WEBVTT - How Primitive Will Our Descendants Find Us? 0:00:00.680 --> 0:00:03.400 Hey, everybody out there in the Pacific Northwest or with 0:00:03.480 --> 0:00:06.000 access to an airport or a car rental place that 0:00:06.040 --> 0:00:08.880 can get you to the Pacific Northwest specifically at the 0:00:09.000 --> 0:00:13.240 end of January. We'll see you in Seattle, Portland, and 0:00:13.320 --> 0:00:14.120 San Francisco. 0:00:14.880 --> 0:00:17.320 That's right to. Our new live show for twenty twenty 0:00:17.400 --> 0:00:21.040 four is Seattle, Washington January twenty fourth at the Paramount Theater, 0:00:21.560 --> 0:00:24.080 then Portland at our Homeway from Home at Revolution Hall 0:00:24.120 --> 0:00:26.000 in the twenty fifth, and then winding it all up 0:00:26.040 --> 0:00:29.720 at Sketchfest on the twenty six at the Sydney Goldstein Theater. 0:00:30.200 --> 0:00:32.879 Very nice. If you want tickets, if you want information, 0:00:33.080 --> 0:00:35.400 if you want tickets, you can go to a couple 0:00:35.400 --> 0:00:37.440 of places. You can go to our link tree at 0:00:37.479 --> 0:00:40.240 Linktree slash sysk, and you can go to our home 0:00:40.280 --> 0:00:42.760 on the web, Stuff youshould Know dot com. Click on 0:00:42.800 --> 0:00:45.040 the tour button and it'll take you to all of 0:00:45.120 --> 0:00:47.879 the beautiful places you can go to buy your tickets 0:00:48.200 --> 0:00:49.800 and we'll see you guys in January. 0:00:52.040 --> 0:00:59.800 Welcome to Stuff you Should Know, a production of iHeartRadio. 0:01:01.760 --> 0:01:04.039 Hey, and welcome to the podcast. I'm Josh, and there's 0:01:04.120 --> 0:01:07.000 Chuck and Jerry's here too, and this is stuff you 0:01:07.040 --> 0:01:10.679 should know, the last edition of the two to the 0:01:11.040 --> 0:01:13.280 to the Deuce Tray. 0:01:13.959 --> 0:01:16.240 Oh, is this our final of the year? 0:01:16.680 --> 0:01:19.080 It is. It's the last one of twenty twenty three, Chuck. 0:01:19.120 --> 0:01:22.759 We recorded all of the episodes that we're ever going 0:01:22.760 --> 0:01:25.480 to record in the year twenty twenty three. Isn't that amazing? 0:01:25.720 --> 0:01:27.640 Yeah? And hey, you know, since you brought that up, 0:01:27.680 --> 0:01:28.400 can I say something? 0:01:29.360 --> 0:01:29.640 Sure? 0:01:30.880 --> 0:01:34.840 Spotify, who carries our show, as do all platforms, they 0:01:34.840 --> 0:01:37.480 have this really cool thing they send out called the 0:01:37.640 --> 0:01:41.679 wrap Wrap I guess is in year end wrap up 0:01:41.760 --> 0:01:46.080 kind of thing, and they they sent us as a 0:01:46.160 --> 0:01:50.680 show our own statistical analysis, but then they send individual 0:01:50.800 --> 0:01:53.560 users their own and we just had a lot of 0:01:53.600 --> 0:01:57.720 great listeners sending us in their rap statistics like hey, 0:01:57.760 --> 0:02:00.400 I'm in the top one percent of stuff you should 0:02:00.400 --> 0:02:03.400 know listenership, And it was just really neat to see 0:02:03.400 --> 0:02:05.160 all that stuff coming in, So thank you. 0:02:05.560 --> 0:02:08.079 It really is. It's amazing and everybody's so proud of it. 0:02:08.080 --> 0:02:10.600 It's so great to see. So no matter what percentage 0:02:10.600 --> 0:02:12.560 you're in, if you are proud enough to send an 0:02:12.560 --> 0:02:16.280 email or post it, kudos to you, because we're proud 0:02:16.280 --> 0:02:18.920 of you right back. I do think, though, Chuck, that 0:02:18.960 --> 0:02:22.560 we probably should shout out the person who wrote in 0:02:22.639 --> 0:02:27.320 with the far and away the largest number of listening 0:02:27.360 --> 0:02:28.680 minutes according to Spotify. 0:02:28.880 --> 0:02:30.359 Yeah, who's that? 0:02:30.360 --> 0:02:34.799 That is Aravin Cancerla, who is in the top point 0:02:35.000 --> 0:02:39.959 zero five percent of listeners and based on the eighty 0:02:40.280 --> 0:02:43.880 thousand plus eighty six, seven hundred and seventy two minutes, 0:02:44.360 --> 0:02:47.799 I don't see how there could be anybody else in that, 0:02:48.800 --> 0:02:54.400 you know, in the remaining what point zero's five percent left? 0:02:55.080 --> 0:02:57.560 Yeah. I did a little back of the envelope math 0:02:57.639 --> 0:03:01.519 and that that's something somewhere between twenty five and thirty 0:03:01.560 --> 0:03:03.000 hours of stuff you should know a week. 0:03:03.680 --> 0:03:05.280 Yeah, that just it's a lot. 0:03:05.480 --> 0:03:09.160 Doesn't seem possible. So I have suspicions that this person 0:03:09.240 --> 0:03:11.000 might have just played it on a loop so they could, 0:03:11.960 --> 0:03:13.760 you know, and then just went out shopping or whatever. 0:03:14.400 --> 0:03:17.639 I don't know. I think Aravin strikes me as a 0:03:18.400 --> 0:03:22.960 pretty straightforward person. So grats to Airvind and also seriously, 0:03:23.000 --> 0:03:25.240 thank you to everybody who listens to us so much 0:03:25.280 --> 0:03:27.720 that you get statistics at the end of the year 0:03:27.760 --> 0:03:30.239 that make you proud. I mean, that's amazing, guys. Thank 0:03:30.280 --> 0:03:30.880 you very much. 0:03:31.000 --> 0:03:33.799 Yeah, thanks to Spotify. That's a cool service that they 0:03:34.120 --> 0:03:35.840 or I don't know if is that a service, whatevers 0:03:35.880 --> 0:03:36.520 cool thing they do. 0:03:38.040 --> 0:03:39.720 It's a service, it's a public service. 0:03:39.840 --> 0:03:42.480 We were downloaded in one hundred and sixty three countries. 0:03:43.080 --> 0:03:45.720 Oh, I didn't know there were that many countries. 0:03:45.360 --> 0:03:47.600 Which is we looked it up. It was actually something 0:03:47.640 --> 0:03:49.720 like one hundred and ninety. So like that's most of 0:03:49.800 --> 0:03:50.280 the countries. 0:03:50.840 --> 0:03:53.160 Yeah, I would say that's the vast majority of them. 0:03:53.240 --> 0:03:54.960 And by the way, everybody I knew that there were 0:03:55.040 --> 0:03:56.200 more countries than that. 0:03:56.280 --> 0:03:59.480 I was joking and quickly I saw that. I don't 0:03:59.480 --> 0:04:01.920 know if you went through that yet, Josh, but we 0:04:02.480 --> 0:04:06.480 our third biggest country of growth was Mexico. Oh, no way, 0:04:06.600 --> 0:04:12.960 And I'm gaming. I'm gaming. I'm aiming for a show 0:04:12.960 --> 0:04:14.440 in Mexico City. I'd like to do that. We just 0:04:14.520 --> 0:04:17.240 don't know if like people would come. So, you know, 0:04:17.279 --> 0:04:18.720 if we can get like a thousand people in a 0:04:18.800 --> 0:04:21.240 room in Mexico City, I think that might be a 0:04:21.279 --> 0:04:21.920 fun thing to do. 0:04:22.720 --> 0:04:25.080 Yeah, especially if it's a room with seats. 0:04:25.320 --> 0:04:28.120 Yeah, so we should get at least five hundred emails 0:04:28.720 --> 0:04:30.719 saying at least two people will come and then that 0:04:30.800 --> 0:04:34.960 means we might go all right, So anyway, should we 0:04:34.960 --> 0:04:37.159 get on with barbaric practices? 0:04:38.920 --> 0:04:42.880 Yeah, let's because I find this endlessly fascinating. Olivia helped 0:04:42.960 --> 0:04:46.160 us with this, and basically what we're doing here is 0:04:46.920 --> 0:04:50.880 reversing what we already kind of like to do smugly, 0:04:50.920 --> 0:04:54.000 which is look back fifty one hundred, two hundred years 0:04:54.279 --> 0:04:56.800 and be like, look at how backwards and antiquated those 0:04:56.800 --> 0:05:00.440 people were back then, Like even in as recent is 0:05:00.520 --> 0:05:03.680 the nineties. I remember in the mid nineties, I was 0:05:03.920 --> 0:05:07.279 I smoked on an airplane on the way to Amsterdam. Yeah, 0:05:07.600 --> 0:05:10.559 and like there was it was just like the last 0:05:10.560 --> 0:05:12.800 three rows were smoking. But it's not like it was 0:05:12.800 --> 0:05:15.120 sectioned off. There wasn't even a curtain. It's just like 0:05:15.200 --> 0:05:18.080 this is the smoking section, even though the entire plane's 0:05:18.120 --> 0:05:22.040 being covered in your cigarette smoke. This was the nineties, man. 0:05:22.680 --> 0:05:24.760 Yeah, the first time I flew to Europe there was 0:05:24.839 --> 0:05:29.080 smoking in like that was it would have been ninety six. 0:05:29.960 --> 0:05:32.839 Yeah, I mean imagine that today. I mean you would 0:05:32.880 --> 0:05:35.160 literally go to federal prison if you tried to light 0:05:35.200 --> 0:05:39.680 a cigarette on an airplane today. 0:05:38.760 --> 0:05:42.240 You know, Yeah, I mean it's about the fire, but sure, yeah, 0:05:42.279 --> 0:05:47.039 a few decades before that there was jello salad where 0:05:47.040 --> 0:05:50.080 it was all the rage and like the weirdest jello salad. 0:05:50.120 --> 0:05:52.200 If you've never just kind of taken a stroll down 0:05:52.400 --> 0:05:55.839 memory lane and looked up like pictures of jello molds 0:05:55.920 --> 0:05:59.160 from the fifties to the seventies, yeah, treat yourself and 0:05:59.200 --> 0:06:01.560 go do that. But make sure you have not had 0:06:01.640 --> 0:06:03.800 lunch yet, because you're gonna want to gag when you 0:06:03.800 --> 0:06:05.720 see a lot of them. That's another fun thing to 0:06:05.800 --> 0:06:08.640 judge people for being stupid with cello because I don't 0:06:08.640 --> 0:06:09.920 know if we said it yet. We're going to do 0:06:09.960 --> 0:06:11.800 the opposite. We're going to look forward and try to 0:06:11.800 --> 0:06:15.400 figure out what our descendants are going to ridicule us 0:06:15.560 --> 0:06:18.840 or look down at us about, right, what will we 0:06:18.920 --> 0:06:22.000 seem primitive or barbaric or ridiculous about? 0:06:22.279 --> 0:06:26.840 That's right? But what we have before us are seven. 0:06:27.080 --> 0:06:30.080 I think a little more serious things than jello molds 0:06:31.320 --> 0:06:35.480 and spanking kids is on up there. However, it really 0:06:35.520 --> 0:06:41.320 depends on who you ask, because about half of Americans 0:06:41.600 --> 0:06:44.200 still think and this is a quote, and this from 0:06:44.240 --> 0:06:46.200 a survey a couple of years ago from the American 0:06:46.240 --> 0:06:50.640 Family Survey quote, it is sometimes necessary to discipline a 0:06:50.720 --> 0:06:55.320 child with a good, hard spanking, and half. 0:06:55.080 --> 0:06:58.960 Of those respondents said almost under their breath feels so right. 0:07:00.600 --> 0:07:03.400 Yeah, I mean, big change from you know, back in 0:07:03.440 --> 0:07:05.920 the day. They have another stat from sixty eight when 0:07:06.000 --> 0:07:09.840 ninety four percent of parents said, yeah, hit your kids, 0:07:10.160 --> 0:07:10.680 it's awesome. 0:07:10.720 --> 0:07:12.000 You drop. That's a big drop. 0:07:12.680 --> 0:07:15.480 But things are really changing because a third of the 0:07:15.920 --> 0:07:21.160 respondents between eighteen and twenty nine agree with spanking, compared 0:07:21.200 --> 0:07:24.679 to fifty percent of the overall survey. So it's something 0:07:24.720 --> 0:07:26.760 that's going out of fashion for sure. 0:07:27.240 --> 0:07:30.000 Yeah, it seems to be following a larger trend of 0:07:30.800 --> 0:07:34.960 moving away from social acceptance of violence in any form, 0:07:35.440 --> 0:07:39.400 and it's being supported by studies that find like, yeah, 0:07:39.440 --> 0:07:41.840 it's actually good if you don't spank your kids, because 0:07:42.240 --> 0:07:45.760 not only has there never been a study that shows 0:07:45.800 --> 0:07:50.720 it improves children's behavior, study after study keeps suggesting it 0:07:50.760 --> 0:07:54.840 does the opposite. It actually maladjusts children. I mean, I 0:07:54.840 --> 0:07:57.320 can't imagine what a well adjusted person I would be 0:07:57.360 --> 0:07:59.320 if I hadn't been spanked that handful of times when 0:07:59.360 --> 0:07:59.960 I was a kid. 0:08:00.760 --> 0:08:03.640 Yeah, you know, I was. We're always trying to poke 0:08:03.680 --> 0:08:06.760 around to find, you know, the other opinion on something, 0:08:06.800 --> 0:08:09.120 just to take a look at it, and you know 0:08:09.120 --> 0:08:11.520 there are people who don't agree. I saw this one 0:08:11.560 --> 0:08:17.840 professor from the Oklahoma State Robert Larzelli. I can't even 0:08:18.320 --> 0:08:21.480 read my handwriting now, but he said that the studies 0:08:21.520 --> 0:08:25.240 that are out there are flawed for a couple of reasons. One, 0:08:25.280 --> 0:08:28.120 he says, these studies that say that if you spank 0:08:28.200 --> 0:08:31.360 kids more, there that leads to them actually acting out more. 0:08:31.760 --> 0:08:34.319 He's saying, no, kids, it's the kids that are acting 0:08:34.360 --> 0:08:36.880 out more that are it's a chicken in the egg thing. Yes, 0:08:36.960 --> 0:08:38.800 I've seen the ones getting spanked more. 0:08:39.080 --> 0:08:43.040 I've seen that, and I think I found in a 0:08:43.080 --> 0:08:46.600 Scientific American article there was at least one group that 0:08:46.720 --> 0:08:51.280 managed to control for that and basically have shown like, no, 0:08:51.320 --> 0:08:55.440 it's it's it actually does have this effect on kids. 0:08:55.600 --> 0:08:58.160 The problem that what'd you say, Lara Zelli? 0:08:59.280 --> 0:09:03.360 I think so if my writing is any indicator. 0:09:03.360 --> 0:09:06.839 That what Larazzelli's saying is that these studies don't they 0:09:06.840 --> 0:09:12.320 don't start following kids and from like birth to twenty 0:09:12.360 --> 0:09:15.680 five or thirty and then see you know where you spanked, 0:09:15.679 --> 0:09:17.800 where you're not spanked it's all just like they might. 0:09:17.960 --> 0:09:20.760 They might peek in on a kid who's in at 0:09:20.800 --> 0:09:24.200 the spanking age and look at their behavior. Then you 0:09:24.280 --> 0:09:26.520 just can't parse it apart. So there's not really good 0:09:26.640 --> 0:09:30.439 quality studies. But I saw it put like this. Even 0:09:30.600 --> 0:09:37.880 if there are no studies that conclusively show spanking is 0:09:38.160 --> 0:09:43.600 bad for kids or produces malajusted behavior in kids, there 0:09:43.960 --> 0:09:47.080 are plenty of studies that seem to suggest that. There 0:09:47.080 --> 0:09:50.800 aren't any studies that seem to suggest otherwise that it's 0:09:51.040 --> 0:09:55.280 it's actually good, it's actually it's effective to spank your kids. 0:09:55.480 --> 0:09:57.840 And so the argument that I've seen is like, why 0:09:58.080 --> 0:09:59.000 why do it? Then? 0:10:00.080 --> 0:10:02.760 Yeah, I saw a First of all, I'm a parent. 0:10:03.840 --> 0:10:07.480 I can't in a million years imagine hitting Ruby for 0:10:07.520 --> 0:10:11.160 any reason that's nice. It makes me want to cry 0:10:11.320 --> 0:10:16.960 just thinking about that. It's terrible for our family. But 0:10:17.240 --> 0:10:19.360 I did find a study from twenty eighteen that I 0:10:19.440 --> 0:10:23.319 found in from NPR. They didn't do the study, but 0:10:23.360 --> 0:10:25.160 they were, you know, did a thing on it. 0:10:25.600 --> 0:10:26.839 I'm sure they were hot and heavy. 0:10:27.120 --> 0:10:31.480 Oh of course it was what they claim. And it 0:10:31.480 --> 0:10:33.680 seems like probably one of the most robust studies at 0:10:33.760 --> 0:10:37.400 least that looks at countries that have banned spanking, because 0:10:38.640 --> 0:10:44.199 I think something like sixty two countries have banned spanking 0:10:44.720 --> 0:10:46.800 starting with Sweden in nineteen seventy nine. 0:10:47.240 --> 0:10:49.000 Did you even know there were that many countries? 0:10:51.440 --> 0:10:55.360 But they followed four or they used four hundred thousand 0:10:55.440 --> 0:10:59.240 children from kids from eighty eight countries, so that's pretty good. 0:11:00.080 --> 0:11:02.439 Fifty eight countries have the bands in thirty don't. I'm 0:11:02.480 --> 0:11:04.959 not sure which one it is. But what they found 0:11:04.960 --> 0:11:08.240 when what they were tracking was incidences of kids fighting, 0:11:08.679 --> 0:11:11.360 like you know, getting in fights at school, right and 0:11:11.440 --> 0:11:16.240 in the countries that have banned spanking, there was a 0:11:16.280 --> 0:11:22.640 school fighting reduction by sixty nine percent in boys in girls, 0:11:22.880 --> 0:11:27.480 which is I mean, that is pretty substantial. I was 0:11:27.480 --> 0:11:29.760 curious about the United States because you know, we both 0:11:29.760 --> 0:11:32.880 grew up, like my dad was my elementary school principal, 0:11:32.920 --> 0:11:35.680 and they were he spanked me and other kids. It's 0:11:36.040 --> 0:11:39.920 ridiculous to think about, but apparently in seventy seven the 0:11:39.960 --> 0:11:42.160 Supreme Court of the United States gave the power to 0:11:42.160 --> 0:11:47.240 the states. These days, ninety percent of schools don't use 0:11:47.320 --> 0:11:51.480 corporal punishment, but it is still legal in seventeen states. 0:11:51.920 --> 0:11:54.000 There are restrictions in place in a lot of those 0:11:54.480 --> 0:11:56.680 like maybe your parents have to sign a thing. I said, sure, 0:11:57.080 --> 0:12:01.960 hit my kid. But seventeen percent of states you can 0:12:02.080 --> 0:12:06.360 still do this, with Mississippi leading the way in the 0:12:06.400 --> 0:12:09.160 most spankings. And the other thing I found out that 0:12:09.200 --> 0:12:13.920 we should point out is that black males are twice 0:12:13.920 --> 0:12:18.720 as likely to be spanked than anyone. And get this, 0:12:19.040 --> 0:12:24.320 sixteen point five percent of kids that are corporately punished 0:12:24.320 --> 0:12:30.199 in schools in America today are disabled. My god, usually 0:12:30.240 --> 0:12:35.079 it's an intellectual disability. Wow. Is that so not disturbing? 0:12:35.400 --> 0:12:38.400 Yeah, of course it's disturbing. That's horrible. That's one of 0:12:38.440 --> 0:12:41.959 the most horrible statistics you've ever spouted out. And I 0:12:41.960 --> 0:12:45.160 should say, also just want to verify for the listeners 0:12:45.200 --> 0:12:48.240 in any of those sixty two countries where spanking is banned, 0:12:48.559 --> 0:12:52.520 you're talking about like public spanking, like in school in 0:12:52.600 --> 0:12:55.240 seventeen states. In schools, you're allowed to do that. 0:12:55.280 --> 0:13:00.640 Right, Yes, a teacher or a principal and they say 0:13:00.679 --> 0:13:01.959 it's you know. And this is one of the other 0:13:02.040 --> 0:13:05.560 problems that that professor had is that those studies, he says, 0:13:05.640 --> 0:13:09.640 lump everyone in together as in, like the parents who 0:13:09.679 --> 0:13:12.120 do it as the very last resort after several other 0:13:12.600 --> 0:13:15.520 attempts at discipline or parents are just like, oh, you 0:13:15.600 --> 0:13:19.520 screwed up, you know, let's hit you or whatever. And 0:13:19.600 --> 0:13:22.720 apparently most, you know, almost all the schools, it is 0:13:22.760 --> 0:13:26.080 a last resort, as in they've tried other things, but 0:13:26.280 --> 0:13:29.440 you know, it's just I don't know, I got to 0:13:29.440 --> 0:13:32.680 try not to judge people, but don't hit your kids. 0:13:32.960 --> 0:13:35.520 Well, I was gonna say, it's it's legal in seventeen 0:13:35.559 --> 0:13:39.360 states for schools to spank kids. It's legal in all 0:13:39.400 --> 0:13:43.800 fifty states for a parent to spank kids. That's there's 0:13:44.120 --> 0:13:46.640 not really anything coming down the horizon that makes it 0:13:46.640 --> 0:13:49.280 seem like that's ever going to be banned. But it 0:13:49.320 --> 0:13:53.120 does seem generationally like we're moving away from spanking pretty rapidly. 0:13:53.559 --> 0:13:59.000 Yeah, my spankings as a kid, we're very infrequent and 0:13:59.160 --> 0:14:01.720 very organized, as in it was never done in the 0:14:01.720 --> 0:14:04.960 heat of anger, like just getting slapped or something. It 0:14:05.080 --> 0:14:09.320 was like, all right, go to the bathroom and spend 0:14:09.360 --> 0:14:13.120 ten minutes, you know, upset and card and then I 0:14:13.160 --> 0:14:15.440 got spanked with a bolo paddle. You know, the little 0:14:15.480 --> 0:14:16.559 bolo paddle games. 0:14:16.760 --> 0:14:18.000 I know, the bolo tie. 0:14:18.200 --> 0:14:20.680 No, the bolo paddle where you a little light plywood 0:14:20.680 --> 0:14:23.880 paddle with a ball hard. Yeah, sure, that's that was 0:14:23.920 --> 0:14:25.200 the spanking device. 0:14:25.240 --> 0:14:27.520 In mind, those things are made of like balsa wood. 0:14:28.240 --> 0:14:29.800 Yeah, it wasn't you bad. It's stung. 0:14:29.920 --> 0:14:33.040 But you know, how about all of your spankings that 0:14:33.080 --> 0:14:34.280 had grown. 0:14:34.120 --> 0:14:36.680 Up that's usually involves leather. 0:14:37.240 --> 0:14:41.040 Okay, you you want to move on to the next one. 0:14:41.240 --> 0:14:43.000 Yeah, let's let's move on to chemotherapy. 0:14:43.360 --> 0:14:47.720 Okay. So chemotherapy is one of these things where, if 0:14:47.760 --> 0:14:50.200 you start kind of putting it down today, what you're 0:14:50.240 --> 0:14:55.200 talking about is our current modern medical miracle that since 0:14:55.240 --> 0:14:58.280 the nineties has reduced the cancer death rate by twenty 0:14:58.320 --> 0:15:01.520 five percent. Yeah, it's it's a really big deal that 0:15:01.560 --> 0:15:05.040 we have chemotherapy now, it's saved a lot of lives. 0:15:05.400 --> 0:15:07.160 Yeah, this is not poopoo in chemotherapy. 0:15:07.400 --> 0:15:12.080 No, it's not the reason why we can probably guess 0:15:12.240 --> 0:15:16.440 that our descendants down the line are going to look 0:15:16.440 --> 0:15:20.080 at chemotherapy is fairly primitive and barbaric is because it's 0:15:20.160 --> 0:15:24.320 so indiscriminate in how it harms the body. It harms 0:15:24.360 --> 0:15:29.160 the whole body in order to kill the cancer cells. Right, 0:15:30.040 --> 0:15:33.240 and we're moving it seems like much more toward far, 0:15:33.360 --> 0:15:37.520 far more specific and tailored medicine, and so all of 0:15:37.520 --> 0:15:40.560 the side effects, in the horribleness that come with chemotherapy, 0:15:40.560 --> 0:15:44.560 even though it does save lives, will be going away 0:15:44.720 --> 0:15:45.760 in future decades. 0:15:45.800 --> 0:15:48.320 It looks like, yeah, and it seems like and we're 0:15:48.320 --> 0:15:50.280 going to talk about a few ways that things are 0:15:50.280 --> 0:15:54.320 becoming more specific, but that seems to be the way 0:15:54.320 --> 0:15:57.160 it's all trying to go is instead of just like 0:15:57.600 --> 0:16:00.080 killing all the cells, let's see if they can just 0:16:00.160 --> 0:16:04.640 specifically target cancer cells and then eventually, you know, get 0:16:04.680 --> 0:16:08.520 down to you know, the human specific targeting of things, 0:16:08.560 --> 0:16:12.600 which would be amazing obviously, yeah, you know, patient specific, right. 0:16:12.880 --> 0:16:16.480 But one of the first ones is antibody drug conjugates, 0:16:17.120 --> 0:16:21.800 and this is a type of chemotherapy, but it combines chemotherapy, 0:16:21.920 --> 0:16:25.960 like the drugs used in chemotherapy, with monoclonal antibodies, which 0:16:25.960 --> 0:16:29.040 are you know, lab just like antibodies that we have 0:16:29.080 --> 0:16:31.040 in our body, except they're created in a lab. 0:16:31.440 --> 0:16:35.880 Right, And so what happens is we inject these drugs, 0:16:35.920 --> 0:16:40.160 these antibody drug conjugates into a patient with cancer, and 0:16:40.880 --> 0:16:45.280 those antibodies are designed to go seek out that tumor 0:16:45.600 --> 0:16:48.800 the specific kind of tumor that that patient has, Yeah, 0:16:49.200 --> 0:16:52.240 and attached to that tumor, that cancer sell and it 0:16:52.880 --> 0:16:56.840 delivers that payload of chemo drugs to it, says here 0:16:56.840 --> 0:16:58.840 you go, here's a nice little present, and then turns 0:16:58.880 --> 0:17:01.720 around and runs, and then in the background, the cell 0:17:01.800 --> 0:17:05.280 explodes and the antibody like ends up on its chest 0:17:05.359 --> 0:17:06.720 but lives to fight another day. 0:17:07.320 --> 0:17:12.400 Yeah, exactly. That's if we're headed in that direction. That's fantastic. Yeah. 0:17:12.640 --> 0:17:17.040 Vaccines is another one, the mr NA vaccines that we 0:17:17.119 --> 0:17:20.920 detailed back when those came out for COVID. Two of 0:17:20.960 --> 0:17:25.080 the most successful versions of those vaccines were originally brought 0:17:25.080 --> 0:17:29.480 about to begin with as tumor vaccines, and the idea 0:17:29.520 --> 0:17:32.399 is to use sort of that same technology to just 0:17:32.600 --> 0:17:38.160 specifically target tumors themselves. So it's not like a vaccine 0:17:38.200 --> 0:17:41.680 to prevent a disease. It's a shot that will essentially 0:17:41.720 --> 0:17:43.119 specifically shrink a tumor. 0:17:43.520 --> 0:17:46.439 Yeah, just like the mRNA vaccines for COVID train the 0:17:46.480 --> 0:17:51.040 body to look for and respond to COVID viruses, saying like, hey, 0:17:51.280 --> 0:17:53.800 if you see anything with this little horn on it, 0:17:53.840 --> 0:17:56.520 the spike, go after it. They're doing the same thing 0:17:56.520 --> 0:17:59.280 with tumors, right, So that's boosting the immune response. It's 0:17:59.280 --> 0:18:02.520 also training immune response. So technically it does qualify as 0:18:02.520 --> 0:18:05.040 a vaccine. And because like we talked about in the 0:18:05.040 --> 0:18:11.359 COVID vaccine episode, this mRNA technology is just so you 0:18:11.359 --> 0:18:15.359 can just it's just like ready to wear vaccines basically. 0:18:15.680 --> 0:18:16.120 Yeah. 0:18:16.359 --> 0:18:21.440 Apparently, yeah, apparently they they have reached a turning point 0:18:22.080 --> 0:18:24.399 and in the next five years a lot of cancer 0:18:24.440 --> 0:18:26.640 researchers are saying We're going to see a lot more 0:18:26.680 --> 0:18:29.240 cancer vaccines coming down the pike. 0:18:30.000 --> 0:18:34.240 Amazing. And then what I talked about earlier, like making 0:18:34.840 --> 0:18:37.719 like targeting cancer cell specifically is like a great direction 0:18:37.760 --> 0:18:42.520 to go, but really getting into personalized cancer care will 0:18:42.560 --> 0:18:46.199 be the next step beyond that, Like, hey, I'm going 0:18:46.240 --> 0:18:50.600 to identify exactly what kind of tumor that you have 0:18:50.720 --> 0:18:53.199 in your body and not just maybe this kind of 0:18:53.240 --> 0:18:58.000 tumor and you know, treat like get to patient specific 0:18:58.520 --> 0:19:01.520 levels of treatment. And you know, I know we poo 0:19:01.560 --> 0:19:04.960 pooed AI in certain respects, but this is a place 0:19:05.000 --> 0:19:07.000 where AI can really probably do a lot of good. 0:19:07.359 --> 0:19:09.679 Yeah, I think we should just clarify or position on 0:19:09.760 --> 0:19:11.680 it if I can speak for both of us. Sure, 0:19:11.760 --> 0:19:14.679 as long as AI is not taking over the world 0:19:15.480 --> 0:19:19.800 or damaging humanity in some terrible way. I'm all for 0:19:20.080 --> 0:19:22.159 all the great ways that can help things, and this 0:19:22.200 --> 0:19:24.000 is a really sterling example of that. 0:19:24.359 --> 0:19:25.800 Yeah, it gave us a new Beatles song. 0:19:26.920 --> 0:19:29.760 Yeah, I would say that's right in the middle for me. 0:19:31.000 --> 0:19:33.480 But the I think what you were talking about was 0:19:34.320 --> 0:19:39.280 taking a sample of the specific tumor that a specific 0:19:39.400 --> 0:19:43.960 person has, analyzing its genetic makeup, and then looking at 0:19:43.960 --> 0:19:46.679 that genetic makeup thanks to AI spitting out all of 0:19:46.680 --> 0:19:50.560 the information that we need from analyzing that huge genome, 0:19:51.640 --> 0:19:54.440 saying oh, this is an achilles heel, this is another weakness, 0:19:54.440 --> 0:19:56.360 this is another way we can attack it, and then 0:19:56.680 --> 0:20:00.679 tailoring the treatment for that specific tumor like that tumor, 0:20:00.800 --> 0:20:03.800 Like you said, now that kind of tumor that tumor 0:20:04.160 --> 0:20:06.760 is getting at tech. It's so specific you could name 0:20:06.800 --> 0:20:10.360 the tumor, name the tumor Melvin. Melvin is toast when 0:20:10.400 --> 0:20:14.320 you're using precision or personal cancer treatments. 0:20:14.760 --> 0:20:18.679 Yeah, you know, this kind of stuff could even be possible. Now, 0:20:18.720 --> 0:20:22.640 it's just really really expensive to target a specific tumor 0:20:22.640 --> 0:20:26.080 for a specific human And so the idea is hopefully 0:20:26.080 --> 0:20:28.760 with the help of AI, they can just reduce a 0:20:28.800 --> 0:20:31.879 lot of the you know, the cost basically for doing that, 0:20:32.000 --> 0:20:35.119 So it becomes instead of something that's not even you know, 0:20:35.800 --> 0:20:38.879 not even something worth pursuing or able to be pursued 0:20:38.880 --> 0:20:42.680 because of finances, something' is like, oh yeah, just step 0:20:42.760 --> 0:20:44.960 right up and we'll spit out your treatment. 0:20:45.280 --> 0:20:47.480 Yeah. And as more more does the cost come down, 0:20:47.520 --> 0:20:49.680 more people use it, which means more people using it 0:20:49.960 --> 0:20:54.720 allows for greater chance of new breakthrough. So yeah, hopefully 0:20:54.720 --> 0:20:57.439 we're going to have cancer licked in the future. I 0:20:57.480 --> 0:21:00.719 saw somebody suggest that it'll end up being kind of 0:21:00.720 --> 0:21:03.360 like a chronic disease akin to diabetes in the. 0:21:03.320 --> 0:21:06.760 Future, just something you can live fairly healthily with. 0:21:07.000 --> 0:21:09.639 Yeah, you can manage and there'll be plenty of drugs 0:21:09.680 --> 0:21:14.439 to keep you going amazing. You want to take a break, Yeah, okay, 0:21:14.560 --> 0:21:15.600 well then let's do that. 0:21:36.960 --> 0:21:39.439 All right. Next up on the list of things that 0:21:39.480 --> 0:21:41.720 people may one day look back and say, why did 0:21:41.720 --> 0:21:44.480 you do it that way? Dummies of the twenty first 0:21:44.520 --> 0:21:49.720 century is organ transplants. We have a pretty great episode 0:21:49.720 --> 0:21:53.280 on organ transplants somewhere in our back catalog. It feels 0:21:53.320 --> 0:21:55.240 like a long time ago. It was a little while, 0:21:56.119 --> 0:21:59.560 but what we're basically talking about, and again, organ transplants awesome. 0:22:00.000 --> 0:22:03.840 It's amazing how far they've come in the past, you know, 0:22:03.880 --> 0:22:07.480 since they've been doing them. But rejection rates are still 0:22:07.520 --> 0:22:11.360 an issue, up to ten to fifteen percent for kidneys 0:22:11.359 --> 0:22:14.399 for instance. And then also the fact that you know, 0:22:14.600 --> 0:22:19.040 transporting organs, getting them to the people in time can 0:22:19.119 --> 0:22:22.760 still be an issue. Seventeen Americans die every day waiting 0:22:22.800 --> 0:22:26.840 on organs. And it's also inequitable in that, you know, 0:22:27.200 --> 0:22:31.399 generally people that have are the most funded, get the 0:22:31.440 --> 0:22:34.960 most organs for transplant. But there's a better way forward, right. 0:22:35.080 --> 0:22:37.080 Yeah, I just want to say one I found a 0:22:37.119 --> 0:22:40.480 stat that I found rather shocking. One in five donated 0:22:40.560 --> 0:22:44.040 kidneys goes unused. It goes to waste, even though people 0:22:44.080 --> 0:22:48.120 die waiting for kidneys. That's just how kluge the whole 0:22:48.160 --> 0:22:51.720