WEBVTT - Chidiock Tichborne: The Poet Who Fell in With a Regicidal Crowd 0:00:01.600 --> 0:00:05.280 Welcome to Criminalia, a production of Shonda Land Audio in 0:00:05.360 --> 0:00:14.640 partnership with I Heart Radio. He is known to history 0:00:14.840 --> 0:00:18.000 as one of the Catholic conspirators involved in a plot 0:00:18.040 --> 0:00:21.480 to assassinate Queen Elizabeth the First and replace her with Mary, 0:00:21.560 --> 0:00:25.000 Queen of Scott's. This episode is about a poet who 0:00:25.079 --> 0:00:28.840 committed an act of high treason. Welcome to Criminalia. I'm 0:00:28.880 --> 0:00:33.120 Maria Tremarqui, and I'm Holly Fry. He was born on 0:00:33.200 --> 0:00:38.320 August sixty two, although possibly that birth year is fifty 0:00:38.400 --> 0:00:42.040 eight in Southampton, England, but not a lot is known 0:00:42.120 --> 0:00:45.919 about Chittick Titchborne before his involvement in what's known as 0:00:46.040 --> 0:00:50.000 the Babington Plot. He was we do know raised in 0:00:50.000 --> 0:00:54.520 a Roman Catholic family, and though Catholicism was tolerated in 0:00:54.560 --> 0:00:58.880 England during Titchbourne's childhood, that ended when the Pope Pope 0:00:58.880 --> 0:01:02.280 Pious the Fifth clared Queen Elizabeth the First, who was 0:01:02.320 --> 0:01:08.360 a Protestant, a heretic. On February seventy, the Pope issued 0:01:08.400 --> 0:01:12.200 a papal bull called the regnans in excelsis, which means 0:01:12.440 --> 0:01:16.280 reigning on high or ruling from on high, so in 0:01:16.360 --> 0:01:19.280 the Catholic Church. A papal bull is an official document 0:01:19.360 --> 0:01:23.640 issued by a pope, and this bull stated quote Elizabeth, 0:01:23.720 --> 0:01:26.600 the pretended Queen of England and the servant of Crime, 0:01:27.240 --> 0:01:30.800 was excommunicated from the Church, stripped of her right to rule, 0:01:31.240 --> 0:01:35.240 and also released her subjects from any loyalty or allegiance 0:01:35.280 --> 0:01:39.319 to her pious The fifth bull called upon Catholics to 0:01:39.480 --> 0:01:43.559 remove her from the throne or be excommunicated as well. 0:01:44.600 --> 0:01:48.680 It's kind of a declaration for and in retaliation, Elizabeth 0:01:48.800 --> 0:01:53.880 reinstated a series of anti Catholic measures. So in fifteen 0:01:54.040 --> 0:01:57.120 any one, Parliament passed a series of acts intended to 0:01:57.160 --> 0:02:02.200 protect Elizabeth from any consequences of that papal bull. Included 0:02:02.440 --> 0:02:04.880 was an act that made it treasonous for anyone to 0:02:05.000 --> 0:02:07.840 deny that Elizabeth was not a true Queen of England 0:02:07.840 --> 0:02:11.320 and Wales. Another made it illegal for anyone to bring 0:02:11.400 --> 0:02:14.160 any papal bull into England and Wales and carry out 0:02:14.160 --> 0:02:20.120 its orders. As Queen, Elizabeth restored England to Protestantism. The 0:02:20.160 --> 0:02:23.840 Act of Supremacy, approved by Parliament in fifteen fifty nine, 0:02:24.120 --> 0:02:27.239 which was not long after she took the throne, revived 0:02:27.280 --> 0:02:29.840 the anti papal laws from the time of King Henry 0:02:29.840 --> 0:02:32.679 the eight and declared the queen to be the supreme 0:02:32.760 --> 0:02:39.040 governor of the Church, the Protestant Church. Immediately before Elizabeth's rule, 0:02:39.200 --> 0:02:42.400 Queen Mary the First, also known as Mary Tudor or 0:02:42.440 --> 0:02:46.639 Bloody Mary by her Protestant opponents, was intent on restoring 0:02:46.680 --> 0:02:50.079 the Catholic Church's pre eminence in England, but she only 0:02:50.160 --> 0:02:54.040 ruled for five years before her death, after which Elizabeth 0:02:54.080 --> 0:02:59.040 ascended to the throne. Mary and Elizabeth were sisters. Elizabeth 0:02:59.120 --> 0:03:02.640 supported the Protestant religion and had little tolerance for the 0:03:02.680 --> 0:03:07.160 Catholic Church. Catholicism under her rule was made illegal and 0:03:07.280 --> 0:03:11.079 Roman Catholics were banned by law from practicing their religion, 0:03:11.639 --> 0:03:15.839 so that Babington Plot. The Babington Plot was a plan 0:03:15.960 --> 0:03:19.560 to assassinate Queen Elizabeth the First and install Mary, Queen 0:03:19.600 --> 0:03:24.400 of Scots, who was elizabeth Catholic cousin, on the English throne. 0:03:25.320 --> 0:03:28.079 It failed, and in its wake it left more than 0:03:28.120 --> 0:03:32.280 one person executed for treason, including Mary, Queen of Scots. 0:03:32.680 --> 0:03:35.080 Queen Elizabeth the First of England and Mary, Queen of 0:03:35.080 --> 0:03:40.280 Scots are two legendary rivals here their decades long verbal 0:03:40.280 --> 0:03:43.280 feud over the right to the English crown and yeah, okay, 0:03:43.280 --> 0:03:45.440 so that's right. They didn't actually ever meet in person. 0:03:45.520 --> 0:03:49.560 This was a verbal feud ended with Mary's beheading with 0:03:49.640 --> 0:03:53.040 Elizabeth's blessing on that order, but we'll get to that. 0:03:54.040 --> 0:03:58.120 Many Catholics under Elizabeth's rule believe that Mary, Queen of Scots, 0:03:58.320 --> 0:04:01.760 was the rightful Queen of England. Mary was a threat 0:04:01.800 --> 0:04:05.400 to Elizabeth in a few ways. Mary had some pretty 0:04:05.440 --> 0:04:08.360 solid claims to the English throne. She was heir to 0:04:08.440 --> 0:04:11.880 the English throne through her tutor grandmother Margaret, who was 0:04:11.960 --> 0:04:16.120 King Henry the eighth older sister. Elizabeth, on the other hand, 0:04:16.160 --> 0:04:19.800 was believed by many, especially among Catholics, to be the 0:04:19.839 --> 0:04:23.280 illegitimate daughter of an unlawful marriage between Henry the eighth 0:04:23.360 --> 0:04:27.000 and Anne Boleyn that was Henry's second wife. Too many people, 0:04:27.080 --> 0:04:29.320 that meant that she was not a rightful heir to 0:04:29.360 --> 0:04:33.760 the throne because Henry broke with the Catholic Church when 0:04:33.800 --> 0:04:37.720 the Pope refused to validate his second marriage to Catholics. 0:04:37.760 --> 0:04:42.679 Elizabeth was quote the bastard child of a whore. There's 0:04:42.960 --> 0:04:45.600 a bit of a twist here that gives the Babington 0:04:45.680 --> 0:04:50.280 plot some actual potential. Everyone ends up in the right 0:04:50.320 --> 0:04:54.279 place at the right time. Mary, Queen of Scott's, ended 0:04:54.400 --> 0:04:59.640 up as a visitor slash prisoner in England under Elizabeth's rule. 0:05:00.520 --> 0:05:03.960 She fled to England after Scottish nobility, enraged by the 0:05:04.040 --> 0:05:07.320 murder of her husband, Lord Darnley, became suspicious of her 0:05:07.360 --> 0:05:10.839 and her new husband. That's actually just the quick version 0:05:10.880 --> 0:05:14.760 of a really interesting story. She was forced to abdicate 0:05:14.800 --> 0:05:19.000 the throne to her infant son James. Escaping political unrest 0:05:19.040 --> 0:05:22.760 and possible imprisonment, she sought the protection of her cousin, 0:05:23.040 --> 0:05:26.839 Queen Elizabeth the First. Elizabeth, though was not welcoming. She 0:05:27.000 --> 0:05:30.360 imprisoned Mary and kept her locked away for nineteen years. 0:05:31.360 --> 0:05:34.640 Nineteen years is a long time, but it didn't stop 0:05:34.640 --> 0:05:37.480 the plots to get married Queen of Scott's the English 0:05:37.520 --> 0:05:41.040 crown until the Babington plot happened. That is, this is 0:05:41.080 --> 0:05:43.720 what ended at all. So we're going to take a 0:05:43.760 --> 0:05:45.960 break here for a word from our sponsor, and when 0:05:45.960 --> 0:05:49.560 we return we will talk about who Anthony Babington was 0:05:49.720 --> 0:05:52.720 and what his role was in the plot to assassinate 0:05:52.800 --> 0:06:09.240 Queen Elizabeth the First. Welcome back to Criminalia. Let's meet 0:06:09.440 --> 0:06:15.120 Anthony Babington, So the whole affair was named after Anthony Babington, 0:06:15.279 --> 0:06:18.599 a Derby Sherman who had been raised in the Catholic Church. 0:06:19.480 --> 0:06:22.240 During his childhood, he served as a page in the 0:06:22.279 --> 0:06:25.360 household of the Earl of Shrewsbury, who was acting as 0:06:25.480 --> 0:06:29.039 jailer to Mary, Queen of Scots during her imprisonment in England. 0:06:30.040 --> 0:06:33.039 Think of Mary's imprisonment more like a house arrest and 0:06:33.160 --> 0:06:37.880 less like her Majesty's prison service. Babington became devoted to 0:06:37.920 --> 0:06:40.760 the Scottish Queen over the years, and it is Babbington 0:06:40.920 --> 0:06:44.039 who conspired to deliver Mary, Queen of Scot's, out of 0:06:44.120 --> 0:06:49.040 custody and to the throne. The Babington plot was actually 0:06:49.200 --> 0:06:53.160 the third significant plot against the life of Queen Elizabeth. 0:06:53.160 --> 0:06:57.880 The first others included the Ridolphie plot in one and 0:06:57.960 --> 0:07:02.200 the Throckmorton plot of fifteen three, but since we're talking 0:07:02.240 --> 0:07:07.200 about her in six, clearly those two failed. It was 0:07:07.240 --> 0:07:10.080 in May of six when the Babington plot began to 0:07:10.080 --> 0:07:15.040 solidify finally. Babington then aged. He actually didn't come up 0:07:15.040 --> 0:07:18.000 with this idea himself, but he was a major player. 0:07:18.680 --> 0:07:21.240 His visit with a Catholic priest named John Ballard was 0:07:21.280 --> 0:07:25.560 the beginning. Ballard had met with the Spanish ambassador Bernardino 0:07:25.720 --> 0:07:29.840 de Mendoza in Paris and shared with Babington he'd heard 0:07:30.280 --> 0:07:32.760 that the Pope had ordered an invasion of England to 0:07:32.840 --> 0:07:37.480 depose Queen Elizabeth the First. Ballard declared that quote, an 0:07:37.600 --> 0:07:40.040 army of the Pope and the King of Spain would 0:07:40.040 --> 0:07:45.520 invade the realm. Babington didn't just jump right in at 0:07:45.520 --> 0:07:47.960 this time. In fact, he pointed out that the Pope's 0:07:48.000 --> 0:07:52.240 men were unlikely to be successful in such a thing. Ballard, though, 0:07:52.400 --> 0:07:56.040 he assured Babington it would work, and he also shared 0:07:56.080 --> 0:07:58.200 that a man named John Savage had been chosen as 0:07:58.240 --> 0:08:02.000 the person to assassinate the queen. It was that Ballard 0:08:02.040 --> 0:08:05.360 and Savage's request that Babington organized and rallied fellow young 0:08:05.400 --> 0:08:09.480 Catholics to this cause. And those men included a long 0:08:09.600 --> 0:08:11.120 list of names that I'm going to share with you 0:08:12.880 --> 0:08:17.679 Edward Abington, Robert Barnwell, Jerome Bellamy, John Charnap, Henry Dunne, 0:08:17.800 --> 0:08:23.240 Robert Gage, Edward Jones, Thomas Salisbury, Charles Tilney, John Travers, 0:08:23.280 --> 0:08:28.120 and Edward Windsor. There were three additional men, Robert Poley, 0:08:28.280 --> 0:08:32.240 Gilbert Gifford and Thomas Phillips, who acted as agents and 0:08:32.600 --> 0:08:36.800 double agents working for a man named Sir Francis Walsingham. 0:08:36.880 --> 0:08:39.560 Walsingham was secretary to Queen Elizabeth the First and was 0:08:39.600 --> 0:08:46.000 considered her quote spy master, among other intelligence duties. So 0:08:46.080 --> 0:08:50.400 now back to Titchbourne. In fifties three, Titchborne and his 0:08:50.520 --> 0:08:55.319 father were arrested and interrogated by authorities about quote Popish 0:08:55.480 --> 0:08:59.839 relics that they had returned with from travels abroad. They 0:08:59.840 --> 0:09:03.600 were both released without being charged, but historical records suggests 0:09:03.640 --> 0:09:06.280 that this was not the only time that they were 0:09:06.360 --> 0:09:09.960 questioned by the authorities over their religion, and it was 0:09:10.120 --> 0:09:13.920 June of six when Titchborne agreed to take part in 0:09:13.960 --> 0:09:19.040 the Babington plot. Writing in Cipher, Babington exchanged letters with Mary, 0:09:19.120 --> 0:09:23.240 Queen of Scott's, explaining the plans to rescue her. In one, 0:09:23.440 --> 0:09:25.560 he outlined the steps that needed to be taken in 0:09:25.640 --> 0:09:29.080 order to free her and re established Catholicism in England, 0:09:29.720 --> 0:09:32.719 and that it would have to happen through the assassination 0:09:32.840 --> 0:09:36.480 of Elizabeth the First. He wrote that his quote private 0:09:36.520 --> 0:09:40.160 friends would be in charge of quote, that tragical execution, 0:09:40.440 --> 0:09:44.640 and he basically asked for her permission to execute. That 0:09:44.760 --> 0:09:47.679 plot did not go off without a hitch, and it 0:09:47.720 --> 0:09:52.240 was Walsingham's agents who foiled the plan. Robert Poley had 0:09:52.280 --> 0:09:55.880 his hands in well everything, and we've seen him described 0:09:55.880 --> 0:10:00.880 as quote the very genius of the Elizabethan underworld. Gifford 0:10:00.920 --> 0:10:04.120 received the letters exchanged between Babington and Mary, and he 0:10:04.160 --> 0:10:08.600 passed them to Phillips, who was Walsingham's codebreaker. There was 0:10:08.679 --> 0:10:13.360 also Peter Bales. Bales was a highly skilled copyist, and 0:10:13.520 --> 0:10:16.120 his claim to fame was that he produced a bible 0:10:16.200 --> 0:10:19.520 that was about the size of a walnut. He inscribed 0:10:19.559 --> 0:10:22.120 a number of texts within a circumference of a penny, 0:10:22.640 --> 0:10:24.560 one of which he mounted on a ring and presented 0:10:24.600 --> 0:10:28.040 to the Queen, who greatly admired his work. He was 0:10:28.200 --> 0:10:31.400 also skilled at imitating handwriting, and that skill was put 0:10:31.440 --> 0:10:34.840 to use for secret purposes by Phillips and Walsingham. It 0:10:34.880 --> 0:10:38.360 was Peter's skills with these letters that ultimately helped uncover 0:10:38.520 --> 0:10:43.920 the Baddington plot to assassinate Elizabeth. Walsingham believed it was 0:10:44.080 --> 0:10:46.679 only a matter of time before Mary would expose her 0:10:46.720 --> 0:10:50.880 true nature, and he was right kind of. Eventually she 0:10:51.000 --> 0:10:54.679 replied to Babington with the words that triggered the treasonous 0:10:54.720 --> 0:11:00.760 act quote let the great plot commence, intercepted and decoded. 0:11:00.960 --> 0:11:04.600 Walsingham felt that he had the evidence in hand needed 0:11:04.640 --> 0:11:07.600 as proof that Mary, Queen of Scott's, was plotting to 0:11:07.640 --> 0:11:14.480 overthrow Elizabeth the First. While she hadn't condoned the assassination 0:11:14.679 --> 0:11:19.760 that was detailed in Babington's letter, she hadn't condemned it either. Actually, 0:11:19.880 --> 0:11:23.240 most accounts suggested the greater letter she had asked for 0:11:23.280 --> 0:11:26.240 more detail about the plan. When she was put on 0:11:26.320 --> 0:11:29.199 trial for treason against Queen Elizabeth the First in October 0:11:29.280 --> 0:11:32.439 of fifteen eighty six. Mary pointed out that there were 0:11:32.440 --> 0:11:36.280 no letters in her handwriting talking about the assassination of Elizabeth, 0:11:36.640 --> 0:11:40.360 and she denied having any correspondence from Anthony Babington, but 0:11:41.559 --> 0:11:46.920 her secretary had talked. He confessed to penning correspondence. At 0:11:46.960 --> 0:11:51.760 Mary's dictation, she was convicted of treason on October and 0:11:51.840 --> 0:11:56.560 was executed by beheading on February a seven at Bothering 0:11:56.600 --> 0:12:00.040 hay Castle, one week after Elizabeth signed the execut you 0:12:00.040 --> 0:12:05.480 should order. Walsingham, having wanted to expose Mary for years 0:12:05.840 --> 0:12:09.320 was pleased with the outcome of her execution, believing that 0:12:09.360 --> 0:12:13.439 he had thwarted an existential threat to England. Walsingham had 0:12:13.440 --> 0:12:15.880 long tried to convince Elizabeth that not only was the 0:12:15.920 --> 0:12:18.680 throne at risk, but that her life was in danger, 0:12:18.800 --> 0:12:22.360 and he insisted on multiple occasions that Mary, Queen of Scott's, 0:12:22.400 --> 0:12:27.240 be executed, but for years Elizabeth had always refused the idea. 0:12:28.120 --> 0:12:30.880 He was convinced, though, that if he could provide enough 0:12:30.880 --> 0:12:34.319 evidence that Mary was plotting Elizabeth's assassination, the Queen would 0:12:34.360 --> 0:12:38.160 surely order that execution, and he saw his opportunity with 0:12:38.200 --> 0:12:42.080 the Babington plot. We're going to take a break for 0:12:42.120 --> 0:12:44.840 a word from our sponsor, and when we return, we 0:12:44.880 --> 0:12:48.200 will talk about how treason was determined in the sixteenth 0:12:48.240 --> 0:13:04.880 century in England. Welcome back to Criminalia. There's treason and 0:13:04.920 --> 0:13:09.439 there's execution to be talked about. But first, let's talk 0:13:09.480 --> 0:13:11.520 about what it meant to be charged with high treason 0:13:11.679 --> 0:13:16.320 if you lived during the sixteenth century. With Mary, Queen 0:13:16.320 --> 0:13:20.520 of Scott's beheaded. Let's talk about these treason executions. We've 0:13:20.559 --> 0:13:23.760 been pretty biased toward the American law of treason during 0:13:23.760 --> 0:13:27.280 the first several episodes of this season. So let's talk 0:13:27.320 --> 0:13:31.000 English law this time for a change. In the sixteenth century, 0:13:31.080 --> 0:13:34.240 when the story we're telling takes place, English law of 0:13:34.280 --> 0:13:37.840 treason was entirely statutory law, and it had been that 0:13:37.880 --> 0:13:40.880 way since the Treason Act of thirteen fifty one was 0:13:40.920 --> 0:13:46.000 put in place. The Treason Act distinguished two types of treason, 0:13:46.360 --> 0:13:51.839 high treason and petty treason. The distinction is this a 0:13:52.000 --> 0:13:54.600 charge of high treason, and this is, of course the 0:13:54.679 --> 0:13:57.760 charge we're talking about in this episode covered acts that 0:13:57.840 --> 0:14:01.640 constituted any serious threat to the stability of the state, 0:14:01.960 --> 0:14:04.760 which would have included such things as attempts to kill 0:14:04.800 --> 0:14:08.920 the reigning sovereign or to wage war against the kingdom. 0:14:09.120 --> 0:14:12.600 Petty treason was defined as the murder of one's lawful 0:14:12.679 --> 0:14:16.240 superior or, as it stated in the Act, a person 0:14:16.320 --> 0:14:20.480 to whom one quote oe with faith and obedience, So 0:14:20.760 --> 0:14:23.560 it was petty treason. For example, if a wife killed 0:14:23.560 --> 0:14:27.440 her husband, or if a peasant killed a lord, that's right. 0:14:27.520 --> 0:14:31.680 The relationships are what made it treason rather than homicide. 0:14:32.440 --> 0:14:36.800 The consequences also differed between these two types. A conviction 0:14:36.800 --> 0:14:40.360 for high treason meant death by hanging, drawing and quartering 0:14:40.440 --> 0:14:44.440 for men, or drawing and burning for women, and the 0:14:44.480 --> 0:14:48.600 trader's property would transfer to the crown. In the case 0:14:48.640 --> 0:14:52.440 of petty treason, the penalty was drawing and hanging without quartering, 0:14:52.680 --> 0:14:56.240 or burning without drawing, and the trader's property in these 0:14:56.280 --> 0:14:59.920 instances transferred not to the Crown but to the trader's immedia, 0:15:00.120 --> 0:15:04.400 lord or other superior. Again, in the Babington case, we are, 0:15:04.480 --> 0:15:09.560 of course talking about high treason. The Babington plot resulted 0:15:09.600 --> 0:15:11.960 in the execution of Mary, Queen of Scott's, as we 0:15:11.960 --> 0:15:16.760 talked about, but also Anthony Babington and his co conspirators. 0:15:17.200 --> 0:15:21.280 The first arrest among the men was made on August four, six, 0:15:21.400 --> 0:15:27.400 when John Ballard was apprehended and taken into custody. Arrests continued. 0:15:27.920 --> 0:15:32.240 At John Savage's trial on September, evidence was given describing 0:15:32.280 --> 0:15:36.520 the events leading up to the planned assassination, specifically what 0:15:36.680 --> 0:15:41.760 happened upon Ballard's arrest. We quote then came Babbington to Savage, 0:15:41.760 --> 0:15:45.680 saying Ballard has taken all will be betrayed. What remedy now, 0:15:46.280 --> 0:15:49.680 to which Savage, it said, replied, quote, no remedy now, 0:15:49.720 --> 0:15:54.280 but to kill her presently. Babbington replied, quote very well, 0:15:54.360 --> 0:15:58.239 then go you unto the court tomorrow and there execute 0:15:58.280 --> 0:16:03.680 the fact of it. Responded quote, nay, I cannot go tomorrow, 0:16:04.160 --> 0:16:07.320 for my apparel is not ready, and in this apparel 0:16:07.360 --> 0:16:11.080 I shall never come near the Queen. Not to be stopped, 0:16:11.120 --> 0:16:14.400 Babbington replied, quote, go to here is my ring and 0:16:14.440 --> 0:16:17.680 all the money I have, Get the apparel and dispatch it. 0:16:18.680 --> 0:16:22.880 On August fourteen, Titchborne was apprehended and held in the 0:16:22.960 --> 0:16:27.160 Tower of London. He was, depending on which of his 0:16:27.200 --> 0:16:30.000 potential birth years is correct in his twenties, we know 0:16:30.120 --> 0:16:32.520 that he was either twenty three or twenty seven years 0:16:32.520 --> 0:16:35.040 old when he was sentenced to death for high treason. 0:16:36.160 --> 0:16:39.200 While in custody in the Tower on September nineteen, which 0:16:39.200 --> 0:16:42.480 was the eve of his execution, Titchborne wrote to his 0:16:42.560 --> 0:16:47.640 wife Agnes. Few of his poems survive, including one titled 0:16:47.720 --> 0:16:50.320 When I Was Fair and Young and another The house 0:16:50.320 --> 0:16:54.880 stuff of those few writings is this final letter to Agnes, 0:16:55.000 --> 0:16:58.000 and it's considered among literary experts to be his most 0:16:58.040 --> 0:17:02.920 notable work. Called the Titchborne's Elegy, it contains three stanzas 0:17:02.960 --> 0:17:07.160 concerning his impending execution. It's also known by its first line, 0:17:07.320 --> 0:17:10.440 my prime of youth is but a frost of cares, 0:17:10.440 --> 0:17:15.040 a verse that was popularized after his execution. Depending on 0:17:15.080 --> 0:17:17.960 your point of view here, this final poem could have 0:17:17.960 --> 0:17:21.479 been written either by a martyr or a subversive right. 0:17:21.520 --> 0:17:24.160 It's an interesting way to look at things, because if 0:17:24.200 --> 0:17:26.840 you're a fellow Catholic at the time, you see he 0:17:26.920 --> 0:17:30.840 suffered persecution and death for his religious beliefs. If you 0:17:30.880 --> 0:17:33.280 were a Protestant, you see he was a threat to 0:17:33.320 --> 0:17:36.879 your country. One person's patriot is another's traitor, if we 0:17:36.960 --> 0:17:41.560 learned anything at all this season. Titchborne's authorship of the 0:17:41.600 --> 0:17:44.880 elegy has been disputed in the past, with some claiming 0:17:45.000 --> 0:17:48.720 it was another Tower of London inmate, the famous Sir 0:17:48.760 --> 0:17:53.800 Walter Rawleigh, who actually pended he didn't The poem that 0:17:53.920 --> 0:17:58.960 mourns a life cut short is Titchborne's work. Baddington, on 0:17:59.000 --> 0:18:04.040 the other hand, was not writing poetry while facing potential execution. First, 0:18:04.160 --> 0:18:06.879 he hit at the home of the Bellamy family until 0:18:06.920 --> 0:18:10.080 he realized that Jeremy Bellamy was working for the Queen, 0:18:10.320 --> 0:18:15.200 specifically for Walsingham's spy network. Babington, at this point tried 0:18:15.240 --> 0:18:17.960 to buy his way out of it all. He offered 0:18:18.000 --> 0:18:22.280 a one thousand pound bribe for his pardon that was rejected. 0:18:23.000 --> 0:18:27.040 He was arrested and he and his co conspirators also arrested, 0:18:27.080 --> 0:18:30.879 were interrogated. We do not have a record of the 0:18:30.920 --> 0:18:33.959 types of interrogation techniques that were used, but we do 0:18:34.040 --> 0:18:37.640 know that each man confessed. It is recorded that John 0:18:37.640 --> 0:18:43.520 Ballard was tortured for information. Babbington, Ballard, Barnwell, Done, Salsbury, Savage, 0:18:43.560 --> 0:18:46.560 and Titchborne were the first group that was tried. It 0:18:46.680 --> 0:18:53.120 was on September four Abington, Bellamy, Charna, Gage, Jones, Tilney 0:18:53.200 --> 0:18:57.280 and Travers were tried on the fifteen. Each man was 0:18:57.320 --> 0:19:03.840 found guilty of high treason. So as Holly just said, Badminton, Ballard, Barnwell, Done, Salisbury, 0:19:03.880 --> 0:19:07.200 Savage and titch Point were the first group tried. They 0:19:07.240 --> 0:19:09.800 were also the first of the co conspirators to be 0:19:09.880 --> 0:19:13.440 executed on September twenty. The men were marched from their 0:19:13.440 --> 0:19:16.639 cells in the Tower of London, were strapped to large 0:19:16.680 --> 0:19:19.159 sleds and were pulled by horses through the streets of 0:19:19.160 --> 0:19:22.280 London until they reached the execution site. At St Giles, 0:19:22.280 --> 0:19:26.160 in the fields where a scaffold had been erected. They 0:19:26.160 --> 0:19:30.760 were each first disemboweled while still alive, on the gallows 0:19:30.800 --> 0:19:34.880 at Tower Hill, a horrendous act intended as a warning 0:19:34.920 --> 0:19:39.480 to other would be conspirators against the throne. After the proceedings, 0:19:39.480 --> 0:19:42.560 the executioner distributed the parts of their bodies to prominent 0:19:42.600 --> 0:19:45.760 locations around the city as a show of consequences of 0:19:45.800 --> 0:19:51.560 disloyalty to the throne. English historian William Camden, who gave 0:19:51.640 --> 0:19:54.919 us the first detailed historical account of the reign of 0:19:54.960 --> 0:19:59.080 Elizabeth the First of England, recorded the executions of the prisoners, 0:19:59.200 --> 0:20:03.639 writing week Boat the same month, a gallows and a 0:20:03.720 --> 0:20:06.640 scaffold being set up for the purpose in St Giles 0:20:06.680 --> 0:20:09.720 his fields, where they were wont to meet. The first 0:20:09.720 --> 0:20:13.600 seven were hanged there on, cut down, their privoties, cut off, 0:20:13.880 --> 0:20:18.120 bowled alive and seeing, and quartered not without some note 0:20:18.119 --> 0:20:22.520 of cruelty. Ballard, the arch plotter of this treason, craved 0:20:22.600 --> 0:20:25.000 pardon of God and of the Queen, with a condition 0:20:25.440 --> 0:20:30.760 if he had sinned against her. Babington, who undauntedly beheld 0:20:30.760 --> 0:20:34.440 Ballard's execution while the rest turned away their faces fell 0:20:34.520 --> 0:20:39.440 to prayers upon their knees, ingenuously acknowledged his offenses. Being 0:20:39.480 --> 0:20:42.520 taken down from the gallows and ready to be cut up, 0:20:42.840 --> 0:20:47.520 he cried aloud in Latin sundry times, partomihi domine Jesu, 0:20:47.680 --> 0:20:51.879 that is, spare me, Lord Jesus savage break the rope, 0:20:51.920 --> 0:20:54.600 and fell down from the gallows, and was presently seized 0:20:54.600 --> 0:20:58.040 on by the executioner. His privoties cut off, and he 0:20:58.160 --> 0:21:03.360 bowled alive. Barnwell extenuated his crime under color of religion 0:21:03.400 --> 0:21:08.119 and conscience. Titchburne, with all humility, acknowledged his fault, and 0:21:08.200 --> 0:21:12.080 moved great pity among the multitude towards him, as in 0:21:12.200 --> 0:21:15.159 like manner did Tilney, a man of a modest spirit 0:21:15.240 --> 0:21:20.240 and goodly personage, Abington, being a man of a turbulent spirit, 0:21:20.720 --> 0:21:23.880 cast for threats and terrors of blood to be spilt 0:21:23.960 --> 0:21:27.359 ere along in England. The next day the other seven 0:21:27.400 --> 0:21:30.280 were drawn to the same place and suffered the same 0:21:30.400 --> 0:21:34.639 kind of death, but more favorably by the Queen's commandment, 0:21:34.960 --> 0:21:38.760 who detested the former cruelty, for they all hung till 0:21:38.800 --> 0:21:42.040 they were quite dead before they were cut down and boweled. 0:21:43.640 --> 0:21:47.679 There are a few more Salisbury was the first, who, 0:21:47.760 --> 0:21:51.880 being very penitent, warned the Catholics not to attempt to 0:21:51.920 --> 0:21:55.959 restore religion by force and arms, in like manner did 0:21:56.040 --> 0:21:59.760 done who followed him. Jones protested that he had dis 0:22:00.000 --> 0:22:03.919 aided Salisbury from the attempt, and had utterly condemned Baddington's 0:22:04.000 --> 0:22:08.159 proud and headstrong mind and the purpose of invasion. Char 0:22:08.240 --> 0:22:11.840 Knockin travers, having their minds wholly fixed on prayer, commended 0:22:11.880 --> 0:22:16.200 themselves to God and the Saints. Gauge, extolling the queen's 0:22:16.240 --> 0:22:20.879 great bounty to his father, detested his own perfidious ingratitude 0:22:20.880 --> 0:22:25.200 towards his princess, to whom he was so deeply bound. Mary, 0:22:25.320 --> 0:22:28.080 Queen of Scots was not included in this list because 0:22:28.119 --> 0:22:31.440 she was not there that day. She was executed by 0:22:31.440 --> 0:22:35.399 beheading a few months later, on February eight. The plot 0:22:35.520 --> 0:22:39.280 and the resulting executions caused a general increase in anti 0:22:39.280 --> 0:22:43.639 Catholic acts by the monarchy. Hundreds of people were arrested, 0:22:44.119 --> 0:22:47.840 dozens of Catholic priests were executed. To be a Catholic 0:22:47.880 --> 0:22:51.760 priest in England was itself treasonous at this point. In 0:22:51.840 --> 0:22:55.360 the second half of Elizabeth's reign. In the late sixteenth century, 0:22:55.440 --> 0:23:00.159 more than three hundred Catholics were tortured to death. The 0:23:00.200 --> 0:23:04.040 penalty for treason changed over the years, and the death 0:23:04.119 --> 0:23:07.480 penalty as punishment was abolished in the United Kingdom with 0:23:07.560 --> 0:23:11.640 the passing of the Crime and Disorder Act of that's 0:23:11.640 --> 0:23:15.560 more than four hundred years after these executions. So what 0:23:15.600 --> 0:23:17.399 do you think should we read the elegy before we 0:23:17.440 --> 0:23:20.280 pour out a drink? I shall begin with the first 0:23:20.320 --> 0:23:23.960 of three stanzas my prime of youth is but a 0:23:23.960 --> 0:23:27.040 frost of cares, my feast of joy is but a 0:23:27.040 --> 0:23:30.600 dish of pain. My crop of corn is but a 0:23:30.640 --> 0:23:33.640 field of terrors, and all my good is but vain 0:23:33.720 --> 0:23:36.600 hope of gain. The day is passed, and yet I 0:23:36.640 --> 0:23:39.720 saw no sun. And now I live, and now my 0:23:39.840 --> 0:23:43.320 life is done. My tale was heard, and yet it 0:23:43.400 --> 0:23:46.720 was not told. My fruit is fall, and yet my 0:23:46.840 --> 0:23:50.600 leaves are green. My youth is spent, and yet I 0:23:50.640 --> 0:23:53.760 am not old. I saw the world, and yet I 0:23:53.800 --> 0:23:57.240 was not seen. My threat is cut, and yet it 0:23:57.359 --> 0:24:00.359 is not spun. And now I live, and now my 0:24:00.440 --> 0:24:03.879 life is done. I saw it, my death, and found 0:24:03.920 --> 0:24:06.640 it in my womb. I looked for life and saw 0:24:06.680 --> 0:24:09.600 it was a shade. I trod the earth and knew 0:24:09.640 --> 0:24:12.320 it was my tomb. And now I die, and now 0:24:12.520 --> 0:24:15.560 I was but made my glass is full, and now 0:24:15.600 --> 0:24:19.240 my glasses run, and now I live, and now my 0:24:19.320 --> 0:24:25.280 life is done, and now Holly for me on Sam Rhyman, 0:24:25.320 --> 0:24:36.360 fool dis account, It's time for a perfecty poor Okay, listen, 0:24:38.400 --> 0:24:42.120 I hear you've got something for us today. Okay. Obviously, 0:24:42.240 --> 0:24:45.960 the obvious choice here is a bloody Mary, which is 0:24:45.960 --> 0:24:48.800 why we're not doing a bloody Mary. And I don't 0:24:48.840 --> 0:24:50.639 like bloody Mary is all that much to begin with, 0:24:50.720 --> 0:24:53.480 and I really don't like obvious choices. So this is 0:24:53.520 --> 0:24:56.160 a lot of heavy stuff. In particularly the executions are 0:24:56.200 --> 0:24:59.919 so grizzly that I wanted to do something a little 0:25:00.240 --> 0:25:04.119 hearted here and also talk about something that merits a 0:25:04.119 --> 0:25:07.119 little bit of explanation because it sounds funny when we 0:25:07.160 --> 0:25:10.439 read it, but really it makes logical sense. Okay, so 0:25:10.560 --> 0:25:16.200 I'm calling this one unready apparel. It sounds very funny 0:25:16.240 --> 0:25:19.480 when Savage replies to that whole request to go to 0:25:19.520 --> 0:25:21.439 the court right now and just kill her to go, 0:25:21.600 --> 0:25:24.480 I cannot. My clothes are not ready. But the thing is, 0:25:24.760 --> 0:25:27.120 if you didn't have the right clothes on, you wouldn't 0:25:27.119 --> 0:25:29.560 be permitted entry at court. He would not have gotten 0:25:29.560 --> 0:25:32.240 close enough to the Queen to be able to actually 0:25:32.320 --> 0:25:35.680 carry out that directive. So he wasn't being a fancy 0:25:35.720 --> 0:25:39.840 pants unicorn or vain it sound it does read like 0:25:39.960 --> 0:25:45.160 it like, oh my own psomb is not prepared. The 0:25:45.200 --> 0:25:48.040 other reason that I wanted to call this unready apparel 0:25:48.680 --> 0:25:52.680 is that I would suggest not wearing light colors when 0:25:52.720 --> 0:25:56.240 you prepare, because you might stay in them. Then you'll 0:25:56.280 --> 0:25:59.400 never be allowed into Queen Elizabeth's court. Whether you're doing 0:25:59.400 --> 0:26:01.320 it for good or or evil, you won't get in 0:26:01.480 --> 0:26:05.119 whatever your purpose. Like I said, I'm not going to 0:26:05.240 --> 0:26:07.200 go the obvious root and do a bloody Mary. So no, 0:26:07.320 --> 0:26:10.280 this is not a tomato juice situation. I also thought 0:26:10.320 --> 0:26:12.240 for a minute about doing a poset. Do you know 0:26:12.280 --> 0:26:14.879 what that is? That's like a warm milk drink that 0:26:15.000 --> 0:26:17.520 was popular at the time that all of these things 0:26:17.520 --> 0:26:21.359 were playing out. If you're familiar with your Shakespeare, opposet 0:26:21.840 --> 0:26:24.359