1 00:00:00,640 --> 00:00:05,440 Speaker 1: Hi everyone. Here on December our Time Capsule episode a 2 00:00:05,600 --> 00:00:08,799 Speaker 1: k A. Weekend Saturday Selects, We're going to take you 3 00:00:08,840 --> 00:00:11,440 Speaker 1: back and talk about an American hero by the name 4 00:00:11,440 --> 00:00:15,920 Speaker 1: of Carl Sagan. In the appropriately titled podcast episode Carl 5 00:00:15,960 --> 00:00:24,560 Speaker 1: Sagan colin American Hero. Welcome to Stuff You Should Know, 6 00:00:24,880 --> 00:00:33,239 Speaker 1: a production of I Heart Radio. Hey, and welcome to 7 00:00:33,280 --> 00:00:36,240 Speaker 1: the podcast. I'm Josh Clark with Charles W. Chuck Bryant, 8 00:00:36,240 --> 00:00:40,199 Speaker 1: and Noel. The stint of Noel is winding down. Sadly. 9 00:00:40,280 --> 00:00:44,640 Speaker 1: It's such an awkward thing having nol here know the 10 00:00:44,720 --> 00:00:50,080 Speaker 1: stint of Knell? Right, yeah, oh, you mean the wording? Yeah, fine, 11 00:00:50,440 --> 00:00:53,920 Speaker 1: all right, how you doing? I'm fine, just like that 12 00:00:54,000 --> 00:00:58,920 Speaker 1: wording I'm sleepy. Why about I've just been staying up 13 00:00:58,960 --> 00:01:02,080 Speaker 1: late writing until one and two in the morning, like 14 00:01:02,120 --> 00:01:09,120 Speaker 1: a dope, like a seventeen Oh yeah, yeah, a manifesto. No, No, 15 00:01:09,360 --> 00:01:11,840 Speaker 1: just staying up too late typing. That's neat. Do you 16 00:01:11,920 --> 00:01:16,320 Speaker 1: drink wine while you type? Last night? It was bullet bourbon? Yeah, 17 00:01:16,760 --> 00:01:20,039 Speaker 1: And then you're just like, I'm not typing words correctly anymore. 18 00:01:20,080 --> 00:01:21,720 Speaker 1: And then it's time for bed. You get on a 19 00:01:21,800 --> 00:01:23,839 Speaker 1: roll and then you look up and it's to two am. 20 00:01:24,040 --> 00:01:26,160 Speaker 1: Nice man, I'm glad to hear that six thirty rolls 21 00:01:26,160 --> 00:01:28,839 Speaker 1: around and here we are. That's awesome. Yeah, that's great. 22 00:01:28,880 --> 00:01:31,360 Speaker 1: So you're creative juices are flowing. They're flowing. Baby. Do 23 00:01:31,400 --> 00:01:34,040 Speaker 1: you know who else is juices were flowing and still 24 00:01:34,080 --> 00:01:39,360 Speaker 1: flow through this universe? Carl Sagan, he was. He was 25 00:01:39,400 --> 00:01:42,319 Speaker 1: a creative science type. Yeah, and it made him kind 26 00:01:42,319 --> 00:01:47,560 Speaker 1: of controversial, man. It also made him beloved, beloved, and uh, 27 00:01:47,640 --> 00:01:50,960 Speaker 1: I think one of like the precursors to what we 28 00:01:51,040 --> 00:01:55,360 Speaker 1: do you know? In fact, he there's a quote on 29 00:01:55,600 --> 00:01:58,680 Speaker 1: him being an explainer, which I thought was very cool, 30 00:01:58,840 --> 00:02:01,520 Speaker 1: which is the geekiest remember, but it's a pretty it's 31 00:02:01,560 --> 00:02:05,200 Speaker 1: a good term. Yeah, he said. I think I'm able 32 00:02:05,240 --> 00:02:08,160 Speaker 1: to explain things because understanding wasn't entirely easy for me. 33 00:02:08,639 --> 00:02:10,919 Speaker 1: Some things that the most brilliant students were able to 34 00:02:10,960 --> 00:02:13,639 Speaker 1: see instantly, I had to work to understand. I can 35 00:02:13,680 --> 00:02:16,000 Speaker 1: remember what I had to do to figure it out. 36 00:02:16,120 --> 00:02:18,400 Speaker 1: The very brilliant ones figure it out so fast that 37 00:02:18,400 --> 00:02:21,880 Speaker 1: sounds familiar. They never see the mechanics of understanding. So 38 00:02:22,080 --> 00:02:24,840 Speaker 1: I really identified with that, and like, man, that's kind 39 00:02:24,840 --> 00:02:27,360 Speaker 1: of what we do, you know? We worked really hard 40 00:02:27,360 --> 00:02:30,640 Speaker 1: to understanding this because we're not experts, and he wasn't 41 00:02:30,639 --> 00:02:32,720 Speaker 1: an expert on one thing. He covered a lot of 42 00:02:32,919 --> 00:02:36,000 Speaker 1: That's what made him unique, a lot of different facets 43 00:02:36,000 --> 00:02:39,880 Speaker 1: of science. Yeah, which you don't see much. No you don't. 44 00:02:40,080 --> 00:02:41,720 Speaker 1: I mean it does pop up here and there. But 45 00:02:41,880 --> 00:02:45,280 Speaker 1: if you if you think about the people who are 46 00:02:45,360 --> 00:02:48,040 Speaker 1: like that, like Jared Diamond is a really good current 47 00:02:48,080 --> 00:02:53,720 Speaker 1: example Neil type. No, that's Dustin Diamond, Okay, Jared Diamond. 48 00:02:53,880 --> 00:02:56,959 Speaker 1: Uh man. I don't even remember what he's trained in. 49 00:02:58,360 --> 00:03:01,520 Speaker 1: He's just such a generalist. But he wrote like guns, 50 00:03:01,560 --> 00:03:05,440 Speaker 1: germs and steel. Um, he's got a little a little 51 00:03:05,880 --> 00:03:10,239 Speaker 1: Robert bork Beard, good guy. Um, he's one. Neil deGrasse 52 00:03:10,280 --> 00:03:14,119 Speaker 1: Tyson has definitely become one, although he's still very much 53 00:03:14,160 --> 00:03:17,480 Speaker 1: an astrophysician, right, yeah, but he's he's sort of talked 54 00:03:17,520 --> 00:03:20,960 Speaker 1: about a lot of times in terms of being like Sagan, 55 00:03:21,000 --> 00:03:24,880 Speaker 1: and not just because he rebooted Cosmos, which was Sagan's show, 56 00:03:25,480 --> 00:03:28,520 Speaker 1: but um, oh yeah, he's just the face of science, 57 00:03:28,560 --> 00:03:30,480 Speaker 1: like he's the go to guy. Sure. I mean, like 58 00:03:30,600 --> 00:03:33,320 Speaker 1: he was the obvious choice for Cosmos because he was 59 00:03:33,360 --> 00:03:36,640 Speaker 1: already so much like Sagan following in those footsteps for sure. 60 00:03:36,840 --> 00:03:39,600 Speaker 1: Those other guys like Brian Green as a science explainer, 61 00:03:39,640 --> 00:03:43,040 Speaker 1: Bill Nye as a science explainer, Um, they're definitely out 62 00:03:43,080 --> 00:03:45,680 Speaker 1: there for sure. But you can you make a good 63 00:03:45,680 --> 00:03:48,080 Speaker 1: point that Sagan was one of the originals, if not 64 00:03:48,120 --> 00:03:52,040 Speaker 1: the original, but the idea that he was somebody who 65 00:03:52,280 --> 00:03:58,160 Speaker 1: was willing to draw parallels from different disciplines in science 66 00:03:58,240 --> 00:04:01,880 Speaker 1: or bring him together to create, um, something approachable for people, 67 00:04:02,400 --> 00:04:05,839 Speaker 1: to kind of invigorate people's love of science. I think 68 00:04:05,840 --> 00:04:09,440 Speaker 1: it's amazing. Yeah, it made him beloved. It also just 69 00:04:10,360 --> 00:04:13,120 Speaker 1: made him not reviled. This is not the right word, 70 00:04:13,120 --> 00:04:17,919 Speaker 1: but he was definitely criticized in the scientific establishment. Uh 71 00:04:18,320 --> 00:04:21,520 Speaker 1: in parts for sure. Some people in the scientific establishment 72 00:04:21,600 --> 00:04:25,640 Speaker 1: loved him, and some were like, uh, you're not doing 73 00:04:25,720 --> 00:04:28,760 Speaker 1: much real research, you know, you're just sort of a 74 00:04:28,800 --> 00:04:32,880 Speaker 1: face guy. And um, I poo poo that entirely and 75 00:04:32,920 --> 00:04:36,520 Speaker 1: say that he did a lot for science and people 76 00:04:36,560 --> 00:04:41,359 Speaker 1: like him are are necessary, and uh, I value their work. Okay, 77 00:04:41,680 --> 00:04:44,320 Speaker 1: you're taking a stand. Huh. Yeah, man, Carl Sagan is amazing. 78 00:04:44,320 --> 00:04:46,320 Speaker 1: He's one of my heroes. Yeah, he's like I watched 79 00:04:46,320 --> 00:04:49,839 Speaker 1: Cosmos when I was ten years old. I've never seen it. Man, 80 00:04:50,000 --> 00:04:52,159 Speaker 1: it was great. I mean it was a PBS show 81 00:04:52,200 --> 00:04:57,000 Speaker 1: that had tens of millions of viewers. I know, millions 82 00:04:57,000 --> 00:05:01,880 Speaker 1: and millions. Yeah, so that's your saken. Yeah. And you 83 00:05:01,880 --> 00:05:04,520 Speaker 1: know what he he told Johnny Carson, he never said 84 00:05:04,560 --> 00:05:09,120 Speaker 1: billions and billions. Uh, he said billions upon billions, right, 85 00:05:10,080 --> 00:05:12,440 Speaker 1: I never heard it. There's a super cut on YouTube 86 00:05:12,839 --> 00:05:16,120 Speaker 1: of all of his billions, millions and trillions from Dots 87 00:05:16,200 --> 00:05:19,440 Speaker 1: Moats cut to uh with it like hip hop music 88 00:05:19,520 --> 00:05:24,680 Speaker 1: bed and um, is that a glorious down? I don't 89 00:05:24,680 --> 00:05:27,080 Speaker 1: remember the name of it. There's one. There's a video 90 00:05:27,680 --> 00:05:31,640 Speaker 1: a song that somebody created with him, a super cut 91 00:05:31,680 --> 00:05:34,440 Speaker 1: of him. It's called Glorious Toll. That's pretty great. Well, 92 00:05:34,680 --> 00:05:37,440 Speaker 1: I never heard billions and billions in there. There's a 93 00:05:37,480 --> 00:05:40,320 Speaker 1: lot of billions and millions and trillions. He loved those words, 94 00:05:40,960 --> 00:05:44,520 Speaker 1: but um, he said, I never specifically said to billions 95 00:05:44,560 --> 00:05:47,480 Speaker 1: and billions, and I couldn't. I didn't hear it either, 96 00:05:47,520 --> 00:05:51,200 Speaker 1: So he's a misunderstood genius. Yeah. Became I think Carson 97 00:05:51,240 --> 00:05:52,839 Speaker 1: did at first, or maybe it was Saturday out Live, 98 00:05:53,480 --> 00:05:56,120 Speaker 1: and then that just became the thing. Billions and billions 99 00:05:57,000 --> 00:05:59,200 Speaker 1: because he is a weird little dude for sure, and 100 00:05:59,279 --> 00:06:02,799 Speaker 1: a lot of what's easily parody, but he also seemed 101 00:06:02,839 --> 00:06:06,120 Speaker 1: to have a really good sense of humor about himself 102 00:06:06,160 --> 00:06:09,000 Speaker 1: at least and in general. He smoked grass. He thought 103 00:06:09,000 --> 00:06:14,320 Speaker 1: grass was far out. Man. We just vaulted back in 104 00:06:14,400 --> 00:06:17,239 Speaker 1: time with that one. Yeah, he smoked the marijuana grass 105 00:06:17,360 --> 00:06:20,279 Speaker 1: making a contemporary. He was on the pot, Yeah, he did. 106 00:06:20,320 --> 00:06:22,880 Speaker 1: He liked to smoke weed and um. In fact, I 107 00:06:22,920 --> 00:06:27,520 Speaker 1: have a quote here from he wrote an essay. The 108 00:06:27,640 --> 00:06:32,440 Speaker 1: quote reads, and woe. Best Pavement album by the way. 109 00:06:32,680 --> 00:06:35,920 Speaker 1: He wrote an essay. I don't know about that. Oh yeah, 110 00:06:35,960 --> 00:06:38,960 Speaker 1: what's your favorite? Um, I've played it in enchanted. Yeah, 111 00:06:39,040 --> 00:06:41,839 Speaker 1: the first one. It's hard, although Crooked Ray and Crooked 112 00:06:41,880 --> 00:06:43,920 Speaker 1: Rain was pretty good. No, I've never seen him more 113 00:06:43,960 --> 00:06:48,080 Speaker 1: interested in what we're talking about. It's funny. In college, 114 00:06:48,120 --> 00:06:50,080 Speaker 1: we used to have a saying, it's not a matter 115 00:06:50,120 --> 00:06:52,719 Speaker 1: of which album are we gonna listen to next? It's 116 00:06:52,720 --> 00:06:55,520 Speaker 1: which Pavement album are we gonna listen to next? Just 117 00:06:55,600 --> 00:06:58,760 Speaker 1: put down T shirt? Yeah. So anyway, Sagan wrote an 118 00:06:58,839 --> 00:07:03,240 Speaker 1: essay and Marijuana reconsidered, um, and here is one of 119 00:07:03,279 --> 00:07:07,479 Speaker 1: his quotes. He said, the cannabis experienced has greatly improved 120 00:07:07,480 --> 00:07:10,680 Speaker 1: my appreciation for art, subject which I had never much 121 00:07:10,680 --> 00:07:14,080 Speaker 1: appreciated before. The understanding of the intent of the artist, 122 00:07:14,360 --> 00:07:17,960 Speaker 1: which I can achieve when high, sometimes carries over to 123 00:07:18,000 --> 00:07:21,560 Speaker 1: when I'm down. This is one of many human frontiers 124 00:07:21,840 --> 00:07:25,440 Speaker 1: which cannabis has helped me traverse. Was that Kermit the 125 00:07:25,480 --> 00:07:29,800 Speaker 1: Frog doing Carl Sagan Let's sort of kermity but he 126 00:07:30,080 --> 00:07:32,800 Speaker 1: uh yeah, I mean that's not it doesn't define him 127 00:07:32,840 --> 00:07:35,160 Speaker 1: or anything, but yeah, he liked to smoke the pot 128 00:07:35,160 --> 00:07:36,800 Speaker 1: and he liked to get out his little tape recorder 129 00:07:36,800 --> 00:07:39,160 Speaker 1: and talk about stuff. But on the turnal neck, yeah, 130 00:07:39,560 --> 00:07:41,760 Speaker 1: with nothing else. It was the sixties and seventies, of 131 00:07:41,800 --> 00:07:44,160 Speaker 1: course he was, and I think the eighties and maybe 132 00:07:44,200 --> 00:07:49,160 Speaker 1: even into the nineties, that's true. So um, let's let's 133 00:07:49,240 --> 00:07:51,040 Speaker 1: I guess, let's go back to the beginning. We've done 134 00:07:51,120 --> 00:07:53,680 Speaker 1: some pretty good teasing here, right, And when you're talking 135 00:07:53,720 --> 00:07:58,280 Speaker 1: about a human being, there's no place better to start 136 00:07:58,600 --> 00:08:03,000 Speaker 1: at the beginning than with their earth Brooklyn, New York. 137 00:08:04,520 --> 00:08:08,760 Speaker 1: His mother was Rachel, was a garment industry manager and 138 00:08:08,800 --> 00:08:14,760 Speaker 1: apparently oh yeah, yeah, but his mom was overbearing. Yes, 139 00:08:14,920 --> 00:08:17,800 Speaker 1: mom was overbearing. Sorry, dad was a Ukrainian immigrant Samuel 140 00:08:17,800 --> 00:08:21,840 Speaker 1: who worked as a garment industry manager. Because in ninety 141 00:08:21,840 --> 00:08:23,800 Speaker 1: four they prebad and hire women to do chops like that, 142 00:08:24,080 --> 00:08:27,040 Speaker 1: which is really stinky. So uh and we it's not 143 00:08:27,120 --> 00:08:29,360 Speaker 1: like we've met the lady or anything and can report 144 00:08:29,400 --> 00:08:32,480 Speaker 1: that she's overbearing. The idea that she's overbearing comes from 145 00:08:32,480 --> 00:08:36,160 Speaker 1: this long standing image of her of she had very 146 00:08:36,240 --> 00:08:40,360 Speaker 1: high hopes and high expectations and aspirations for Carl very 147 00:08:40,360 --> 00:08:43,680 Speaker 1: well may have made the man. Yeah, you know, moved 148 00:08:43,720 --> 00:08:47,760 Speaker 1: to New Jersey after a little while and was voted 149 00:08:47,840 --> 00:08:51,440 Speaker 1: the class brain at Rahway High School. And I thought 150 00:08:51,520 --> 00:08:54,240 Speaker 1: this is interesting in this what article is this the 151 00:08:54,280 --> 00:08:58,600 Speaker 1: New Yorker, which one while why Carl Sagan's truly replaceable 152 00:08:58,960 --> 00:09:03,560 Speaker 1: Smiths and Enjoel Achenbach. Uh. It was a great article though, 153 00:09:03,600 --> 00:09:07,839 Speaker 1: But they tracked down in nineteen fifty three a questionnaire 154 00:09:07,920 --> 00:09:11,000 Speaker 1: from high school that he had to fill out on 155 00:09:11,160 --> 00:09:14,440 Speaker 1: his own character traits, and Sagan said he gave himself 156 00:09:14,480 --> 00:09:18,720 Speaker 1: low marks for vigorousness like with sports, an average rating 157 00:09:18,720 --> 00:09:22,520 Speaker 1: for emotional stability, and the highest ratings for being dominant 158 00:09:22,520 --> 00:09:27,000 Speaker 1: and reflective. I'm gonna start using that vigorousness. Yeah, and 159 00:09:27,080 --> 00:09:30,160 Speaker 1: I worked out this morning. I'm so vigorous. Um. So 160 00:09:30,559 --> 00:09:33,360 Speaker 1: that's not just a piece of paper they dug up, chuck. 161 00:09:33,400 --> 00:09:37,640 Speaker 1: That's from his archives, which were actually sold to the 162 00:09:37,679 --> 00:09:41,760 Speaker 1: Library of Congress by his widow. Um what is his 163 00:09:41,800 --> 00:09:45,160 Speaker 1: widow's name, Anne andrew In one of his uh well, 164 00:09:45,240 --> 00:09:48,760 Speaker 1: his his widow, but he was married three times, um 165 00:09:48,800 --> 00:09:52,800 Speaker 1: and uh ann sold the papers. Are supplied the papers 166 00:09:52,840 --> 00:09:56,240 Speaker 1: for an honorarium, I guess, to the Library of Congress. 167 00:09:56,400 --> 00:09:58,720 Speaker 1: And the Library of Congress got that money from Seth 168 00:09:58,800 --> 00:10:02,800 Speaker 1: McFarlane had basically Seth McFarland bought Carl Sagan's papers and 169 00:10:02,840 --> 00:10:05,560 Speaker 1: donated them to the Library of Congress. Yes, that's why 170 00:10:05,600 --> 00:10:07,920 Speaker 1: it's pretty cool. That's why it's called the Seth McFarland 171 00:10:07,960 --> 00:10:12,319 Speaker 1: Collection of the Carl Sagan and and Drury and Archive. 172 00:10:13,600 --> 00:10:16,240 Speaker 1: I had to put his name on there. Well, I mean, sure, 173 00:10:16,360 --> 00:10:18,840 Speaker 1: why not? You know, no, it's fine. He's he's he's 174 00:10:18,840 --> 00:10:20,480 Speaker 1: a huge fan of his work, and he's the one 175 00:10:20,480 --> 00:10:24,840 Speaker 1: who rebooted Cosmos right and genuinely, like I mean, I 176 00:10:24,880 --> 00:10:27,400 Speaker 1: gotta say, like whatever you have to say about Seth McFarland. 177 00:10:27,480 --> 00:10:31,280 Speaker 1: And there's plenty to say about Seth McFarland. He is 178 00:10:31,440 --> 00:10:34,000 Speaker 1: he proved himself a true fan of Carl Sagan and 179 00:10:34,080 --> 00:10:36,600 Speaker 1: a rich guy to fan. I've always liked a family guy, 180 00:10:36,640 --> 00:10:39,240 Speaker 1: so I don't have anything bad to say about him. Uh, 181 00:10:39,280 --> 00:10:41,959 Speaker 1: what have you seen American dad? No, I never got 182 00:10:41,960 --> 00:10:45,120 Speaker 1: into that. Actually, OK, yeah, it's not family guy. It's 183 00:10:45,360 --> 00:10:50,120 Speaker 1: definitely just totally different. Gotch uh seven hundred and ninety 184 00:10:50,160 --> 00:10:55,760 Speaker 1: eight boxes of stuff of archival material. Um. The guy 185 00:10:55,840 --> 00:11:00,079 Speaker 1: love to log every conversation he ever had, and he 186 00:11:00,160 --> 00:11:03,600 Speaker 1: thought that ever entered his brain mainly through the cassette tape. 187 00:11:04,080 --> 00:11:07,400 Speaker 1: But um, I guess that was transcribed by other folks. Yeah, 188 00:11:07,679 --> 00:11:11,679 Speaker 1: apparently that's um. Joel achenbach Um says that his his 189 00:11:11,840 --> 00:11:14,400 Speaker 1: writing style was so conversational because he didn't write, He 190 00:11:14,520 --> 00:11:19,080 Speaker 1: dictated into a dictaphone and then it was transcribed. Basically, basically, 191 00:11:19,120 --> 00:11:22,480 Speaker 1: it was like the Hunter S. Thompson of science. Yeah. 192 00:11:22,679 --> 00:11:25,080 Speaker 1: Remember Hunter t had like the real real he'd wear 193 00:11:25,120 --> 00:11:27,560 Speaker 1: around his neck when one is high on marijuana. It 194 00:11:27,720 --> 00:11:30,719 Speaker 1: is a buzz kill to type. Actually, that's funny. We 195 00:11:30,840 --> 00:11:33,640 Speaker 1: bring up Hunter Thompson. Hunter Thompson loved acid. You know 196 00:11:33,679 --> 00:11:36,480 Speaker 1: who else loved acid? Timothy Leary. You know who hung 197 00:11:36,520 --> 00:11:40,280 Speaker 1: out with Timothy Leary, Carl Sagan. Timothy Leary was trying 198 00:11:40,320 --> 00:11:42,720 Speaker 1: to get Sagan to advise him on how to build 199 00:11:43,080 --> 00:11:48,320 Speaker 1: a an interstellar arc because Leary just totally lost his 200 00:11:48,360 --> 00:11:50,760 Speaker 1: stuff by this time. Right, we should do a show 201 00:11:50,760 --> 00:11:54,040 Speaker 1: on him. Oh yeah, I'm surprised. We haven't to be crazy. Um, 202 00:11:54,200 --> 00:11:56,240 Speaker 1: let's do it, man, Yeah, we should. We should do 203 00:11:56,280 --> 00:11:58,040 Speaker 1: one on like the Mary pranks. There's a whole thing 204 00:11:58,200 --> 00:12:01,679 Speaker 1: just basically redo the electric kool Aid asset test totally. 205 00:12:01,720 --> 00:12:04,480 Speaker 1: It would be a good episode. But Leary um at 206 00:12:04,920 --> 00:12:08,240 Speaker 1: a mental institution because he'd been popped with a bunch 207 00:12:08,240 --> 00:12:10,600 Speaker 1: of acid I think, had a visitor in Carl Sagan 208 00:12:10,640 --> 00:12:13,400 Speaker 1: and Frank Drake of the famous Drake equation, and they 209 00:12:13,440 --> 00:12:15,800 Speaker 1: came by to say hi, and and Leary was like, seriously, 210 00:12:15,800 --> 00:12:17,520 Speaker 1: you guys have to help me design this. And they 211 00:12:17,520 --> 00:12:20,720 Speaker 1: were like this, the closest star is too far away. 212 00:12:20,920 --> 00:12:23,960 Speaker 1: You're kuk, this isn't gonna work. And Learry said he 213 00:12:24,160 --> 00:12:27,559 Speaker 1: since that they had some sort of neural blockage. That's 214 00:12:27,559 --> 00:12:32,120 Speaker 1: why they couldn't think like he could. Man. So that 215 00:12:32,240 --> 00:12:34,679 Speaker 1: was Carl Sagan Timothy Larry story but I think they 216 00:12:34,720 --> 00:12:37,720 Speaker 1: stayed in touch. Oh, I'm sure they did so. Uh, 217 00:12:37,800 --> 00:12:41,640 Speaker 1: young Sagan is his life kind of changes when he 218 00:12:41,720 --> 00:12:45,360 Speaker 1: goes to the World's Fair in nineteen thirty nine. He 219 00:12:45,440 --> 00:12:47,520 Speaker 1: was just five years old. You remember whose World's Fair 220 00:12:47,600 --> 00:12:52,880 Speaker 1: that was? Was that? No? Was it Chicago? Eddie bernays, Oh, yeah, 221 00:12:52,920 --> 00:12:55,559 Speaker 1: that was the one. Wow, the one that changed everything, 222 00:12:55,640 --> 00:12:59,079 Speaker 1: including Carl Sagan. Boy, that's a big one. Um. So 223 00:12:59,080 --> 00:13:01,240 Speaker 1: Sagan goes to the World Fair and it was sort 224 00:13:01,240 --> 00:13:04,760 Speaker 1: of a a great time, um, to be a young 225 00:13:04,840 --> 00:13:08,880 Speaker 1: kid interested in science, because in the late thirties and 226 00:13:08,960 --> 00:13:13,439 Speaker 1: forties and fifties, it was like everyone was captivated by 227 00:13:13,480 --> 00:13:17,000 Speaker 1: the future. Right, there's this idea that science could do anything, Yeah, 228 00:13:17,080 --> 00:13:21,440 Speaker 1: anything and very soon would. It was really exciting and um, 229 00:13:21,480 --> 00:13:23,080 Speaker 1: it was just a great time to be to be 230 00:13:23,120 --> 00:13:29,319 Speaker 1: into it. It's the uh what's his name Openheimer? No, Oppenheimer. 231 00:13:29,440 --> 00:13:34,559 Speaker 1: Now I'm talking about the article back like, yeah Oppenheimer, 232 00:13:36,320 --> 00:13:39,480 Speaker 1: this guy. Yeah, I'm the I'm become death. That's what 233 00:13:39,480 --> 00:13:41,560 Speaker 1: I thought you were talking about. Uh. In the article, 234 00:13:41,600 --> 00:13:44,520 Speaker 1: he makes a great point about, um, just that that 235 00:13:44,559 --> 00:13:50,160 Speaker 1: time period and um, how exploratory everything was really from then, 236 00:13:50,240 --> 00:13:53,600 Speaker 1: like through the nineteen seventies. That was a great, like 237 00:13:53,840 --> 00:13:57,840 Speaker 1: forty year period in science where basically that was funding 238 00:13:57,880 --> 00:13:59,840 Speaker 1: and like anything is possible, we can do anything we want, 239 00:14:00,360 --> 00:14:02,760 Speaker 1: until they started to you know, I guess disprove things 240 00:14:02,800 --> 00:14:05,680 Speaker 1: here and there, right. And actually what's interesting is there's 241 00:14:05,679 --> 00:14:09,240 Speaker 1: a corresponding boost in technology from that era too, And 242 00:14:09,280 --> 00:14:12,040 Speaker 1: a lot of people point out that all of this 243 00:14:12,040 --> 00:14:15,400 Speaker 1: stuff from about nineteen seventy five on is actually built 244 00:14:15,440 --> 00:14:17,240 Speaker 1: on the backs of the stuff that was built in 245 00:14:17,280 --> 00:14:19,520 Speaker 1: the forty years before that, from about nineteen thirty five 246 00:14:19,560 --> 00:14:21,920 Speaker 1: to nineteen seventy five and ever since then, we've had 247 00:14:21,920 --> 00:14:25,440 Speaker 1: a technological plateau. It's really interesting, and you don't think 248 00:14:25,480 --> 00:14:28,080 Speaker 1: about You're like, well, no, I mean we have iPhones now. 249 00:14:28,120 --> 00:14:31,520 Speaker 1: It's like, yeah, iPhones are all they're a combination of 250 00:14:31,560 --> 00:14:35,280 Speaker 1: different stuff that was first discovered or invented forty or 251 00:14:35,320 --> 00:14:39,200 Speaker 1: more years ago. Um, And basically everything's like that. We 252 00:14:39,200 --> 00:14:42,320 Speaker 1: were in a slump right now. So it was not 253 00:14:42,400 --> 00:14:44,880 Speaker 1: only a time where they thought science could do anything. 254 00:14:44,960 --> 00:14:48,320 Speaker 1: Science was doing just about anything. And we've since hit 255 00:14:48,360 --> 00:14:51,240 Speaker 1: a plateau and um, he the author described him. I 256 00:14:51,240 --> 00:14:54,360 Speaker 1: thought it was a great description. Sagan as a nuanced 257 00:14:54,360 --> 00:14:59,000 Speaker 1: referee Because really cool thing about Sagan was he was 258 00:14:59,080 --> 00:15:03,320 Speaker 1: very grounded and science and proof and facts. But he 259 00:15:03,440 --> 00:15:06,920 Speaker 1: wasn't um. He wasn't just a square and a skeptic, 260 00:15:07,360 --> 00:15:10,840 Speaker 1: although he was a skeptic, yeah, but he was also 261 00:15:11,080 --> 00:15:14,480 Speaker 1: like he wanted to to find life on other planets. 262 00:15:14,840 --> 00:15:17,520 Speaker 1: And he didn't shut things down. He was all about 263 00:15:17,960 --> 00:15:21,200 Speaker 1: the discussion of everything as long as you still did 264 00:15:21,200 --> 00:15:23,280 Speaker 1: the research. And we're grounded in facts as a matter 265 00:15:23,320 --> 00:15:26,680 Speaker 1: of fact. And he did not believe in UFOs. He 266 00:15:27,120 --> 00:15:30,520 Speaker 1: did not think that UFOs were extraterrestrial spacecraft. But in 267 00:15:30,600 --> 00:15:34,640 Speaker 1: nineteen sixty nine he mounted a conference on UFOs in 268 00:15:34,680 --> 00:15:38,800 Speaker 1: which everyone apparently had their say all sides. Yeah, it 269 00:15:38,880 --> 00:15:42,120 Speaker 1: wasn't like we're mounting a conference on UFOs. You can 270 00:15:42,160 --> 00:15:44,200 Speaker 1: come so the rest of us can poo poo your 271 00:15:44,240 --> 00:15:48,040 Speaker 1: ideas and beliefs. It was come and share your your 272 00:15:48,240 --> 00:15:51,920 Speaker 1: position on it. That's enormous, and that in and of 273 00:15:51,960 --> 00:15:54,840 Speaker 1: itself is worth remembering the person for. But this is 274 00:15:54,960 --> 00:15:57,560 Speaker 1: nineteen sixty nine, before you'd even become like a household 275 00:15:57,600 --> 00:15:59,800 Speaker 1: name or anything like it. Yeah, and I like to 276 00:15:59,800 --> 00:16:02,600 Speaker 1: think we do that and we still get emails. So 277 00:16:02,680 --> 00:16:05,680 Speaker 1: we got one today for people that said it's it's 278 00:16:05,760 --> 00:16:11,040 Speaker 1: dangerous to even mention other schools of thought. That's dogmatic. Yeah, 279 00:16:11,160 --> 00:16:13,320 Speaker 1: And I just I don't agree with dogmatic and close 280 00:16:13,360 --> 00:16:15,560 Speaker 1: minded and don't even bring don't even email us with 281 00:16:15,600 --> 00:16:18,640 Speaker 1: that crap. Yeah, I just don't don't even bother because 282 00:16:18,640 --> 00:16:21,920 Speaker 1: we're gonna we're gonna make fun of you on the air. Yeah, 283 00:16:21,920 --> 00:16:24,120 Speaker 1: because that's not what our shows about. Even if we 284 00:16:24,120 --> 00:16:26,440 Speaker 1: don't believe something, we like to throw all sides out 285 00:16:26,480 --> 00:16:30,040 Speaker 1: there because I think, uh, discussion is healthy no matter what. 286 00:16:30,680 --> 00:16:33,360 Speaker 1: That's just me. Even when we were mocking crop circles, 287 00:16:33,560 --> 00:16:36,000 Speaker 1: we still like talked about crop circles, did we not. 288 00:16:36,400 --> 00:16:38,640 Speaker 1: It's not like we just pretended like there wasn't such 289 00:16:38,640 --> 00:16:40,560 Speaker 1: a thing as crop circles. That's right, And we have 290 00:16:40,680 --> 00:16:44,280 Speaker 1: Carl Sagan, thank for laying that golden path in front 291 00:16:44,320 --> 00:16:46,840 Speaker 1: of us. So you want to take a break, I 292 00:16:46,880 --> 00:16:49,520 Speaker 1: don't want to, but we have we need to, Okay, 293 00:16:49,560 --> 00:17:14,679 Speaker 1: all right, we'll be right back. Alright. So we've been 294 00:17:14,680 --> 00:17:18,200 Speaker 1: beating around the bush here. Um, let's talk well not really, 295 00:17:18,840 --> 00:17:20,800 Speaker 1: we've been getting into it, but let's let's talk about 296 00:17:20,840 --> 00:17:24,000 Speaker 1: some of the things that Sagan uh he wasn't just 297 00:17:24,040 --> 00:17:28,320 Speaker 1: some Johnny come lately. He had uh, degree upon degree. 298 00:17:28,480 --> 00:17:32,240 Speaker 1: I think he had billions and billions. We had undergrad degree, 299 00:17:32,240 --> 00:17:35,159 Speaker 1: he had his masters, he had his PhD. He was 300 00:17:35,800 --> 00:17:39,120 Speaker 1: he was well versed in a lot of realms of science, 301 00:17:39,160 --> 00:17:42,240 Speaker 1: but his big thing was astronomy. Right. He had two 302 00:17:42,280 --> 00:17:44,720 Speaker 1: degrees in undergrad and masters in physics and then a 303 00:17:44,800 --> 00:17:48,119 Speaker 1: doctorate in astronomy um. And he did a little stint 304 00:17:48,160 --> 00:17:51,400 Speaker 1: at Harvard. I didn't get tenure. So he's like, I'm 305 00:17:51,440 --> 00:17:53,720 Speaker 1: out of here. And Cornell is like, you come to 306 00:17:53,840 --> 00:17:56,679 Speaker 1: us and we will treat you like a god. And 307 00:17:56,720 --> 00:17:59,240 Speaker 1: they did. And he settled in at Cornell and set 308 00:17:59,320 --> 00:18:03,280 Speaker 1: up his own lab, right, the Laboratory for Planetary for 309 00:18:03,359 --> 00:18:08,000 Speaker 1: Planetary Studies. Uh, and he just that was when he 310 00:18:08,040 --> 00:18:10,200 Speaker 1: really started to get going. He was doing side work 311 00:18:10,240 --> 00:18:13,119 Speaker 1: for NASA at the time as well, doing consulting. He 312 00:18:13,160 --> 00:18:16,280 Speaker 1: did that throughout his whole career, formulas, that kind of stuff. Sure, 313 00:18:16,280 --> 00:18:19,600 Speaker 1: when NASA is picking your brain about like the Apollo mission, 314 00:18:20,160 --> 00:18:22,760 Speaker 1: you're you're doing pretty well for yourself as a scientist. 315 00:18:22,960 --> 00:18:26,159 Speaker 1: But so he had this this this potential to to 316 00:18:26,400 --> 00:18:29,760 Speaker 1: really go as sciency as he wanted to with this stuff, 317 00:18:30,160 --> 00:18:32,240 Speaker 1: and he did in some ways in a lot of 318 00:18:32,240 --> 00:18:34,880 Speaker 1: ways with his consulting with NASA, but he also kind 319 00:18:34,880 --> 00:18:42,639 Speaker 1: of pushed NASA into humanities um direction as well, like 320 00:18:42,720 --> 00:18:46,359 Speaker 1: the the Voyager discs, that's a that's a really great 321 00:18:46,359 --> 00:18:49,960 Speaker 1: example of it. Like he talked NASA into including discs 322 00:18:50,000 --> 00:18:53,560 Speaker 1: on Voyager one and two, the Golden Record, Yeah, that 323 00:18:53,680 --> 00:18:57,160 Speaker 1: are They're basically like, here's some stuff that represents humanity 324 00:18:57,200 --> 00:18:59,800 Speaker 1: and Earth. Yeah, pretty much like if we ever do 325 00:19:00,000 --> 00:19:02,320 Speaker 1: mind life on Earth, we need to have something to 326 00:19:02,359 --> 00:19:06,120 Speaker 1: offer them to represent us. Yeah, yeah, what I say, 327 00:19:06,200 --> 00:19:08,439 Speaker 1: life on Earth? Yeah, yeah, there's life on Earth. It's 328 00:19:08,480 --> 00:19:12,160 Speaker 1: pretty much documented as fact, life out there, extraterrestrial life. 329 00:19:12,160 --> 00:19:14,800 Speaker 1: He said, we needed to present ourselves and what Earth 330 00:19:14,880 --> 00:19:17,440 Speaker 1: is like and what humans are like. So he included 331 00:19:17,440 --> 00:19:20,920 Speaker 1: a hundred and fifteen images representing the diversity of life 332 00:19:21,359 --> 00:19:26,880 Speaker 1: and then uh sounds basically like his wife literally, this 333 00:19:26,960 --> 00:19:29,080 Speaker 1: is pretty out there. I don't know if marijuana had 334 00:19:29,119 --> 00:19:32,040 Speaker 1: anything to do with it. I think so. Yeah, his wife, 335 00:19:32,040 --> 00:19:34,960 Speaker 1: and she created her own sounds for the project. Basically, 336 00:19:35,520 --> 00:19:39,600 Speaker 1: she meditated and then thought told the story of the 337 00:19:39,680 --> 00:19:43,480 Speaker 1: universe by thinking it with her brain, and then those 338 00:19:43,520 --> 00:19:48,000 Speaker 1: brain waves were translated into music, and she said, my 339 00:19:48,080 --> 00:19:50,760 Speaker 1: mind also wandered to my love of my husband, so 340 00:19:50,800 --> 00:19:54,080 Speaker 1: that was translated. So they blasted. That was her message 341 00:19:54,119 --> 00:19:55,919 Speaker 1: that they blasted out to space, which is pretty far 342 00:19:55,960 --> 00:19:59,960 Speaker 1: out right, but but awesome messages of love. Yure, man, 343 00:20:00,000 --> 00:20:04,720 Speaker 1: it's pretty neat. He wasn't afraid to show his tender side. No, no, no, 344 00:20:04,840 --> 00:20:10,320 Speaker 1: he definitely wasn't. He was vulnerable in a lot of woics. Um. 345 00:20:10,440 --> 00:20:13,359 Speaker 1: And also on those discs, there's I believe etchings of 346 00:20:13,359 --> 00:20:15,320 Speaker 1: a man and a woman. I think it's etched on 347 00:20:15,359 --> 00:20:18,520 Speaker 1: the disc and they're like laser disc size. They're super 348 00:20:18,680 --> 00:20:22,080 Speaker 1: retro and made of gold, which is pretty cool. Um. 349 00:20:22,119 --> 00:20:25,040 Speaker 1: And then there's a basically a depiction of where Earth 350 00:20:25,200 --> 00:20:27,680 Speaker 1: is in the Milky Way, I believe, so it's basically 351 00:20:27,720 --> 00:20:30,680 Speaker 1: saying we're here if you ever find this. And then 352 00:20:30,680 --> 00:20:36,760 Speaker 1: of course Voyager one, I believe, got lost and awakened 353 00:20:36,920 --> 00:20:41,200 Speaker 1: and became sentient and then became a god on to 354 00:20:41,440 --> 00:20:45,000 Speaker 1: some beings. Remember, and I think Star Trek one, the 355 00:20:45,040 --> 00:20:48,320 Speaker 1: first the first movie. I never saw this veture. You 356 00:20:48,359 --> 00:20:50,360 Speaker 1: never saw any of the Star Trek movies, dude, I've 357 00:20:50,400 --> 00:20:53,520 Speaker 1: never seen one episode of the TV show. I've never 358 00:20:53,520 --> 00:20:56,920 Speaker 1: seen one episode of the Next Generation. The only Star 359 00:20:56,960 --> 00:21:00,320 Speaker 1: Trek thing I've ever ingested was Our Apologies to a Wheaten. 360 00:21:00,400 --> 00:21:03,639 Speaker 1: By the way, was that first movie that J. J. 361 00:21:03,800 --> 00:21:06,720 Speaker 1: Abrams did. I saw that. I saw the second one 362 00:21:06,760 --> 00:21:11,200 Speaker 1: of that. I also saw I think Star Trek maybe one, two, 363 00:21:11,240 --> 00:21:15,040 Speaker 1: and three. And in one of those there's this god 364 00:21:15,200 --> 00:21:19,520 Speaker 1: vjer who's like this artificial intelligence, and they finally meet 365 00:21:19,640 --> 00:21:24,040 Speaker 1: Vijor and realized that the oi uh is blotted out 366 00:21:24,600 --> 00:21:29,280 Speaker 1: and it's really Voyager one, the Space Probe. Wow. Yeah, 367 00:21:29,359 --> 00:21:31,639 Speaker 1: that's pretty cool. I thought it was pretty neat too. 368 00:21:32,000 --> 00:21:34,280 Speaker 1: I'm not a tricky by any means, but yeah, they 369 00:21:34,280 --> 00:21:36,280 Speaker 1: were still entertaining. I just never got into it. I 370 00:21:36,320 --> 00:21:38,879 Speaker 1: was always a Star Wars guy, not that they're mutually exclusive, 371 00:21:38,920 --> 00:21:41,159 Speaker 1: but I don't know, it just didn't grab me. You know, 372 00:21:41,200 --> 00:21:43,359 Speaker 1: who would have predicted that we go off on a 373 00:21:43,440 --> 00:21:47,120 Speaker 1: Star Trek Tangent and the Carl. Although I think I've 374 00:21:47,119 --> 00:21:49,200 Speaker 1: told the story of working on a commercial with William Chatterer, 375 00:21:50,320 --> 00:21:52,880 Speaker 1: you have, didn't he like bend you over a car 376 00:21:52,920 --> 00:21:57,680 Speaker 1: and pretend to arrestue That was punch, Hey shot, it 377 00:21:57,800 --> 00:21:59,760 Speaker 1: was t J. Hooker. Could have happened. Yeah, he was 378 00:22:00,080 --> 00:22:02,800 Speaker 1: though he was awesome. He'd loved being William Shatner. Oh yeah, man, 379 00:22:03,000 --> 00:22:05,320 Speaker 1: you can tell like guy wears it like a suit. 380 00:22:05,680 --> 00:22:09,360 Speaker 1: Yeah he was. He was awesome, very nice guy. So, um, 381 00:22:09,880 --> 00:22:13,640 Speaker 1: we're getting off track again here, Sagan with science. There 382 00:22:13,720 --> 00:22:15,440 Speaker 1: was actual science to stuff. As a matter of fact, 383 00:22:15,480 --> 00:22:19,520 Speaker 1: the idea of the greenhouse effect is rooted partially in 384 00:22:19,720 --> 00:22:22,199 Speaker 1: his work. Yeah, I mean that that had been around 385 00:22:22,200 --> 00:22:27,159 Speaker 1: since the late nineteenth century. But um, he looked at 386 00:22:27,200 --> 00:22:29,320 Speaker 1: like a planet like Venus and said, you know what, 387 00:22:29,400 --> 00:22:33,000 Speaker 1: Venus is really hot, and I think wise because this 388 00:22:33,160 --> 00:22:38,520 Speaker 1: greenhouse effect. And um, then because of that work, people 389 00:22:38,560 --> 00:22:41,800 Speaker 1: started thinking, well, maybe Earth has a greenhouse effect. Going 390 00:22:41,800 --> 00:22:43,800 Speaker 1: on to right really opened the door for that line 391 00:22:43,840 --> 00:22:47,919 Speaker 1: of thought. It did, and he's correct. Earth definitely does 392 00:22:47,960 --> 00:22:52,880 Speaker 1: have a greenhouse effect and it's problematic. Correct. Another one 393 00:22:52,920 --> 00:22:55,960 Speaker 1: that he's widely cited for is the Fate Young Young 394 00:22:56,119 --> 00:23:00,119 Speaker 1: Son paradox. Um. I don't know if the if he 395 00:23:00,200 --> 00:23:04,480 Speaker 1: was the one who first pointed this out, or if 396 00:23:04,480 --> 00:23:06,320 Speaker 1: he just kind of built upon it and it's still 397 00:23:06,359 --> 00:23:08,920 Speaker 1: not fully solved. I think so he and George Mullen 398 00:23:09,600 --> 00:23:11,879 Speaker 1: figured this out. I'm pretty sure Yeah. So the idea 399 00:23:12,000 --> 00:23:15,400 Speaker 1: is that Earth early on its history was a ball 400 00:23:15,440 --> 00:23:20,760 Speaker 1: of ice. But problematically, there was also some liquid water 401 00:23:20,920 --> 00:23:23,520 Speaker 1: on Earth too, It wasn't all ice. This doesn't make 402 00:23:23,600 --> 00:23:27,199 Speaker 1: much sense because the Sun as it stands now is 403 00:23:27,280 --> 00:23:29,679 Speaker 1: just about enough to keep Earth from from being a 404 00:23:29,720 --> 00:23:33,000 Speaker 1: frozen ball of ice. But back then, when Earth was 405 00:23:33,080 --> 00:23:34,960 Speaker 1: mostly a frozen ball of ice, the Sun was only 406 00:23:35,000 --> 00:23:41,040 Speaker 1: at like s of its luminosity or lumosity, luminosity one 407 00:23:41,080 --> 00:23:45,919 Speaker 1: of those luminosity right, yeah, sure, um that it is today, 408 00:23:46,440 --> 00:23:47,920 Speaker 1: and so it doesn't make sense that there should be 409 00:23:48,000 --> 00:23:50,280 Speaker 1: any liquid water on Earth. And it's called the faint 410 00:23:50,320 --> 00:23:53,520 Speaker 1: Young Sun paradox. And um, I believe they figured out 411 00:23:53,600 --> 00:23:58,040 Speaker 1: or they Sagan and Mullin said, well, it's the greenhouse effect. Yeah, 412 00:23:58,080 --> 00:24:00,800 Speaker 1: and I don't think they ever fully settled on that. Um. Still, 413 00:24:00,960 --> 00:24:03,439 Speaker 1: it's it's outstanding. Yeah. They think it might be a 414 00:24:03,480 --> 00:24:06,520 Speaker 1: combination of that and some other stuff. That's right. Uh, 415 00:24:06,560 --> 00:24:08,679 Speaker 1: what else did you do? He looked at um Titan, 416 00:24:08,880 --> 00:24:11,480 Speaker 1: Saturn's moon at one point and said, you know what, 417 00:24:12,200 --> 00:24:15,160 Speaker 1: I think there's organic molecules up there and that's why 418 00:24:15,200 --> 00:24:18,520 Speaker 1: it looks red. And he was right. Yeah. He went 419 00:24:18,600 --> 00:24:21,960 Speaker 1: to h Yeah. So, I mean he he wasn't afraid 420 00:24:22,040 --> 00:24:25,720 Speaker 1: to throw a wacky hypothesis out there, and that did 421 00:24:25,760 --> 00:24:28,679 Speaker 1: not do him any favors in the scientific community either. No, 422 00:24:28,920 --> 00:24:34,800 Speaker 1: because there is a definite um arrogance associated with throwing 423 00:24:34,800 --> 00:24:37,879 Speaker 1: out the hypothesis and not doing the work, leaving it 424 00:24:37,920 --> 00:24:40,480 Speaker 1: to other people to do the work, and then you 425 00:24:40,560 --> 00:24:44,320 Speaker 1: still get the credit for throwing the hypothesis out there. Um. 426 00:24:44,440 --> 00:24:47,800 Speaker 1: It's it's one of the it's one of the main 427 00:24:47,840 --> 00:24:50,760 Speaker 1: reasons why Sagan was highly criticized by some people in 428 00:24:50,760 --> 00:24:54,840 Speaker 1: the scientific community. Yeah, there's um in the Smithsonian article. Um, 429 00:24:54,880 --> 00:24:57,840 Speaker 1: they say there's sort of an unwritten rule among scientists. Uh, 430 00:24:57,880 --> 00:25:01,480 Speaker 1: they'll shout that speculate, that'll shout talk about things outside 431 00:25:01,520 --> 00:25:04,480 Speaker 1: your immediate area of expertise. It's a big one that 432 00:25:04,560 --> 00:25:07,280 Speaker 1: he transgressed. Yeah. He was all over the place, uh 433 00:25:07,280 --> 00:25:09,280 Speaker 1: and now shouting that horse around on late night TV 434 00:25:09,359 --> 00:25:12,199 Speaker 1: talk shows. Yeah with Carson. Yeah, he was on Carson 435 00:25:12,280 --> 00:25:15,239 Speaker 1: two dozen times over a couple of decades and was, 436 00:25:15,520 --> 00:25:17,119 Speaker 1: like I said, sort of the Neil de grasse Tyson. 437 00:25:17,160 --> 00:25:20,200 Speaker 1: He was the go to when anyone in the press 438 00:25:20,320 --> 00:25:24,920 Speaker 1: needed anything for television. He was the guy and anything 439 00:25:24,960 --> 00:25:27,640 Speaker 1: that had anything even remotely to do with science, even 440 00:25:27,680 --> 00:25:30,600 Speaker 1: if I had to do with theology, and somebody wanted 441 00:25:31,080 --> 00:25:35,240 Speaker 1: a sciences opinion of theology, go to Carl Sagan. Yeah, 442 00:25:35,359 --> 00:25:38,480 Speaker 1: And so from Sagan's at his point of view, he's 443 00:25:38,520 --> 00:25:42,720 Speaker 1: just furthering science. What's the problem From this other scientists 444 00:25:42,800 --> 00:25:44,879 Speaker 1: point of view, It's like it makes it look like 445 00:25:44,920 --> 00:25:50,000 Speaker 1: Carl Sagan is trained in everything from astrophysics, which he was, 446 00:25:50,080 --> 00:25:55,240 Speaker 1: to theology and biology and anthropology and every ology in between, 447 00:25:56,080 --> 00:26:00,080 Speaker 1: and he wasn't. True. There's some professional jealousy too, you know. 448 00:26:00,680 --> 00:26:03,960 Speaker 1: I think, um, you know how it is like he's 449 00:26:03,960 --> 00:26:07,080 Speaker 1: getting all the press, and uh, other folks are stuck 450 00:26:07,080 --> 00:26:09,600 Speaker 1: in a lab doing what they think is the real work. 451 00:26:10,200 --> 00:26:11,560 Speaker 1: So I kind of get it in a way. But 452 00:26:11,640 --> 00:26:15,000 Speaker 1: I just think that people like Bill Nye and Tyson 453 00:26:15,080 --> 00:26:18,560 Speaker 1: and and Sagan are hugely necessary. You know, you gotta 454 00:26:18,600 --> 00:26:20,960 Speaker 1: have a face out there furthering it. You definitely need, 455 00:26:21,320 --> 00:26:23,719 Speaker 1: you know, yea, and you gotta have a media outlet 456 00:26:23,760 --> 00:26:28,520 Speaker 1: like Parade magazine to put that face one that was 457 00:26:28,560 --> 00:26:30,680 Speaker 1: his go to for sure? Was he in there a lot? 458 00:26:30,920 --> 00:26:35,119 Speaker 1: Oh yeah, it was. That's the Sunday insert right, Yeah, 459 00:26:35,160 --> 00:26:37,320 Speaker 1: and that was like kind of the big joke because 460 00:26:37,359 --> 00:26:40,320 Speaker 1: that he stopped publishing in academic journals and started publishing 461 00:26:40,320 --> 00:26:43,800 Speaker 1: and Parade Magazine. And if you remember in our Nuclear 462 00:26:43,880 --> 00:26:48,000 Speaker 1: Winter episode, yeah he was. Did he completely in uh 463 00:26:48,200 --> 00:26:51,159 Speaker 1: think of that? No, he just furthered it. He was 464 00:26:51,240 --> 00:26:55,119 Speaker 1: part of a group that that was organized that basically said, like, 465 00:26:55,240 --> 00:26:58,320 Speaker 1: if you guys start setting off nuclear bombs, it's not 466 00:26:58,400 --> 00:27:01,119 Speaker 1: going to be this thing that just it's like, there's 467 00:27:01,160 --> 00:27:03,560 Speaker 1: going to be this thing called Nuclear Winner. And they 468 00:27:03,600 --> 00:27:06,080 Speaker 1: hadn't done all the science yet before he went and 469 00:27:06,119 --> 00:27:09,320 Speaker 1: wrote an article in Parade Magazine and told the world 470 00:27:09,320 --> 00:27:12,600 Speaker 1: about Nuclear Winner, and in the opinion of the science 471 00:27:12,600 --> 00:27:15,080 Speaker 1: that's he was working with, like really undermine their case 472 00:27:15,520 --> 00:27:18,400 Speaker 1: because it's sensationalized it. Yeah, but what it also did 473 00:27:18,520 --> 00:27:22,000 Speaker 1: was it got your your average Joe thinking about nuclear 474 00:27:22,119 --> 00:27:24,720 Speaker 1: war in the Cold War and maybe we shouldn't be 475 00:27:25,240 --> 00:27:28,359 Speaker 1: zooming toward our own demise right at a hundred miles. 476 00:27:29,800 --> 00:27:33,320 Speaker 1: And that's the big back and forth about Sagan's legacy, Yeah, 477 00:27:33,560 --> 00:27:35,919 Speaker 1: or the the actual work he did too. Yeah, and 478 00:27:35,960 --> 00:27:41,640 Speaker 1: you mentioned that theology. He was famously um spiritual agnostic. 479 00:27:41,760 --> 00:27:44,640 Speaker 1: He was a spiritual agnostic, is how he defined himself. Yeah, 480 00:27:44,640 --> 00:27:48,000 Speaker 1: he didn't classify until as atheist. No, and the reason why, 481 00:27:48,240 --> 00:27:51,840 Speaker 1: true to Sagan's own um own way, was that he 482 00:27:51,880 --> 00:27:55,360 Speaker 1: could not scientifically prove that there was not God. So 483 00:27:55,480 --> 00:27:58,200 Speaker 1: he said, how can I call myself an atheist? Which 484 00:27:58,240 --> 00:28:01,120 Speaker 1: is um, it's pretty cool. And actually he's the guy 485 00:28:01,640 --> 00:28:06,280 Speaker 1: supposedly that coined the term extraordinary claims require extraordinary proof. 486 00:28:06,480 --> 00:28:09,680 Speaker 1: That's what I here? Does that go back to him? 487 00:28:09,680 --> 00:28:13,200 Speaker 1: So he's like, skeptics love the dude. Oh yeah, he's 488 00:28:13,280 --> 00:28:17,240 Speaker 1: the father of the skeptic. But I think he I 489 00:28:17,240 --> 00:28:20,600 Speaker 1: don't know. I think he gives skeptics the good name. Sure, 490 00:28:20,920 --> 00:28:24,200 Speaker 1: but if you want to prove your bones to how 491 00:28:24,240 --> 00:28:29,960 Speaker 1: hardcore skeptic you are, criticize Carl Sagan in the skeptic community, 492 00:28:30,160 --> 00:28:33,399 Speaker 1: you can really show that you're a super skeptic. Yeah. 493 00:28:33,680 --> 00:28:36,880 Speaker 1: Sagan was a milk toast as far as skeptics go. Yeah, 494 00:28:36,880 --> 00:28:39,920 Speaker 1: because he would indulge other lines of thought, um, but 495 00:28:40,040 --> 00:28:42,280 Speaker 1: still require proof. But he wouldn't just shut it down 496 00:28:42,400 --> 00:28:45,560 Speaker 1: right out of the gate. So we will get back 497 00:28:45,600 --> 00:29:12,880 Speaker 1: to Carl Sagan right after these messages. All right, chuckers, 498 00:29:12,880 --> 00:29:16,480 Speaker 1: we're back. So, um, there was one thing that Carl 499 00:29:16,520 --> 00:29:20,640 Speaker 1: saying he would poke funded himself. He never abandoned. It 500 00:29:20,680 --> 00:29:24,920 Speaker 1: was this idea that possibly, maybe, just maybe, um, there 501 00:29:25,000 --> 00:29:28,880 Speaker 1: was intelligent life out there, and um, he wanted there 502 00:29:28,920 --> 00:29:32,320 Speaker 1: to be for sure, you know. Uh, he helped disprove 503 00:29:33,320 --> 00:29:37,080 Speaker 1: or set the conditions against life being out there for sure. 504 00:29:37,720 --> 00:29:41,040 Speaker 1: Like for example, um, he suggested that on Mars, the 505 00:29:41,120 --> 00:29:44,360 Speaker 1: shifting features of Mars were a result of dust storms, 506 00:29:44,880 --> 00:29:46,920 Speaker 1: and it turned out he was right, But those dust 507 00:29:46,920 --> 00:29:50,040 Speaker 1: storms also basically said there's probably not life on Mars 508 00:29:50,560 --> 00:29:54,200 Speaker 1: just from that reason alone, those horrible dust storms, right yeah, 509 00:29:54,240 --> 00:29:56,760 Speaker 1: and he um, actually he want to pull a surprise 510 00:29:56,840 --> 00:29:59,720 Speaker 1: for some of his work. I think he wrote more 511 00:29:59,760 --> 00:30:02,800 Speaker 1: than dozen books. But one of the things he wrote 512 00:30:02,920 --> 00:30:06,640 Speaker 1: was Contact, the novel not uh you know, he was 513 00:30:06,720 --> 00:30:09,840 Speaker 1: totally into sci fi and wrote you know, the movie 514 00:30:10,160 --> 00:30:14,200 Speaker 1: uh Contact McConaughey and Jodie Foster that was based on 515 00:30:14,280 --> 00:30:17,200 Speaker 1: his novel. And of course that movie was about sending 516 00:30:17,680 --> 00:30:20,560 Speaker 1: signals into outer space trying to find life. So you 517 00:30:20,560 --> 00:30:22,600 Speaker 1: could tell the guy it was something he loved to 518 00:30:22,640 --> 00:30:24,880 Speaker 1: talk about and write about. Oh yeah, but he also 519 00:30:25,000 --> 00:30:29,960 Speaker 1: loved it like actually that that kind of research, which 520 00:30:30,000 --> 00:30:33,280 Speaker 1: is totally up his Alley like st um, the search 521 00:30:33,320 --> 00:30:38,160 Speaker 1: for extraterrestrial intelligence is is evidence based in science based 522 00:30:38,200 --> 00:30:42,640 Speaker 1: search for extraterrestrials? Right, Yes, that was that's Carl Sagan 523 00:30:42,720 --> 00:30:46,040 Speaker 1: through and through. That's just totally him. He was, um, 524 00:30:46,080 --> 00:30:48,720 Speaker 1: he wanted to believe in extraterrestrial life, but he needed 525 00:30:48,800 --> 00:30:52,160 Speaker 1: proof to believe in it. Really. Yeah, he just couldn't 526 00:30:52,160 --> 00:30:55,240 Speaker 1: make that jump to just saying yes, they they exist 527 00:30:55,760 --> 00:30:59,800 Speaker 1: without any proof. Yeah, exactly. So he's writing books, he 528 00:31:00,440 --> 00:31:03,560 Speaker 1: NASA is picking his brain, he's all over the place 529 00:31:03,640 --> 00:31:07,560 Speaker 1: and he eventually We've talked about his TV show debuted 530 00:31:07,600 --> 00:31:12,480 Speaker 1: on UM well, actually the debuted nineteen eighty one. Yeah, 531 00:31:12,560 --> 00:31:17,280 Speaker 1: I thought eight. Yeah, yeah, I think it was, um 532 00:31:17,320 --> 00:31:20,160 Speaker 1: so I must have been nine years old. I was four. 533 00:31:20,280 --> 00:31:23,240 Speaker 1: I thought it was ten. What month was it, I 534 00:31:23,280 --> 00:31:26,800 Speaker 1: don't know. I don't even um. But he originally it 535 00:31:26,880 --> 00:31:28,640 Speaker 1: was the TV series is going to be called Man 536 00:31:28,640 --> 00:31:31,640 Speaker 1: and the Cosmos. But he thought that was sexist and 537 00:31:31,800 --> 00:31:34,840 Speaker 1: he was a feminist, so he said, um, he proposed 538 00:31:34,840 --> 00:31:39,360 Speaker 1: a couple of more titles. One was called There Terrible 539 00:31:39,880 --> 00:31:43,240 Speaker 1: t H E R E uh with some subtitle, and 540 00:31:43,280 --> 00:31:47,120 Speaker 1: then the other was Cosmos along with a subtitle. Um, 541 00:31:47,160 --> 00:31:49,680 Speaker 1: and he spent like three years around the world filming 542 00:31:49,760 --> 00:31:51,800 Speaker 1: this thing, right, Yeah, and it just it was a 543 00:31:52,200 --> 00:31:54,360 Speaker 1: what it's not like it ran for seasons and seasons. 544 00:31:54,400 --> 00:31:58,560 Speaker 1: It was like a a single run of shows on 545 00:31:58,640 --> 00:32:01,400 Speaker 1: PBS that televis an event. Yeah, it was a TV 546 00:32:01,480 --> 00:32:04,040 Speaker 1: event exactly. One of the other things that he did, 547 00:32:04,480 --> 00:32:08,080 Speaker 1: which I never knew, was he wrote along with his son. 548 00:32:08,120 --> 00:32:11,480 Speaker 1: Now because his son uh has a byeline, I guess 549 00:32:11,600 --> 00:32:16,920 Speaker 1: Jimmy Sagan Todd Sagan his five kids I think total, 550 00:32:17,360 --> 00:32:20,280 Speaker 1: but one of his sons became a sci fi writer, 551 00:32:20,360 --> 00:32:23,840 Speaker 1: another one became more of a science writer. So basically 552 00:32:23,880 --> 00:32:27,440 Speaker 1: he split into two. Yeah. Actually I never thought about 553 00:32:27,480 --> 00:32:31,760 Speaker 1: that way. Um, I just explained two of his kids existence. 554 00:32:32,400 --> 00:32:38,240 Speaker 1: He wrote the entry for Life for Encyclopedia Britannica, like 555 00:32:38,280 --> 00:32:41,320 Speaker 1: this is what life is. Yeah. He was fairly energetic dude, 556 00:32:41,720 --> 00:32:43,480 Speaker 1: for sure. Yeah, to say the least. I mean he 557 00:32:43,520 --> 00:32:46,120 Speaker 1: did Cosmos in his mid forties, just out of nowhere, 558 00:32:46,160 --> 00:32:48,360 Speaker 1: a lot accomplished for a pot head, he really did, 559 00:32:48,480 --> 00:32:52,520 Speaker 1: you know, He's like the Cypress Hill of of science. 560 00:32:52,960 --> 00:32:54,840 Speaker 1: I don't know, hey, man, they put out like three 561 00:32:54,880 --> 00:32:57,120 Speaker 1: albums in like four or five years. Yeah, it's a 562 00:32:57,120 --> 00:33:02,000 Speaker 1: lot of work and then retired. Yeah, secand did not retire, No, 563 00:33:02,120 --> 00:33:04,080 Speaker 1: he did not, sir. He worked up until his death 564 00:33:04,120 --> 00:33:10,360 Speaker 1: in n Yeah. He dies after battling UM, a bone 565 00:33:10,360 --> 00:33:14,440 Speaker 1: marrow disease for about a year or so to two years, 566 00:33:14,480 --> 00:33:17,440 Speaker 1: I think is closer. Um, he's diagnosed with it and 567 00:33:17,480 --> 00:33:20,959 Speaker 1: he needed a transplant, and his sister uh stepped up 568 00:33:20,960 --> 00:33:24,400 Speaker 1: and volunteered to give him a donation and did and 569 00:33:24,520 --> 00:33:27,080 Speaker 1: uh apparently it wasn't quite enough because he died of 570 00:33:27,120 --> 00:33:30,400 Speaker 1: an infection after about a year and a half after 571 00:33:30,800 --> 00:33:35,840 Speaker 1: um the transplant. Just sixty four years old. Yeah, too, way, 572 00:33:35,920 --> 00:33:38,760 Speaker 1: way too young, it really is. And in fact, yesterday, 573 00:33:39,200 --> 00:33:42,240 Speaker 1: the day we're recording this is November ten. I believe 574 00:33:42,320 --> 00:33:45,440 Speaker 1: yesterday was would have been his eighty first birthday. Oh yeah, 575 00:33:45,480 --> 00:33:48,760 Speaker 1: you didn't plan that, nope. Wow, that's a pretty impressive 576 00:33:49,360 --> 00:33:52,880 Speaker 1: speaking to me from billions of light years away. Yeah, 577 00:33:52,920 --> 00:33:56,440 Speaker 1: that's funny that you say that. Because somebody wrote to him, Um, 578 00:33:56,520 --> 00:33:58,520 Speaker 1: they said, how do you know that there's not a heaven? 579 00:33:59,320 --> 00:34:02,720 Speaker 1: And um, he had this really great response. He remember 580 00:34:02,720 --> 00:34:04,480 Speaker 1: in his archives, he was a pack rat, so he 581 00:34:04,560 --> 00:34:07,880 Speaker 1: kept a lot of correspondence and from it they found Um. 582 00:34:07,920 --> 00:34:12,360 Speaker 1: In this achembach Um article, there's a a citation of 583 00:34:12,680 --> 00:34:15,919 Speaker 1: a letter that he wrote to somebody, and UM, he says, 584 00:34:15,960 --> 00:34:18,400 Speaker 1: thanks for your letter, nothing like the Christian notion of 585 00:34:18,440 --> 00:34:21,479 Speaker 1: heaven has been found out to about ten billion light years, 586 00:34:21,760 --> 00:34:24,480 Speaker 1: and then in parentheses he puts one light year is 587 00:34:24,520 --> 00:34:28,239 Speaker 1: almost six trillion miles. Best wishes. And the point is 588 00:34:28,440 --> 00:34:32,520 Speaker 1: like he took the time to write the letter back 589 00:34:32,560 --> 00:34:35,319 Speaker 1: to this guy, like he would engage rather than just 590 00:34:35,440 --> 00:34:39,160 Speaker 1: ignore the letter entirely. So he entertained and indulged people's 591 00:34:39,239 --> 00:34:42,040 Speaker 1: ideas enough that he would engage with somebody he didn't 592 00:34:42,040 --> 00:34:45,000 Speaker 1: even know about whether there's heaven or not. And this 593 00:34:45,120 --> 00:34:48,799 Speaker 1: this was sent um the year he died. Actually, so 594 00:34:48,880 --> 00:34:53,240 Speaker 1: he's writing this from his sick bed. Wow, that's awesome. Uh. 595 00:34:53,280 --> 00:34:55,560 Speaker 1: As far as whether or not it bothered him, whether 596 00:34:55,680 --> 00:34:58,600 Speaker 1: or not he was how he was thought of in 597 00:34:58,640 --> 00:35:01,360 Speaker 1: the scientific community, UM, it kind of all came to 598 00:35:01,400 --> 00:35:06,120 Speaker 1: a head in Uh, he was on a list to 599 00:35:06,239 --> 00:35:09,800 Speaker 1: be included um as a nominee for the National Academy 600 00:35:09,800 --> 00:35:14,040 Speaker 1: of Sciences. Uh. In the end he was not included, 601 00:35:14,719 --> 00:35:18,120 Speaker 1: and it bothered him. Um. He kind of brushed it 602 00:35:18,120 --> 00:35:20,880 Speaker 1: off to two people in public saying that, you know, 603 00:35:20,920 --> 00:35:22,840 Speaker 1: I didn't think I would get in any way, but 604 00:35:23,040 --> 00:35:26,160 Speaker 1: his widow said, uh, quote, it was painful. It seemed 605 00:35:26,200 --> 00:35:31,799 Speaker 1: like a unsolicited slight end quote. And they ended up 606 00:35:31,800 --> 00:35:35,440 Speaker 1: giving him an honorary medal, which was nice, but that 607 00:35:35,520 --> 00:35:38,240 Speaker 1: was definitely a big sting for him. Yeah. The National 608 00:35:38,280 --> 00:35:41,080 Speaker 1: Academy of Sciences said, nope, you're not a member. Yeah, 609 00:35:41,120 --> 00:35:43,400 Speaker 1: you're not one of us. They basically said that the 610 00:35:43,400 --> 00:35:47,839 Speaker 1: the actual research that you did wasn't strong enough, which, uh, 611 00:35:47,960 --> 00:35:54,040 Speaker 1: it stinks. It sounds like a definite calculated slight Yeah. Yeah, yeah, 612 00:35:54,200 --> 00:35:57,640 Speaker 1: he's included in my book. Yeah for sure. Man. Uh 613 00:35:57,680 --> 00:36:00,040 Speaker 1: so my hat is off to you, sir forever. Do 614 00:36:00,040 --> 00:36:03,040 Speaker 1: you got anything else? No, man, I just uh that 615 00:36:03,120 --> 00:36:05,959 Speaker 1: someone needs to make a great documentary or movie about 616 00:36:05,960 --> 00:36:10,080 Speaker 1: the guy. Yeah, you know, starring Ashton Kutcher is Carl Sagan. 617 00:36:10,680 --> 00:36:13,960 Speaker 1: That guy can play anybody. Yeah. Uh. If you want 618 00:36:14,000 --> 00:36:16,160 Speaker 1: to know more about Carl Sagan, you can start with 619 00:36:16,160 --> 00:36:19,440 Speaker 1: this delightful little article on how stuff works by typing 620 00:36:19,440 --> 00:36:22,040 Speaker 1: Carl Sagan in the search bar. And since I said 621 00:36:22,040 --> 00:36:26,520 Speaker 1: search bar, its time for listener mail. Hey guys, my 622 00:36:26,600 --> 00:36:28,200 Speaker 1: name is Connie. I've been a listener for a couple 623 00:36:28,239 --> 00:36:30,240 Speaker 1: of months after my brother turned me onto the show. 624 00:36:30,840 --> 00:36:33,000 Speaker 1: Since then, I've been completely obsessed and haven't been able 625 00:36:33,000 --> 00:36:36,160 Speaker 1: to stop listening. UM on track to become a nurse, 626 00:36:36,239 --> 00:36:39,120 Speaker 1: so I can can't get enough of anything science or 627 00:36:39,120 --> 00:36:41,439 Speaker 1: biology related. I want to thank you for a couple 628 00:36:41,480 --> 00:36:43,719 Speaker 1: of things. UM in a base level anatomy class right 629 00:36:43,719 --> 00:36:46,880 Speaker 1: now and the rigor Mortist podcast saved my behind and 630 00:36:47,080 --> 00:36:50,520 Speaker 1: my grade on my cadaver dissection and muscle's desk. A 631 00:36:50,560 --> 00:36:52,560 Speaker 1: lot of the things you covered, like the nature of 632 00:36:52,560 --> 00:36:56,320 Speaker 1: the muscle's relationship with a TP and the integral proteins 633 00:36:56,680 --> 00:36:58,960 Speaker 1: really helped me pass my exam and not pass out 634 00:36:58,960 --> 00:37:02,040 Speaker 1: in the cadaver lab. You also even taught my anatomy 635 00:37:02,080 --> 00:37:06,319 Speaker 1: professor something new about keila cells. How about that last 636 00:37:06,400 --> 00:37:08,480 Speaker 1: year I was diagnosed with anxiety and depression due to 637 00:37:08,480 --> 00:37:10,600 Speaker 1: the fact that I could never really fit in the 638 00:37:10,760 --> 00:37:13,440 Speaker 1: right way. I lost almost all of my friends when 639 00:37:13,440 --> 00:37:15,720 Speaker 1: I made an early jump from high school to college, 640 00:37:15,719 --> 00:37:18,680 Speaker 1: and being able to count on YouTube weekly has really 641 00:37:18,719 --> 00:37:22,279 Speaker 1: helped a little bit with the loneliness and learning something 642 00:37:22,320 --> 00:37:25,120 Speaker 1: new is always a healthy distraction from anxiety. So you guys, 643 00:37:25,160 --> 00:37:27,440 Speaker 1: really give me something new and exciting to discuss and 644 00:37:27,520 --> 00:37:30,400 Speaker 1: learned about twice a week when you work forty hours, 645 00:37:30,440 --> 00:37:33,600 Speaker 1: it really goes a long way. Uh. It would absolutely 646 00:37:33,600 --> 00:37:35,040 Speaker 1: make his ear if you could give a shout out 647 00:37:35,040 --> 00:37:38,080 Speaker 1: to my brother, Matt the physics teacher. That is very nice. Yeah, 648 00:37:38,120 --> 00:37:39,960 Speaker 1: he's the reason I started listening to you and sharing. 649 00:37:40,000 --> 00:37:42,319 Speaker 1: The love of knowledge is really something that has kept 650 00:37:42,400 --> 00:37:44,880 Speaker 1: us close in spite of our eleven year age difference. 651 00:37:45,200 --> 00:37:49,120 Speaker 1: It sparked so many interesting and inspired conversations between us. 652 00:37:49,400 --> 00:37:51,080 Speaker 1: So thank you for what you're doing and helping many 653 00:37:51,120 --> 00:37:54,040 Speaker 1: of us make it through tough spots. That is much 654 00:37:54,080 --> 00:37:57,319 Speaker 1: love from Connie from Illinois. So thank you, Connie, and 655 00:37:57,360 --> 00:38:00,520 Speaker 1: hello to Matt your brother. Hey, Matt the physics teacher. Yeah, 656 00:38:00,520 --> 00:38:04,120 Speaker 1: thanks guys. It's we love families that listen and bringing 657 00:38:04,160 --> 00:38:06,920 Speaker 1: people together. Man, it's makes us feel good. Yeah. The 658 00:38:06,960 --> 00:38:10,520 Speaker 1: family that listens to s Y s K together stays together. 659 00:38:10,719 --> 00:38:14,239 Speaker 1: That's right. It's a dire warning. Uh. If you want 660 00:38:14,320 --> 00:38:16,600 Speaker 1: to let us know how great somebody in your life 661 00:38:16,719 --> 00:38:19,600 Speaker 1: is because they introduced you to the stuff, you should 662 00:38:19,600 --> 00:38:21,960 Speaker 1: know we love hearing that stuff. You can tweet to 663 00:38:22,000 --> 00:38:24,239 Speaker 1: us at s Y s K podcast. You can join 664 00:38:24,320 --> 00:38:26,359 Speaker 1: us on Facebook dot com slash stuff you Should Know. 665 00:38:26,719 --> 00:38:28,799 Speaker 1: You can send us an email to Stuff podcast at 666 00:38:28,800 --> 00:38:31,120 Speaker 1: how stuff Works dot com and has always joined us 667 00:38:31,120 --> 00:38:32,880 Speaker 1: at our home on the web. Stuff you Should Know 668 00:38:32,960 --> 00:38:37,600 Speaker 1: dot Com. Stuff you Should Know is a production of 669 00:38:37,600 --> 00:38:40,919 Speaker 1: I Heart Radio. For more podcasts my Heart Radio, visit 670 00:38:40,960 --> 00:38:43,759 Speaker 1: the i heart Radio app, Apple Podcasts, or wherever you 671 00:38:43,840 --> 00:38:45,120 Speaker 1: listen to your favorite shows.