker 2: It does.

913
00:53:31,360 --> 00:53:31,719
Speaker 1: It does.

914
00:53:32,560 --> 00:53:34,520
Speaker 2: Until next time, wash your hands

915
00:53:34,719 --> 00:53:35,800
Speaker 1: You feelthy animals