1 00:00:00,120 --> 00:00:04,360 Speaker 1: On this episode of News World toldiers, sailors and airmen 2 00:00:04,559 --> 00:00:08,280 Speaker 1: of the Allied Expeditionary Force, you are about to embark 3 00:00:08,360 --> 00:00:11,600 Speaker 1: upon the great crusade toward which we have striven these 4 00:00:11,640 --> 00:00:14,240 Speaker 1: many months. The eyes of the world are upon you. 5 00:00:14,880 --> 00:00:18,520 Speaker 1: The hopes and prayers of liberty loving people everywhere march 6 00:00:18,600 --> 00:00:22,000 Speaker 1: with you. I have full confidence in your courage, devotion 7 00:00:22,040 --> 00:00:25,640 Speaker 1: to duty, and skill in battle. We will accept nothing 8 00:00:25,720 --> 00:00:29,600 Speaker 1: less than full victory. Day has a very special meaning 9 00:00:29,640 --> 00:00:33,400 Speaker 1: for me. On d Day, my own son graduated from 10 00:00:33,440 --> 00:00:36,960 Speaker 1: West Point. On the very day he was graduating. These 11 00:00:37,360 --> 00:00:42,680 Speaker 1: man came here, British and our other allies Americans, to 12 00:00:42,840 --> 00:00:47,200 Speaker 1: storm these beaches for one purpose only, not to gain 13 00:00:47,320 --> 00:00:53,120 Speaker 1: anything for ourselves, not to fulfill any ambitions that America 14 00:00:53,200 --> 00:00:58,520 Speaker 1: had for a conquest, but just to preserve freedom. Systems 15 00:00:58,560 --> 00:01:02,760 Speaker 1: of self government work in the councils of government. We 16 00:01:02,840 --> 00:01:07,600 Speaker 1: must guard against the acquisition of unwarranted influence, whether sought 17 00:01:07,720 --> 00:01:13,360 Speaker 1: or unsought, by the military industrial complex. The potential for 18 00:01:13,440 --> 00:01:17,760 Speaker 1: the disastrous rise of misplaced power exists and will persist. 19 00:01:19,200 --> 00:01:21,680 Speaker 1: We must never let the weight of this combination in 20 00:01:21,840 --> 00:01:26,199 Speaker 1: danger our liberties or democratic processes. We should take nothing 21 00:01:26,240 --> 00:01:32,039 Speaker 1: for granted. Only an alert and knowledgeable citizenry can compel 22 00:01:32,640 --> 00:01:36,440 Speaker 1: the proper meshing of the huge industrial and military missionary 23 00:01:36,480 --> 00:01:41,000 Speaker 1: of defense with our peaceful methods and goals, so that 24 00:01:41,160 --> 00:01:45,760 Speaker 1: security and liberty may prosper together. You and I and 25 00:01:45,959 --> 00:01:50,400 Speaker 1: our government must avoid the impulse to live only for today, 26 00:01:50,600 --> 00:01:54,720 Speaker 1: plundering for our own ease and convenience the precious resources 27 00:01:54,720 --> 00:01:59,920 Speaker 1: of tomorrow. We cannot morgins the material assets of our 28 00:02:00,040 --> 00:02:04,080 Speaker 1: grandchildren without risking the lass also of their political and 29 00:02:04,160 --> 00:02:09,919 Speaker 1: spiritual heritage. We want democracy to survive for all generations 30 00:02:09,919 --> 00:02:19,200 Speaker 1: to come, not to become the insolvent fan up tomorrow. Hi, 31 00:02:19,320 --> 00:02:22,000 Speaker 1: this is new due to the virus. I'm recording from home, 32 00:02:22,360 --> 00:02:28,320 Speaker 1: so you may notice a difference in audio quality. Dwight 33 00:02:28,480 --> 00:02:31,920 Speaker 1: David Eisenhower was the Supreme Commander of the Allied Forces 34 00:02:31,919 --> 00:02:35,239 Speaker 1: of Europe during the World War Two and the thirty 35 00:02:35,240 --> 00:02:39,040 Speaker 1: fourth president the United States. Eisenhower understood war is only 36 00:02:39,040 --> 00:02:41,840 Speaker 1: a soldier could he set in place of strategy for 37 00:02:41,880 --> 00:02:44,840 Speaker 1: winning the Cold War that was followed and implemented by 38 00:02:44,880 --> 00:02:49,720 Speaker 1: future presidents until the collapse of the Civil Unit. Eisenhower's 39 00:02:49,760 --> 00:02:53,519 Speaker 1: prescience and his strategic understanding of science and technology, and 40 00:02:53,720 --> 00:02:57,720 Speaker 1: establishing the United States as a pre eminent worldpower was 41 00:02:57,840 --> 00:03:01,520 Speaker 1: essential to securing freedom for generations of Americans to come. 42 00:03:02,240 --> 00:03:05,000 Speaker 1: Eisner was influential in bringing World War Two to an end, 43 00:03:05,360 --> 00:03:08,920 Speaker 1: and his efforts throughout the war, especially with the planning 44 00:03:08,919 --> 00:03:12,959 Speaker 1: and execution of D Day, stopped the Nazi wardship. He 45 00:03:13,120 --> 00:03:16,920 Speaker 1: also ended the Korean War and maintained active communications with 46 00:03:17,040 --> 00:03:20,560 Speaker 1: the Soviet Union during the Cold War. Dwight David Eisner's 47 00:03:20,560 --> 00:03:24,880 Speaker 1: dedicated service to our country spanned fifty years. In order 48 00:03:24,919 --> 00:03:28,240 Speaker 1: to do his life justice, this episode is part one 49 00:03:28,560 --> 00:03:32,520 Speaker 1: in our three part of the Immortals Dwight David Eisenhower series, 50 00:03:39,640 --> 00:03:41,840 Speaker 1: We're going to talk about one of the true immortals, 51 00:03:42,520 --> 00:03:47,120 Speaker 1: Dwight Eisenhower, General of the Army, President Nited States, in 52 00:03:47,200 --> 00:03:51,840 Speaker 1: a remarkable example of what has made America truly a 53 00:03:52,000 --> 00:03:55,960 Speaker 1: unique country with opportunities for virtually everyone. Ike as he 54 00:03:56,080 --> 00:03:59,320 Speaker 1: was known, who was actually born in Dennis and Texas, 55 00:03:59,680 --> 00:04:04,720 Speaker 1: ainety He was the thirty seven sons, and in eighteen 56 00:04:04,800 --> 00:04:08,720 Speaker 1: ninety two the family returned to Abilee in Kansas, which 57 00:04:08,720 --> 00:04:12,360 Speaker 1: they then became their home for the rest of his youth, 58 00:04:12,800 --> 00:04:14,960 Speaker 1: and in fact, his mother still had a place there 59 00:04:15,000 --> 00:04:18,320 Speaker 1: at the end of her life. I graduated from Abilen 60 00:04:18,440 --> 00:04:21,400 Speaker 1: High School in nineteen o nine and for two years 61 00:04:21,839 --> 00:04:26,080 Speaker 1: worked at the Belle Springs Creamery. He wanted to go 62 00:04:26,240 --> 00:04:29,159 Speaker 1: to Annapolis, but there wasn't an opening, but in the 63 00:04:29,240 --> 00:04:32,600 Speaker 1: process he did get an opportunity to be appointed to 64 00:04:32,680 --> 00:04:36,960 Speaker 1: the US Military Academy at West Point, New York. He 65 00:04:37,080 --> 00:04:39,279 Speaker 1: played on the football team, which at that time was 66 00:04:39,279 --> 00:04:43,960 Speaker 1: one of the great powerhouses of American college football. He 67 00:04:44,160 --> 00:04:48,040 Speaker 1: injured his knee and, in sort of a typical example 68 00:04:48,640 --> 00:04:52,919 Speaker 1: of Eisenhower's stubbornness and toughness, while his knee was injured, 69 00:04:53,600 --> 00:04:57,760 Speaker 1: the officer who was training them into horsemanship he was 70 00:04:57,800 --> 00:05:00,520 Speaker 1: back then, remember the cavalry was still a very factor, 71 00:05:01,200 --> 00:05:03,440 Speaker 1: was mad at Eisenhour and got him to spend the 72 00:05:03,480 --> 00:05:07,120 Speaker 1: afternoon mounting and dismounting. Eisenhower did not point out that 73 00:05:07,200 --> 00:05:10,440 Speaker 1: his knee had been injured playing football, and as a result, 74 00:05:10,839 --> 00:05:14,480 Speaker 1: it was permanently weakened and his career as a player 75 00:05:14,560 --> 00:05:17,159 Speaker 1: was over. In some ways, that may have been good, 76 00:05:17,200 --> 00:05:21,719 Speaker 1: because then discovered since he couldn't play, he could coach, 77 00:05:22,520 --> 00:05:26,240 Speaker 1: and so as a student coach, he began to learn 78 00:05:26,279 --> 00:05:29,640 Speaker 1: the art of building teams, getting people to work together, 79 00:05:30,160 --> 00:05:33,480 Speaker 1: setting very high standards, and he became one of the 80 00:05:33,480 --> 00:05:36,520 Speaker 1: pre eminent trainers in the American military, somebody who really 81 00:05:36,600 --> 00:05:40,360 Speaker 1: understood how to train people. Then when he graduated from 82 00:05:40,400 --> 00:05:45,320 Speaker 1: West Point, he ended up marrying Mamie Geneva Daud from Denver, Colorado. 83 00:05:46,040 --> 00:05:49,600 Speaker 1: Their first son, Daud Dwight, was born in nineteen seventeen 84 00:05:49,640 --> 00:05:53,839 Speaker 1: and tragically died in nineteen twenty one. Their second son, 85 00:05:54,160 --> 00:05:57,159 Speaker 1: John Sheldon Daud, was born in nineteen twenty two and 86 00:05:57,200 --> 00:05:59,599 Speaker 1: went on to have a very successful career in his 87 00:05:59,640 --> 00:06:03,599 Speaker 1: own and to write several very very good military history books. 88 00:06:04,360 --> 00:06:09,839 Speaker 1: So here's Eisenhower in the very small peacetime American military, 89 00:06:10,560 --> 00:06:16,000 Speaker 1: serving in camps Fort sam Houston, Camp Wilson, Leon Springs, Texas, 90 00:06:16,080 --> 00:06:20,440 Speaker 1: at Fort Oglethorp, Georgia, and then World War One comes along. 91 00:06:21,400 --> 00:06:25,480 Speaker 1: Ike ends up being the trainer at the Army's first 92 00:06:25,520 --> 00:06:28,880 Speaker 1: tank school, which is at Gettysburg, Pennsylvania. He falls in 93 00:06:28,920 --> 00:06:31,479 Speaker 1: love with Gettysburg and later in his life he'll go 94 00:06:31,520 --> 00:06:34,640 Speaker 1: back and buy a farm there. But he's very frustrated 95 00:06:35,080 --> 00:06:38,880 Speaker 1: because while he's training all of these brand new tankers 96 00:06:39,400 --> 00:06:41,920 Speaker 1: using this new technology that literally he had only been 97 00:06:41,920 --> 00:06:45,080 Speaker 1: invented in the last couple of years. During the war itself, 98 00:06:45,520 --> 00:06:48,080 Speaker 1: he wasn't getting to go into combat, who wasn't getting 99 00:06:48,120 --> 00:06:51,320 Speaker 1: any experience into battlefield, And in fact, the most famous 100 00:06:51,320 --> 00:06:55,320 Speaker 1: person who was taking Eisenhower's trainees from the tank school, 101 00:06:55,560 --> 00:06:59,640 Speaker 1: who was George Cotton, who was serving in combat, who 102 00:06:59,760 --> 00:07:02,760 Speaker 1: was in Europe, and who at the time was substantially 103 00:07:02,760 --> 00:07:06,880 Speaker 1: more famous than Eisenhower. So the war ends with like 104 00:07:07,120 --> 00:07:11,000 Speaker 1: never having gotten into combat, and he and George Patton 105 00:07:11,040 --> 00:07:13,600 Speaker 1: become close friends because they're both fascinated by the tanks. 106 00:07:14,280 --> 00:07:17,880 Speaker 1: And it's really interesting all the places this leads like 107 00:07:18,600 --> 00:07:21,400 Speaker 1: that he would never have on his own thought it. 108 00:07:21,840 --> 00:07:25,480 Speaker 1: He wrote a terrific book called At Ease Stories I 109 00:07:25,560 --> 00:07:28,000 Speaker 1: Tell My Friends, and one of the stories in that 110 00:07:28,040 --> 00:07:33,800 Speaker 1: book is about his participation and the first transcontinental motor convoy. Now, 111 00:07:33,840 --> 00:07:36,280 Speaker 1: for those of us who driving in the state ailway system, 112 00:07:36,400 --> 00:07:39,960 Speaker 1: it's easy to forget that as recently as nineteen nineteen 113 00:07:40,160 --> 00:07:43,840 Speaker 1: it was considered an enormous adventure and a great challenge 114 00:07:44,560 --> 00:07:47,240 Speaker 1: to take a convoy from the East coast to the 115 00:07:47,240 --> 00:07:50,760 Speaker 1: West coast. And I talked in this book about being 116 00:07:50,840 --> 00:07:54,520 Speaker 1: somewhere around Nevada, sleeping out under the stars because of 117 00:07:54,560 --> 00:07:56,800 Speaker 1: course back then there were no motels at hotels, because 118 00:07:56,840 --> 00:07:59,440 Speaker 1: there was no highway traffic. So he's out there any 119 00:07:59,560 --> 00:08:04,160 Speaker 1: stinking himself. Shouldn't we have a highway system that we 120 00:08:04,240 --> 00:08:10,760 Speaker 1: knit together that lets the whole country travel and has 121 00:08:10,840 --> 00:08:15,520 Speaker 1: no idea in nineteen nineteen that, in fact, in nineteen 122 00:08:15,600 --> 00:08:19,320 Speaker 1: fifty five he will propose the National Interstate Highway System, 123 00:08:19,360 --> 00:08:21,600 Speaker 1: which all of us use, and in a way it 124 00:08:21,600 --> 00:08:24,720 Speaker 1: could leaks directly back to what was a pretty long trip. 125 00:08:24,760 --> 00:08:27,440 Speaker 1: He left in July seventh and arrived on the West 126 00:08:27,440 --> 00:08:31,000 Speaker 1: coast of September sixth, nineteen nineteen. Imagine how quickly you 127 00:08:31,120 --> 00:08:35,720 Speaker 1: and I can go today, in part thanks to Eisenhower's leadership. Then, 128 00:08:35,920 --> 00:08:39,680 Speaker 1: in one of those historic moments in nineteen twenty two, 129 00:08:40,200 --> 00:08:43,319 Speaker 1: he is sent to serve as the executive officer to 130 00:08:43,520 --> 00:08:47,720 Speaker 1: General Fox Connor in the Panama Canal Center. Now Connor 131 00:08:47,760 --> 00:08:50,680 Speaker 1: really matters. Connor, in some ways may have been the 132 00:08:50,720 --> 00:08:55,160 Speaker 1: most influential single officer in the American military in the 133 00:08:55,200 --> 00:08:58,760 Speaker 1: twentieth century. He worked for Pershing when Pershing was in 134 00:08:58,840 --> 00:09:02,720 Speaker 1: charge of the American Army in Europe, and he learned 135 00:09:02,840 --> 00:09:05,600 Speaker 1: enormous lessons of leadership. He was a great student of 136 00:09:05,640 --> 00:09:10,040 Speaker 1: military history at military theory. He had a large personal library, 137 00:09:10,080 --> 00:09:13,559 Speaker 1: and he trains two people, George Catholic Marshall, who was 138 00:09:13,600 --> 00:09:15,839 Speaker 1: on to become Chief a Stack of the Army, and 139 00:09:16,360 --> 00:09:19,760 Speaker 1: light David Eisenheller. And it's a fascinating story. I always 140 00:09:19,760 --> 00:09:22,760 Speaker 1: saw officers Line talked to him about this that they 141 00:09:22,800 --> 00:09:26,520 Speaker 1: can't quite imagine this because in the nineteen twenties, the 142 00:09:26,559 --> 00:09:30,040 Speaker 1: truth was, as an executive officer, I now didn't had 143 00:09:30,080 --> 00:09:32,120 Speaker 1: that much work to do. He can get all that 144 00:09:32,240 --> 00:09:33,720 Speaker 1: done on about a half a day. He didn't know 145 00:09:33,760 --> 00:09:38,040 Speaker 1: all the mountains of regulations, the lawyers, the bureaucracy, all 146 00:09:38,080 --> 00:09:40,640 Speaker 1: the things we've encumbered ourselves with. And so he literally 147 00:09:40,640 --> 00:09:43,760 Speaker 1: had about half of every day free. And Connor said, 148 00:09:44,520 --> 00:09:46,679 Speaker 1: I want you to take that half day, and I 149 00:09:46,720 --> 00:09:49,520 Speaker 1: want you to study because I have great faith in 150 00:09:49,559 --> 00:09:51,800 Speaker 1: you and I think you have a great teacher. So 151 00:09:51,840 --> 00:09:56,040 Speaker 1: I spent the two years working for Connor to really 152 00:09:56,160 --> 00:10:00,600 Speaker 1: learn an enormous amount, read all the major works, and 153 00:10:00,640 --> 00:10:02,480 Speaker 1: then goes back to the States. So here's one of 154 00:10:02,480 --> 00:10:06,040 Speaker 1: the great examples of why history is so much different 155 00:10:06,080 --> 00:10:10,040 Speaker 1: from the social sciences. I had gotten in trouble right 156 00:10:10,080 --> 00:10:14,640 Speaker 1: after the war because he and Patton had written articles that, actually, 157 00:10:14,679 --> 00:10:17,040 Speaker 1: if you go back and read them, are forerunners of 158 00:10:17,080 --> 00:10:20,240 Speaker 1: the blitz creek. They believed in tanks. They understood the 159 00:10:20,240 --> 00:10:23,520 Speaker 1: power of tanks, the importance of speed, and so these 160 00:10:23,559 --> 00:10:25,960 Speaker 1: two guys want the Great Trainer, the other the Great 161 00:10:26,000 --> 00:10:29,559 Speaker 1: combat Commander, were co authoring articles about tanks as a 162 00:10:29,679 --> 00:10:34,480 Speaker 1: key feature of warfare. Well, this just really infuriated the 163 00:10:34,480 --> 00:10:37,400 Speaker 1: head of the infantry, who didn't like tanks and didn't 164 00:10:37,400 --> 00:10:40,160 Speaker 1: want to see tanks as an independent arm He wanted 165 00:10:40,200 --> 00:10:43,120 Speaker 1: tanks to only be in supportive infantry. He wanted them 166 00:10:43,120 --> 00:10:46,280 Speaker 1: to be heavy and slow. Eisenhower and Patton wanted to 167 00:10:46,360 --> 00:10:49,440 Speaker 1: be very fast and capable of moving much faster than 168 00:10:49,440 --> 00:10:52,520 Speaker 1: infantry could move. And so the two guys are basically 169 00:10:52,520 --> 00:10:55,640 Speaker 1: called into a look you keep doing this and wanting 170 00:10:55,640 --> 00:10:58,840 Speaker 1: to kick you out of the army. So pattern is 171 00:10:59,080 --> 00:11:02,760 Speaker 1: always much more willing to bend the Eisenhower was now 172 00:11:02,880 --> 00:11:06,360 Speaker 1: cheerfully wanders off and becomes part of the Olympics. He's 173 00:11:06,360 --> 00:11:09,000 Speaker 1: a great horseman, and so he's part of the American 174 00:11:09,040 --> 00:11:14,959 Speaker 1: Olympic team and wins medals Eisenhower, however, is stubborn, gets 175 00:11:14,960 --> 00:11:18,559 Speaker 1: in a pretty tough dialogue with the head of the infantry, 176 00:11:19,000 --> 00:11:23,200 Speaker 1: and so when it comes back, he's told very bluntly 177 00:11:23,280 --> 00:11:25,520 Speaker 1: by the Chief of Infantry, I'm not going to let 178 00:11:25,520 --> 00:11:28,080 Speaker 1: you go to the intermediate school you need to go 179 00:11:28,160 --> 00:11:30,320 Speaker 1: to and this sort of school that was at Fort 180 00:11:30,360 --> 00:11:36,040 Speaker 1: Benning there was the infantry sort of mid level school. Well, historically, 181 00:11:36,480 --> 00:11:38,600 Speaker 1: if you didn't go to that school, you could not 182 00:11:38,720 --> 00:11:40,800 Speaker 1: go to the Command in General Staff School at Fort 183 00:11:40,800 --> 00:11:45,040 Speaker 1: eleven or which was the key to future promotions. And 184 00:11:45,080 --> 00:11:49,199 Speaker 1: in fact, the Chief of Infantry was saying, I'm ending 185 00:11:49,240 --> 00:11:53,720 Speaker 1: your career. So Eisenhower said, it's totally down to Fotts Connor, 186 00:11:53,720 --> 00:11:56,040 Speaker 1: and he explained what was going on, and he got 187 00:11:56,080 --> 00:12:00,280 Speaker 1: this very cryptic telegram back that said you will see 188 00:12:00,440 --> 00:12:05,439 Speaker 1: new orders, accept them without question. Has no idea what's 189 00:12:05,440 --> 00:12:07,920 Speaker 1: going to happen. And he suddenly gets an order of 190 00:12:07,920 --> 00:12:12,880 Speaker 1: transferring him from the infantry to the Adjutant General's Command 191 00:12:13,559 --> 00:12:17,679 Speaker 1: to be in charge of a recruiting post in Denver. Now, 192 00:12:17,679 --> 00:12:20,640 Speaker 1: as I says in his own memoirs, this was a 193 00:12:20,720 --> 00:12:23,640 Speaker 1: death Kno. When you had transferred over to running a 194 00:12:23,679 --> 00:12:26,880 Speaker 1: recruiting office. They were telling you your days in the 195 00:12:26,920 --> 00:12:31,679 Speaker 1: military or despot over. But fox Connor, who he trusted totally, 196 00:12:32,160 --> 00:12:35,640 Speaker 1: had said to him, obey whatever orders you did. So 197 00:12:35,760 --> 00:12:39,120 Speaker 1: he switched over and lo and behold the following week, 198 00:12:39,200 --> 00:12:43,920 Speaker 1: now that he was in the Adjutant General's command, all 199 00:12:43,960 --> 00:12:47,480 Speaker 1: of a sudden he gets a new order because the 200 00:12:47,520 --> 00:12:51,960 Speaker 1: Adjutant General has several slots for the Command in General 201 00:12:51,960 --> 00:12:55,959 Speaker 1: Staff School, and so he's skipping the intermediate school of 202 00:12:56,040 --> 00:12:58,640 Speaker 1: Beddon and he's being assigned to go to the command 203 00:12:58,640 --> 00:13:03,280 Speaker 1: in General Staff School. And he immediately writes Fox Connor, says, 204 00:13:03,280 --> 00:13:06,160 Speaker 1: how can I go to the top school if I've 205 00:13:06,200 --> 00:13:10,440 Speaker 1: never gotten all the intermediate training. Connor writes back and says, 206 00:13:10,520 --> 00:13:14,000 Speaker 1: look for the last two years, I have given you 207 00:13:14,640 --> 00:13:18,920 Speaker 1: all the books that they will use at Leavenworth. You 208 00:13:18,960 --> 00:13:22,440 Speaker 1: were entering the school knowing more about the courses than 209 00:13:22,520 --> 00:13:26,319 Speaker 1: anybody else than your class, and you're going to do great. 210 00:13:27,600 --> 00:13:30,280 Speaker 1: So he got there, and Ike was a very hard worker. 211 00:13:30,400 --> 00:13:33,679 Speaker 1: He was adequately smart, with his greater characteristic was a 212 00:13:33,679 --> 00:13:35,760 Speaker 1: willingness to work really hard, which he picked up in 213 00:13:35,840 --> 00:13:39,120 Speaker 1: Kansas as a young kid. And when he got there, 214 00:13:39,240 --> 00:13:41,959 Speaker 1: a good friend of his got in Gjero was also 215 00:13:42,040 --> 00:13:45,400 Speaker 1: in the class, and they sat up an entire bedroom. 216 00:13:45,440 --> 00:13:48,520 Speaker 1: They took it over and it became their studying room, 217 00:13:48,640 --> 00:13:50,920 Speaker 1: and the two of them would work every night, and 218 00:13:50,920 --> 00:13:54,520 Speaker 1: they would work on the weekends. And when they had done, 219 00:13:54,880 --> 00:13:58,200 Speaker 1: Eisenhower was first in his class, and they'd also created 220 00:13:58,200 --> 00:14:01,959 Speaker 1: a lifetime friendship. So he then goes back to Benning 221 00:14:02,400 --> 00:14:05,880 Speaker 1: to serve as executive officer in an infantry regiment. I've 222 00:14:05,920 --> 00:14:09,439 Speaker 1: never actually seen how the head of infantry dealt with 223 00:14:09,480 --> 00:14:12,479 Speaker 1: all this, because it must have been just enormously frustrating. 224 00:14:12,720 --> 00:14:15,320 Speaker 1: He's trying to punish as an hour, and instead what 225 00:14:15,360 --> 00:14:17,960 Speaker 1: has happened is Ike has jumped ahead of the rest 226 00:14:17,960 --> 00:14:20,480 Speaker 1: of his class because he's already gone to the Senior 227 00:14:20,720 --> 00:14:24,680 Speaker 1: Command School for the US Army. Ike is then assigned 228 00:14:25,240 --> 00:14:28,440 Speaker 1: to go to Washington to write a guide book to 229 00:14:28,480 --> 00:14:33,800 Speaker 1: World War One for the American Battle Monuments Commission, which 230 00:14:33,880 --> 00:14:36,240 Speaker 1: was headed by General John J. Pershing, who had been 231 00:14:36,280 --> 00:14:38,680 Speaker 1: the head of the American Army in World War One 232 00:14:39,040 --> 00:14:42,560 Speaker 1: and who was really the dominant force in the nineteen 233 00:14:42,560 --> 00:14:47,200 Speaker 1: twenties in the American Army. So Eisenhower had an opportunity 234 00:14:47,440 --> 00:14:50,960 Speaker 1: to get to know pershing pretty well. And if you 235 00:14:50,960 --> 00:14:53,760 Speaker 1: are writing a guide book to World War One battlefields, 236 00:14:53,760 --> 00:14:57,160 Speaker 1: which means Western Europe, you're actually writing a guide book 237 00:14:57,200 --> 00:15:00,120 Speaker 1: for an area that we will be fighting over in 238 00:15:00,240 --> 00:15:03,920 Speaker 1: nineteen forty four and forty five. So Eisenhower is really 239 00:15:03,960 --> 00:15:08,240 Speaker 1: seriously studying the stuff, and his good friend George Patton 240 00:15:08,800 --> 00:15:10,600 Speaker 1: comes with him and they go to Europe and they 241 00:15:10,680 --> 00:15:14,760 Speaker 1: wander all over these battlefields, so they literally are in 242 00:15:14,800 --> 00:15:18,680 Speaker 1: the places that they will later on be fighting and 243 00:15:18,760 --> 00:15:22,280 Speaker 1: they're thinking about it all. So I then comes back 244 00:15:22,720 --> 00:15:25,280 Speaker 1: and he goes to the Army War College and now 245 00:15:25,320 --> 00:15:28,920 Speaker 1: the National Defense University, and that's the most senior institution, 246 00:15:29,000 --> 00:15:31,840 Speaker 1: and go to graduates. From there, is put back in 247 00:15:31,920 --> 00:15:35,560 Speaker 1: charge your guide book revision and serves in the European 248 00:15:35,640 --> 00:15:38,880 Speaker 1: Office in Paris, France. So you get noticed he's learning 249 00:15:38,880 --> 00:15:42,240 Speaker 1: the trade and he's also learning the geography. He then 250 00:15:42,280 --> 00:15:45,400 Speaker 1: comes back to serve as an executive officer to General 251 00:15:45,400 --> 00:15:48,960 Speaker 1: George Moseley, who is the Assistant Secretary of War. One 252 00:15:49,000 --> 00:15:51,120 Speaker 1: of the things to notice what all this is. Ike 253 00:15:51,320 --> 00:15:54,280 Speaker 1: is learning about the politics of Washington, dealing with the 254 00:15:54,360 --> 00:15:58,880 Speaker 1: news media, dealing with the Congress, dealing with the bureaucracy, 255 00:15:59,320 --> 00:16:01,600 Speaker 1: all of these ings of beginning to become part of 256 00:16:01,640 --> 00:16:23,080 Speaker 1: his normal deal life. In nineteen thirty three, he's picked 257 00:16:23,360 --> 00:16:26,840 Speaker 1: to be the chief military aid to General Douglas MacArthur, 258 00:16:26,880 --> 00:16:31,360 Speaker 1: who's new army chief instead. MacArthur is a very very 259 00:16:31,400 --> 00:16:35,200 Speaker 1: famous name. His father, Arthur MacArthur, was a great hero 260 00:16:35,520 --> 00:16:39,040 Speaker 1: of the Civil War and went on to a huge 261 00:16:39,080 --> 00:16:42,440 Speaker 1: career in the army. Douglas was going in the same direction, 262 00:16:42,880 --> 00:16:46,520 Speaker 1: graduated the West Point ended up winning the Congressional Medal 263 00:16:46,560 --> 00:16:49,840 Speaker 1: of Honor as a combat leader of Europe at a 264 00:16:49,960 --> 00:16:55,040 Speaker 1: very demanding standard of very difficult personality. But Ike, as 265 00:16:55,080 --> 00:16:58,400 Speaker 1: he proved again and again, was very good at managing 266 00:16:59,040 --> 00:17:03,080 Speaker 1: very strong per sonalities. So he serves with MacArthur well. 267 00:17:03,120 --> 00:17:07,160 Speaker 1: He's Army chief of Staff, and then MacArthur retires from 268 00:17:07,200 --> 00:17:09,639 Speaker 1: the army and has an offer to go to the 269 00:17:09,640 --> 00:17:14,200 Speaker 1: Philippines to create the Philippine government's new army, because we're 270 00:17:14,200 --> 00:17:18,480 Speaker 1: trying to gradually wean the Philippines and prepare them for independence. 271 00:17:19,720 --> 00:17:25,080 Speaker 1: In nineteen thirty five, MacArthur turns and says to Eisenhower, 272 00:17:25,640 --> 00:17:29,600 Speaker 1: will you come and be my assistant and my military 273 00:17:29,640 --> 00:17:33,760 Speaker 1: adviser while we create the new Philippine money. So now 274 00:17:33,840 --> 00:17:36,240 Speaker 1: having gotten a lot of knowledge, well Europe, he's now 275 00:17:36,280 --> 00:17:39,760 Speaker 1: getting knowledge about the Pacific. And in September nineteen thirty 276 00:17:39,760 --> 00:17:43,800 Speaker 1: five he goes to the Philippines. He also learns how 277 00:17:43,800 --> 00:17:46,640 Speaker 1: to fly, because he figures that to be an all 278 00:17:46,760 --> 00:17:50,040 Speaker 1: round well prepared person. He's already done tanks. Now he 279 00:17:50,080 --> 00:17:52,280 Speaker 1: has a little bit sort of air power and the 280 00:17:52,320 --> 00:17:55,679 Speaker 1: requirements of aircraft, even though it's the old army, and 281 00:17:55,680 --> 00:17:58,239 Speaker 1: even though it's relatively small, and even though promotions are 282 00:17:58,240 --> 00:18:01,280 Speaker 1: so by July of nineteen thirty six, he gets to 283 00:18:01,320 --> 00:18:03,320 Speaker 1: be a lieutenant colonel, which is for that army in 284 00:18:03,320 --> 00:18:07,359 Speaker 1: that period, a pretty good rank. Then he's brought back home. 285 00:18:08,040 --> 00:18:12,040 Speaker 1: Remember he served with MacArthur Eisenhower. Years later people talking 286 00:18:12,040 --> 00:18:14,679 Speaker 1: about speech writer, he said, who do you think actually 287 00:18:14,680 --> 00:18:17,200 Speaker 1: wrote most of the speeches that mccarthur give him Philippines, 288 00:18:17,520 --> 00:18:20,600 Speaker 1: And it was Eisenhower. Eisenow was a very very good 289 00:18:20,600 --> 00:18:24,440 Speaker 1: speech writer and very good editor. So he comes back 290 00:18:24,560 --> 00:18:26,840 Speaker 1: to the US. MacArthur offered him a lot of money 291 00:18:26,840 --> 00:18:29,240 Speaker 1: in a big promotion in the Filipino Army if he 292 00:18:29,240 --> 00:18:31,480 Speaker 1: would stay in the Philippines, and he said no, truly 293 00:18:31,520 --> 00:18:34,840 Speaker 1: time to go home, and in February nineteen forty he 294 00:18:34,920 --> 00:18:39,000 Speaker 1: goes and is assigned to the West coast to Fort Lewis, Washington, 295 00:18:39,600 --> 00:18:44,280 Speaker 1: and really is helping develop the army because now the 296 00:18:44,359 --> 00:18:47,200 Speaker 1: army's beating the build up. The war is going badly 297 00:18:47,240 --> 00:18:51,320 Speaker 1: in Europe. For the Allies, it's increasingly obvious that we 298 00:18:51,440 --> 00:18:55,560 Speaker 1: have to think seriously about dealing with Nazi Germany and 299 00:18:55,640 --> 00:18:59,360 Speaker 1: potentially dealing with Imperial Japan, and so Eisenhower as part 300 00:18:59,359 --> 00:19:04,439 Speaker 1: of the build up. He's also a brilliant planner, and 301 00:19:04,640 --> 00:19:08,400 Speaker 1: at one point there's a huge army war game, Eisenhower's 302 00:19:08,400 --> 00:19:12,199 Speaker 1: side decisively defeats the other side just because of the 303 00:19:12,240 --> 00:19:16,159 Speaker 1: sheer quality of his planning capabilities. And then the Japanese 304 00:19:16,160 --> 00:19:20,480 Speaker 1: attack prol Harbor. Now, remember we'd really been focused on 305 00:19:21,240 --> 00:19:26,160 Speaker 1: looking at the problems in Europe, and we really had 306 00:19:26,200 --> 00:19:29,800 Speaker 1: a deep preference for dealing with the Nazis, and then 307 00:19:30,000 --> 00:19:32,480 Speaker 1: the Japanese are the ones who started the war with US. 308 00:19:32,880 --> 00:19:36,240 Speaker 1: So in December seven, nineteen forty one, the Japanese attack, 309 00:19:37,200 --> 00:19:41,919 Speaker 1: Eisenhower has brought to Washington to serve under the Chief 310 00:19:41,920 --> 00:19:45,439 Speaker 1: of War Plans Division, his old friend General Leonard Jarow, 311 00:19:45,600 --> 00:19:48,840 Speaker 1: known as Jijio to his friends, with whom Eisenhower spent 312 00:19:48,880 --> 00:19:53,360 Speaker 1: a year studying at leven Noorth. When he arrives Marshall, 313 00:19:53,920 --> 00:19:57,880 Speaker 1: he says, look, we have almost no ships. The war 314 00:19:58,000 --> 00:20:00,680 Speaker 1: plans we've made are abserved. The Army had a plan 315 00:20:00,760 --> 00:20:02,920 Speaker 1: that said we could hold out for three months until 316 00:20:02,920 --> 00:20:05,920 Speaker 1: the Navy rescues us in the Philippines, and the Navy 317 00:20:05,960 --> 00:20:07,399 Speaker 1: had a plan that said we didn't get to the 318 00:20:07,400 --> 00:20:10,200 Speaker 1: Philippines in three years. Even though there was a joint 319 00:20:10,240 --> 00:20:13,320 Speaker 1: planning board, they had never sat down and hatched out 320 00:20:13,680 --> 00:20:17,280 Speaker 1: the extraordinary radical difference in those two plans. I have 321 00:20:17,400 --> 00:20:21,440 Speaker 1: MacArthur and the Philippines raising King, going for attention, saying 322 00:20:21,480 --> 00:20:23,920 Speaker 1: I need help, I need help. You have the Japanese 323 00:20:23,960 --> 00:20:28,400 Speaker 1: on offense everywhere. They've occupied Hong Kong, they've occupied Malaya. 324 00:20:28,480 --> 00:20:31,119 Speaker 1: They are literally one of the most amazing offensives in 325 00:20:31,200 --> 00:20:35,400 Speaker 1: history is the Japanese Navy in December and January February 326 00:20:35,440 --> 00:20:38,760 Speaker 1: of nineteen forty one forty two. And in that context 327 00:20:39,440 --> 00:20:42,840 Speaker 1: Marshall turnstives and says, what can we do. Remember Eisenhower 328 00:20:42,880 --> 00:20:44,639 Speaker 1: had served with many of the people who were in 329 00:20:44,680 --> 00:20:48,399 Speaker 1: the Philippines, and he knew the Philippines very well, and 330 00:20:48,480 --> 00:20:50,720 Speaker 1: all of his bias would have been to do everything 331 00:20:50,720 --> 00:20:53,720 Speaker 1: you could to get help to him. And after about 332 00:20:53,760 --> 00:20:55,840 Speaker 1: two weeks of studying the plan, he walks in and 333 00:20:55,840 --> 00:21:00,800 Speaker 1: says to Marshall, there's nothing we can do. We can 334 00:21:00,840 --> 00:21:04,919 Speaker 1: get some supplies and we can have a trickle of 335 00:21:05,119 --> 00:21:08,879 Speaker 1: ammunition and of other things, but the truth is, we 336 00:21:08,920 --> 00:21:11,480 Speaker 1: don't have the naval seapower, we don't have the shipping, 337 00:21:12,000 --> 00:21:15,879 Speaker 1: we don't have the manpower prepared, and if we tried 338 00:21:16,200 --> 00:21:19,040 Speaker 1: to do too much, we would simply be serving enough 339 00:21:19,080 --> 00:21:21,879 Speaker 1: to be destroyed by the Japanese. So the best we 340 00:21:21,920 --> 00:21:23,520 Speaker 1: can do is ask them to hold out as long 341 00:21:23,560 --> 00:21:27,280 Speaker 1: as they can recognize that we are sacrificing them to 342 00:21:27,359 --> 00:21:30,920 Speaker 1: buy time, and then prepare for a counter attack, probably 343 00:21:31,000 --> 00:21:34,200 Speaker 1: coming from Australia. First of all, think about how tough 344 00:21:34,240 --> 00:21:37,199 Speaker 1: this must have been for a guy who's describing his 345 00:21:37,320 --> 00:21:40,399 Speaker 1: personal frenzy. Basically, what kind of advocating I'm going to 346 00:21:40,440 --> 00:21:43,879 Speaker 1: abandon all the people I work with for years because 347 00:21:43,880 --> 00:21:47,800 Speaker 1: it is the only practical, doable thing. And my assignment 348 00:21:48,040 --> 00:21:51,000 Speaker 1: is to give the chief of Staff of the Army 349 00:21:51,520 --> 00:21:55,199 Speaker 1: the best possible advice. Yeah, I'm going to give him 350 00:21:55,240 --> 00:21:59,360 Speaker 1: the correct advice, even if it's unbelievably painful. I think 351 00:21:59,400 --> 00:22:04,920 Speaker 1: that was a moment in the rise of Eisenhower because 352 00:22:05,000 --> 00:22:07,959 Speaker 1: I think at that point Marshall realized he had a 353 00:22:07,960 --> 00:22:13,000 Speaker 1: man of enormous intelligence, tremendous training and background, who would 354 00:22:13,000 --> 00:22:17,919 Speaker 1: in fact do what the nation needed and would allow 355 00:22:17,960 --> 00:22:21,080 Speaker 1: the facts to define, not his emotions, with the facts 356 00:22:21,600 --> 00:22:24,320 Speaker 1: to define what he was going to analyze and suggest. 357 00:22:24,840 --> 00:22:28,960 Speaker 1: So by February of nineteen forty two, he becomes the 358 00:22:29,040 --> 00:22:31,560 Speaker 1: chief of the War Plans Division and then al Jero 359 00:22:31,880 --> 00:22:36,120 Speaker 1: goes off to other assignment. In Marsha forty two, he 360 00:22:36,119 --> 00:22:39,159 Speaker 1: gets a promotion to major general, which is temporary because 361 00:22:39,440 --> 00:22:42,360 Speaker 1: in wartime all these things are temporary and you could 362 00:22:42,400 --> 00:22:45,280 Speaker 1: revert back in rank after the war's over. Because you're 363 00:22:45,280 --> 00:22:48,399 Speaker 1: taking a very small army, you are exploding its size 364 00:22:48,400 --> 00:22:51,280 Speaker 1: by enormous numbers, and therefore you're going to promote lots 365 00:22:51,320 --> 00:22:54,160 Speaker 1: amounts of people for those promotions may or may not stick. 366 00:22:55,560 --> 00:22:59,200 Speaker 1: Eisenhower is called in by Marshall and Marshall says, I 367 00:22:59,240 --> 00:23:02,959 Speaker 1: want you to understand that I know you were very 368 00:23:03,000 --> 00:23:06,200 Speaker 1: frustrated in World War One because you never got to 369 00:23:06,240 --> 00:23:09,040 Speaker 1: go to combat. I just want you to know that 370 00:23:09,040 --> 00:23:12,040 Speaker 1: you are too valuable and I want to keep you 371 00:23:12,119 --> 00:23:15,920 Speaker 1: here in charge of the war plans division for the war, 372 00:23:16,200 --> 00:23:19,000 Speaker 1: and you're not ever going to get to combat. And 373 00:23:19,119 --> 00:23:21,920 Speaker 1: I'm sorry. I know that that will restrict your promotions, 374 00:23:22,480 --> 00:23:24,280 Speaker 1: and I know it's not what you want to do, 375 00:23:24,560 --> 00:23:26,880 Speaker 1: but it's what I think is best for the country. 376 00:23:26,960 --> 00:23:28,760 Speaker 1: And for the only time I've ever been able to 377 00:23:28,760 --> 00:23:32,680 Speaker 1: find Eisenhower blows up at Marshall. No. Eisenhower was enormously 378 00:23:33,320 --> 00:23:36,439 Speaker 1: impressed with Marshall. Understood that Marshall's probably the smartest guy 379 00:23:36,520 --> 00:23:39,439 Speaker 1: in the army, and that his reputation for integrity and 380 00:23:40,280 --> 00:23:43,080 Speaker 1: doing the right thing and for being a patriot was unbelievable. 381 00:23:43,640 --> 00:23:47,080 Speaker 1: But this one time he blew up and he just said, look, 382 00:23:47,960 --> 00:23:50,480 Speaker 1: I don't care where you send me, and I don't 383 00:23:50,520 --> 00:23:53,399 Speaker 1: care what you want me to do. Your job is 384 00:23:53,400 --> 00:23:56,119 Speaker 1: to win the war. My job is to help you 385 00:23:56,160 --> 00:24:00,280 Speaker 1: win the war. So you tell me where you think 386 00:24:00,320 --> 00:24:02,960 Speaker 1: I can serve best, and I'm not ever going to complain. 387 00:24:03,320 --> 00:24:06,240 Speaker 1: I'm just going to help win the war. Supposedly, at 388 00:24:06,240 --> 00:24:11,480 Speaker 1: that point, Marshall got a big grin and said, now 389 00:24:11,560 --> 00:24:15,280 Speaker 1: you passed the test and I'm sending you to London, 390 00:24:16,560 --> 00:24:20,600 Speaker 1: and so he is sent over in May of forty two. Really, 391 00:24:20,600 --> 00:24:23,200 Speaker 1: I think Marshall was trying to can I work with 392 00:24:23,240 --> 00:24:26,000 Speaker 1: the English, because the British are going to be the 393 00:24:26,080 --> 00:24:30,440 Speaker 1: key to the war, and that means you have to 394 00:24:30,920 --> 00:24:34,159 Speaker 1: understand them, work with them, and try to build a 395 00:24:34,240 --> 00:24:36,840 Speaker 1: genuine coalition army where you're going to be on the 396 00:24:36,880 --> 00:24:39,800 Speaker 1: same side and not be torn apart World War One 397 00:24:40,200 --> 00:24:43,199 Speaker 1: that was a terrible coalition war. The French and the 398 00:24:43,200 --> 00:24:45,520 Speaker 1: British did not trust each other, they didn't work together 399 00:24:45,600 --> 00:24:47,879 Speaker 1: very well, they didn't plan together very well, and it 400 00:24:48,000 --> 00:24:50,720 Speaker 1: was a huge desire to avoid all of the mistakes 401 00:24:50,720 --> 00:24:52,920 Speaker 1: that have been made in World War One. So Ike 402 00:24:53,040 --> 00:24:55,800 Speaker 1: arrives in on them and has a series of meetings 403 00:24:55,840 --> 00:24:59,439 Speaker 1: and it's very calm, talks to people and very practically. 404 00:25:00,080 --> 00:25:04,000 Speaker 1: He listened really well, and he asked good questions and 405 00:25:04,119 --> 00:25:07,080 Speaker 1: he would take seriously what people were telling. At the time, 406 00:25:07,680 --> 00:25:10,440 Speaker 1: ninety six percent of the forces in Great Britain were 407 00:25:10,480 --> 00:25:14,159 Speaker 1: British or Canadian. Some of them were Poles, some of 408 00:25:14,200 --> 00:25:16,560 Speaker 1: them were Dutch who had fled from the Nazi occupation. 409 00:25:16,840 --> 00:25:21,040 Speaker 1: So a few free French, but the Americans were still tiny. 410 00:25:21,080 --> 00:25:23,040 Speaker 1: We were coming. We're going to be much bigger. People 411 00:25:23,040 --> 00:25:25,480 Speaker 1: could see it down the road, But at that moment, 412 00:25:25,960 --> 00:25:31,520 Speaker 1: Eisenhower represented a hopeful future, not a powerful present. He 413 00:25:31,640 --> 00:25:35,520 Speaker 1: begins to work with him, and because he's rising in authority, 414 00:25:35,680 --> 00:25:38,360 Speaker 1: he has to rise in rank just to be able 415 00:25:38,400 --> 00:25:41,560 Speaker 1: to deal with it. You can't have a major general 416 00:25:42,600 --> 00:25:45,520 Speaker 1: trying to negotiate with a three or four star general 417 00:25:45,680 --> 00:25:48,119 Speaker 1: with any kind of real success because he's just outranked. 418 00:25:48,480 --> 00:25:52,199 Speaker 1: That's the way the military thinks. So by julyah forty two, 419 00:25:52,800 --> 00:25:57,200 Speaker 1: Eisenhower's being promoted to lieutenant general. Now this is really 420 00:25:57,240 --> 00:26:01,320 Speaker 1: important because what's happened is Marshall wanted to go straight 421 00:26:01,320 --> 00:26:04,320 Speaker 1: across when his whole model was that the United States 422 00:26:04,320 --> 00:26:07,439 Speaker 1: will produce so many tanks, so many airplanes, that we 423 00:26:07,480 --> 00:26:09,320 Speaker 1: had to drive straight for the heart of Germany. We 424 00:26:09,359 --> 00:26:12,919 Speaker 1: had to land in France. Well, they had tried arrayed 425 00:26:13,000 --> 00:26:16,480 Speaker 1: with the Canadian unit. They had really gotten shot up badly. 426 00:26:17,200 --> 00:26:20,320 Speaker 1: And the British had this deep memory of World War 427 00:26:20,359 --> 00:26:23,520 Speaker 1: One and trench warfare, and they were really frightened of 428 00:26:23,600 --> 00:26:26,560 Speaker 1: getting too deeply involved in Europe. And ended up with 429 00:26:26,680 --> 00:26:30,760 Speaker 1: another long deep bloodlettings like World War One. So Churchill 430 00:26:30,880 --> 00:26:34,679 Speaker 1: was very resistant, and as a purely practical matter, became 431 00:26:34,720 --> 00:26:38,320 Speaker 1: obvious by summer that we just weren't producing enough forces 432 00:26:38,760 --> 00:26:40,920 Speaker 1: and getting him to Europe fast enough to be able 433 00:26:40,960 --> 00:26:43,120 Speaker 1: to mount the kind of campaign Marshall wanted to melt. 434 00:26:43,880 --> 00:26:47,080 Speaker 1: So Churchill meanwhile wanted to lure us into the Mediterranean. 435 00:26:47,240 --> 00:26:50,840 Speaker 1: British already fighting around Egypt. They thought if we could 436 00:26:50,840 --> 00:26:53,880 Speaker 1: come in, the British and other forces on the western 437 00:26:53,920 --> 00:26:58,160 Speaker 1: side coming in through Morocco and Algeria, that we would 438 00:26:58,280 --> 00:27:01,240 Speaker 1: gradually cut off and crush wall in the Germans and 439 00:27:01,359 --> 00:27:07,359 Speaker 1: their Italian allies. By Midsummer it was very clear that 440 00:27:07,560 --> 00:27:11,399 Speaker 1: if we were going to fight in Europe in a 441 00:27:11,520 --> 00:27:14,360 Speaker 1: serious way, we were going to have to fight by 442 00:27:14,480 --> 00:27:17,520 Speaker 1: landing in North Africa. Now this was a very bitter 443 00:27:17,560 --> 00:27:20,840 Speaker 1: disappointment to Marshall. The Navy, of course, had cheerfully said, look, 444 00:27:20,880 --> 00:27:22,680 Speaker 1: if you guys don't want to fight in Europe, that's fine, 445 00:27:22,960 --> 00:27:24,639 Speaker 1: give us the extra course, doesn't only use them in 446 00:27:24,680 --> 00:27:28,000 Speaker 1: the Pacific. Well, that galvanized Marshall and finding a way 447 00:27:28,000 --> 00:27:45,520 Speaker 1: to fight in Europe. Now they need a commander. And 448 00:27:45,680 --> 00:27:48,560 Speaker 1: who's the one guy who's there who already knows how 449 00:27:48,600 --> 00:27:50,240 Speaker 1: to deal with British. She's already proven to be a 450 00:27:50,240 --> 00:27:53,760 Speaker 1: pretty good administrator and a pretty good plan Dwight David Eisenham. 451 00:27:54,720 --> 00:27:57,119 Speaker 1: And so they say that Dike, this will be in 452 00:27:57,160 --> 00:28:00,880 Speaker 1: the early stages a very heavily British operation, a fair 453 00:28:01,000 --> 00:28:03,000 Speaker 1: number of Americans, but to also be a pretty good 454 00:28:03,080 --> 00:28:05,520 Speaker 1: number of Brits, and for most of our folks this 455 00:28:05,560 --> 00:28:09,080 Speaker 1: will be their first time the battle. But for psychological 456 00:28:09,119 --> 00:28:11,919 Speaker 1: and political reasons, we want an American commander, because we 457 00:28:11,960 --> 00:28:14,560 Speaker 1: know that the French will go crazy if there's a 458 00:28:14,560 --> 00:28:19,040 Speaker 1: British commander. The French official government, the Visi government as 459 00:28:19,200 --> 00:28:21,280 Speaker 1: was called because it was located in the town of Vici, 460 00:28:21,960 --> 00:28:24,440 Speaker 1: actually it was angry at the British for not surrendering, 461 00:28:25,119 --> 00:28:26,760 Speaker 1: because it made him look bad. If the British and 462 00:28:26,840 --> 00:28:30,080 Speaker 1: surrender two, then everything would be cool. But the British 463 00:28:30,080 --> 00:28:33,720 Speaker 1: insisted in fighting, and it just drove the French crazy. 464 00:28:33,880 --> 00:28:37,719 Speaker 1: So you had some gradual emergence of people who are 465 00:28:37,760 --> 00:28:39,959 Speaker 1: called the free French, and they were the ones who 466 00:28:40,240 --> 00:28:44,360 Speaker 1: were prepared to work with us to fight against the Germans. 467 00:28:44,800 --> 00:28:48,200 Speaker 1: But the official French Army and the official French Navy 468 00:28:48,640 --> 00:28:50,960 Speaker 1: was still committed to be in sort of an ally 469 00:28:51,040 --> 00:28:55,680 Speaker 1: of Germany against US. If we could pretend that it 470 00:28:55,760 --> 00:28:59,240 Speaker 1: was an American landing with an American commander, that they 471 00:28:59,280 --> 00:29:01,560 Speaker 1: would be US. Like the fight now turned out and 472 00:29:01,600 --> 00:29:04,240 Speaker 1: reality didn't quite work, and there was some pretty sharp fights, 473 00:29:04,240 --> 00:29:08,120 Speaker 1: particularly around those years, but that was the theory. So 474 00:29:08,160 --> 00:29:10,680 Speaker 1: you had to have an American general in command. The 475 00:29:10,720 --> 00:29:14,160 Speaker 1: American general who was available is named Dwight Eisenhower, and 476 00:29:14,200 --> 00:29:18,120 Speaker 1: so he became the commander of the AS North Africa 477 00:29:18,160 --> 00:29:23,040 Speaker 1: in early November nineteen forty two. This was the first 478 00:29:23,200 --> 00:29:26,760 Speaker 1: really big American effort of the war. If you look 479 00:29:26,760 --> 00:29:29,040 Speaker 1: at the maps and time, it is big. It runs 480 00:29:29,080 --> 00:29:32,960 Speaker 1: all the way from the Atlantic coast of Morocco all 481 00:29:33,000 --> 00:29:39,120 Speaker 1: the way into Algeria and has multiple landings as tremendous 482 00:29:39,160 --> 00:29:43,440 Speaker 1: shift of air power. As a pretty large fleet, they 483 00:29:43,480 --> 00:29:48,120 Speaker 1: get reasonably good tactical surprise, which is itself amazing. Patton 484 00:29:48,160 --> 00:29:51,160 Speaker 1: brings his forces straight from the US. They finished training, 485 00:29:51,240 --> 00:29:53,960 Speaker 1: get on the ships, go to Morocco, get off the ship. 486 00:29:54,440 --> 00:29:57,120 Speaker 1: That's their entry point into combat. No time to condition, 487 00:29:57,240 --> 00:30:00,680 Speaker 1: no time to get east to things they're just doing it. Luckily, 488 00:30:00,720 --> 00:30:03,880 Speaker 1: in Morocco, there's not much resistance, but there's pretty good 489 00:30:03,880 --> 00:30:07,480 Speaker 1: fighting around Algiers, and the Germans, in what is really 490 00:30:07,520 --> 00:30:11,520 Speaker 1: a strategic act of great stupidity, decided they're going to 491 00:30:11,560 --> 00:30:15,520 Speaker 1: fight us that although once we landed it was clear 492 00:30:16,520 --> 00:30:18,400 Speaker 1: that they were probably not going to be able to 493 00:30:18,440 --> 00:30:21,560 Speaker 1: hold North Africa. But Hitler had in his mind this 494 00:30:21,720 --> 00:30:28,080 Speaker 1: notion that you never give up any territory easily, and 495 00:30:28,160 --> 00:30:32,560 Speaker 1: so he actually began pouring troops into North Africa and 496 00:30:32,760 --> 00:30:36,520 Speaker 1: ultimately puts about two hundred and fifty thousand German troops 497 00:30:36,840 --> 00:30:40,160 Speaker 1: in what is essentially an untenable position, and in the 498 00:30:40,160 --> 00:30:43,240 Speaker 1: spring of forty three they surrender. So it's one of 499 00:30:43,320 --> 00:30:46,960 Speaker 1: the largest German surrenders of World War Two. And Eisenhours, 500 00:30:47,120 --> 00:30:49,960 Speaker 1: the guy who did it. He goes on to leave 501 00:30:50,040 --> 00:30:53,480 Speaker 1: the occupation of Sicily, then he goes on to occupy 502 00:30:53,560 --> 00:30:58,000 Speaker 1: the southern part of Italy, and then he's told he's 503 00:30:58,000 --> 00:31:03,320 Speaker 1: going to command the landing and believes the Mediterranean goes 504 00:31:03,400 --> 00:31:08,640 Speaker 1: to London along with General Montgomery was the top British general, 505 00:31:09,120 --> 00:31:12,360 Speaker 1: and they designed the most complicated single operation of the war. 506 00:31:13,400 --> 00:31:17,640 Speaker 1: And the fact is that the power they have and 507 00:31:17,720 --> 00:31:20,600 Speaker 1: the respect the two of them have, they design a 508 00:31:20,720 --> 00:31:26,480 Speaker 1: much bigger, much more complicated campaign, landing far more forces. 509 00:31:26,520 --> 00:31:32,760 Speaker 1: And there are moments in time when Eisenhower really takes 510 00:31:32,800 --> 00:31:39,880 Speaker 1: on the establishment. For example, Eisenhower demands that all of 511 00:31:39,920 --> 00:31:44,560 Speaker 1: these strategic bombers be used to cut off the railroads 512 00:31:44,640 --> 00:31:50,000 Speaker 1: in France, to cripple the Germans ability to move forces 513 00:31:50,080 --> 00:31:54,040 Speaker 1: to Normandy to try to stop us some beaches. Churchill 514 00:31:54,200 --> 00:31:57,520 Speaker 1: is terrified. He says, in order to bomb the railroads, 515 00:31:57,560 --> 00:32:00,560 Speaker 1: you're going to be bombing French civilians and you could 516 00:32:00,560 --> 00:32:03,880 Speaker 1: cause several hundred thousand casualties. And I don't want to 517 00:32:03,880 --> 00:32:07,600 Speaker 1: be the person the French who remember as having killed 518 00:32:07,600 --> 00:32:11,440 Speaker 1: that many French civilians. And Eisenharn says, look, my job 519 00:32:11,600 --> 00:32:13,760 Speaker 1: is to make sure that when we land, we use 520 00:32:13,840 --> 00:32:17,200 Speaker 1: every asset. We have to focus on being able to 521 00:32:17,240 --> 00:32:20,720 Speaker 1: get to the beach and stay in the beach. So 522 00:32:21,240 --> 00:32:23,440 Speaker 1: General Dugal, who's the head of the three French, comes 523 00:32:23,480 --> 00:32:26,760 Speaker 1: in and says, look, if that's the cost of liberating France, 524 00:32:27,000 --> 00:32:30,000 Speaker 1: I will broadcast in favor of it. You have to 525 00:32:30,040 --> 00:32:34,560 Speaker 1: do it. And Churchill says, I really don't want to 526 00:32:34,560 --> 00:32:39,760 Speaker 1: do this, and eisenharn he's actually very tough, pleasant but tough, 527 00:32:40,640 --> 00:32:43,400 Speaker 1: And so he turns to Churchill and says, look, I'm 528 00:32:43,440 --> 00:32:46,360 Speaker 1: sure you can find a general who will do that, 529 00:32:46,840 --> 00:32:49,520 Speaker 1: but it won't be me. If I don't have control 530 00:32:49,520 --> 00:32:52,160 Speaker 1: of the bombers for the six weeks before the landing, 531 00:32:52,560 --> 00:32:55,120 Speaker 1: I won't take responsibility for the invasion, and you'll have 532 00:32:55,160 --> 00:32:57,760 Speaker 1: to find a replacement. Churchill knew that he could not 533 00:32:57,800 --> 00:33:02,200 Speaker 1: go to Roosevelt and Marshall say I just forced Eisenhower 534 00:33:02,240 --> 00:33:05,360 Speaker 1: to resign. And furthermore, he would have been required to 535 00:33:05,400 --> 00:33:08,200 Speaker 1: take another American because by then the size of the 536 00:33:08,200 --> 00:33:11,080 Speaker 1: American contribution to the war was so massive that it 537 00:33:11,280 --> 00:33:14,680 Speaker 1: is clear that the Americans were increasingly in charge. So 538 00:33:15,160 --> 00:33:17,200 Speaker 1: church go backs down and we use the bombers the 539 00:33:17,200 --> 00:33:19,520 Speaker 1: way I was now loved the second big decision, which 540 00:33:19,560 --> 00:33:21,160 Speaker 1: I think it's one of the most courageous of the war. 541 00:33:21,960 --> 00:33:25,760 Speaker 1: Eisenhower had concluded that we had to use paratroopers in land, 542 00:33:26,280 --> 00:33:28,880 Speaker 1: and some of this has covered in the brilliant movie 543 00:33:28,920 --> 00:33:32,240 Speaker 1: Saving Private Ryan. But he's decided that we have to 544 00:33:32,360 --> 00:33:35,520 Speaker 1: land in land to have paratroopers helped cut off the 545 00:33:35,560 --> 00:33:42,320 Speaker 1: German reinforcements. Now the top British Royal Air Force general said, 546 00:33:43,200 --> 00:33:45,720 Speaker 1: you're going to put so many people in gliders and 547 00:33:45,800 --> 00:33:49,800 Speaker 1: so many people and very slow moving transport players. But 548 00:33:50,000 --> 00:33:53,200 Speaker 1: I think you're going to have seventy percent casualties. That is, 549 00:33:53,240 --> 00:33:56,560 Speaker 1: seven out of every ten paratroopers is going to be 550 00:33:56,640 --> 00:33:59,600 Speaker 1: killed before they ever land. And he said, I really 551 00:33:59,640 --> 00:34:02,600 Speaker 1: beg you not to do it. And Eisenhower looked at 552 00:34:02,640 --> 00:34:06,920 Speaker 1: it and he said, look, five million, thirty percent to land. 553 00:34:07,240 --> 00:34:10,160 Speaker 1: That's thirty percent more than I have right now. And 554 00:34:11,120 --> 00:34:14,880 Speaker 1: I have to do everything I can to make sure 555 00:34:14,960 --> 00:34:16,960 Speaker 1: that in the crisis period, the first three or four 556 00:34:17,040 --> 00:34:20,360 Speaker 1: days of the landing, that we have slowed down and 557 00:34:20,480 --> 00:34:25,040 Speaker 1: stopped as many German reinforcements as possible. And I'll take 558 00:34:25,080 --> 00:34:31,439 Speaker 1: the responsibility. So he ends up overruling the British Royal 559 00:34:31,440 --> 00:34:36,120 Speaker 1: Air Force commander. He always an enormous, respectful marshal, and 560 00:34:36,280 --> 00:34:40,520 Speaker 1: Marshall writes him and says he considered landing much further 561 00:34:40,640 --> 00:34:43,000 Speaker 1: in land because he was putting him in very close 562 00:34:43,040 --> 00:34:46,040 Speaker 1: to the coast. And Marshall says, you know, if you 563 00:34:46,040 --> 00:34:48,120 Speaker 1: were to put him in thirty or forty or fifty 564 00:34:48,120 --> 00:34:52,680 Speaker 1: miles deeper, you can create a fortified area and draw 565 00:34:52,680 --> 00:34:54,600 Speaker 1: all the Germans off to try to deal with them, 566 00:34:55,520 --> 00:34:59,000 Speaker 1: and I cou up until that point, had almost always 567 00:34:59,000 --> 00:35:03,600 Speaker 1: done with Marshall record amended. Eisenhower at that point says, 568 00:35:04,440 --> 00:35:08,840 Speaker 1: you know that will not work. I think there's a 569 00:35:08,960 --> 00:35:11,160 Speaker 1: very high likelihood that we could not get to them 570 00:35:11,160 --> 00:35:13,759 Speaker 1: in time and they would all be massacred. And it 571 00:35:13,800 --> 00:35:16,720 Speaker 1: doesn't solve my problem, which is how do I stop 572 00:35:16,760 --> 00:35:19,520 Speaker 1: Germans from getting into the beaches. And so it's the 573 00:35:19,560 --> 00:35:21,439 Speaker 1: first time I can remember and all of I've read 574 00:35:21,480 --> 00:35:25,680 Speaker 1: about Marshall and Eisenhower just flatly turns him down. And 575 00:35:25,840 --> 00:35:28,200 Speaker 1: Marshall response and says, look, you're in charge. You know 576 00:35:28,239 --> 00:35:30,560 Speaker 1: what the details are over there. I don't. It was 577 00:35:30,600 --> 00:35:33,200 Speaker 1: just an idea, and it's the first time you really 578 00:35:33,200 --> 00:35:37,320 Speaker 1: see a psychological transfer of authority beginning between Ike and Marshall. 579 00:35:38,280 --> 00:35:42,160 Speaker 1: This is the most complicated single thing humans have ever done. 580 00:35:42,960 --> 00:35:49,440 Speaker 1: It's vastly harder than moving to the moon. They're coordinating bombers, fighters, ships, 581 00:35:49,480 --> 00:35:54,080 Speaker 1: offshore people, landing, paratroopers coming in. This is a pre 582 00:35:54,200 --> 00:35:57,240 Speaker 1: computer age. All these things are being handled with paper, 583 00:35:58,040 --> 00:36:01,239 Speaker 1: and it's really amazingly if you ever look at it. 584 00:36:01,640 --> 00:36:04,520 Speaker 1: The clockwork they got out of. This thing is just unimaginable. 585 00:36:05,520 --> 00:36:10,440 Speaker 1: And then suddenly there's a problem. They have picked particular 586 00:36:10,520 --> 00:36:14,160 Speaker 1: days because they want the tide to be just right 587 00:36:15,600 --> 00:36:17,239 Speaker 1: and they want the moon to be just right. And 588 00:36:17,280 --> 00:36:19,600 Speaker 1: there are only a couple of days every month, and 589 00:36:19,680 --> 00:36:23,800 Speaker 1: if you don't land on the fourth, fifth or sixth, 590 00:36:23,920 --> 00:36:28,080 Speaker 1: you may have to wait until mid July. And at 591 00:36:28,080 --> 00:36:32,840 Speaker 1: the end of May the weather turn terrible. They decide 592 00:36:33,880 --> 00:36:36,080 Speaker 1: that they're going to check the weather out. And we 593 00:36:36,120 --> 00:36:39,120 Speaker 1: have a huge advantage over the Germans. We have a 594 00:36:39,160 --> 00:36:42,720 Speaker 1: weather station in Greenland and the weather comes from the west, 595 00:36:43,440 --> 00:36:46,359 Speaker 1: so we get about a two day to three day 596 00:36:46,400 --> 00:36:50,520 Speaker 1: advanced notice of probable weather. Let me emphasize the word problem, 597 00:36:50,600 --> 00:36:54,359 Speaker 1: no guarantee. And they begin going through a series of 598 00:36:54,440 --> 00:36:57,319 Speaker 1: tests where the weather man will come in and say, 599 00:36:57,840 --> 00:37:02,560 Speaker 1: our estimate is that two days from now everything will 600 00:37:02,560 --> 00:37:07,239 Speaker 1: be fun. And now they're faced with the weather is 601 00:37:07,280 --> 00:37:11,160 Speaker 1: really bad now, ironically, and nobody had actually planned this. 602 00:37:12,080 --> 00:37:14,400 Speaker 1: Because the weather is so bad, and because the Germans 603 00:37:14,440 --> 00:37:19,240 Speaker 1: have no weather station to the west, the Germans assume 604 00:37:19,280 --> 00:37:23,320 Speaker 1: it's impossible to land. So the Germans actually have senior 605 00:37:23,360 --> 00:37:26,680 Speaker 1: officers all over the place they're in a relaxed status because, 606 00:37:26,719 --> 00:37:29,480 Speaker 1: after all, the Great Landing can't be occurring now because 607 00:37:29,520 --> 00:37:32,000 Speaker 1: the cow bad the weather is and the guys come 608 00:37:32,040 --> 00:37:36,800 Speaker 1: in and say, you have to cancel the fifth of Gym. 609 00:37:36,880 --> 00:37:40,359 Speaker 1: Now they're already prepared, they're already loading on ships. They're 610 00:37:40,400 --> 00:37:44,360 Speaker 1: all ready to go, and I cast to cancel, and 611 00:37:44,440 --> 00:37:47,879 Speaker 1: they do, but they stay on the ships and they're 612 00:37:47,920 --> 00:37:50,560 Speaker 1: really worried because now when you start moving that many 613 00:37:50,680 --> 00:37:53,680 Speaker 1: hundred thousand people, are the Germans going to figure this out? 614 00:37:55,360 --> 00:37:58,480 Speaker 1: So on the fifth they get the report from the 615 00:37:58,480 --> 00:38:02,520 Speaker 1: weather man, and eyes and our listens goes over and 616 00:38:02,560 --> 00:38:06,359 Speaker 1: sits on the couch, thinks about everything he's learned from 617 00:38:06,400 --> 00:38:11,319 Speaker 1: these practice ones, and thinks about the difficulty of not 618 00:38:11,440 --> 00:38:15,600 Speaker 1: going until July, and they're almost certain that the Germans 619 00:38:15,600 --> 00:38:19,320 Speaker 1: will learn about it by July, and the morale costs 620 00:38:19,320 --> 00:38:21,399 Speaker 1: of bringing all those people back and taking them off 621 00:38:21,440 --> 00:38:25,359 Speaker 1: the ships and sending them back to trading. And he 622 00:38:25,400 --> 00:38:28,040 Speaker 1: looks up and he says, go Now, there's the only 623 00:38:28,080 --> 00:38:31,200 Speaker 1: person who to make that decision. He then has in 624 00:38:31,280 --> 00:38:36,320 Speaker 1: his pocket a note which says, despite the best efforts 625 00:38:36,320 --> 00:38:41,080 Speaker 1: of the Allied forces, our efforts at landing failed today, 626 00:38:41,760 --> 00:38:46,160 Speaker 1: and the responsibility is entirely mine, and he carries that 627 00:38:46,200 --> 00:38:49,680 Speaker 1: around with him for two days. One last pre landing example, 628 00:38:50,680 --> 00:38:54,279 Speaker 1: Eisenhower goes to visit so the paratroopers. Now remember he's 629 00:38:54,320 --> 00:38:56,960 Speaker 1: been told that there's a chance seventy percent of these 630 00:38:57,040 --> 00:38:59,080 Speaker 1: nice young guys are older to be dead before they 631 00:38:59,160 --> 00:39:01,920 Speaker 1: even land. He's going to visit him because he has 632 00:39:01,920 --> 00:39:04,719 Speaker 1: nervous energy, and he wants from morale reasons. He thinks 633 00:39:04,719 --> 00:39:07,319 Speaker 1: it's good for the commandings of them. There's a very 634 00:39:07,360 --> 00:39:10,080 Speaker 1: famous picture of eyes now talking to a young guy, 635 00:39:10,520 --> 00:39:12,359 Speaker 1: and he has his hands in front of his face, 636 00:39:12,960 --> 00:39:17,520 Speaker 1: and his right hand forms a particular way of being held. 637 00:39:18,320 --> 00:39:20,360 Speaker 1: And for years I'd wonder what that was. And I 638 00:39:20,400 --> 00:39:23,440 Speaker 1: finally went up to the Eisenhower museum one day and 639 00:39:23,480 --> 00:39:28,400 Speaker 1: I asked him what is this all about? He said, well, actually, 640 00:39:28,600 --> 00:39:32,440 Speaker 1: Eenhower would ask every soldier where are you from. He 641 00:39:32,480 --> 00:39:37,480 Speaker 1: gets to a guy from Michigan and Ike says, I 642 00:39:37,560 --> 00:39:41,160 Speaker 1: used to go to Michigan to fish frod And I said, oh, yeah, 643 00:39:41,280 --> 00:39:43,800 Speaker 1: I fish up there too. And so Eisenhower is actually 644 00:39:43,800 --> 00:39:48,040 Speaker 1: holding his hand showing him how he would use the 645 00:39:48,120 --> 00:39:52,279 Speaker 1: fly to do fly fishing in Michigan, and that's all 646 00:39:52,280 --> 00:39:54,839 Speaker 1: it is. But it showed you one of eyes now 647 00:39:54,920 --> 00:39:57,040 Speaker 1: his great strength, which was an ability to relate to 648 00:39:57,080 --> 00:40:00,960 Speaker 1: everyday people. And so at this this point in his career, 649 00:40:01,400 --> 00:40:04,160 Speaker 1: he makes the biggest single decision who ever made, which 650 00:40:04,239 --> 00:40:08,520 Speaker 1: is to land. And the next time we revisit Eisenhower, 651 00:40:08,840 --> 00:40:10,399 Speaker 1: I'm going to pick up with this. But I think 652 00:40:10,440 --> 00:40:14,160 Speaker 1: the most appropriate way to end part one in our 653 00:40:14,239 --> 00:40:18,840 Speaker 1: three part series on why Eisenhower truly is historically immortal 654 00:40:19,160 --> 00:40:23,239 Speaker 1: and worth endless study, I'm going to leave you in 655 00:40:23,360 --> 00:40:28,279 Speaker 1: his own voice with Eisenhower and what he said to 656 00:40:28,440 --> 00:40:32,040 Speaker 1: the troops about the landing, because I think you'll understand 657 00:40:32,680 --> 00:40:35,600 Speaker 1: the sense of pride and the sense of moral determination 658 00:40:36,280 --> 00:40:40,040 Speaker 1: that young Americans had when they landed on the beaches 659 00:40:40,440 --> 00:40:43,680 Speaker 1: and in the hedgerows of Normandy. So listen to Dwight Eisenhower, 660 00:40:43,680 --> 00:40:46,640 Speaker 1: and we'll come back and we'll have a future visit 661 00:40:46,719 --> 00:40:49,080 Speaker 1: with Eisenhower for the rest of the war, and then 662 00:40:49,120 --> 00:40:52,759 Speaker 1: a third visit for Eisenhower as president states, don't hear, 663 00:40:53,160 --> 00:40:57,759 Speaker 1: sailors and airmen of the Allied Expeditionary Force, you are 664 00:40:57,800 --> 00:41:01,279 Speaker 1: about to embark upon the great crusade toward which we 665 00:41:01,320 --> 00:41:04,439 Speaker 1: have striven these many months. The eyes of the world 666 00:41:04,480 --> 00:41:08,280 Speaker 1: are upon you. The hopes and prayers of liberty loving 667 00:41:08,320 --> 00:41:12,560 Speaker 1: people everywhere march with you, in company with our brave 668 00:41:12,600 --> 00:41:16,160 Speaker 1: allies and brothers in arms on other fronts. You will 669 00:41:16,200 --> 00:41:19,160 Speaker 1: bring about the destruction of the German war machine, the 670 00:41:19,239 --> 00:41:22,440 Speaker 1: elimination of Nazi tyranny over the oppressed peoples of Europe, 671 00:41:22,960 --> 00:41:27,160 Speaker 1: and security for ourselves in a free world. Your task 672 00:41:27,239 --> 00:41:30,560 Speaker 1: will not be an easy one. Your enemy is well trained, 673 00:41:30,880 --> 00:41:35,279 Speaker 1: well equipped, and battle hardened. He will fight savagely. But 674 00:41:35,440 --> 00:41:39,160 Speaker 1: this is the year nineteen forty four. Much has happened 675 00:41:39,200 --> 00:41:43,200 Speaker 1: since the Nazi triumphs of nineteen forty forty one. The 676 00:41:43,320 --> 00:41:47,400 Speaker 1: United Nations have inflicted upon the Germans great defeats in 677 00:41:47,560 --> 00:41:52,280 Speaker 1: open battle man to man. Our air offensive has seriously 678 00:41:52,280 --> 00:41:55,600 Speaker 1: reduced their strength in the air and their capacity to 679 00:41:55,640 --> 00:41:59,160 Speaker 1: wage war on the ground. Our home front have given 680 00:41:59,239 --> 00:42:03,040 Speaker 1: us an over welming superiority in weapons and munitions of war, 681 00:42:03,920 --> 00:42:07,560 Speaker 1: and placed at our disposal great reserves of trained fighting men. 682 00:42:08,600 --> 00:42:11,799 Speaker 1: The tide has turned. The freemen of the world are 683 00:42:11,920 --> 00:42:16,440 Speaker 1: marching together to victory. I have full confidence in your courage, 684 00:42:16,600 --> 00:42:20,400 Speaker 1: devotion to duty, and skill in battle. We will accept 685 00:42:20,440 --> 00:42:25,120 Speaker 1: nothing less than full victory, good luck, and let us 686 00:42:25,160 --> 00:42:27,960 Speaker 1: all be seats the blessing of Almighty God upon this 687 00:42:28,120 --> 00:42:36,720 Speaker 1: great and noble undertaking. You can read more about President 688 00:42:36,800 --> 00:42:41,000 Speaker 1: Dwight David Eisenhower on our show page at newtsworld dot com. 689 00:42:41,200 --> 00:42:44,680 Speaker 1: News World is produced by Ginwich three sixty and iHeartMedia. 690 00:42:45,120 --> 00:42:49,120 Speaker 1: Our executive producer is Debbie Myers and our producer is 691 00:42:49,160 --> 00:42:52,680 Speaker 1: Barnsey Slow. The artwork for the show was created by 692 00:42:52,719 --> 00:42:56,440 Speaker 1: Steve Penny Special thanks to team at Ginwich three sixty. 693 00:42:56,880 --> 00:43:00,800 Speaker 1: Please email me with your questions at ginwich dot com 694 00:43:00,840 --> 00:43:05,359 Speaker 1: slash questions. I'll answer them in future episodes. If you've 695 00:43:05,400 --> 00:43:08,000 Speaker 1: been enjoying news World, I hope you'll go to Apple 696 00:43:08,080 --> 00:43:11,759 Speaker 1: Podcast and both rate us with five stars and give 697 00:43:11,840 --> 00:43:14,800 Speaker 1: us a review so others can learn what it's all about. 698 00:43:16,200 --> 00:43:19,120 Speaker 1: On the next episode of news World, Lee Smith has 699 00:43:19,120 --> 00:43:22,000 Speaker 1: a new book coming out on Tuesday. The Permanent Coup 700 00:43:22,480 --> 00:43:25,239 Speaker 1: will join me to talk about the book and the 701 00:43:25,320 --> 00:43:29,720 Speaker 1: Deep States zeal to bring down President Trump. I'm new Gingrich. 702 00:43:30,160 --> 00:43:31,240 Speaker 1: This is news World.