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Speaker 1: Welcome to Aaron Menkey's Cabinet of Curiosities, a production of

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Speaker 1: I Heart Radio and Grim and Mild. Our world is

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Speaker 1: full of the unexplainable, and if history is an open book,

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Speaker 1: all of these amazing tales are right there on display,

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Speaker 1: just waiting for us to explore. Welcome to the Cabinet

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Speaker 1: of Curiosities. From the mid nineteen fifties to nine, the

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Speaker 1: United States and the Soviet Union were engaged in a

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Speaker 1: major conflict. Not a literal battle, mind you, but a

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Speaker 1: figurative one. It was a race for the stars, for

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Speaker 1: the moon, and for technological superiority. A space race led

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Speaker 1: to countless discoveries. Both the Americans and the Russians launched

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Speaker 1: unmanned satellites, planetary probes, and sent astronauts into orbit. Soviet

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Speaker 1: pilot Yuri Gagarin was the first human to enter outer

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Speaker 1: space in April of nineteen sixty one, but the United

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Speaker 1: States wasn't far behind. One month later, Alan Shephard did

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Speaker 1: his country proud and became the first American in space.

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Speaker 1: In the years following Shepherd's launched, NASA worked on a

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Speaker 1: second human powered space flight called Mercury Redstone. Four engineers

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Speaker 1: developed a small spacecraft they dubbed the Liberty Bell seven,

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Speaker 1: to be steered by Air Force pilots and astronaut Virgil

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Speaker 1: Gus Grissom. The craft was designed to be carried by

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Speaker 1: the rocket with Grissom inside, before breaking off on its own.

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Speaker 1: It was a true feat of engineering and sported several

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Speaker 1: technological advances of the time. For example, it featured a

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Speaker 1: new rate stabilization system which allowed Grisom to reorient the

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Speaker 1: capsule using a handheld controller. Corning glass Works, the same

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Speaker 1: company behind the popular bakeware, made the window of the

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Speaker 1: Liberty Bell seven out of a type of glass capable

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Speaker 1: of withstanding temperatures as high as eighteen hundred degrees fahrenheit.

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Speaker 1: But perhaps the most impressed of component of the spacecraft

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Speaker 1: was the explosive hatch NASET, designed to get Grissom out

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Speaker 1: in case of an emergency. In previous iterations, the hatch

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Speaker 1: was secured with seventy bolts To evacuate the capsule and

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Speaker 1: astronaut would have to climb through an antenna compartment. It

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Speaker 1: was a tight fit for even the slimmest astronauts that

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Speaker 1: if the person inside had suffered an injury or fallen unconscious,

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Speaker 1: there would be no way for someone on the outside

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Speaker 1: to get them free. To trigger the detonation of the

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Speaker 1: new hatch, the person inside had to remove a pin

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Speaker 1: and then pressed down on a plunger. It could also

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Speaker 1: be done by someone on the outside, though by pulling

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Speaker 1: on a rip cord, as if they were deploying the parachute.

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Speaker 1: On the day of the launch, Grissom boarded the red

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Speaker 1: Stone rocket and settled into the Liberty Bell seven module.

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Speaker 1: It took off from Cape Canaveral, Florida, on July one, nineteen,

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Speaker 1: ascending towards the heavens and zooming through the sky for

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Speaker 1: over two minutes. When the rocket reached its desired altitude,

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Speaker 1: the engines died and the capsule separated. Grissom was now

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Speaker 1: on his own, gazing down at Cape can Avril and

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Speaker 1: the surrounding area from over one miles up. He floated

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Speaker 1: among the stars, taking in the view from the top

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Speaker 1: of the world, before reorienting the Liberty Bell seven for

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Speaker 1: re entry. His time in orbit had been short but breathtaking.

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Speaker 1: Grissom fired up the retro rockets and aimed the craft

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Speaker 1: back toward the Earth, picking up speed on his way down.

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Speaker 1: As sunlight poured through the glass windows, obscuring his view

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Speaker 1: a feet his drugue parachute deployed to slow his descent.

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Speaker 1: At twelve thousand feets, his main parachute fired and he

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Speaker 1: eased into a splash down in the North Atlantic Ocean.

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Speaker 1: His rescue team was on their way by helicopter, but

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Speaker 1: Grissom needed to get some information first. He quickly gathered

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Speaker 1: his bearings and recorded the data from the instruments in

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Speaker 1: the cabin, then pulled the pin out of the detonator

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Speaker 1: attached to the hatch door. Now he had no intention

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Speaker 1: of exiting the spacecraft so soon, so he didn't push

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Speaker 1: the plunger. The hatch had other plans, though. It blew

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Speaker 1: open on its own and the capsule started to flood.

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Speaker 1: Grissom refus used to go down with the ship. He

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Speaker 1: swam out on his own and bobbed in the water,

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Speaker 1: waiting for his team to come get him. They got

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Speaker 1: there just in time. His space suit had begun losing

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Speaker 1: its buoyancy due to an air leak in the neck.

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Speaker 1: If he'd waited much longer, the weight of the suit

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Speaker 1: would have dragged him down with it. Gus Grissom was

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Speaker 1: saved that day However, he criticized the design of the hatch,

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Speaker 1: which he claimed had popped off on its own as

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Speaker 1: a result of the doors unpredictable behavior. It was changed

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Speaker 1: by NASA for the Apollo one launch six years later.

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Speaker 1: The Apollo one mission saw the return of Gus Grissom,

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Speaker 1: now joined by two new astronauts named Ed White and

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Speaker 1: Roger Chaffey. NASA's engineers had taken Grissom's complaints about the

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Speaker 1: original hatch door to heart. The Apollo one command module

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Speaker 1: now featured a more secure plug door design, which opened

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Speaker 1: from the inside and used air pressure inside the cabin

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Speaker 1: to keep it closed. On January nineteen sixty seven, Jeffy

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Speaker 1: White and Grissom were strapped into the command module to

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Speaker 1: perform a launch simulation test. The cabin was pressurized and

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Speaker 1: the air inside was replaced with pure oxygen. Minutes after

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Speaker 1: they began their test, a spark in the wiring caused

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Speaker 1: a fire which grew in seconds. It was fueled by

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Speaker 1: the oxygen being pumped into the cabin. White tried to

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Speaker 1: open the door, but the internal pressure had risen too high.

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Speaker 1: It wouldn't open. It couldn't. Tragically, Chaffee, White and Grisom

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Speaker 1: died that day, all because the hatch had worked exactly

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Speaker 1: as it was supposed to. They called it wildcatting. I'm

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Speaker 1: not talking about the college football formation that came years

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Speaker 1: later in earlier times, and we're talking about the first

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Speaker 1: decades of the eighteen hundreds. Here there was new American

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Speaker 1: slang for the business world, but it wasn't used much

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Speaker 1: until that is the oil boom, especially with the discovery

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Speaker 1: of oil in western Pennsylvania. And what did it mean. Well,

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Speaker 1: even in the early days, the oil industry was controlled

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Speaker 1: by a few powerful players, I think J. D. Rockefeller's

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Speaker 1: Standard Oil Company, but there were lots of independent oilman too.

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Speaker 1: Because the more people wanted to buy oil, the more

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Speaker 1: it was an opportunity for people with small fortunes to

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Speaker 1: turn them into big ones. Those were the wildcats, and

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Speaker 1: as more and more people decided to take their shot

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Speaker 1: at a rich and undiscovered oil deposits, the more well

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Speaker 1: known wildcatting became. For instance, take John He was a

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Speaker 1: successful actor whose celebrity and powerful performance has made him

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Speaker 1: popular and brought him a good living. The newspapers called

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Speaker 1: him a star of the first magnitude and the youngest

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Speaker 1: star in the world and the most handsome man on

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Speaker 1: the American stage. There were even some who would look

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Speaker 1: at him as quite rich, especially because he was just

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Speaker 1: twenty four years old, and John agreed, my goose does

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Speaker 1: indeed hang high. He wrote to a friend. He had

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Speaker 1: made a tidy sum from his stage performances and general handsomeness,

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Speaker 1: But the outfits people saw him wear, the velvet, the

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Speaker 1: fur lined royal coats, the silver buckles and gold embroidery,

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Speaker 1: those belonged to his characters like Richard the Third. And

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Speaker 1: when chronic bronchitis made John's throat titan, he started to

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Speaker 1: lose his voice, and he wondered if he would be

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Speaker 1: better off finding a way to turn his earnings into

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Speaker 1: a new stream of revenue. So he put on flannel

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Speaker 1: and overalls and traveled inland to the Allegheny Mountains in

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Speaker 1: western Pennsylvania. In eighteen fifty nine, an inventor named Edwin

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Speaker 1: Drake kicked off Pennsylvania's oil boom when he drilled the

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Speaker 1: first commercial oil well in titus Pville, Pennsylvania, and shot

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Speaker 1: a hole down into the ground to get below the

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Speaker 1: seepage on the surface and really suck out the good

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Speaker 1: stuff and under a year, there were five hundred wells

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Speaker 1: dotting the countryside. And it was five years later that

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Speaker 1: John wanted in on that game, and he brought along

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Speaker 1: a few pals from his theater days. They came from

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Speaker 1: Cleveland and Boston and threw in their lot together to

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Speaker 1: create what they called the Dramatic Oil Company. When they

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Speaker 1: were looking for the right land to strike it rich,

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Speaker 1: John met with one local driller who reached out to

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Speaker 1: shake his hand and then apologized his palm was covered

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Speaker 1: in oil. Never mind, John replied, that's what we're after.

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Speaker 1: He hired the man, hoping it would grease his palms too.

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Speaker 1: John also convinced his sister Rosalie to buy into the

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Speaker 1: industry and gave her some money to spend. She took

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Speaker 1: one thousand dollars and invested in a different wildcat. Maybe

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Speaker 1: John should have taken that as a sign, but John

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Speaker 1: and his partners thought they found the right spot. They

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Speaker 1: bought an oil lease on three and a half acres

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Speaker 1: of a farm outside Franklin, Pennsylvania, and dropped a well

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Speaker 1: into the ground. To live up to their company title.

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Speaker 1: They gave the well a name Wilhelmina, after one of

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Speaker 1: their wives. In the summer of eighteen sixty four, they

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Speaker 1: started drilling, and then they waited. John traveled back and

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Speaker 1: forth from his frontier oil operation to his ordinary hangouts

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Speaker 1: on the coast, places like New York in Washington, d c.

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Speaker 1: Where he had friends. He was a wildcatter, sure, but

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Speaker 1: a half hearted one. Even when he was in Franklin,

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Speaker 1: he spent more time in taverns than he did trying

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Speaker 1: to find ways for his oil investments to pay out.

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Speaker 1: He was more interested in watching the progress of the

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Speaker 1: Civil War and chatting politics with his city pals than

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Speaker 1: in doing oil business. It needed his attention, though Wilhelmina.

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Speaker 1: The oil well wasn't working out. Yes, the Dramatic Oil

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Speaker 1: Company got a few barrels a day, but it was

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Speaker 1: nothing like what they hoped for, and John found that

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Speaker 1: one of his Cleveland partners was spending the company money

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Speaker 1: on hats and watches. The two men got into a

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Speaker 1: knife fight, and John came away with bleeding wounds. Dramatic

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Speaker 1: Oil Company indeed to sort out the well, John took

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Speaker 1: advice from other oil hunters and tried a new method,

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Speaker 1: dropping charges of black powder down into a dry hole.

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Speaker 1: The idea was that if pockets of oil were just

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Speaker 1: close enough to the shaft, the explosion would burst it

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Speaker 1: open and the oil would come flowing into the well.

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Speaker 1: It was an early version of fray called shooting the well.

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Speaker 1: Of course, digging the well in the first place was expensive.

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Speaker 1: John threw lots of his stage money at the project.

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Speaker 1: When it came time to buy some explosives. Well, between

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Speaker 1: the oil boom and the war powder wasn't cheap. Naturally,

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Speaker 1: the money for that black powder came out of John's pocket.

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Speaker 1: The thing was, John's shooting turned a bad situation worse.

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Speaker 1: Instead of bringing more oil into the well, black powder

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Speaker 1: explosion made a collapse. One partner's son said that the

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Speaker 1: blast utterly ruined the whole, and the well never yielded

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Speaker 1: another drop. Despite his enthusiasm, John's plans pulled his partners

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Speaker 1: into a mess. In an ironic twist, John's sister Rosalie

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Speaker 1: made good on her investment outside Franklin. Her well brought

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Speaker 1: thousands of barrels of oil out of the ground, But

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Speaker 1: John's dramatic oil company was a dramatic failure. He had

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Speaker 1: dropped more than five thousand dollars into the efforts, Almost

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Speaker 1: one hundred thousand dollars in today's money. His fortunes followed

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Speaker 1: the explosives underground, in a very real example of the

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Speaker 1: phrase sunk costs, shooting the barren earth just through good

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Speaker 1: money after bad. But it was far from the most

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Speaker 1: desperate thing that John would do, nor was it the

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Speaker 1: darkest mark on his legacy. For that we turned to

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Speaker 1: eighteen sixty five. Seething with disappointment, John retreated from Pennsylvania.

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Speaker 1: When someone asked him where he was going, John only answered,

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Speaker 1: I AM going to Hell. It wasn't his only disappointments either,

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Speaker 1: because John was a Southern sympathizer, so he was also

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Speaker 1: gushing with rage about the South's defeat and the Civil War.

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Speaker 1: In Baltimore, he pulled together childhood friends and former Confederate

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Speaker 1: soldiers to hatch a new and even more dramatic plot.

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Speaker 1: By now, you probably see it coming, although Abraham Lincoln

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Speaker 1: and the nation did not, Because that actor turned failed

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Speaker 1: oilman would channel his anger into a loaded pistol and

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Speaker 1: shoot the President. The next hunt would be for him,

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Speaker 1: as the call went out for the country to unearth

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Speaker 1: an assassin, a wildcat oilman named John Wilkes Booth I

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Speaker 1: hope you've enjoyed today's guided tour of the Cabinet of Curiosities,

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Speaker 1: subscribe for free on Apple Podcasts, or learn more about

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Speaker 1: the show by visiting Curiosities podcast dot com. The show

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Speaker 1: was created by me Aaron Manky in partnership with how

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Speaker 1: Stuff Works. I make another award winning show called Lore,

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Speaker 1: which is a podcast, book series, and television show, and

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Speaker 1: you can learn all about it over at the World

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Speaker 1: of Lore dot com. And until next time, stay curious.

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Speaker 1: Ye