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Speaker 1: Hey, y'all, Eve's here. We're doubling up today with two

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Speaker 1: events in history on with the show Welcome to this

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Speaker 1: Day in History class, where we bring you a new

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Speaker 1: tidbid from history every day. The day was February nineteen.

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Speaker 1: More than twelve hundred artworks by around three hundred artists

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Speaker 1: were on display in New York City. Matisse, go Again,

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Speaker 1: du Schamp, Kathleen mccinnery, Picasso, much Cezanne, de Gas, Hopper,

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Speaker 1: and more American and European artists all had work on

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Speaker 1: exhibition at the sixty nine Regiment Armory on Lexington Avenue

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Speaker 1: and Street. It was all part of the International Exhibition

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Speaker 1: of Modern Art, or what came to be known simply

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Speaker 1: as the Armory Show. More than twelve hundred artworks by

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Speaker 1: around three hundred artists were on display in New York City.

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Speaker 1: It's easy to recognize these names now, and we'd consider

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Speaker 1: their work valuable, but back in the early nineteen hundreds,

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Speaker 1: the cultural distance between the United States and Europe was

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Speaker 1: far greater. The American art scene looked nothing like the

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Speaker 1: European art scene at the time, while art in Europe

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Speaker 1: was getting pretty risky. Think Cubism, futurism and abstract sculpture.

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Speaker 1: Art in America was still stuck within pretty rigid boundaries.

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Speaker 1: More realistic art, like that of the Old Masters, was

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Speaker 1: still popular in the States, and the people who could

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Speaker 1: afford to collect art were acquiring new pieces to affirm

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Speaker 1: their status. The National Academy of Design, a rather traditional

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Speaker 1: arts organization, acted as a kind of gatekeeper in the

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Speaker 1: New York City art world, only letting in the artists

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Speaker 1: whose work stayed in an acceptable lane of idealism. But

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Speaker 1: there were artists who refused to accept the stifling of

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Speaker 1: experimentation and American art. In nineteen eleven, artists Jerome Myers,

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Speaker 1: Elmer MacRae wal Kon, and Henry fitz Taylor started meeting

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Speaker 1: at Madison Gallery in New York to discuss forming a

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Speaker 1: society that would help young artists exhibit their work in America.

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Speaker 1: By the end of the year, the four artists banded

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Speaker 1: together with other artists to form the Association of American

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Speaker 1: Painters and Sculptors, a blatantly anti Academy group whose goal

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Speaker 1: was to exhibit, quote the works of progressive and live painters,

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Speaker 1: both American and foreign, favoring such work usually neglected by

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Speaker 1: current shows and especially interesting and instructive to the public.

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Speaker 1: So Walt Con, the organization's president, Arthur Bowen Davies and

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Speaker 1: artist Walter Pack combed Europe looking for artworks to take

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Speaker 1: back across the pond. They found hundreds of works, and

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Speaker 1: Davies and Coon arrived back in New York near the

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Speaker 1: end of nineteen twelve, and in America, the Association had

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Speaker 1: been gathering the works of artists like Albert Pinkman, writer

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Speaker 1: Edith DeMott, Marston Hartley, and Ethel Myers. There was no

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Speaker 1: jury for the exhibition, unlike the Academy shows. In December,

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Speaker 1: the association sent out a call for artists to submit

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Speaker 1: works in any medium. Here's a line from that circular.

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Speaker 1: The Association particularly desires to encourage all artwork that is

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Speaker 1: produced for the pleasure that the producer finds and carrying

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Speaker 1: it out. They didn't take all the submissions, but they

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Speaker 1: did take a lot. Alector John Quinn set the following

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Speaker 1: at the show's opening. The members of this association have

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Speaker 1: shown you that American artists, young American artists that is,

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Speaker 1: do not dread and have no need to dread, the

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Speaker 1: ideas are culture of Europe. They believe that in the

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Speaker 1: domain of art, only the best should rule. This exhibition

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Speaker 1: will be epoch making in the history of American art.

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Speaker 1: On the night it opened, the exhibition attracted four thousand guests,

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Speaker 1: but as you could imagine, people had wildly mixed reactions,

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Speaker 1: ranging from the utterly disgusted to the highly enamored. The

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Speaker 1: show basically went the early twentieth century version of viral

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Speaker 1: do Schamp's cubist painting Nude descending a staircase, particularly have

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Speaker 1: people in a tizzy. The magazine Art News offered readers

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Speaker 1: ten dollars if they could figure out what it meant.

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Speaker 1: One cred it said it looked like an explosion in

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Speaker 1: a shingle factory. Another said it's looked like an academic

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Speaker 1: painting of an artichoke. In general, reviewers questioned whether the

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Speaker 1: so called progressive work could really even be considered art.

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Speaker 1: All that said, the show had a ton of fans.

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Speaker 1: Before the Armory Show was over in New York and

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Speaker 1: headed to Chicago for its next run, it pulled in

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Speaker 1: eight seven thousand visitors. Change wouldn't happen immediately. The show

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Speaker 1: made many American artists feel like they had license to

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Speaker 1: experiment while others weren't so sure of the longevity of

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Speaker 1: the new art styles. Galleries started carrying more modern and

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Speaker 1: contemporary art, though they favored European artworks, and the show

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Speaker 1: did open up conversations about art that had previously been

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Speaker 1: limited to the elite. The art world in America was

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Speaker 1: headed for an upheaval, and the kind of art that

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Speaker 1: was considered good was about to broaden drastically, and the

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Speaker 1: show did open up conversations about art that had previously

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Speaker 1: been limited to the elite. I'm Eve Steff Coote, and

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Speaker 1: hopefully you know a little more about history today than

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Speaker 1: you did yesterday. As I was researching this episode, I

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Speaker 1: was just thinking about how this whole event would cause

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Speaker 1: a lot of Twitter madness today, Like even people who

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Speaker 1: stuck up for the artwork at the show had to

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Speaker 1: take some heat. The Chicago Tribune even published this poem

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Speaker 1: I called the canvas cow with could and hung it

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Speaker 1: on the line. Although to me twas vague as mud

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Speaker 1: twas clear to Gertrude's die Catch you tomorrow for another episode.

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Speaker 1: Hi everyone, I'm Eaves, and you're listening to This Day

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Speaker 1: in History Class, a podcast where we build the time

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Speaker 1: machine and all you have to do is hop in.

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Speaker 1: The day was February seventeenth, eighteen thirty eight. The Zulu

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Speaker 1: massacre of four Trekkers in Quasalu Natal resulted in the

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Speaker 1: death of hundreds of people. The Zulu are a Bantu

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Speaker 1: ethnic group made up of people who live mostly in

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Speaker 1: the province of Quasulu Natal. The Zulu were known for

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Speaker 1: being efficient and skilled warriors, and their kingdom grew significantly

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Speaker 1: under the leadership of Shaka in the early nineteenth century.

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Speaker 1: Shaka was assassinated in eight His brother dan Gone then

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Speaker 1: took the throne. Dn Gon was king at the time

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Speaker 1: of the massacre. Four Trekkers were Boers who took part

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Speaker 1: in the Great Trek, a migration of the Dutch and

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Speaker 1: their descendants from the British Cape Colony into the interior

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Speaker 1: of present day South Africa starting in eighteen thirty four war.

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Speaker 1: The Four Trekkers sought land and colonization and looked to

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Speaker 1: get away from British rule. As they did so, they

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Speaker 1: came into conflict with indigenous people living in the places

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Speaker 1: they were invading. In the eighteen thirty seven four Trekker

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Speaker 1: Pete Retif met with Dingan to negotiate a land deal.

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Speaker 1: Dingan may have agreed to grant him land providing the

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Speaker 1: four Trekkers retrieve a herd of cattle that was stolen.

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Speaker 1: He also may have required the boers to recover the

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Speaker 1: cattle before he agreed to any deal. Retif ended up

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Speaker 1: finding the cattle and bringing back some of the herd

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Speaker 1: to Dingan in early eighteen thirty eight. It's unclear exactly why,

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Speaker 1: but dan Gon ordered the Zulus to kill Retief and

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Speaker 1: the rest of his party. Following this massacre, ding Gon

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Speaker 1: sent a group of armed men or MPs to kill

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Speaker 1: the rest of the four Trekkers, who were camped out

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Speaker 1: nearby at sites along the Bushman River. The Zulus killed

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Speaker 1: more than two hundred four Trekkers and around two hundred

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Speaker 1: and fifty people of their ethnic groups who accompanied the

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Speaker 1: four trekkers, according to estimates. The town of Venin, a

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Speaker 1: Dutch word for webbed, was established months after the massacre.

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Speaker 1: Through the rest of the year, the Zulus continued to

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Speaker 1: clash with the four Trekkers. The four Trekers responded to

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Speaker 1: the massacre with the raid against the Zulu, but they

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Speaker 1: were attacked by Zulu warriors at If Leni. Continued conflict

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Speaker 1: led to the Battle of Blood River on December six,

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Speaker 1: eight thirty eight. Andre's pratorious led the four Trekker forces

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Speaker 1: into Zulu land for the battles. The Voortrekers were way outnumbered,

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Speaker 1: with hundreds of them versus and estimated tens of thousands

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Speaker 1: of Zulu warriors, but the Four Trekkers won the battle

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Speaker 1: and soon proclaimed the short lived Natalia Republic. DNA's brother

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Speaker 1: Ponde sided with the Four Trekkers and garnered the ally

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Speaker 1: ship of thousands of imps to overtake Dangan. A civil

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Speaker 1: war broke out within the Zulu nation, with the joint

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Speaker 1: forces of Ponde in notorious Dingan was overthrown. The Zulu

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Speaker 1: king fled but was soon assassinated. Ponde sided with an

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Speaker 1: Italia Republic until it was annexed by the British in

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Speaker 1: eighteen forty three. At that point, Ponde allied with the British.

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Speaker 1: Bowers began celebrating December six as Dingan's Day after the

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Speaker 1: Battle of Blood River, then as Day of the Valve.

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Speaker 1: The public holiday was later renamed the Day of Reconciliation.

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Speaker 1: I'm eves Deafcote and hopefully you know a little more

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Speaker 1: about history today than you did yesterday. You can find

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Speaker 1: us on Twitter, Facebook, and Instagram at t d i

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Speaker 1: h C Podcast, and you can email us at this

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Speaker 1: Day at i heart media dot com. I hope you

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Speaker 1: enjoyed today's episode. We'll be back tomorrow with another one.

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Speaker 1: For more podcast from iHeart Radio, visit the iHeart Radio app,

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Speaker 1: Apple Podcasts, or wherever you listen to your favorite shows.