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Speaker 1: Hey, San Francisco, we want to get back to our

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Speaker 1: city by bay, so we are this January. That's right, man,

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Speaker 1: We're going back to Sketch Fest. It's become an annual

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Speaker 1: deal for us. There at the Castro Theater always some

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Speaker 1: of the best audiences of the year. You are our peeps,

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Speaker 1: and we love coming to see you. So get your

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Speaker 1: tickets to see us at the Castro. H what day

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Speaker 1: are we there? We're gonna be there Saturday, January. That's

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Speaker 1: right for a prime time show, yep. So go to

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Speaker 1: s y s K live dot com and follow the

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Speaker 1: links to get information and tickets and we'll see you

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Speaker 1: guys in January. Welcome to Stuff You Should Know, a

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Speaker 1: production of My Heart Radios How Stuff Works. Hey, and

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Speaker 1: welcome to the podcast. I'm Josh Clark. There's Charles W.

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Speaker 1: Chuck Bryan over there. There's Jerry right there, just laughing

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Speaker 1: it up. Yeah, and this is Stuff you should Know.

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Speaker 1: The jokes are Jerry ed issue Dent Science Edition a

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Speaker 1: k a. Chuck Dies Slowly inside Edition. Dude, No, it's

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Speaker 1: not You're gonna do just fine. This is all so intuitive,

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Speaker 1: it's wonderful. I'm not worried about not doing fine, but

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Speaker 1: thanks for the Reachirch. Well then I'm I'm really excited

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Speaker 1: about this. If you know that, I think you're gonna

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Speaker 1: do fine. You are going to as well. I'm going

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Speaker 1: to see to it. I think Jerry's gonna do great. Jerry,

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Speaker 1: how how are you doing over there? Okay, she's pressing

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Speaker 1: buttons like I've never seen her press buttons. Stop to that. Um,

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Speaker 1: I wonder what kind of weird sound effects just happened

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Speaker 1: after touching all those buttons. Jerry just laughed. I don't

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Speaker 1: know if the mic pick that up. All right, everybody's like, okay,

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Speaker 1: you're officially stalling now. Jerry's a quiet laugher. Though you

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Speaker 1: ever noticed that it's all knows, Yeah, she's all knows.

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Speaker 1: This is Jerry laughing hard. There's some doing it right now.

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Speaker 1: Serious a SMR triggering going on right now, that's right.

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Speaker 1: And there's of this not on the microphone cover, all right,

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Speaker 1: Carbon fourteen dating It works sort of the end. It's

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Speaker 1: not the worst description of it ever. Yeah, we can

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Speaker 1: do better than that, though, Yes, and luckily you did

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Speaker 1: a great job with this. But I also you know,

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Speaker 1: my advice to anyone if you don't understand the science thing,

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Speaker 1: and you're an adult, just don't worry about what anyone

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Speaker 1: behind you thinks. Just looking at your laptop and you

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Speaker 1: go to the most rudimentary children's science website you can find,

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Speaker 1: and that always helps. There is no shame in that,

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Speaker 1: no shame because seriously, the people who write those websites

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Speaker 1: are probably some of the best science explainers on the

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Speaker 1: planet and they know how to really just not dumb

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Speaker 1: it down because kids are smart. But that's funny. You

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Speaker 1: flip flopped on kids. Apparently you mean stupid kids. Yeah,

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Speaker 1: you always said they were dumb until just now, So

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Speaker 1: good for you, Chuck. We're all over the map. Well,

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Speaker 1: I feel like we're really growing up these days. So

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Speaker 1: so Carbon four Team, for those of you who don't know,

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Speaker 1: is this um really clever scientific method where you can

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Speaker 1: actually kind of look inside of a material and figure

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Speaker 1: out how much carbon fourteen is in there, and by

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Speaker 1: doing so, you can actually tell how old it is,

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Speaker 1: or at least how long ago it was since the

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Speaker 1: thing you're dating was alive. Yes, and it is a

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Speaker 1: comparative Well, there's another word for that. What's it called

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Speaker 1: relative dating? Yeah, relative dating, I guess comparative isn't the

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Speaker 1: worst word, especially if you're talking about literature, right because

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Speaker 1: what they're doing is comparing it to things that are

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Speaker 1: alive today, and because of all the gobbledygook we're about

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Speaker 1: to talk about, that equals a pretty good estimate. And

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Speaker 1: then from there they are even further things that one

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Speaker 1: can do if one we're so inclined as a scientist,

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Speaker 1: and there are a lot of people who are inclined

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Speaker 1: to do this. This is a very exciting, um energetic

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Speaker 1: field of science right now, Like if you want to,

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Speaker 1: if you want to jump into an ever evolving, constantly

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Speaker 1: moving be a um field, the Baracas field kind of

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Speaker 1: um of of science, start studying radiocarbon dating actually wouldn't

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Speaker 1: be a ba Barakas field because didn't that stand for

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Speaker 1: bad attitude? Did it? I think so? Right? Oh, no,

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Speaker 1: one in radiocarbon dating has a bad attitude, but they

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Speaker 1: are be as right. But you're right it it is

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Speaker 1: ever evolving and they're constantly looking for better ways to

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Speaker 1: pinpoint more accurate timelines on things. So it's not like

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Speaker 1: a job you're going to get in and be like,

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Speaker 1: oh this whole thing again, right, No, no, And it's

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Speaker 1: it's just like they're constantly filling in blanks and stuff

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Speaker 1: like that. It's just it's good work. So, um, what

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Speaker 1: they're looking for the people who do radiocarbon dating is

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Speaker 1: carbon fourteen, which I said, and that is radiocarbon. It's

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Speaker 1: called that because it's a radioactive form of carbon, that's right,

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Speaker 1: And it's everywhere on Earth. It's just all over the place.

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Speaker 1: It's part of the carbon side goal and it's part

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Speaker 1: of the web of life. But it starts out way

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Speaker 1: up in outer space as cosmic ray, that's right. Should

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Speaker 1: we give the basis definition before we jump to the

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Speaker 1: radio carbon dat Yeah? Yeah, I mean I think like

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Speaker 1: the most rudimentary definition might help some people out. Um.

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Speaker 1: But like you said, carbon fourteen is everywhere, including inside us,

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Speaker 1: because it's in plants via photosynthesis, and we eat plants,

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Speaker 1: and animals eat plants. Some people eat animals, and because

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Speaker 1: of that, it's kind of in every living thing. Uh.

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Speaker 1: And carbon fourteen dies away very slowly. And because we

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Speaker 1: know this, because we know it happens predictably, then we

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Speaker 1: can measure that in a sample and then compare it,

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Speaker 1: like I said, to something living and then you do

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Speaker 1: a little math Ipso fact though it's probably an ipso

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Speaker 1: facto is it? Presto change, Yeah, presto change about it

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Speaker 1: being about about it being bon Jovi? What was that

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Speaker 1: that was yours? Was it? Yeah? Man? You came up

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Speaker 1: with that on a carousel at Zoo Atlanta in about

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Speaker 1: two thousand and twelve. That's right. That's where that's carbon

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Speaker 1: dated too. Yeah, that joke. But because we know that,

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Speaker 1: we can compare it to something that's alive today and

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Speaker 1: then with a little math we can figure out the

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Speaker 1: rough estimate of how old it is. Yeah, that's I mean,

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Speaker 1: that's radio carbon dating in a nutshell for sure. That's right.

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Speaker 1: But like you said, it starts out as cosmic rays

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Speaker 1: way out in outer space, right, and so a cosmic ray,

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Speaker 1: we're not entirely certain where they come from, but they're

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Speaker 1: super high energy particles, usually like pieces of atoms, that

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Speaker 1: are just shooting towards Earth and through outer space at

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Speaker 1: incredible speeds, and when they encounter the atmosphere, they start

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Speaker 1: running into the atoms that make up the atmosphere. And

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Speaker 1: because these particles are so high energy, these cosmic rays,

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Speaker 1: when they smack into atoms and other particles in all

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Speaker 1: acules and all that. They just burst them apart, not

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Speaker 1: just burst like an adam into like it's protons and neutrons.

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Speaker 1: It'll tear apart of neutron like like it's nothing. Actually

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Speaker 1: creates other high energy particles like muons, pions, x rays, um,

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Speaker 1: what else? Zaxon's No, that was a video game, was it, Zaxon? Yeah?

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Speaker 1: With a z uh Yeah. I think it was z

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Speaker 1: A double x O N. I am not familiar with that. Okay,

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Speaker 1: it wasn't a stand up game. Actually it may have been,

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Speaker 1: but I played it on a r because I could

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Speaker 1: see a kid in a Kiss T shirt playing that

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Speaker 1: game stand up in an arcade. Yes, it sounds like

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Speaker 1: that kind of game. That would have been me had

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Speaker 1: I not been deathly afraid of Kiss because they were devil.

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Speaker 1: They were nights in Satan's service obviously. Yeah. Okay, So

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Speaker 1: all these muons, X rays, pions, all that stuff, there's

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Speaker 1: one other little particle that can be created when a

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Speaker 1: cosmic ray collides with an atom, and that is a neutron,

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Speaker 1: a high energy neutron. Right, that's right. Okay, So what's

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Speaker 1: happening now is a chain reaction because cosmic rays are

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Speaker 1: bombarding the atmosphere, that's right, And uh, what can happen

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Speaker 1: is they can get really pushy. Uh if a high

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Speaker 1: energy neutron collides with let's say a nitrogen fourteen atom, Yeah,

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Speaker 1: they'll get real pushy and they'll just knock the proton

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Speaker 1: off and move right in there and say this is

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Speaker 1: my house now, right. So what was once a stable

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Speaker 1: atom nitrogen fourteen, which had seven protons and seven neutron,

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Speaker 1: is now an unstable atom with six protons and eight neutrons,

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Speaker 1: and now it's no longer nitrogen fourteen. What you have, fella,

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Speaker 1: is carbon fourteen. Yes, an unstable meaning radioactive, but not

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Speaker 1: radioactive meaning like scary and dangerous. No, it just means it.

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Speaker 1: It's it's in a higher energy state, and it's temporary.

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Speaker 1: Eventually wants to decay back into that um nitrogen fourteen stately, Yeah,

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Speaker 1: eventually it's sometimes spontaneously, sometime down the road, that neutron

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Speaker 1: will turn back into a proton, which sounds like magic

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Speaker 1: until you realize that atoms and all of the particles

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Speaker 1: that make up atoms are really just vibrations of energy,

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Speaker 1: and it can temporarily go to a higher energy state

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Speaker 1: or a lower energy state. And that is how something

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Speaker 1: would change from like a high energy neutron back to

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Speaker 1: a proton. Right. And he said that carbon fourteen is everywhere,

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Speaker 1: which is true, but that doesn't mean there's like tons

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Speaker 1: and tons of it relative to carbon carbon twelve. Yeah,

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Speaker 1: there's a lot more carbon twelve. Right. So carbon twelve

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Speaker 1: is the stable version of carbon, and it's way more

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Speaker 1: abundant than carbon fourteen. Carbon fourteen is kind of like

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Speaker 1: a freak, a monster that gets made accidentally, and it's

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Speaker 1: extremely rare, even though there's a ton of it, but

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Speaker 1: compared to carbon twelve, it's very rare. Something like one

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Speaker 1: carbon fourteen atom for every trillion carbon atoms. That's that's

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Speaker 1: that's pretty rare. But it also gives us a ratio chuck,

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Speaker 1: And this is a big initial point. Yeah, And like

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Speaker 1: you mentioned before too, or maybe I said it, it's uh,

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Speaker 1: this is part of the carbon cycle. So it's inside

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Speaker 1: all the plants and the animals. Reading the plants were

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Speaker 1: eating plants, some people eat animals, so it's inside all

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Speaker 1: of us and it's everywhere. Uh. But that ratio is

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Speaker 1: really important because, like we said, it starts to decrease

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Speaker 1: because it craves homeostasis and wants to get back to

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Speaker 1: its former life. It's a stable particles, a stable boy,

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Speaker 1: stable boy, brush that horse, and it would be it

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Speaker 1: would be an atom because it's going from a carbon

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Speaker 1: fourteen atom to a nitrogen fourteen atom, right, But that

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Speaker 1: ratio is in ard it because as it's you know,

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Speaker 1: dies away, they're going to be fewer and fewer carbon

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Speaker 1: fourteen atoms with that dead organism over time, whereas if

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Speaker 1: something is alive, it has that steady amount. And that's

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Speaker 1: where the comparison comes in, right, because as far as

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Speaker 1: a plant, or you, or a dog or anything living

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Speaker 1: is concerned, there's no difference whatsoever between a carbon fourteen

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Speaker 1: molecule of carbon dioxide and a carbon twelve molecule of

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Speaker 1: carbon dioxide. Yeah. I mean, it sounds hard to digest

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Speaker 1: because we said it's radioactive, but there really is no

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Speaker 1: difference as far as we're concerned, right. Um, It basically

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Speaker 1: takes a human scientists to analyze it using an extremely

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Speaker 1: sophisticated machine to be able to tell the difference. So

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Speaker 1: that means that when it does, you know, come down

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Speaker 1: out of the atmosphere, it's spewed out by a volcano

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Speaker 1: or something like that. Um that it just becomes part

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Speaker 1: of the food chain like any other atom of part

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Speaker 1: of carbon that's locked in with oxygen to form carbon dioxide.

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Speaker 1: So as you're living, like you were saying, you're constantly

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Speaker 1: taking it in, you're constantly eating. It's just a part

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Speaker 1: of life, as carbon fourteen and carbon twelve. Right, But

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Speaker 1: when you die, you stop taking in carbon of all kinds,

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Speaker 1: and all of a sudden that a clock has said

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Speaker 1: because of that decay of carbon fourteen, that's right, And

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Speaker 1: that decay, like we said, it happens spontaneously, and Adam

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Speaker 1: might suddenly convert from carbon fourteen to nitrogen fourteen. You

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Speaker 1: can't predict when that's going to happen because of the uncertainty.

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Speaker 1: That's part of quantum physics, right, But if you have

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Speaker 1: a large enough sample, then you can start to predict

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Speaker 1: when x number or x percentage of that that sample

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Speaker 1: of carbon fourteen will have spontaneously changed from carbon fourteen

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Speaker 1: to nitrogen fourteen. And that's called the half life. That

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Speaker 1: which is everyone has heard of. That's that's half life.

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Speaker 1: It's just standard stuff. Yeah, I think everyone has heard

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Speaker 1: of half life, and about the people that know that

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Speaker 1: term don't really fully grasp it. Well, yeah, it's just

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Speaker 1: this the amount of time it takes for half of

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Speaker 1: the radioactive atoms in any given sample to convert back

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Speaker 1: into a stable form. Yeah, that's it. It's pretty easy. Uh.

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Speaker 1: And we know in this case the half life and

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Speaker 1: we'll get to how we figured all this out, but

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Speaker 1: the half life of carbon fourteen is five thousand, seven

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Speaker 1: hundred and thirty years. Um, if you know you keep going,

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Speaker 1: it goes to a quarter life, then I guess in eight. Yeah,

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Speaker 1: it just keeps going. So like if you have a

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Speaker 1: hundred carbon fourteen atoms, if you come visit it in

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Speaker 1: fifty and thirty years, you're gonna find you a fifty.

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Speaker 1: And if you visit in another thirty years, you're going

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Speaker 1: to have then twelve and a half or thirteen maybe,

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Speaker 1: I don't know. It just keeps going until there's ultimately none.

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Speaker 1: Laughed over a long enought touch of time, which is

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Speaker 1: with carbon fourteen, like fifty or sixty thousand years. Yeah,

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Speaker 1: I saw sixty thousand mostly, but then I think it

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Speaker 1: starts can get a little hinky at fifty, So fifty

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Speaker 1: to sixty is pretty good, and I think it gets

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Speaker 1: hinky at this point because our because of the equipment

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Speaker 1: we're using to measure it. I think as our equipment

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Speaker 1: gets more and more sensitive, that time will go further

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Speaker 1: and further out, because as long as you have two atoms,

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Speaker 1: you should still be able to measure them, you know,

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Speaker 1: for sure, or even one. Probably, I'm not going to

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Speaker 1: go out on a limb for that one, but I'm gonna.

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Speaker 1: I'm gonna caveat that with them probably. Okay, Well, let's

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Speaker 1: take a little break here and we're gonna come back

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Speaker 1: here in a second. Talk about the very smart dude

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Speaker 1: who figured all this stuff out quite a few years ago.

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Speaker 1: All right, Chuck, Just to recap real quick, because I

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Speaker 1: think this this episode bears it. Okay, Okay, you've got

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Speaker 1: carbon fourteen. It's part of the food chain. You take

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Speaker 1: it in as you're living. When you die, you stop

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Speaker 1: taking it in, and so those carbon fourteen adams start

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Speaker 1: to decay, which means that if you compared a dead

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Speaker 1: organism to a living organism, and the ratio of carbon

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Speaker 1: fourteen to carbon twelve in the dead organism compared to

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Speaker 1: the living organism, you be able to tell how long

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Speaker 1: ago the dead organism was alive and taking him more carbon.

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Speaker 1: And that's the basis of radio carbon dating. That's right.

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Speaker 1: So that is Uh, we have Amanda thank from the

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Speaker 1: University of Chicago name Willard Libby. That's a great name.

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Speaker 1: I heard his name was wild Man or wild Bill,

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Speaker 1: wild Man, Willard Libby, Yeah, because he's just crazy. I

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Speaker 1: guess you must have been a party animal. Who knows.

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Speaker 1: You don't get a nickname like wild Bill for nothing.

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Speaker 1: They don't go around handing those out to just anybody. Yeah,

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Speaker 1: not even just figuring out carbon fourteen dating. You wouldn't

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Speaker 1: get a wild man for that. No, No, like even

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Speaker 1: Chris Farley wasn't called wild Bill. I think Lillard Livy

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Speaker 1: had a side a side gig. Yeah, you know, but

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Speaker 1: he was the party monster maybe at the University of

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Speaker 1: Chicago in the nineteen forties. Perhaps, so he figured out

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Speaker 1: how carbon fourteen worked and how it could be used

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Speaker 1: to do this before we were even positive science even

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Speaker 1: knew for a fact that there was such a thing

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Speaker 1: as carbon fourteen. That's a pretty impressive, uh. And in fact,

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Speaker 1: it was just a few short years after we had

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Speaker 1: discovered cosmic rays. So he was really on the leading

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Speaker 1: edge of science. You know he was a wild man, right,

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Speaker 1: He's like, these particles, we're not even sure they exist,

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Speaker 1: but if they do, we could figure out how to

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Speaker 1: use them to date dead organisms. And he won a

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Speaker 1: Nobel Prize in nineteen sixty for this, I think rightfully.

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Speaker 1: So in chemistry, yeah, for sure, even though as we'll see,

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Speaker 1: he got a few things wrong. And the one thing

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Speaker 1: that's kind of tough to wrap your head around here

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Speaker 1: is he and this is it just is what it

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Speaker 1: is at this point, I think. But he selected nineteen fifty,

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Speaker 1: the year nineteen fifty is year zero for his experimentation,

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Speaker 1: and he compared all the samples against this, and that

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Speaker 1: is still what we do today. That we didn't. We

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Speaker 1: didn't revise a lot of this stuff. It's interesting, no, Like,

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Speaker 1: they definitely are, like, okay. I think the reason why

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Speaker 1: is because by the time it started to start to

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Speaker 1: become sophisticated and and more refined, so many samples had

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Speaker 1: gone through that it's like, we're just gonna stick with

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Speaker 1: this for now. It's really interesting. So nineteen fifty, when

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Speaker 1: you're radio carbon dating an object, that is year zero,

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Speaker 1: So um, anytime you get a date back, which we'll

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Speaker 1: talk about it's actually saying this is how long before

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Speaker 1: nineteen fifty this thing was last alive? Right, and we're

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Speaker 1: not talking it just it doesn't have to be like

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Speaker 1: a plant fossil um because we said carbon is in

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Speaker 1: you know, virtually everything. So a leather belt comes from

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Speaker 1: a cow, cow ate the plant um. What else wouldn't

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Speaker 1: plant in ships a pig fabrica. We find poop, of course,

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Speaker 1: old poop, old old alcohol, old beer because of yeast.

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Speaker 1: There are many, many, many things obviously bodies, oats, Yeah,

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Speaker 1: our pal. Yeah, as long as whatever you are dating

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Speaker 1: was at one point alive, which means it wasn't a

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Speaker 1: rock or a mineral from birth like it's you can

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Speaker 1: date it. You should be able to date as long

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Speaker 1: as it's about fifty or sixty thousand years or younger. Yeah,

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Speaker 1: But there was a problem early on in this process

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Speaker 1: because you needed a lot of this material, uh to

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Speaker 1: basically destroy to find out how old it is. And

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Speaker 1: people didn't want to give up these gray eight fines,

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Speaker 1: Like they're like, I found a a skull and they're like, well,

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Speaker 1: can we destroy that skull to find out how old

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Speaker 1: it is? And you know they would turn around and

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Speaker 1: say no, it's my skull, right right, And then the

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Speaker 1: radio carbon researchers saying, like I was just asking to

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Speaker 1: be pleasant, give me that skull. Yeah, but then you

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Speaker 1: would say, no, it's my skull and I'm just happy

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Speaker 1: to call it old right, And WELLRD Libby would step

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Speaker 1: in and just do like a wild man pile driver

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Speaker 1: on the guy with this skull got the name. You

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Speaker 1: would just come in and crush people hiding maybe in

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Speaker 1: another room and back or something, just pound someone to go,

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Speaker 1: he would swarm. Um. But here's the thing. We've gotten

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Speaker 1: a lot better over time. The equipment has gotten a

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Speaker 1: lot better, more sophisticated, so we don't need that much now.

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Speaker 1: And people are giving up their fines because you can

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Speaker 1: have a little gram bone from the skull and I

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Speaker 1: think everything will be okay. Yeah. And so because of that,

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Speaker 1: like it's gotten way more common to radio carbon dates

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Speaker 1: stuff I read in the UK. Um they really started

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Speaker 1: dating everything they found because the UK passed a lot

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Speaker 1: of that said, if you're a developer and you turn

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Speaker 1: up any sort of archaeological evidence, I'm like one of

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Speaker 1: your buildings or developments, you have to pay to have

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Speaker 1: it dated. And so like it started to kind of

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Speaker 1: get the burden for paying for it was shifted to industry,

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Speaker 1: and so it started to really blow up, and that

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Speaker 1: helped kind of push the technology along and help lower

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Speaker 1: the expense and increase the sophistication of the machines that

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Speaker 1: were being used. Yeah, it's pretty pretty neat how that happens. Well,

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Speaker 1: here's what you gotta do if you're gonna start out

349
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Speaker 1: this process is you've got to really clean your sample

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Speaker 1: very well. Otherwise it's gonna um you can mess up everything,

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Speaker 1: and not just the test that you're making. If you

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Speaker 1: have what's called a hot sample, which means you didn't

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Speaker 1: clean it well enough for it's contaminated a graham of

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Speaker 1: hot sample, you can destroy a lab basically to the

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Speaker 1: point where they'll just have to shut down for for

356
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Speaker 1: weeks or even months to get everything right, and everything

357
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Speaker 1: in there might be destroyed, like, yeah, all the other

358
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Speaker 1: samples that may be super valuable my skull. Yeah, you know. Sorry. Um,

359
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Speaker 1: so it's a big deal if something isn't cleaned right,

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Speaker 1: because it really throws everything off and CARU and everything else.

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Speaker 1: But once you do have it cleaned, um, when you

362
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Speaker 1: date it, there's a few different methods that you can use,

363
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Speaker 1: but the one that I saw is the most common

364
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Speaker 1: is actually turning that carbon based sample into carbon graphite,

365
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Speaker 1: like pure carbon. And then you take that little piece

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Speaker 1: of pure carbon that you've just created and you shoot

367
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Speaker 1: a beam of energy through it, a lot of energy. Yeah,

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Speaker 1: like two million volts, which is a lot, just all

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Speaker 1: once I think they ramp it up, don't they, Yeah,

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Speaker 1: over time, but at some point it's got it's it's

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Speaker 1: been accelerated to two million volts of energy, okay. And

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Speaker 1: then so once you have this thing basically a particle

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Speaker 1: mini particle accelerators pass through a spectrometer which can actually

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Speaker 1: measure the different masses of the atoms in this beam

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Speaker 1: that you've shot through the graphite. That's right, it's detecting

376
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Speaker 1: the little bits of carbon. Yeah, that's pretty impressive stuff.

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Speaker 1: I mean, this is the kind this is the level

378
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Speaker 1: of technology we're at right now in two thousand nineteen,

379
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Speaker 1: and this has been around since like the eighties or nineties.

380
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Speaker 1: Just think of what's coming next. What do they use

381
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Speaker 1: Before the spectrometer, they used something beta counting, and it

382
00:22:29,600 --> 00:22:32,720
Speaker 1: was clunky and expensive and not nearly as reliable. But

383
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Speaker 1: basically what it did was something different where it would

384
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Speaker 1: sit there and and study a piece of graphite or gas.

385
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Speaker 1: They often gasify stuff to pure gas, and then it

386
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Speaker 1: would just like shoot a beam through and study I

387
00:22:46,720 --> 00:22:50,399
Speaker 1: think a beam. It would somehow study the sample for

388
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Speaker 1: days maybe, and it would count the number of atoms

389
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Speaker 1: that had spontaneously converted from carbon four team new carbon twelve,

390
00:23:01,600 --> 00:23:03,879
Speaker 1: and then it would do a little mathematic rigamarole and

391
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Speaker 1: say this is how this is how at this rate

392
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Speaker 1: of decay, this is how old this organism is. Well,

393
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Speaker 1: thank goodness, we have the spectrometer now then, because it's

394
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Speaker 1: much more precise and it sounds more futuristic too. Yeah,

395
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Speaker 1: mass pectrometers. So you're gonna shoot this beam, you're gonna

396
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Speaker 1: throw it in the Wonder machine. Actually not the Wonder machine,

397
00:23:22,920 --> 00:23:28,360
Speaker 1: We've already taken that. Yeah, it's a thoughtless piece of crap. Fight. Uh.

398
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Speaker 1: And then you compare that ratio to the again year zero,

399
00:23:32,280 --> 00:23:37,640
Speaker 1: which is the ratio in which is still a little confusing. Yeah,

400
00:23:37,640 --> 00:23:41,959
Speaker 1: it's clunky, It is very clunky. And then that difference, basically,

401
00:23:42,119 --> 00:23:45,359
Speaker 1: like we've said eight times now, shows how many years

402
00:23:45,359 --> 00:23:49,400
Speaker 1: have passed to produce the amount of decay in that sample. Right,

403
00:23:49,800 --> 00:23:52,520
Speaker 1: So if you took like a sample of wood from

404
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Speaker 1: an old ship, an old boat, you found out right,

405
00:23:57,200 --> 00:23:58,960
Speaker 1: that's the new right by the way, did you say

406
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Speaker 1: route yeah? Um? And you analyze and you found that

407
00:24:03,320 --> 00:24:06,720
Speaker 1: based on the amount of carbon fourteen in there, it

408
00:24:06,840 --> 00:24:10,640
Speaker 1: was something like, um, it dated to like eight hundred

409
00:24:10,600 --> 00:24:14,240
Speaker 1: and forty five b C E. Okay, you'd be like, great,

410
00:24:14,280 --> 00:24:16,560
Speaker 1: now we know where this ship is from. But if

411
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Speaker 1: you try to go out and publish a study with that,

412
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Speaker 1: hopefully your radio carbon colleagues would be like, whoa, whoa,

413
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Speaker 1: there's a few more steps involved here here, and that's

414
00:24:25,200 --> 00:24:27,680
Speaker 1: like the most precise radio carbon date anyone would have

415
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Speaker 1: ever given. You'll be laughed out of the field if

416
00:24:30,160 --> 00:24:33,439
Speaker 1: you do this instead. There's a couple of things that

417
00:24:33,480 --> 00:24:35,960
Speaker 1: you have to do first. So radio carbon dates are

418
00:24:36,080 --> 00:24:40,720
Speaker 1: given uh as a span of time, a bit of

419
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Speaker 1: a range, right, so it'll say. And also because it's

420
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Speaker 1: comparing to it's given not as a date like B

421
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Speaker 1: C E or a D or C E or anything

422
00:24:51,880 --> 00:24:56,000
Speaker 1: like that. It's BP before president years before president. So

423
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Speaker 1: for that piece of wood, say, you would actually get

424
00:24:59,000 --> 00:25:02,600
Speaker 1: something like twenty seven hundred and fifteen years before present

425
00:25:02,800 --> 00:25:05,920
Speaker 1: plus or minus thirty years. So is it always thirty

426
00:25:06,040 --> 00:25:08,040
Speaker 1: or is it no? No, it can can depend, it

427
00:25:08,080 --> 00:25:14,000
Speaker 1: can it can range dramatically like Leotsie is there. They

428
00:25:14,040 --> 00:25:16,080
Speaker 1: have them down to about three hundred or three hundred

429
00:25:16,080 --> 00:25:20,719
Speaker 1: and fifty years, And you like the shorter the span

430
00:25:20,800 --> 00:25:24,080
Speaker 1: of time, the plus or minus years or the window

431
00:25:24,160 --> 00:25:28,080
Speaker 1: of years that you get, um, the less confidence you have.

432
00:25:28,280 --> 00:25:31,920
Speaker 1: So maybe you'll have like twenty six percent confidence that

433
00:25:32,320 --> 00:25:37,800
Speaker 1: it's from you know, uh, eight hundred forty five BC

434
00:25:38,080 --> 00:25:42,200
Speaker 1: to eight hundred fifty five BC, but you have confidence

435
00:25:42,280 --> 00:25:45,320
Speaker 1: that there's like this two hundred year span it's somewhere

436
00:25:45,320 --> 00:25:47,280
Speaker 1: and there. That makes sense because I have a million

437
00:25:47,280 --> 00:25:50,200
Speaker 1: percent confidence that it's somewhere within the last eighteen million

438
00:25:50,280 --> 00:25:53,560
Speaker 1: years exactly exactly right. So it just keeps. The larger

439
00:25:53,600 --> 00:25:56,480
Speaker 1: the window, the more confident you are. But I mean

440
00:25:56,520 --> 00:25:59,960
Speaker 1: still you're talking a hundred two hundred years depending on

441
00:26:00,119 --> 00:26:02,159
Speaker 1: how old the sample is, how good the sample is,

442
00:26:02,480 --> 00:26:06,359
Speaker 1: so it's still pretty it's pretty um. They can zero

443
00:26:06,400 --> 00:26:09,159
Speaker 1: it in pretty well. And that sciences job is to

444
00:26:09,240 --> 00:26:12,160
Speaker 1: not say, well, let's just make a really big range

445
00:26:12,680 --> 00:26:14,840
Speaker 1: and that will be good enough. They want a zero

446
00:26:14,840 --> 00:26:18,040
Speaker 1: and as much as possible, Like you know, that's and

447
00:26:18,119 --> 00:26:20,959
Speaker 1: still be accurate. So the thing is, though, is if

448
00:26:21,000 --> 00:26:23,199
Speaker 1: you do the if you do the math, and you say, well,

449
00:26:23,200 --> 00:26:27,479
Speaker 1: wait a minute, your example, Yeah, fifteen years before present

450
00:26:27,480 --> 00:26:30,359
Speaker 1: plus or minus thirty years gives you a range of

451
00:26:30,440 --> 00:26:34,160
Speaker 1: between seven hundred and twenty six and six sixty six BC.

452
00:26:34,880 --> 00:26:37,160
Speaker 1: But that's not even close to what you said, yeah,

453
00:26:37,200 --> 00:26:42,119
Speaker 1: which was before right, Yeah, so why wouldn't be in

454
00:26:42,160 --> 00:26:47,760
Speaker 1: the sample? Chuck? Because uh, like we said in the

455
00:26:47,840 --> 00:26:52,439
Speaker 1: very first sentence, radio carbon dating is uh not super

456
00:26:52,880 --> 00:26:55,480
Speaker 1: I mean, it's accurate on a wide range, but it's

457
00:26:55,480 --> 00:26:58,640
Speaker 1: a little clunky. It is. Part of it is because

458
00:26:58,800 --> 00:27:07,000
Speaker 1: there's actual um problems, like known problems built in to

459
00:27:07,160 --> 00:27:09,960
Speaker 1: the actual process of radio carbon dating and the results

460
00:27:09,960 --> 00:27:13,240
Speaker 1: that they get back. I'll put that, I'll put that pause.

461
00:27:13,280 --> 00:27:17,199
Speaker 1: I just had sounded really long in the replay, probably

462
00:27:17,240 --> 00:27:19,320
Speaker 1: so I felt like it. But yeah, let's take a break, man,

463
00:27:19,400 --> 00:27:21,680
Speaker 1: all right, We'll come right back and talk about more

464
00:27:21,720 --> 00:27:38,119
Speaker 1: science right after this. So I thought this was was

465
00:27:38,160 --> 00:27:40,720
Speaker 1: this from how stuff works and you in your brain

466
00:27:40,920 --> 00:27:43,159
Speaker 1: and yeah and a bunch of other places too, and

467
00:27:43,320 --> 00:27:47,840
Speaker 1: you in your brain. Okay, but there there's an interesting

468
00:27:48,359 --> 00:27:51,360
Speaker 1: thing to note here, which is science makes a lot

469
00:27:51,400 --> 00:27:55,320
Speaker 1: of assumptions when it comes to dating stuff. Uh, and

470
00:27:55,440 --> 00:27:57,440
Speaker 1: this is the best way to say it. If you find,

471
00:27:57,960 --> 00:28:00,119
Speaker 1: like if they find like a leather shield that they

472
00:28:00,160 --> 00:28:03,840
Speaker 1: dig out of an archaeological site, they get super excited

473
00:28:04,200 --> 00:28:07,840
Speaker 1: and they can date the shield and they can say,

474
00:28:07,960 --> 00:28:11,840
Speaker 1: or they probably will say, well, whoever this heroic person

475
00:28:11,920 --> 00:28:15,640
Speaker 1: was in the battlefield died on this around this date,

476
00:28:15,680 --> 00:28:18,560
Speaker 1: because that's where the shield was dated from. But that

477
00:28:19,080 --> 00:28:22,080
Speaker 1: is not necessarily true because they're dating the shield from

478
00:28:22,119 --> 00:28:26,439
Speaker 1: the cow skin that's on the handle, let's say, and

479
00:28:26,520 --> 00:28:29,480
Speaker 1: that just says when that cow is alive. Lass has

480
00:28:29,560 --> 00:28:32,240
Speaker 1: nothing to do with when this person made the shield.

481
00:28:32,600 --> 00:28:35,359
Speaker 1: How long that leather had been around before they went

482
00:28:35,400 --> 00:28:38,080
Speaker 1: out onto the battlefield and took an arrow to the forehead. Yeah,

483
00:28:38,120 --> 00:28:41,320
Speaker 1: maybe they were like super into vintage leather to use

484
00:28:41,400 --> 00:28:44,960
Speaker 1: on their shield handle here. It's it's sounds ridiculous, but

485
00:28:44,960 --> 00:28:49,240
Speaker 1: it's also possible. But the thing is is archaeological or

486
00:28:49,440 --> 00:28:53,920
Speaker 1: archaeology is based on making assumptions and presumptions based on

487
00:28:53,960 --> 00:28:57,160
Speaker 1: the context. And it's like, this is totally fine, this

488
00:28:57,240 --> 00:28:59,840
Speaker 1: is widely accepted. This is not new or scandalous at all,

489
00:28:59,880 --> 00:29:02,400
Speaker 1: but like that is part of archaeology's job. As you say,

490
00:29:02,440 --> 00:29:05,720
Speaker 1: here's the context of this find. And based on this

491
00:29:05,840 --> 00:29:08,520
Speaker 1: radiocarbon date of this, it's a pretty good guess that

492
00:29:08,560 --> 00:29:11,440
Speaker 1: they killed the cow, made the leather, made the shield,

493
00:29:11,640 --> 00:29:15,360
Speaker 1: and the guy died probably within a ten fifteen year window.

494
00:29:15,880 --> 00:29:18,240
Speaker 1: And I mean the idea it would be an even

495
00:29:18,280 --> 00:29:21,200
Speaker 1: weirder assumption to think that it was an ancient hipster

496
00:29:21,240 --> 00:29:24,760
Speaker 1: who collected old hold leathers. Right, check out my new

497
00:29:25,680 --> 00:29:28,040
Speaker 1: that's right. And then the other part of it too

498
00:29:28,120 --> 00:29:30,400
Speaker 1: is they also use it to compare to other stuff.

499
00:29:30,440 --> 00:29:33,520
Speaker 1: Like if they're in a pit filled with other um

500
00:29:33,720 --> 00:29:37,320
Speaker 1: soldiers of a certain you know, from a certain nation

501
00:29:37,480 --> 00:29:40,840
Speaker 1: or clan or whatever, um, and they knew of a

502
00:29:40,880 --> 00:29:43,240
Speaker 1: lost grade, they may have found that if it kind

503
00:29:43,240 --> 00:29:45,640
Speaker 1: of roughly correlates to the date. They were thinking, Like,

504
00:29:45,680 --> 00:29:47,560
Speaker 1: there's a lot of a lot of stuff that they

505
00:29:47,560 --> 00:29:49,840
Speaker 1: put together. They don't just say, here's what the radio

506
00:29:49,880 --> 00:29:52,200
Speaker 1: carbon date says, so this is what it is. That's right.

507
00:29:52,760 --> 00:29:55,840
Speaker 1: So because science does this, Libby was certainly doing this.

508
00:29:55,960 --> 00:29:58,360
Speaker 1: The wild man was doing this, and he was making

509
00:29:58,400 --> 00:30:01,840
Speaker 1: assumptions and he was and hey, we're not knocking the

510
00:30:01,880 --> 00:30:04,640
Speaker 1: guy because he want a Nobel prize for this, but

511
00:30:04,760 --> 00:30:07,880
Speaker 1: he assumed a couple of things that were not correct. Uh,

512
00:30:08,080 --> 00:30:10,520
Speaker 1: One of which was he got the half life wrong. Yeah,

513
00:30:10,920 --> 00:30:13,880
Speaker 1: he said the half life of carbon fourteen was five thousand,

514
00:30:13,880 --> 00:30:17,560
Speaker 1: five D sixty eight years. We actually know it's fifty

515
00:30:17,880 --> 00:30:23,200
Speaker 1: thirty like we said. And he also presumed that carbon

516
00:30:23,240 --> 00:30:28,400
Speaker 1: fourteen in the atmosphere is very steady over time and

517
00:30:28,440 --> 00:30:31,400
Speaker 1: it's something we can really depend on, being like they're

518
00:30:31,440 --> 00:30:34,320
Speaker 1: being a certain amount. And that's not really the case either. No,

519
00:30:34,440 --> 00:30:36,360
Speaker 1: it's not that second one is a big one. Like

520
00:30:36,400 --> 00:30:38,200
Speaker 1: the first one. You can just mess around with some

521
00:30:38,280 --> 00:30:40,680
Speaker 1: math and be like, okay, well this is the actual

522
00:30:40,800 --> 00:30:43,640
Speaker 1: half life. Well, but it's interesting. That's what we've had

523
00:30:43,680 --> 00:30:46,040
Speaker 1: to do because that's another thing we didn't go back

524
00:30:46,280 --> 00:30:49,240
Speaker 1: and change because it was all done on the basis

525
00:30:49,280 --> 00:30:54,560
Speaker 1: of right. Right. So the initial stuff, the initial dates

526
00:30:54,640 --> 00:30:56,920
Speaker 1: that were done when Libby invented it, were based on

527
00:30:56,960 --> 00:31:03,480
Speaker 1: a half life from right but from uh, I don't

528
00:31:03,760 --> 00:31:05,600
Speaker 1: I don't know exactly when they figured it out, but

529
00:31:05,640 --> 00:31:08,120
Speaker 1: at some point in the ensuing decades they figured out, no,

530
00:31:08,280 --> 00:31:11,800
Speaker 1: the half life is actually fifty thirty and rather than

531
00:31:11,880 --> 00:31:16,320
Speaker 1: just go back and re read um uh analyze the

532
00:31:16,320 --> 00:31:19,880
Speaker 1: old samples which actually may have been destroyed by this time. Uh,

533
00:31:19,920 --> 00:31:22,440
Speaker 1: they said, we're just going to stick with this convention

534
00:31:22,480 --> 00:31:24,680
Speaker 1: and follow it, and we could just do the math

535
00:31:25,280 --> 00:31:27,720
Speaker 1: and just say, actually, this is the real half life

536
00:31:28,200 --> 00:31:32,720
Speaker 1: converted to the libyhalf life, and then have a radiocarbon date. Yeah.

537
00:31:32,760 --> 00:31:34,560
Speaker 1: But the other thing he got wrong, like you said,

538
00:31:34,640 --> 00:31:37,800
Speaker 1: is is the bigger problem because it can't just be

539
00:31:37,840 --> 00:31:42,120
Speaker 1: solved with math, and that is his presumption that uh,

540
00:31:42,400 --> 00:31:45,520
Speaker 1: carbon fourteen in the upper atmosphere is produced at a

541
00:31:45,560 --> 00:31:48,360
Speaker 1: steady rate. We know now that they are all kinds

542
00:31:48,400 --> 00:31:51,400
Speaker 1: of things that can and have affected that rate over

543
00:31:51,400 --> 00:31:56,040
Speaker 1: the years, everything from ocean currents to super volcanoes, two

544
00:31:56,040 --> 00:32:00,680
Speaker 1: solar flares, to the Earth's magnetic field. It is fluctuated

545
00:32:00,800 --> 00:32:03,440
Speaker 1: a lot over time. Yeah, but I mean from year

546
00:32:03,480 --> 00:32:05,959
Speaker 1: to year, we're starting to find that it's not at

547
00:32:05,960 --> 00:32:09,240
Speaker 1: all study. And that's a big one because one of

548
00:32:09,240 --> 00:32:13,760
Speaker 1: the foundations of radiocarbon dating is this idea that that

549
00:32:13,960 --> 00:32:17,080
Speaker 1: it's like a reliable clock that just starts clicking backwards.

550
00:32:17,240 --> 00:32:19,960
Speaker 1: You know, at any point in time, whatever year you

551
00:32:20,040 --> 00:32:22,160
Speaker 1: come in on you're going to be able to compare

552
00:32:22,200 --> 00:32:26,040
Speaker 1: it to a modern sample and get a coherent UM

553
00:32:26,600 --> 00:32:30,080
Speaker 1: radiocarbon date that will make sense. That's just absolutely not

554
00:32:30,120 --> 00:32:33,360
Speaker 1: the case because of all of those fluctuations, Right, That's

555
00:32:33,360 --> 00:32:37,360
Speaker 1: something that this field is definitely grappling with, which uh

556
00:32:37,560 --> 00:32:40,320
Speaker 1: it will it will be able to overcome and largely

557
00:32:40,400 --> 00:32:43,680
Speaker 1: has already because they use other types of dating to

558
00:32:43,920 --> 00:32:47,320
Speaker 1: calibrate their radiocarbon dates. Yeah, which is really cool. We

559
00:32:47,320 --> 00:32:53,360
Speaker 1: were talking about the um relative dating of carbon fourteen dating.

560
00:32:54,080 --> 00:32:56,080
Speaker 1: What they're now trying to do, who not now they've

561
00:32:56,080 --> 00:32:58,479
Speaker 1: been doing it for a while is absolute dating, like

562
00:32:58,480 --> 00:33:02,200
Speaker 1: what you're talking about, comparing it to own quantities. And

563
00:33:02,280 --> 00:33:05,040
Speaker 1: one of those is tree rings. And I'm surprised we've

564
00:33:05,040 --> 00:33:06,800
Speaker 1: talked about tree rings a little bit here and there,

565
00:33:07,560 --> 00:33:09,800
Speaker 1: but I wonder if it could be a shorty on

566
00:33:09,840 --> 00:33:14,880
Speaker 1: its own at least Yeah, maybe more. We'll just start

567
00:33:14,920 --> 00:33:18,120
Speaker 1: wrapping on it and whether if it turns into a

568
00:33:18,160 --> 00:33:20,760
Speaker 1: real deal episode we'll go with, we'll just cancel our

569
00:33:20,800 --> 00:33:26,520
Speaker 1: dinner plans keep going. But tree ring dating is called

570
00:33:26,960 --> 00:33:32,800
Speaker 1: dendo chronology counting tree rings, and not all trees have

571
00:33:32,920 --> 00:33:35,480
Speaker 1: tree rings. Will get to that, which can be a problem,

572
00:33:35,520 --> 00:33:37,160
Speaker 1: but a lot of them do and some of them

573
00:33:37,200 --> 00:33:40,680
Speaker 1: grow every year, just like you learned, and everyone probably

574
00:33:40,680 --> 00:33:43,400
Speaker 1: thinks it's true from like kids science class. It's like

575
00:33:43,520 --> 00:33:45,239
Speaker 1: once a year a tree has a ring, so if

576
00:33:45,240 --> 00:33:46,840
Speaker 1: you cut a tree down, you can just count the

577
00:33:46,880 --> 00:33:48,720
Speaker 1: rings and know how old it is, which is I

578
00:33:48,760 --> 00:33:52,560
Speaker 1: mean basically right, depending on the tree is exactly. But

579
00:33:52,760 --> 00:33:56,360
Speaker 1: here's the thing is, trees absorbed that carbon fourteen just

580
00:33:56,440 --> 00:33:59,520
Speaker 1: like everything else, but those tree rings don't. Once they

581
00:33:59,520 --> 00:34:03,760
Speaker 1: have completed a tree ring cycle, that tree ring is

582
00:34:03,880 --> 00:34:06,920
Speaker 1: essentially dead inside the tree and is not accepting any

583
00:34:06,920 --> 00:34:09,680
Speaker 1: more carbon fourteen. Yeah, it's like a fossil. It's like

584
00:34:09,719 --> 00:34:12,160
Speaker 1: if you look at the outside of a tree, that's

585
00:34:12,239 --> 00:34:14,560
Speaker 1: the living part. Like as big as a tree is

586
00:34:14,680 --> 00:34:17,160
Speaker 1: and enormous as it is, the actual living part of

587
00:34:17,200 --> 00:34:19,880
Speaker 1: it is just this outside veneer and like the leaves

588
00:34:19,880 --> 00:34:23,480
Speaker 1: and everything. Right, yeah, everything inside is what used to

589
00:34:23,480 --> 00:34:26,160
Speaker 1: be outside but is now inside because a new ring

590
00:34:26,200 --> 00:34:28,799
Speaker 1: of growth grew around it. So um, since it's not

591
00:34:28,880 --> 00:34:31,920
Speaker 1: taking in any more carbon, it's like a snapshot of

592
00:34:31,960 --> 00:34:36,239
Speaker 1: the carbon fourteen that was in the atmosphere the year

593
00:34:36,320 --> 00:34:38,960
Speaker 1: that tree ring grew. Yes, and we know this, and

594
00:34:39,000 --> 00:34:42,560
Speaker 1: now we have something to compare against those Carbon fourteen

595
00:34:42,640 --> 00:34:46,200
Speaker 1: data results. Yeah, because if you chop the tree down today,

596
00:34:46,520 --> 00:34:50,640
Speaker 1: you would say thank you father tree, mother tree, um,

597
00:34:50,719 --> 00:34:54,080
Speaker 1: for sacrificing your life for for science. That's what you

598
00:34:54,120 --> 00:34:57,520
Speaker 1: have to say first. Um, And you start counting the

599
00:34:57,560 --> 00:35:01,040
Speaker 1: tree rings backwards. If you it to another tree that's

600
00:35:01,120 --> 00:35:05,680
Speaker 1: much older, but that lived that the lifetime of which

601
00:35:05,719 --> 00:35:08,600
Speaker 1: overlapped with the tree you just cut down, you can

602
00:35:08,640 --> 00:35:12,799
Speaker 1: eventually jump over from the tree you just cut down

603
00:35:12,800 --> 00:35:15,440
Speaker 1: to this older tree and keep counting backwards and then

604
00:35:15,480 --> 00:35:18,680
Speaker 1: just keep if you find enough old trees, keep leaping

605
00:35:19,000 --> 00:35:21,640
Speaker 1: from tree to tree, counting tree rings as if it

606
00:35:21,719 --> 00:35:25,120
Speaker 1: was one big old tree. That's really cool. It is,

607
00:35:25,200 --> 00:35:27,800
Speaker 1: and there are very very old trees that do exist

608
00:35:27,840 --> 00:35:32,160
Speaker 1: on Earth that you can count backwards from over very

609
00:35:32,160 --> 00:35:36,240
Speaker 1: long spans of time. But you can also use multiple trees. Yeah.

610
00:35:36,280 --> 00:35:39,520
Speaker 1: And like if you're sitting at home or in your car, thinking, well,

611
00:35:39,520 --> 00:35:41,600
Speaker 1: why don't they just find the oldest tree and go there,

612
00:35:42,200 --> 00:35:44,560
Speaker 1: Like you want that overlap because you want a complete

613
00:35:44,560 --> 00:35:47,880
Speaker 1: record because stuff you're dating might fall. You know in

614
00:35:47,960 --> 00:35:51,560
Speaker 1: that that they need everything to fall in that range, right,

615
00:35:51,760 --> 00:35:55,840
Speaker 1: And so this has been extremely helpful for radio carbon

616
00:35:55,920 --> 00:35:59,880
Speaker 1: dating because they have managed to compile basically a library

617
00:36:00,080 --> 00:36:03,520
Speaker 1: of tree ring data UM going back like fourteen thousand,

618
00:36:03,560 --> 00:36:06,600
Speaker 1: five hundred years. It's amazing. It's called the Holocene tree record,

619
00:36:07,080 --> 00:36:09,240
Speaker 1: and it's one of the I didn't even know it existed.

620
00:36:09,320 --> 00:36:11,839
Speaker 1: Now I'm just I love it. Yeah, it's pretty cool.

621
00:36:11,880 --> 00:36:16,319
Speaker 1: I want to I like wanta a bound copy of

622
00:36:16,320 --> 00:36:19,120
Speaker 1: it for the coffee table or something and lay in

623
00:36:19,160 --> 00:36:21,960
Speaker 1: a hammock in the middle of Pando and read it

624
00:36:22,000 --> 00:36:24,760
Speaker 1: and read it and be like, oh, look at this year, Pando,

625
00:36:24,880 --> 00:36:27,280
Speaker 1: what do you think what happened this year? And Panda

626
00:36:27,320 --> 00:36:30,879
Speaker 1: would hug you. Uh so I was trying to think

627
00:36:30,880 --> 00:36:33,840
Speaker 1: of something you would do back to Pando, but I

628
00:36:33,840 --> 00:36:38,760
Speaker 1: would go glow and Panda's leaves. But that feels good. Sure.

629
00:36:39,480 --> 00:36:41,880
Speaker 1: So there are other places in nature that have the

630
00:36:41,960 --> 00:36:44,960
Speaker 1: same kind of snapshots. Uh, if you wanted more than

631
00:36:45,280 --> 00:36:49,000
Speaker 1: because you need more just than the Holocene tree record. Uh,

632
00:36:49,040 --> 00:36:51,520
Speaker 1: they can use coral reef because there's clearly carbon in

633
00:36:51,560 --> 00:36:55,719
Speaker 1: the ocean um still actites and stillagmites, which are called

634
00:36:55,840 --> 00:36:59,280
Speaker 1: spelio thembs through whenever busts out out at a party,

635
00:36:59,600 --> 00:37:03,680
Speaker 1: you'll know they're talking about. Yeah, you probably should, because

636
00:37:03,719 --> 00:37:05,480
Speaker 1: everyone else is just going to be talking about I

637
00:37:05,520 --> 00:37:08,520
Speaker 1: can never remember which ones are exactly. Oh you mean,

638
00:37:09,560 --> 00:37:13,399
Speaker 1: just let me educate you. Goodbye. Uh. They are made

639
00:37:13,400 --> 00:37:16,200
Speaker 1: of carbon and they are deposited in layers, just like

640
00:37:16,239 --> 00:37:19,080
Speaker 1: the tree rings in the coral uh. In fact, they

641
00:37:19,080 --> 00:37:22,120
Speaker 1: have found some in China kind of recently. They go

642
00:37:22,200 --> 00:37:26,800
Speaker 1: back fifty four thousand years. Yeah. I think they really

643
00:37:26,840 --> 00:37:28,799
Speaker 1: recently found this so much so that hasn't been like

644
00:37:28,840 --> 00:37:31,640
Speaker 1: fully vetted, but they were super excited about it. That

645
00:37:31,920 --> 00:37:36,640
Speaker 1: the idea that it gave a basically a long mineral

646
00:37:37,040 --> 00:37:41,839
Speaker 1: rich tree ring library of fifty four thousand years of

647
00:37:41,880 --> 00:37:46,080
Speaker 1: the carbon fourteen concentrations in the atmosphere. If they if

648
00:37:46,080 --> 00:37:48,120
Speaker 1: it does pan out, that would be amazing. And what's

649
00:37:48,160 --> 00:37:52,040
Speaker 1: the deal with the lake in Japan? It reliably puts

650
00:37:52,040 --> 00:37:54,640
Speaker 1: down a new layer of sediment every six months. That's

651
00:37:54,640 --> 00:37:58,440
Speaker 1: pretty cool. Yeah. And so they've taken core samples and

652
00:37:58,480 --> 00:38:02,040
Speaker 1: in these core samples they've turned up like leaves trapped

653
00:38:02,040 --> 00:38:05,600
Speaker 1: in single layers and something like six hundred and fifty

654
00:38:05,680 --> 00:38:10,360
Speaker 1: different spots. So all they have to do is count backwards,

655
00:38:11,120 --> 00:38:14,600
Speaker 1: find you know, the and they'll know the year that

656
00:38:14,640 --> 00:38:19,960
Speaker 1: this UM leaf is trapped in and then test the

657
00:38:20,000 --> 00:38:22,279
Speaker 1: carbon fourteen and the leaf and you've got like a

658
00:38:22,280 --> 00:38:25,359
Speaker 1: picture right there. And that is called what we'll call

659
00:38:26,239 --> 00:38:31,360
Speaker 1: a library of atmospheric carbon fourteen concentrations. Yeah, they should

660
00:38:31,360 --> 00:38:34,440
Speaker 1: have a name. It does. It's called ink COW I

661
00:38:34,680 --> 00:38:37,799
Speaker 1: N T C A and UM. There's different programs that

662
00:38:37,880 --> 00:38:40,400
Speaker 1: you can run all this through like before, back in

663
00:38:40,440 --> 00:38:43,319
Speaker 1: the forties and fifties, like they were, I guess, using

664
00:38:43,320 --> 00:38:46,560
Speaker 1: slide rules and stuff like this to come up with these.

665
00:38:46,600 --> 00:38:51,120
Speaker 1: Now we have basically machine learning algorithms running these these

666
00:38:51,120 --> 00:38:54,839
Speaker 1: computations for us. But UM, they have programs that use

667
00:38:54,960 --> 00:38:59,360
Speaker 1: this calibration library to basically say, here's the what the

668
00:38:59,480 --> 00:39:03,160
Speaker 1: radio harbon date is saying. What does this library of

669
00:39:03,280 --> 00:39:07,040
Speaker 1: absolute dates say? And then what they do is they actually, well,

670
00:39:07,080 --> 00:39:10,360
Speaker 1: the computer I should say, overlaps what's called the wiggles.

671
00:39:10,520 --> 00:39:13,359
Speaker 1: They hold it up to the light yea, and they

672
00:39:13,400 --> 00:39:16,160
Speaker 1: find like where these kind of wiggles overlap, which are

673
00:39:16,600 --> 00:39:21,279
Speaker 1: UM confidence intervals I guess, uh, and where it's most

674
00:39:21,320 --> 00:39:25,040
Speaker 1: confident that you have a pretty good idea of what

675
00:39:25,239 --> 00:39:28,440
Speaker 1: the range is for the age of this sample. And

676
00:39:28,520 --> 00:39:32,040
Speaker 1: that means we know exactly how old everything is always

677
00:39:32,280 --> 00:39:35,759
Speaker 1: all right precisely to the day. That is not true

678
00:39:35,960 --> 00:39:39,480
Speaker 1: because all the things we just mentioned, the spile, thems,

679
00:39:40,600 --> 00:39:46,439
Speaker 1: the coral, everything has its own individual problems, right. Um.

680
00:39:46,520 --> 00:39:51,000
Speaker 1: Coral turns out isn't a great material for calibrating this

681
00:39:51,080 --> 00:39:56,439
Speaker 1: stuff because ocean concentrations of carbon are not the same

682
00:39:56,480 --> 00:39:59,080
Speaker 1: as in the atmosphere. So that kind of throws it

683
00:39:59,120 --> 00:40:02,160
Speaker 1: off right there. It So if you're comparing like something

684
00:40:02,200 --> 00:40:06,040
Speaker 1: that lived on land to coral in the library in

685
00:40:06,600 --> 00:40:09,040
Speaker 1: cal library, yeah, it's not gonna it's not gonna calibrate

686
00:40:09,120 --> 00:40:12,839
Speaker 1: very well. Um. Tree rings are a problem too, because

687
00:40:12,920 --> 00:40:17,040
Speaker 1: they figured out that depending on the hemisphere that the

688
00:40:17,120 --> 00:40:19,919
Speaker 1: tree grew in, it will give you a different atmospheric

689
00:40:19,960 --> 00:40:24,160
Speaker 1: concentration because the southern atmosphere has more oceans and those

690
00:40:24,200 --> 00:40:28,680
Speaker 1: oceans absorb more carbon dioxide. So there's actually less carbon

691
00:40:28,760 --> 00:40:32,879
Speaker 1: fourteen on the land in the southern hemisphere than there

692
00:40:32,960 --> 00:40:35,680
Speaker 1: is in the northern hemisphere. So if you checked out

693
00:40:35,680 --> 00:40:39,799
Speaker 1: a water logged oak that grew in Ireland and two

694
00:40:39,920 --> 00:40:47,080
Speaker 1: c e if you found a cody tree the Cody

695
00:40:47,320 --> 00:40:50,520
Speaker 1: tree in New Zealand that grew that same year, they

696
00:40:50,520 --> 00:40:53,920
Speaker 1: would have different radio carbon dates because they have different

697
00:40:53,920 --> 00:40:57,799
Speaker 1: carbon radiocarbon concentrations. So it's just there's a lot of

698
00:40:57,840 --> 00:41:01,520
Speaker 1: things confounding this stuff that's keeping it and being less precise,

699
00:41:02,000 --> 00:41:04,960
Speaker 1: that's right. And it gets even worse because there have

700
00:41:05,040 --> 00:41:09,040
Speaker 1: been long stretches of time on Earth in our history

701
00:41:09,080 --> 00:41:14,799
Speaker 1: where carbon fourteen production really increased every year over you know,

702
00:41:15,040 --> 00:41:18,839
Speaker 1: hundreds of thousands of years or tens of thousands. Yeah,

703
00:41:18,920 --> 00:41:23,880
Speaker 1: well there's stretches that. So all over the radio carbon calendar,

704
00:41:24,640 --> 00:41:27,600
Speaker 1: there are these things called plateaus, and I think the

705
00:41:27,680 --> 00:41:30,600
Speaker 1: longest that they've ever found is a few hundred years.

706
00:41:30,760 --> 00:41:33,920
Speaker 1: When I said tens of thousands, just like a radio

707
00:41:33,960 --> 00:41:36,880
Speaker 1: carbon date, all right, it feel so bad. They found

708
00:41:36,880 --> 00:41:41,480
Speaker 1: this thing called the Hallstock plateau, more like the Hallstat disaster. Yeah,

709
00:41:41,480 --> 00:41:43,319
Speaker 1: that's what some people call them, all right, I'm sure

710
00:41:43,320 --> 00:41:46,040
Speaker 1: that's what Willard Libby called that. Sure, But basically there

711
00:41:46,040 --> 00:41:50,000
Speaker 1: were periods during Earth's history, This one in particular goes

712
00:41:50,040 --> 00:41:56,520
Speaker 1: from seven sixty four b C where the the production

713
00:41:56,800 --> 00:42:01,240
Speaker 1: of carbon fourteen in the atmosphere just in priest basically

714
00:42:01,280 --> 00:42:05,759
Speaker 1: steadily steadily every year, so nothing ever got older relative

715
00:42:05,840 --> 00:42:10,000
Speaker 1: to new stuff, right, which means that if you radio

716
00:42:10,080 --> 00:42:13,279
Speaker 1: carbon date something at the in seven sixty b C

717
00:42:14,520 --> 00:42:17,000
Speaker 1: and something in four twenty BC, they're going to give

718
00:42:17,000 --> 00:42:21,239
Speaker 1: you the same exact radio carbon date. Does that make

719
00:42:21,280 --> 00:42:29,200
Speaker 1: sense for that was your response. Hey, there's people out

720
00:42:29,239 --> 00:42:33,520
Speaker 1: there thinking it to the Hallstad disaster. All right, Willard

721
00:42:33,560 --> 00:42:37,279
Speaker 1: Libby would be proud. He was the wild Man. So

722
00:42:37,680 --> 00:42:40,440
Speaker 1: this is why old this is important. It's not just

723
00:42:40,560 --> 00:42:43,080
Speaker 1: to put a date on something so we know how

724
00:42:43,120 --> 00:42:45,080
Speaker 1: old it is and we can just put it down

725
00:42:45,160 --> 00:42:48,000
Speaker 1: in a museum or a history book or whatever. Right. Um,

726
00:42:48,040 --> 00:42:51,799
Speaker 1: it really opens up all of science and all of

727
00:42:52,719 --> 00:42:56,840
Speaker 1: ancient history to interpretation and kind of rock to the

728
00:42:56,880 --> 00:42:58,839
Speaker 1: world about a lot of things that we thought were

729
00:42:58,880 --> 00:43:01,480
Speaker 1: true that are true. Yeah. They call it the radio

730
00:43:01,520 --> 00:43:06,560
Speaker 1: carbon revolution, and like, well, one good example is in

731
00:43:06,600 --> 00:43:09,600
Speaker 1: the UK there we talked about Stonehenge. They used to

732
00:43:09,640 --> 00:43:14,480
Speaker 1: think that Stonehenge was the result of the how do

733
00:43:14,520 --> 00:43:20,000
Speaker 1: you pronounce that missini myceney? I don't know mycen A.

734
00:43:20,480 --> 00:43:24,360
Speaker 1: You'd think I know mice sna. I think it's the

735
00:43:24,400 --> 00:43:27,480
Speaker 1: mycen A civilization in Greece, But the A and the

736
00:43:27,520 --> 00:43:29,799
Speaker 1: E on the end. It's got to do something more

737
00:43:29,840 --> 00:43:33,319
Speaker 1: than like why not just add a Y instead of

738
00:43:33,320 --> 00:43:35,920
Speaker 1: an e. I'm with you, and you know sometimes you

739
00:43:35,960 --> 00:43:39,880
Speaker 1: see the A and the E together conjoined, like Ronnie

740
00:43:39,920 --> 00:43:44,960
Speaker 1: and Donnie Galleon. You know. So what is that? It's

741
00:43:45,000 --> 00:43:48,719
Speaker 1: its own thing. So we used to think that came

742
00:43:48,760 --> 00:43:53,920
Speaker 1: from an ancient Greek civilization, but because of radio carbon dating,

743
00:43:54,400 --> 00:43:56,480
Speaker 1: they said no, no, no, no no, no, this is uh,

744
00:43:56,760 --> 00:43:59,640
Speaker 1: we had the age all wrong. And Stonehenge came before

745
00:43:59,719 --> 00:44:03,480
Speaker 1: that ever, happened before the civilization was even there. So

746
00:44:03,520 --> 00:44:06,359
Speaker 1: it really helps clear up a picture of everything from

747
00:44:06,360 --> 00:44:09,720
Speaker 1: Otsy the ice Man to knowing uh that the shroud

748
00:44:09,760 --> 00:44:13,400
Speaker 1: of Turin was only seven years old. Uh. It so

749
00:44:13,440 --> 00:44:16,320
Speaker 1: it can confirm things and it can quh other things.

750
00:44:16,600 --> 00:44:19,080
Speaker 1: Right and then, and the way that they used to

751
00:44:19,080 --> 00:44:21,920
Speaker 1: do it before was they would just kind of dig

752
00:44:23,040 --> 00:44:26,040
Speaker 1: in the earth and turn up artifacts. And because an

753
00:44:26,120 --> 00:44:30,040
Speaker 1: artifact was closer to the ground than another one, it

754
00:44:30,160 --> 00:44:33,280
Speaker 1: just meant it was more recent. That's like as precise

755
00:44:33,280 --> 00:44:35,839
Speaker 1: as they could get. Radio carbon was like, not only

756
00:44:35,880 --> 00:44:37,440
Speaker 1: are we going to do with that, but get this

757
00:44:37,480 --> 00:44:41,799
Speaker 1: pal here's a date and a pretty good estimate of

758
00:44:41,840 --> 00:44:45,080
Speaker 1: a date that this thing existed. That's how much it

759
00:44:45,160 --> 00:44:47,080
Speaker 1: changed things. They used to be like this is older

760
00:44:47,120 --> 00:44:49,920
Speaker 1: than this. Now it's this. Let's see the ice man

761
00:44:49,960 --> 00:44:55,160
Speaker 1: was running around, you know, in and in doing that,

762
00:44:55,400 --> 00:44:58,640
Speaker 1: it also changes everything and that they're saying, oh well,

763
00:44:58,880 --> 00:45:02,200
Speaker 1: Letsie was also ound with tattoos on him that seemed

764
00:45:02,200 --> 00:45:05,880
Speaker 1: to suggest acupuncture, which apparently they didn't think anymore. But

765
00:45:05,880 --> 00:45:09,600
Speaker 1: but that changed our idea of how old acupuncture was.

766
00:45:10,040 --> 00:45:12,320
Speaker 1: And then he had certain tools on him. We didn't

767
00:45:12,320 --> 00:45:14,400
Speaker 1: know that they were making these tools back then, but

768
00:45:14,440 --> 00:45:17,719
Speaker 1: now that we've reliably dated Utsie, we know that the

769
00:45:17,719 --> 00:45:21,680
Speaker 1: the this, this toolmaking complex is much older. People had

770
00:45:21,719 --> 00:45:25,279
Speaker 1: professions much sooner than we thought. It just opens up

771
00:45:25,320 --> 00:45:27,560
Speaker 1: everything when you have a date for one thing. Yeah,

772
00:45:27,560 --> 00:45:30,360
Speaker 1: the tender rols are far reaching, right, exactly a broad

773
00:45:30,719 --> 00:45:33,520
Speaker 1: and it happened actually here in the United States to

774
00:45:33,680 --> 00:45:35,919
Speaker 1: ur in North America. You know, we did a whole

775
00:45:35,960 --> 00:45:39,920
Speaker 1: episode on the Clovis Police. Sure the idea that the

776
00:45:40,000 --> 00:45:43,200
Speaker 1: Clovis people were the first Americans and they came over

777
00:45:43,280 --> 00:45:46,640
Speaker 1: from crossing over the I guess the bearing Land Bridge

778
00:45:46,920 --> 00:45:50,239
Speaker 1: when the ice sheet receded, and so Willard Libby did

779
00:45:50,520 --> 00:45:54,719
Speaker 1: uh a test that showed there's no way that the

780
00:45:54,760 --> 00:46:01,439
Speaker 1: ice sheet was open anywhere before twelve thousand to five

781
00:46:01,560 --> 00:46:05,560
Speaker 1: fifteen thousand years ago. So he actually said a baseline,

782
00:46:05,760 --> 00:46:08,879
Speaker 1: this is when the earliest people possibly could have been here. Well,

783
00:46:08,880 --> 00:46:13,280
Speaker 1: we've been finding and radiocarbon dating settlements that are older

784
00:46:13,320 --> 00:46:16,440
Speaker 1: than that. They found one in Idaho on the Snake River.

785
00:46:16,480 --> 00:46:19,040
Speaker 1: I can't remember the name of the island. Um, that's

786
00:46:19,080 --> 00:46:23,040
Speaker 1: like almost sixteen thousand years old, and it shows definitively

787
00:46:23,560 --> 00:46:26,239
Speaker 1: that since the ice sheet was there, they couldn't have

788
00:46:26,280 --> 00:46:28,279
Speaker 1: come around the burying language. So now we think the

789
00:46:28,320 --> 00:46:33,400
Speaker 1: first Americans came over by boat, all because of radiocarbon dating. Amazing,

790
00:46:33,920 --> 00:46:36,960
Speaker 1: But we're screwing it all up for the future because

791
00:46:37,960 --> 00:46:40,880
Speaker 1: of human activity. Um that you know, we're burning a

792
00:46:40,920 --> 00:46:43,560
Speaker 1: lot of fossil fuels and we were releasing a lot

793
00:46:44,200 --> 00:46:48,520
Speaker 1: of carbon into the atmosphere, and so much so that

794
00:46:48,520 --> 00:46:54,640
Speaker 1: that that consistent, previously reliable ratio of carbon twelve to

795
00:46:54,680 --> 00:46:57,920
Speaker 1: carbon fourteen has been knocked all out of whack because

796
00:46:57,960 --> 00:47:02,279
Speaker 1: of us. And in the next what uh years, Yeah,

797
00:47:02,320 --> 00:47:05,600
Speaker 1: thirty to forty years. Uh, we may not be able

798
00:47:05,640 --> 00:47:08,799
Speaker 1: to date things accurately using this method anymore. Yeah. Yeah,

799
00:47:08,840 --> 00:47:10,919
Speaker 1: Because when you know, when they say, well you burn

800
00:47:10,960 --> 00:47:14,560
Speaker 1: fossil fuels, you release a lot of carbon dioxide. Well,

801
00:47:14,600 --> 00:47:17,520
Speaker 1: those fuels used to be alive, so they used to

802
00:47:17,600 --> 00:47:19,799
Speaker 1: have carbon fourteen in them, but they're so old there

803
00:47:19,840 --> 00:47:22,360
Speaker 1: isn't any carbon fourteen now, it's all just carbon twelve.

804
00:47:22,840 --> 00:47:25,600
Speaker 1: And we're releasing tons of carbon twelve into the atmosphere

805
00:47:25,600 --> 00:47:29,000
Speaker 1: that wouldn't normally be there. That's right. And uh, nuclear

806
00:47:29,040 --> 00:47:32,160
Speaker 1: tests that we conducted UM had a big actually had

807
00:47:32,160 --> 00:47:35,959
Speaker 1: the opposite effect. Between nineteen fifty five and nineteen sixty three,

808
00:47:36,440 --> 00:47:39,880
Speaker 1: the common concentration of carbon fourteen in the atmosphere doubled,

809
00:47:40,160 --> 00:47:44,080
Speaker 1: almost doubled. Yeah, so there's all screwy now. It is

810
00:47:44,120 --> 00:47:46,239
Speaker 1: a very screw so much so that now they have

811
00:47:46,520 --> 00:47:50,680
Speaker 1: modern samples. They have a beat harvest from the seventies

812
00:47:51,280 --> 00:47:53,520
Speaker 1: that they used to replace a beat from France from

813
00:47:53,560 --> 00:47:55,440
Speaker 1: nineteen fifty that they used to be like, this is

814
00:47:55,480 --> 00:47:58,080
Speaker 1: the baseline now for modern This is what we're reduced

815
00:47:58,120 --> 00:48:01,960
Speaker 1: to is sampling beats for God's say. That's how much

816
00:48:01,960 --> 00:48:05,560
Speaker 1: it screwed things up. But they have figured out how

817
00:48:05,680 --> 00:48:09,200
Speaker 1: to um use this kind of modern screw nous to

818
00:48:10,080 --> 00:48:13,839
Speaker 1: also date UM recent remains, which everyone thought was just

819
00:48:14,040 --> 00:48:17,520
Speaker 1: impossible Um, that you couldn't you couldn't tell when a

820
00:48:17,600 --> 00:48:20,359
Speaker 1: body lived or died if it were just a you know,

821
00:48:20,960 --> 00:48:24,680
Speaker 1: a decade or so dead or less. But we have

822
00:48:24,760 --> 00:48:27,520
Speaker 1: historical records for all this stuff. I know it's a

823
00:48:27,520 --> 00:48:30,040
Speaker 1: big deal, but like, and we're screwing stuff up to

824
00:48:30,080 --> 00:48:33,880
Speaker 1: the future. But isn't the the utility of carbon fourteen

825
00:48:33,960 --> 00:48:38,560
Speaker 1: dating because it was pre history? Yeah, that that certainly helps.

826
00:48:38,560 --> 00:48:40,760
Speaker 1: And yeah, I guess you're right that having a record

827
00:48:40,760 --> 00:48:43,319
Speaker 1: would definitely help quite a bit. And I'm not you know,

828
00:48:43,400 --> 00:48:46,360
Speaker 1: saying like who cares then? But at least we have

829
00:48:46,440 --> 00:48:49,719
Speaker 1: that going for us. That's a good point. It'd be like, well,

830
00:48:49,800 --> 00:48:52,840
Speaker 1: the leather seat from this automobile is the same age

831
00:48:52,880 --> 00:48:55,640
Speaker 1: as this leather shoe from three thousand years before, which

832
00:48:55,640 --> 00:48:58,759
Speaker 1: is which? Um, But yeah, they have figured out how

833
00:48:58,800 --> 00:49:02,600
Speaker 1: to how to use it for forensics based on your

834
00:49:02,600 --> 00:49:05,680
Speaker 1: teeth enamel, which are like tree rings, and then based

835
00:49:05,680 --> 00:49:08,719
Speaker 1: on your soft tissues. But your soft tissues degrade, so

836
00:49:08,760 --> 00:49:12,239
Speaker 1: they figured out that they can actually test the casings

837
00:49:12,280 --> 00:49:15,640
Speaker 1: from the larva that eat your soft tissues as you're decomposing.

838
00:49:15,840 --> 00:49:19,560
Speaker 1: So the soft tissue is the carbon fourteen in the scenario. Yeah,

839
00:49:19,600 --> 00:49:22,680
Speaker 1: which you're constantly remaking, and then as you die, it

840
00:49:22,760 --> 00:49:27,080
Speaker 1: gets it stops being um taken in, and then starts decaying.

841
00:49:27,760 --> 00:49:31,280
Speaker 1: And as you're being eaten by these you know, bug larva,

842
00:49:31,760 --> 00:49:35,160
Speaker 1: they shed their casings, and the casings don't degrade. So

843
00:49:35,200 --> 00:49:37,719
Speaker 1: you can come along and test the casings and they

844
00:49:37,920 --> 00:49:41,239
Speaker 1: ate your carbon fourteen and you can figure out when

845
00:49:41,320 --> 00:49:45,560
Speaker 1: that person that body last lived based on the casings

846
00:49:45,560 --> 00:49:48,640
Speaker 1: of the bugs that ate it. And in a million years,

847
00:49:48,760 --> 00:49:50,640
Speaker 1: if I were not to get cremated and they were

848
00:49:50,640 --> 00:49:53,000
Speaker 1: to bury me into the ground, the only thing that

849
00:49:53,040 --> 00:49:56,560
Speaker 1: would remain of me are the three titanium screws holding

850
00:49:56,600 --> 00:50:00,640
Speaker 1: in my three fake teeth. That's Nate. A million years,

851
00:50:00,800 --> 00:50:05,359
Speaker 1: who'd have thought, Yeah, there he is. Yeah, there's Chuck one.

852
00:50:06,280 --> 00:50:08,040
Speaker 1: You got anything else? There may be more than that

853
00:50:08,080 --> 00:50:11,080
Speaker 1: by then too, it might be four or five. Any so,

854
00:50:11,160 --> 00:50:13,040
Speaker 1: anything else you want to keep going that we can

855
00:50:13,160 --> 00:50:16,680
Speaker 1: keep talking about this. I have no dinner plans, Okay, Um, well,

856
00:50:17,080 --> 00:50:18,960
Speaker 1: I think we're gonna stop with Carbon four team. We

857
00:50:18,960 --> 00:50:21,120
Speaker 1: don't want to press our luck. It did go pretty well, Chuck,

858
00:50:21,200 --> 00:50:23,439
Speaker 1: I told you I think so. And since I said

859
00:50:23,440 --> 00:50:28,239
Speaker 1: it went pretty well, it's time for listener mail all right,

860
00:50:28,640 --> 00:50:30,840
Speaker 1: and I was preparing for the next episode. Yeah, we

861
00:50:30,880 --> 00:50:34,359
Speaker 1: got a listener mail for look at me? All right.

862
00:50:34,360 --> 00:50:39,400
Speaker 1: I'm gonna call this uh soup follow up. If you remember,

863
00:50:39,480 --> 00:50:43,520
Speaker 1: we talked about cam soup in a previous episode on

864
00:50:44,120 --> 00:50:48,040
Speaker 1: what Else Augmented Reality? Right, And I think we were

865
00:50:48,120 --> 00:50:52,120
Speaker 1: pegged as a progressive guys because you you spoke up first.

866
00:50:53,160 --> 00:50:57,919
Speaker 1: It's yeah with a name brand. I'm a Campbell's man. Hey,

867
00:50:57,960 --> 00:51:00,279
Speaker 1: I don't discriminate. I like Campbell's Chunky two. I just

868
00:51:00,320 --> 00:51:01,520
Speaker 1: kind of went along with it. I didn't want to

869
00:51:01,560 --> 00:51:04,600
Speaker 1: ruffle any feathers. I didn't speak up, but this is

870
00:51:04,640 --> 00:51:07,680
Speaker 1: about that. Hey, guys, there are no words to describe

871
00:51:07,680 --> 00:51:10,239
Speaker 1: how much I enjoy your podcast. I've listened to every

872
00:51:10,239 --> 00:51:13,120
Speaker 1: single episode and continue to do so each and every week.

873
00:51:13,160 --> 00:51:16,440
Speaker 1: Thank you for bringing wonderful science, exploration, for knowledge and

874
00:51:16,520 --> 00:51:19,239
Speaker 1: laughs to my days. So far, so good. I listened

875
00:51:19,280 --> 00:51:22,200
Speaker 1: to the latest episode on Augmented Reality while on a

876
00:51:22,239 --> 00:51:25,239
Speaker 1: plane to Boston, and I could not stop laughing. When

877
00:51:25,239 --> 00:51:28,200
Speaker 1: you got to a full on sant tangent about can Soup.

878
00:51:28,760 --> 00:51:31,160
Speaker 1: I thought, this is my moment, this is my chance

879
00:51:31,160 --> 00:51:33,759
Speaker 1: to write in I've been two Stars struck before. But

880
00:51:33,840 --> 00:51:36,160
Speaker 1: here we go. I know can Soup all too well.

881
00:51:36,239 --> 00:51:38,840
Speaker 1: I spent seven years right out of college working for

882
00:51:38,920 --> 00:51:43,560
Speaker 1: General Mills. Yes, they make the serial, but they also

883
00:51:43,600 --> 00:51:47,520
Speaker 1: owned Progresso. I worked in sales, managing our businesses with

884
00:51:47,560 --> 00:51:50,279
Speaker 1: our East Coast and national accounts. Three years ago, I

885
00:51:50,360 --> 00:51:53,080
Speaker 1: left General Mills and went to work for Campbell Soup.

886
00:51:53,840 --> 00:51:58,040
Speaker 1: It's like, I guess, so just outside of Philadelphia. I

887
00:51:58,080 --> 00:51:59,600
Speaker 1: guess you could say I too have a thing for

888
00:51:59,719 --> 00:52:03,560
Speaker 1: Cance Soup. I currently manage our soup and pray go business,

889
00:52:04,000 --> 00:52:06,160
Speaker 1: one of our largest East Coast grocery chains, and although

890
00:52:06,160 --> 00:52:08,719
Speaker 1: it doesn't seem complicated, I can tell you a lot

891
00:52:08,800 --> 00:52:12,000
Speaker 1: of work goes into you enjoying your can of red

892
00:52:12,040 --> 00:52:15,840
Speaker 1: and white chicken noodle soup. I still love that Campbel's

893
00:52:15,920 --> 00:52:18,440
Speaker 1: chicken noodle. Oh yeah, it's so good. It's like, how

894
00:52:18,440 --> 00:52:20,840
Speaker 1: do you mess with a classic like that? Well, but

895
00:52:21,080 --> 00:52:25,080
Speaker 1: there's also progressive creamy chicken noodles is the bomb. When

896
00:52:25,080 --> 00:52:27,319
Speaker 1: you mentioned this episode brought to you by Progresso as

897
00:52:27,360 --> 00:52:29,520
Speaker 1: a joke, I was just waiting for you to plug

898
00:52:29,560 --> 00:52:33,279
Speaker 1: that you liked Campbell's as well and even more ha ha.

899
00:52:33,840 --> 00:52:35,960
Speaker 1: Either way, I'm just glad you both enjoy eating our soups.

900
00:52:36,160 --> 00:52:37,480
Speaker 1: I would be happy to give you a tour of

901
00:52:37,520 --> 00:52:41,319
Speaker 1: Campbell's soup HQ if you're ever in Philly. Thanks to

902
00:52:41,360 --> 00:52:44,040
Speaker 1: the entire team for all you do. You guys are

903
00:52:44,080 --> 00:52:50,120
Speaker 1: a legend combined into a singular. That's from Kathleen and Kathleen.

904
00:52:50,960 --> 00:52:53,560
Speaker 1: Uh no shade to progressive, But I'm a Campbell's man.

905
00:52:54,120 --> 00:52:58,640
Speaker 1: I eat three soups a day. I eat Campbell's chicken noodle.

906
00:52:59,239 --> 00:53:02,440
Speaker 1: I ate chicken corn chowder. I don't know. I fare

907
00:53:02,520 --> 00:53:05,719
Speaker 1: that's and I eat their new England clam chowder. Yeah,

908
00:53:05,760 --> 00:53:10,600
Speaker 1: that's good. Who who eats Manhattan clam chowder? I don't know,

909
00:53:10,760 --> 00:53:12,960
Speaker 1: or I'm sorry, man, I had a clam chowder. No one,

910
00:53:13,239 --> 00:53:16,160
Speaker 1: not even Manahaddan had nights. They're like, get this away,

911
00:53:16,200 --> 00:53:18,560
Speaker 1: give me the real stuff, give me that creamy goodness.

912
00:53:18,600 --> 00:53:23,120
Speaker 1: Do you ever have meatball alphabet? No? I don't know

913
00:53:23,160 --> 00:53:25,879
Speaker 1: what we're in those meatballs, but I grew up on them,

914
00:53:25,960 --> 00:53:28,120
Speaker 1: and look at me now. I know. That's all the

915
00:53:28,120 --> 00:53:30,600
Speaker 1: soups I eat. Though it's weird. I have three soups. Yeah,

916
00:53:30,920 --> 00:53:34,279
Speaker 1: and you gotta do the chunky stuff Campbell's chunky, I

917
00:53:34,280 --> 00:53:36,719
Speaker 1: mean become in large cans, is like a hungry man. Well,

918
00:53:36,760 --> 00:53:40,200
Speaker 1: that's the chicken corn chowder and the I have had

919
00:53:40,239 --> 00:53:41,960
Speaker 1: that and it's good. Those are chunky. Have you heard

920
00:53:42,000 --> 00:53:45,400
Speaker 1: the chicken pot pie? No? But I just made a

921
00:53:45,440 --> 00:53:49,480
Speaker 1: homemade gluten free chicken pot pie biscuit topped. Well, how

922
00:53:49,520 --> 00:53:52,520
Speaker 1: do you make a biscuit without gluten? You make it

923
00:53:52,560 --> 00:53:57,239
Speaker 1: with one to one flower instead of wheat flower? What

924
00:53:57,400 --> 00:54:01,239
Speaker 1: kind of flower is not wheat flour? What is like

925
00:54:01,280 --> 00:54:04,239
Speaker 1: the white flower? Do you never luten free pasta? And

926
00:54:05,239 --> 00:54:06,840
Speaker 1: I mean I've heard of it, I haven't eaten it.

927
00:54:07,040 --> 00:54:09,960
Speaker 1: It's just made with flower without gluten. It's called one

928
00:54:10,000 --> 00:54:13,000
Speaker 1: to one is in the ratio. So basically you buy

929
00:54:13,040 --> 00:54:17,520
Speaker 1: the gluten free flower. Sometimes just rice flour, okay, tapioca,

930
00:54:17,680 --> 00:54:20,839
Speaker 1: But have you had chicken flower? I don't think so

931
00:54:20,920 --> 00:54:22,800
Speaker 1: it's not bad. I mean, I'm not gluten free. I

932
00:54:22,840 --> 00:54:25,520
Speaker 1: did this so Emily get enjoyed chicken pope pie. But

933
00:54:25,560 --> 00:54:27,480
Speaker 1: you know, you lay out you make the little chickenscu

934
00:54:27,560 --> 00:54:30,160
Speaker 1: good little biscuits and you lay them on top of

935
00:54:30,200 --> 00:54:34,640
Speaker 1: your pot pie, and then you brush it with egg yolk. Nice,

936
00:54:34,800 --> 00:54:38,040
Speaker 1: and then that Bronze is up to a shiny brown

937
00:54:38,160 --> 00:54:41,480
Speaker 1: top like people laying on the beach and so good.

938
00:54:41,840 --> 00:54:44,200
Speaker 1: That is nice. Man, make a good chicken pop. Have

939
00:54:44,280 --> 00:54:46,279
Speaker 1: you had it already but had like I haded this

940
00:54:46,280 --> 00:54:48,799
Speaker 1: past weekend, but I have not had the soup, which

941
00:54:48,840 --> 00:54:51,560
Speaker 1: is what led me to that danger. It's good, I

942
00:54:51,600 --> 00:54:55,040
Speaker 1: won't I don't discriminate progressive Campbell's it's all good. Well,

943
00:54:55,120 --> 00:54:57,000
Speaker 1: Chuck is checking his phone to see what time, and

944
00:54:57,040 --> 00:54:58,920
Speaker 1: it's so I guess we should probably end this episode.

945
00:54:58,960 --> 00:55:00,279
Speaker 1: If you want to get in touch a this to

946
00:55:00,400 --> 00:55:02,879
Speaker 1: offer us a tour of where you work. That's always nice.

947
00:55:02,920 --> 00:55:05,360
Speaker 1: Thank you. Um. You can go on to stuff you

948
00:55:05,400 --> 00:55:07,719
Speaker 1: Should Know dot com, check out our social links, or

949
00:55:07,719 --> 00:55:10,560
Speaker 1: you can send us an email to stuff Podcasts at

950
00:55:10,600 --> 00:55:16,200
Speaker 1: I heart radio dot com. Stuff you Should Know is

951
00:55:16,200 --> 00:55:18,839
Speaker 1: a production of iHeart Radios How stuff Works. For more

952
00:55:18,880 --> 00:55:21,319
Speaker 1: podcasts for my heart Radio, visit the iHeart Radio app,

953
00:55:21,400 --> 00:55:24,040
Speaker 1: Apple Podcasts, or wherever you listen to your favorite shows.