1 00:00:01,320 --> 00:00:04,280 Speaker 1: Welcome to Stuff You Missed in History Class, a production 2 00:00:04,400 --> 00:00:14,600 Speaker 1: of iHeartRadio. Hello and welcome to the podcast. I'm Tracey E. V. 3 00:00:14,760 --> 00:00:18,720 Speaker 1: Wilson and I'm Holly Frye. It's time for six Impossible Episodes. 4 00:00:19,320 --> 00:00:21,800 Speaker 1: This is when I round up six topics that, for 5 00:00:21,880 --> 00:00:24,079 Speaker 1: one reason or another, they don't really work as a 6 00:00:24,079 --> 00:00:27,920 Speaker 1: full episode. Sometimes it's just a lack of information. We 7 00:00:28,000 --> 00:00:31,560 Speaker 1: will not know a ton about a particular person or thing. 8 00:00:32,640 --> 00:00:35,159 Speaker 1: For two of today's topics, we do have quite a 9 00:00:35,200 --> 00:00:37,680 Speaker 1: bit of information, but a lot of that is visual. 10 00:00:38,440 --> 00:00:43,199 Speaker 1: This is an audio podcast, we would be describing visual 11 00:00:43,280 --> 00:00:45,360 Speaker 1: things at length, and I don't think that would work 12 00:00:45,360 --> 00:00:49,320 Speaker 1: out very well for what we do. This is actually 13 00:00:49,360 --> 00:00:52,600 Speaker 1: our third installment of six Impossible Episodes that has been 14 00:00:52,600 --> 00:00:56,840 Speaker 1: devoted entirely to listener requests, and I've been hanging on 15 00:00:57,280 --> 00:01:01,960 Speaker 1: to a lot of these requests for months years. So 16 00:01:02,160 --> 00:01:06,679 Speaker 1: first up, from listener Tina, we have Nellie Cashman. Nellie 17 00:01:06,680 --> 00:01:09,640 Speaker 1: Cashman was born to a Catholic family in Ireland in 18 00:01:09,720 --> 00:01:14,000 Speaker 1: eighteen forty four or eighteen forty five. Her parents were 19 00:01:14,040 --> 00:01:18,160 Speaker 1: Patrick and Fanny o'cassane. Their family name was anglicized at 20 00:01:18,160 --> 00:01:20,800 Speaker 1: some point later on and she was christened with the 21 00:01:20,880 --> 00:01:24,479 Speaker 1: name Ellen. It might be possible to do a whole 22 00:01:24,480 --> 00:01:27,160 Speaker 1: episode about her because there is a lot of information 23 00:01:27,319 --> 00:01:31,160 Speaker 1: available about her life, but some of what's around is 24 00:01:31,240 --> 00:01:36,960 Speaker 1: really contradictory or possibly apocryphal. Her life also followed a 25 00:01:37,040 --> 00:01:39,760 Speaker 1: pattern as she moved from place to place, so parts 26 00:01:39,760 --> 00:01:42,120 Speaker 1: of it would start to really feel a bit repetitive. 27 00:01:43,200 --> 00:01:46,000 Speaker 1: Nellie was born right at the start of the Great 28 00:01:46,120 --> 00:01:49,760 Speaker 1: Famine in Ireland. We have a two part episode on 29 00:01:49,960 --> 00:01:53,840 Speaker 1: this that came out in twenty thirteen. But essentially a 30 00:01:53,880 --> 00:01:56,680 Speaker 1: lot of people in Ireland were tenant farmers and they 31 00:01:56,720 --> 00:02:00,680 Speaker 1: were subsisting mostly on potatoes, as in getting about eighty 32 00:02:00,760 --> 00:02:05,400 Speaker 1: percent of their daily calories from their potato crops. Anything 33 00:02:05,440 --> 00:02:09,360 Speaker 1: else they grew or raised was to sell, not to eat. 34 00:02:10,120 --> 00:02:13,520 Speaker 1: Starting in eighteen forty five, a blight killed the potato 35 00:02:13,600 --> 00:02:16,240 Speaker 1: crop and that went on multiple years in a row, 36 00:02:16,520 --> 00:02:20,799 Speaker 1: leaving these farmers and their families without their biggest food source. 37 00:02:21,520 --> 00:02:24,680 Speaker 1: The British government was also in control of Ireland and 38 00:02:24,720 --> 00:02:27,639 Speaker 1: took a very lais a fair approach to the situation, 39 00:02:28,360 --> 00:02:33,919 Speaker 1: and also continued to export those other foods which might 40 00:02:33,960 --> 00:02:36,120 Speaker 1: have been used to help people make up for the 41 00:02:36,200 --> 00:02:41,360 Speaker 1: loss of their potato crop. This was a catastrophe. More 42 00:02:41,400 --> 00:02:45,040 Speaker 1: than a million people died of hunger or disease because 43 00:02:45,040 --> 00:02:48,320 Speaker 1: of it. The famine also led to a huge wave 44 00:02:48,440 --> 00:02:53,560 Speaker 1: of emigration out of Ireland, including Nelly's family. She, her mother, 45 00:02:53,680 --> 00:02:56,840 Speaker 1: and her sister Fanny, were in Boston by about eighteen fifty. 46 00:02:57,639 --> 00:03:00,080 Speaker 1: From there they went to San Francisco, where Fans and 47 00:03:00,120 --> 00:03:04,640 Speaker 1: he later married another Irish immigrant named Tom Cunningham. After 48 00:03:04,720 --> 00:03:07,680 Speaker 1: Fanny's death in eighteen eighty four, Nellie took over the 49 00:03:07,720 --> 00:03:11,120 Speaker 1: care of Fanny's five children. As far as we know, 50 00:03:11,480 --> 00:03:16,520 Speaker 1: Nellie herself never got married. Much later, on the Phoenix Daily, 51 00:03:16,560 --> 00:03:19,240 Speaker 1: Harold carried a report that she was going to marry 52 00:03:19,280 --> 00:03:23,639 Speaker 1: a man named Mike Sullivan, but there's no record anywhere 53 00:03:23,639 --> 00:03:26,679 Speaker 1: else of this person or of a marriage between them. 54 00:03:27,200 --> 00:03:30,679 Speaker 1: A couple of sources used in this episode quote her 55 00:03:30,760 --> 00:03:33,919 Speaker 1: as saying that she did not have time for marriage, 56 00:03:34,040 --> 00:03:37,760 Speaker 1: and that quote men are a nuisance anyhow, now, aren't 57 00:03:37,800 --> 00:03:42,240 Speaker 1: they They're just little boys grown up as quotable a 58 00:03:42,280 --> 00:03:45,320 Speaker 1: quote as that is. Neither of the sources that included 59 00:03:45,320 --> 00:03:48,600 Speaker 1: it cited where this might have come from, and my 60 00:03:48,800 --> 00:03:52,800 Speaker 1: attempts to find it in newspapers of the day were unsuccessful. 61 00:03:53,840 --> 00:03:57,000 Speaker 1: By eighteen seventy two, Nellie was making her living by 62 00:03:57,040 --> 00:04:02,160 Speaker 1: following discoveries of silver and gold, opening boarding houses and restaurants, 63 00:04:02,280 --> 00:04:06,240 Speaker 1: and provisioning and providing loans to people who hoped to 64 00:04:06,320 --> 00:04:11,120 Speaker 1: strike it rich. Also known as grubstaking. Nellie also staked 65 00:04:11,160 --> 00:04:13,200 Speaker 1: mining claims of her own in some of the places 66 00:04:13,200 --> 00:04:17,039 Speaker 1: where she lived, going out into remote areas in sturdy 67 00:04:17,080 --> 00:04:21,599 Speaker 1: boots and trousers. It's much easier to find newspaper quotes 68 00:04:21,600 --> 00:04:24,839 Speaker 1: of her describing the uselessness of skirts while doing this 69 00:04:25,000 --> 00:04:28,479 Speaker 1: kind of work, but surviving portraits of her generally show 70 00:04:28,520 --> 00:04:30,800 Speaker 1: her in the long skirts that were common for women 71 00:04:30,839 --> 00:04:33,520 Speaker 1: of the day. Yeah, this is where she had the 72 00:04:33,560 --> 00:04:36,280 Speaker 1: similar pattern as she moved from place to place, She'd 73 00:04:36,320 --> 00:04:39,960 Speaker 1: follow the gold or silver strike, stay there until it 74 00:04:40,000 --> 00:04:42,080 Speaker 1: started to be played out, and then move on to 75 00:04:42,160 --> 00:04:46,279 Speaker 1: the next thing. Gold and silver Russias took her so 76 00:04:46,520 --> 00:04:54,440 Speaker 1: many places. There was pH Nevada, Cassiir in Northern British Columbia, Canada, Tombstone, Arizona, Kingston, 77 00:04:54,520 --> 00:04:57,960 Speaker 1: New Mexico, various parts of Alaska and Canada. During the 78 00:04:58,000 --> 00:05:01,760 Speaker 1: Klondike gold Rush, he was a successful business woman and 79 00:05:01,800 --> 00:05:05,880 Speaker 1: sometimes also a successful prospector and minor, and sometimes she 80 00:05:06,040 --> 00:05:08,400 Speaker 1: was one of the only women in the area where 81 00:05:08,400 --> 00:05:12,600 Speaker 1: she was living. Her business and mining successes funded an 82 00:05:12,680 --> 00:05:15,880 Speaker 1: array of religious and charitable efforts in the various places 83 00:05:15,880 --> 00:05:19,719 Speaker 1: where she lived. Nellie was a devout Catholic, and among 84 00:05:19,800 --> 00:05:23,359 Speaker 1: other things, she raised funds for Tombstone's first Catholic church 85 00:05:23,839 --> 00:05:27,680 Speaker 1: and a Catholic church and hospital in Alaska, and sometimes 86 00:05:27,720 --> 00:05:31,479 Speaker 1: she went to extreme efforts to help other people, like 87 00:05:31,720 --> 00:05:34,640 Speaker 1: over the winter of eighteen seventy four to eighteen seventy five, 88 00:05:34,800 --> 00:05:37,599 Speaker 1: she heard that miners who had decided to stay in 89 00:05:37,640 --> 00:05:40,880 Speaker 1: the Cassier Mountains rather than coming back to town were 90 00:05:40,920 --> 00:05:44,640 Speaker 1: starving and that they had started to develop scurvy. She 91 00:05:44,880 --> 00:05:48,640 Speaker 1: undertook a mission to take fresh vegetables and potatoes, which 92 00:05:48,680 --> 00:05:53,320 Speaker 1: contained vitamin C, to those stranded miners. Some of the 93 00:05:53,360 --> 00:05:56,000 Speaker 1: descriptions of this make it sound like she was the 94 00:05:56,040 --> 00:06:00,440 Speaker 1: one making the financial and logistical arrangements, but others she 95 00:06:00,640 --> 00:06:05,320 Speaker 1: undertook the mission herself when troops from the Canadian Army refused. 96 00:06:06,200 --> 00:06:08,680 Speaker 1: In this version, when the snow was too deep to 97 00:06:08,760 --> 00:06:11,440 Speaker 1: traverse with sled dogs, she and a group of men 98 00:06:11,520 --> 00:06:15,480 Speaker 1: she'd recruited, put on snow shoes and pulled the sleds themselves. 99 00:06:16,040 --> 00:06:18,520 Speaker 1: At one point during this journey, she was buried in 100 00:06:18,560 --> 00:06:22,279 Speaker 1: an avalanche in the night. After weeks of travel, she 101 00:06:22,360 --> 00:06:26,200 Speaker 1: successfully made it to the miners, who reportedly all survived 102 00:06:26,240 --> 00:06:28,640 Speaker 1: thanks to her efforts, and then afterwards she was known 103 00:06:28,920 --> 00:06:33,480 Speaker 1: as the Angel of the Kafar Mountains. Cashman's charitable efforts 104 00:06:33,520 --> 00:06:36,360 Speaker 1: also took her to places that other people simply would 105 00:06:36,440 --> 00:06:40,360 Speaker 1: not go. For example, in eighteen eighty three, six men 106 00:06:40,480 --> 00:06:43,920 Speaker 1: carried out a robbery in Bisbee, Arizona, during which they 107 00:06:44,000 --> 00:06:48,679 Speaker 1: killed five people. Afterward, one of the robbers was lynched 108 00:06:48,760 --> 00:06:52,360 Speaker 1: and the others were scheduled for a mass hanging. Cashman 109 00:06:52,440 --> 00:06:54,640 Speaker 1: seems to have been one of a very few people 110 00:06:54,680 --> 00:06:58,040 Speaker 1: who thought they deserved to be treated humanly, even after 111 00:06:58,160 --> 00:07:01,760 Speaker 1: having committed a heinous crime. She visited them in jail 112 00:07:01,800 --> 00:07:05,640 Speaker 1: and acted as their confessor and their spiritual counselor. When 113 00:07:05,720 --> 00:07:09,080 Speaker 1: she learned that local businessmen were building a grandstand for 114 00:07:09,120 --> 00:07:12,880 Speaker 1: the public to watch the hanging, she was appalled. She 115 00:07:13,200 --> 00:07:15,680 Speaker 1: hired some men to tear down the grandstand in the 116 00:07:15,680 --> 00:07:19,400 Speaker 1: middle of the night before the hanging. Took place on 117 00:07:19,440 --> 00:07:23,560 Speaker 1: August thirteenth, nineteen twelve. Cashman became the first woman known 118 00:07:23,600 --> 00:07:27,480 Speaker 1: to vote in Alaska. That was a year before non 119 00:07:27,520 --> 00:07:30,880 Speaker 1: indigenous women were legally given the right to do so there, 120 00:07:31,800 --> 00:07:34,040 Speaker 1: and we don't really know whether she knew that her 121 00:07:34,120 --> 00:07:38,000 Speaker 1: vote was actually illegal at the time. Nellie Cashman spent 122 00:07:38,200 --> 00:07:40,040 Speaker 1: much of the last years of her life in the 123 00:07:40,080 --> 00:07:44,480 Speaker 1: northern parts of Alaska and western Canada. In addition to mining, 124 00:07:44,680 --> 00:07:46,560 Speaker 1: she had a team of sled dogs, and at one 125 00:07:46,640 --> 00:07:49,920 Speaker 1: point she set a record as a mucher. She died 126 00:07:49,960 --> 00:07:53,840 Speaker 1: in Victoria, British Columbia, on January fourth, nineteen twenty five, 127 00:07:54,240 --> 00:07:56,800 Speaker 1: at the age of about eighty, at a hospital that 128 00:07:56,880 --> 00:08:00,080 Speaker 1: she had helped to fund. In nineteen ninety four, she 129 00:08:00,160 --> 00:08:02,880 Speaker 1: was featured on a US postage stamp in a series 130 00:08:02,960 --> 00:08:07,400 Speaker 1: called Legends of the West. In twenty fourteen, a monument 131 00:08:07,520 --> 00:08:12,120 Speaker 1: was erected in her honor in Middleton, Ireland. Moving on 132 00:08:12,480 --> 00:08:16,360 Speaker 1: from Nellie Cashman, next we have Ella of Salisbury, requested 133 00:08:16,360 --> 00:08:20,720 Speaker 1: by Josiah. The exact year of her birth is unclear, 134 00:08:20,920 --> 00:08:24,120 Speaker 1: but her parents were William, second Earl of Salisbury and 135 00:08:24,240 --> 00:08:29,640 Speaker 1: his wife Eleanor de Vitree. William died in eleven ninety six, 136 00:08:29,800 --> 00:08:33,240 Speaker 1: and most sources say that Ella was around nine years 137 00:08:33,240 --> 00:08:37,200 Speaker 1: old when this happened. Ella was her father's only heir, 138 00:08:37,360 --> 00:08:40,120 Speaker 1: and after his death she was considered a ward of 139 00:08:40,240 --> 00:08:44,800 Speaker 1: King Richard the First, but then she disappeared. Like a 140 00:08:44,840 --> 00:08:48,240 Speaker 1: lot of things about Ella's life, the circumstances around this 141 00:08:48,400 --> 00:08:51,120 Speaker 1: are vague, but it seems that she was taken to 142 00:08:51,240 --> 00:08:55,319 Speaker 1: Normandy and hidden there, possibly with her mother and possibly 143 00:08:55,400 --> 00:08:59,680 Speaker 1: sheltered by her mother's family. The two main possibilities for 144 00:08:59,720 --> 00:09:02,520 Speaker 1: what was going on here or that someone was imprisoning 145 00:09:02,559 --> 00:09:05,360 Speaker 1: her to try to get at her wealth, or that 146 00:09:05,440 --> 00:09:08,680 Speaker 1: someone was hiding her to protect her from that same thing. 147 00:09:09,720 --> 00:09:13,880 Speaker 1: A knight named William Talbot disguised himself as a pilgrim 148 00:09:14,000 --> 00:09:17,840 Speaker 1: to go to Normandy and retrieve Ella. He spent about 149 00:09:17,880 --> 00:09:21,360 Speaker 1: two years looking for her, finally found her and took 150 00:09:21,360 --> 00:09:24,240 Speaker 1: her back to the king. After this, Talbot became one 151 00:09:24,280 --> 00:09:28,600 Speaker 1: of the Salisbury family retainers. Eventually, Ella was married to 152 00:09:28,640 --> 00:09:32,680 Speaker 1: William Longspy, illegitimate son of King Henry the Second and 153 00:09:32,840 --> 00:09:36,920 Speaker 1: half brother to King's Richard and his successor, John Lackland. 154 00:09:37,640 --> 00:09:40,760 Speaker 1: William became the third Earl of Salisbury through this marriage, 155 00:09:40,800 --> 00:09:44,120 Speaker 1: which was probably arranged while Ella was still a child, 156 00:09:44,440 --> 00:09:48,040 Speaker 1: but not performed until she had come of age. Ella 157 00:09:48,080 --> 00:09:51,360 Speaker 1: and William had at least six children together. Some sources 158 00:09:51,400 --> 00:09:55,280 Speaker 1: say four sons and two daughters, others say four and four. 159 00:09:56,280 --> 00:09:59,360 Speaker 1: We know very little about her marriage or her family life, 160 00:09:59,400 --> 00:10:02,079 Speaker 1: but we do know that she and her husband laid 161 00:10:02,080 --> 00:10:05,440 Speaker 1: some of the foundation stones for the Salisbury Cathedral when 162 00:10:05,480 --> 00:10:09,800 Speaker 1: construction began in twelve twenty. Her husband, William, was part 163 00:10:09,840 --> 00:10:13,400 Speaker 1: of various military campaigns on behalf of the king, and 164 00:10:13,480 --> 00:10:16,160 Speaker 1: at one point he was believed to have been lost 165 00:10:16,280 --> 00:10:20,319 Speaker 1: at sea. Another man came and tried to marry Ella, 166 00:10:20,440 --> 00:10:24,920 Speaker 1: but she refused him. William then did die at Salisbury 167 00:10:24,960 --> 00:10:27,760 Speaker 1: Castle on March seventh, twelve twenty sixth, and he was 168 00:10:27,800 --> 00:10:31,960 Speaker 1: buried in the cathedral. It is possible that he had 169 00:10:32,000 --> 00:10:36,080 Speaker 1: been poisoned by one of his enemies. His tomb was 170 00:10:36,120 --> 00:10:39,560 Speaker 1: reportedly opened in the late eighteenth century and the body 171 00:10:39,600 --> 00:10:44,160 Speaker 1: of a rat was found inside his skull that showed 172 00:10:44,200 --> 00:10:48,520 Speaker 1: evidence of arsenic poisoning. I love that imagery as much 173 00:10:48,559 --> 00:10:51,920 Speaker 1: as I hate anybody to be poisoned with arsnik. After 174 00:10:52,000 --> 00:10:55,160 Speaker 1: her husband's death, Ella was Countess of Salisbury in her 175 00:10:55,160 --> 00:10:59,240 Speaker 1: own right. She never remarried, which some sources attribute to 176 00:10:59,280 --> 00:11:03,520 Speaker 1: her devotion to her late husband. Others suggest that she 177 00:11:03,640 --> 00:11:06,560 Speaker 1: wanted her oldest son to become the Earl of Salisbury 178 00:11:06,840 --> 00:11:09,280 Speaker 1: and she knew that if she remarried that title would 179 00:11:09,320 --> 00:11:13,800 Speaker 1: pass instead to her husband. After being widowed, she had 180 00:11:13,800 --> 00:11:17,840 Speaker 1: to surrender Salisbury Castle, but otherwise she retained all of 181 00:11:17,840 --> 00:11:21,840 Speaker 1: her wealth and served as Sheriff of Wiltshire. Yeah A 182 00:11:21,840 --> 00:11:23,839 Speaker 1: lot of sources describe her as really like one of 183 00:11:23,920 --> 00:11:27,800 Speaker 1: the most powerful women in England in the thirteenth century. 184 00:11:28,520 --> 00:11:32,040 Speaker 1: In twelve thirty, she founded two monasteries in one day. 185 00:11:32,520 --> 00:11:35,480 Speaker 1: One was for the Carthusian Order and was known as 186 00:11:35,600 --> 00:11:39,800 Speaker 1: Hinton Charterhouse. Her husband had actually founded a charterhouse for 187 00:11:39,880 --> 00:11:43,920 Speaker 1: this religious community in Gloucestershire, but the monks had come 188 00:11:43,920 --> 00:11:46,520 Speaker 1: to Ella saying that this wasn't sufficient to their needs, 189 00:11:46,600 --> 00:11:49,559 Speaker 1: and then she resettled them on land that she controlled. 190 00:11:50,200 --> 00:11:55,760 Speaker 1: The other was a house of Augustinian Canonis's at Laycock, Wiltshire. Eventually, 191 00:11:55,880 --> 00:11:59,320 Speaker 1: Ella decided to pursue a life of religious devotion and 192 00:11:59,360 --> 00:12:02,240 Speaker 1: she gave up her her title enjoined this community herself. 193 00:12:02,280 --> 00:12:06,360 Speaker 1: In twelve thirty seven, when this became Laycock Abbey, she 194 00:12:06,520 --> 00:12:09,520 Speaker 1: became its first abbess, serving in that role for twenty 195 00:12:09,600 --> 00:12:14,240 Speaker 1: years and continuing to live there after retiring. She died 196 00:12:14,280 --> 00:12:17,520 Speaker 1: on August twenty fourth, twelve sixty one, and was buried 197 00:12:17,520 --> 00:12:20,920 Speaker 1: at the abbey she helped to establish. After the dissolution 198 00:12:21,040 --> 00:12:24,160 Speaker 1: of the monasteries, this church was demolished and her tomb 199 00:12:24,200 --> 00:12:27,680 Speaker 1: was moved to the abbey's cloisters. As I said earlier, 200 00:12:27,720 --> 00:12:30,319 Speaker 1: she was really an unusually powerful woman for the time 201 00:12:30,360 --> 00:12:33,360 Speaker 1: when she lived, and I do wish we knew more 202 00:12:33,400 --> 00:12:36,600 Speaker 1: about her, Like I want a fuller sense of who 203 00:12:36,720 --> 00:12:39,480 Speaker 1: she was as a person than we have from these 204 00:12:39,840 --> 00:12:43,600 Speaker 1: sketchy outlines. We're going to take us quick sponsor break 205 00:12:43,600 --> 00:12:55,800 Speaker 1: and come back with two more. Now we will move 206 00:12:55,840 --> 00:12:59,480 Speaker 1: on to two people who we have lots of information about, 207 00:12:59,600 --> 00:13:03,400 Speaker 1: but so much of that information is mostly visual. The 208 00:13:03,520 --> 00:13:06,840 Speaker 1: verst is Charles Harris, known as Teeny, which was requested 209 00:13:06,840 --> 00:13:10,760 Speaker 1: by Virginia. Teeny Harris was a photographer whose work forms 210 00:13:10,880 --> 00:13:15,640 Speaker 1: a tremendously important record of Pittsburgh's black community from the 211 00:13:15,720 --> 00:13:19,800 Speaker 1: nineteen thirties to the nineteen seventies. I think we may 212 00:13:19,840 --> 00:13:22,480 Speaker 1: have read a listener mail about him at some point, 213 00:13:22,720 --> 00:13:25,840 Speaker 1: maybe even the male that came from Virginia, because I 214 00:13:25,880 --> 00:13:29,280 Speaker 1: have a vague memory of really gushing over how beautiful 215 00:13:29,320 --> 00:13:34,080 Speaker 1: his photographs were, because they are truly stunning. Charles Harris 216 00:13:34,160 --> 00:13:37,640 Speaker 1: was born in Pittsburgh, Pennsylvania, in nineteen oh eight. He 217 00:13:37,720 --> 00:13:40,600 Speaker 1: went to school until about the eighth grade and eventually 218 00:13:40,640 --> 00:13:44,920 Speaker 1: developed an interest in photography. He was mostly self taught, 219 00:13:44,960 --> 00:13:48,599 Speaker 1: and he became really good at it. His first professional 220 00:13:48,720 --> 00:13:51,479 Speaker 1: job as a photographer was at a black owned magazine 221 00:13:51,480 --> 00:13:55,080 Speaker 1: called Flash. After that, he became a photographer for the 222 00:13:55,120 --> 00:13:58,440 Speaker 1: Pittsburgh Courier, which was one of the United States major 223 00:13:58,480 --> 00:14:03,200 Speaker 1: black newspapers. He also had his own studio, Harris Studio 224 00:14:03,320 --> 00:14:07,360 Speaker 1: in Pittsburgh's Hill District, where he did portraits and other photography. 225 00:14:08,400 --> 00:14:10,200 Speaker 1: In spite of the fact that he had very little 226 00:14:10,280 --> 00:14:13,960 Speaker 1: formal training in photography, he earned the nickname one Shot 227 00:14:14,080 --> 00:14:18,360 Speaker 1: for how efficient he was at it. His enormous collection 228 00:14:18,480 --> 00:14:21,680 Speaker 1: of negatives, prints and other material is now part of 229 00:14:21,680 --> 00:14:25,040 Speaker 1: the collection at the Carnegie Museum of Art in Pittsburgh. 230 00:14:25,040 --> 00:14:28,720 Speaker 1: And when we say enormous, this is at least seventy 231 00:14:28,880 --> 00:14:33,880 Speaker 1: thousand images and there's a whole additional story behind this collection. 232 00:14:34,640 --> 00:14:37,560 Speaker 1: In nineteen eighty six, Harris signed an agreement with a 233 00:14:37,600 --> 00:14:41,240 Speaker 1: photo dealer named Dennis Morgan, who paid him three thousand 234 00:14:41,320 --> 00:14:45,160 Speaker 1: dollars and promised that he would also pay him royalties 235 00:14:45,320 --> 00:14:48,760 Speaker 1: on his work, and then Morgan took almost all of 236 00:14:48,800 --> 00:14:53,640 Speaker 1: Harris's archive. Shortly before his death, Harris filed suit to 237 00:14:53,680 --> 00:14:56,160 Speaker 1: try to get this archive back. He kept saying he 238 00:14:56,520 --> 00:15:00,840 Speaker 1: just wanted his negatives, but this case had not concluded 239 00:15:00,880 --> 00:15:03,920 Speaker 1: by the time Harris died, which was on June twelfth, 240 00:15:04,000 --> 00:15:07,600 Speaker 1: nineteen ninety eight, at the age of eighty nine. Eventually, 241 00:15:07,720 --> 00:15:10,840 Speaker 1: a jury ruled that Morgan had breached his contract with 242 00:15:10,960 --> 00:15:14,040 Speaker 1: Harris and ordered him to pay four point three million 243 00:15:14,120 --> 00:15:19,080 Speaker 1: dollars in actual and punitive damages. The Harris family ultimately 244 00:15:19,200 --> 00:15:23,520 Speaker 1: dropped their monetary claim so they could instead get Harris's archive, 245 00:15:23,800 --> 00:15:27,840 Speaker 1: which is what he had always wanted. The Carnegie Museum 246 00:15:28,000 --> 00:15:31,360 Speaker 1: purchased this collection in two thousand and one and started 247 00:15:31,360 --> 00:15:36,280 Speaker 1: the decades long process of conserving and preserving it. A 248 00:15:36,320 --> 00:15:39,080 Speaker 1: lot of this material had just been stored in a 249 00:15:39,120 --> 00:15:43,200 Speaker 1: basement without any sleeves around the negatives, so those negatives 250 00:15:43,200 --> 00:15:46,760 Speaker 1: had to be very carefully separated from one another before 251 00:15:46,840 --> 00:15:49,480 Speaker 1: they could be digitized. The very thought of that just 252 00:15:49,560 --> 00:15:54,840 Speaker 1: made my entire back like tents up. Today, those seventy 253 00:15:54,920 --> 00:15:58,800 Speaker 1: thousand images are available for browsing at the Carnegie Museum 254 00:15:58,840 --> 00:16:03,600 Speaker 1: of Art website. The Charles Teeny Harris Archive Gallery also 255 00:16:03,680 --> 00:16:06,760 Speaker 1: opened at the museum on November two of this year. 256 00:16:07,320 --> 00:16:10,840 Speaker 1: There are photos of life in predominantly black neighborhoods around 257 00:16:10,840 --> 00:16:14,800 Speaker 1: Pittsburgh and famous people of the day, including Ray, Charles, 258 00:16:15,080 --> 00:16:19,680 Speaker 1: Louis Armstrong, and Harry Belafonte. And there are self portraits 259 00:16:19,680 --> 00:16:23,320 Speaker 1: of Harris showing him as a very dapper and stylish 260 00:16:23,360 --> 00:16:27,280 Speaker 1: man today. One of teeny Harris's cameras is in the 261 00:16:27,280 --> 00:16:31,440 Speaker 1: collection of the Smithsonian National Museum of African American History 262 00:16:31,480 --> 00:16:35,680 Speaker 1: and Culture. A historical marker was also placed outside of 263 00:16:35,720 --> 00:16:37,760 Speaker 1: the home where he used to live. That was in 264 00:16:37,800 --> 00:16:40,240 Speaker 1: September of this year, just a couple of months ago, 265 00:16:40,560 --> 00:16:43,440 Speaker 1: and some of his descendants were there at the ceremony. 266 00:16:44,440 --> 00:16:48,040 Speaker 1: Our other largely visual topic is Scottish knitter and writer 267 00:16:48,280 --> 00:16:53,120 Speaker 1: Jane Gagain requested by Anne. She was born Jane Allison 268 00:16:53,240 --> 00:16:56,160 Speaker 1: on March twenty sixth, eighteen oh four and was the 269 00:16:56,200 --> 00:16:59,800 Speaker 1: fifth of twelve children born to James Allison and Elizabeth 270 00:16:59,840 --> 00:17:03,480 Speaker 1: mc claren. James was a tailor and clothier and was 271 00:17:03,480 --> 00:17:07,160 Speaker 1: a Burgess of Edinburgh and contractor in ordinary to King 272 00:17:07,240 --> 00:17:11,880 Speaker 1: William the Fourth in Scotland. On November sixteenth, eighteen twenty three, 273 00:17:12,080 --> 00:17:16,560 Speaker 1: Jane married a merchant named John James Gogain. They went 274 00:17:16,600 --> 00:17:19,240 Speaker 1: on to have nine children together, although three of those 275 00:17:19,320 --> 00:17:23,160 Speaker 1: died in infancy. They lived in Edinburgh and they eventually 276 00:17:23,200 --> 00:17:27,399 Speaker 1: moved into lodgings that were above John James's warehouse. Jane 277 00:17:27,440 --> 00:17:31,560 Speaker 1: helped expand her husband's business into a thriving haberdashery firm 278 00:17:31,840 --> 00:17:35,600 Speaker 1: which brought in laces and other goods from France. They 279 00:17:35,600 --> 00:17:37,679 Speaker 1: made a couple of moves over the years as they 280 00:17:37,680 --> 00:17:41,600 Speaker 1: were able to afford bigger, better locations, and John James 281 00:17:41,640 --> 00:17:46,639 Speaker 1: also became a braid manufacturer. Eventually they expanded into selling 282 00:17:46,720 --> 00:17:52,320 Speaker 1: stationery and Jane started creating patterns. In the mid eighteen thirties. 283 00:17:52,359 --> 00:17:55,760 Speaker 1: When this was happening, hand knitting and crocheng were becoming 284 00:17:55,840 --> 00:17:59,000 Speaker 1: popular hobbies for middle and upper class women as well 285 00:17:59,000 --> 00:18:02,720 Speaker 1: as for royalty. The Gogain's shop in Edinburgh became a 286 00:18:02,760 --> 00:18:07,879 Speaker 1: really central location for this flourishing craft, Jane started making 287 00:18:08,000 --> 00:18:11,680 Speaker 1: custom patterns to order, printing her first three patterns in 288 00:18:11,720 --> 00:18:16,719 Speaker 1: eighteen thirty six. Soon she was expanding this into whole books, 289 00:18:16,760 --> 00:18:21,280 Speaker 1: starting with The Lady's Assistant for Executing Useful and fancy 290 00:18:21,359 --> 00:18:25,199 Speaker 1: Designs in Knitting, netting and crochet Work in eighteen forty. 291 00:18:26,000 --> 00:18:30,560 Speaker 1: She was hugely influential with these patterns. Among other things, 292 00:18:30,560 --> 00:18:35,160 Speaker 1: she devised a system of notations with abbreviations and figures 293 00:18:35,200 --> 00:18:38,040 Speaker 1: that was one of the precursors to what's used in 294 00:18:38,119 --> 00:18:43,840 Speaker 1: these kinds of patterns today. Jane Gogain's books were very successful. 295 00:18:44,400 --> 00:18:48,760 Speaker 1: She had lots of advanced subscribers, including Dowager Queen Adelaide, 296 00:18:48,880 --> 00:18:52,920 Speaker 1: wife of King William the Fourth. Her miniature Knitting, Netting 297 00:18:52,960 --> 00:18:55,600 Speaker 1: and Crochet book, which came out in eighteen forty three, 298 00:18:56,000 --> 00:19:00,080 Speaker 1: sold twenty three thousand copies in just three years. There 299 00:19:00,160 --> 00:19:03,720 Speaker 1: were also additional volumes of The Ladies Assistant and other 300 00:19:03,760 --> 00:19:07,760 Speaker 1: books included The Knitter's Friend, being a selection of receipts 301 00:19:07,760 --> 00:19:12,320 Speaker 1: for the most useful and saleable articles, Missus Gogain's Crochet 302 00:19:12,359 --> 00:19:16,560 Speaker 1: Doily Book, and Missus Gogain's Knit Polka Book. In her 303 00:19:16,600 --> 00:19:20,119 Speaker 1: introduction to The Knitter's Friend, Gogain wrote about how gratified 304 00:19:20,160 --> 00:19:22,720 Speaker 1: she was that her books had quote been the means 305 00:19:22,720 --> 00:19:26,320 Speaker 1: of affording a genteel and easy source of livelihood to 306 00:19:26,480 --> 00:19:30,520 Speaker 1: many industrious females, both in the humble and middle ranks 307 00:19:30,560 --> 00:19:33,679 Speaker 1: of life. You can find scans of a lot of 308 00:19:33,680 --> 00:19:37,440 Speaker 1: these books online today. Yeah, if we tried to read 309 00:19:37,480 --> 00:19:40,920 Speaker 1: the huge amount of information she left behind, we would 310 00:19:40,960 --> 00:19:45,600 Speaker 1: mostly be reading off knitting and crochet patterns. I also 311 00:19:45,720 --> 00:19:48,080 Speaker 1: want to point out that she spelled the word Douley 312 00:19:48,240 --> 00:19:51,800 Speaker 1: in her book titled d Apostrophe O y L E Y, 313 00:19:52,359 --> 00:19:54,760 Speaker 1: which led me to go look up the etymology of 314 00:19:54,800 --> 00:19:57,080 Speaker 1: Doiley because I was like, there has to be a 315 00:19:57,119 --> 00:19:59,399 Speaker 1: story for why this says that was named after a person. 316 00:20:00,359 --> 00:20:01,800 Speaker 1: So I'm not sure how she got to the d 317 00:20:01,920 --> 00:20:06,760 Speaker 1: apostrophe O, but I do love it. Ultimately, Jane's work 318 00:20:06,840 --> 00:20:11,080 Speaker 1: making these pattern books seems to have overshadowed her husband's businesses, 319 00:20:11,200 --> 00:20:15,080 Speaker 1: and they started to struggle. He was listed as bankrupt 320 00:20:15,160 --> 00:20:18,000 Speaker 1: at two different points in eighteen forty three and eighteen 321 00:20:18,080 --> 00:20:22,560 Speaker 1: fifty two. They eventually separated, and in eighteen forty nine 322 00:20:22,600 --> 00:20:26,000 Speaker 1: they signed an agreement specifying that she would keep all 323 00:20:26,000 --> 00:20:30,679 Speaker 1: the proceeds from the books and their copyrights. Apparently he 324 00:20:30,800 --> 00:20:34,359 Speaker 1: cut her out of his will. I have thoughts and feelings. 325 00:20:34,920 --> 00:20:40,119 Speaker 1: Jane Gagain died on May twentieth, eighteen sixty, reportedly of tuberculosis. 326 00:20:40,600 --> 00:20:44,200 Speaker 1: Her entry in the Oxford Dictionary of National Biography describes 327 00:20:44,240 --> 00:20:47,480 Speaker 1: her as living in a tenement with her two daughters. 328 00:20:47,760 --> 00:20:51,000 Speaker 1: Now the tenement doesn't have quite the same connotations of 329 00:20:51,080 --> 00:20:54,439 Speaker 1: poverty in Scotland as it does in the US. That 330 00:20:54,600 --> 00:20:57,119 Speaker 1: same entry lists her wealth at the time of her 331 00:20:57,160 --> 00:21:00,679 Speaker 1: death as eight hundred and twenty two pounds thirteen shillings 332 00:21:00,960 --> 00:21:04,920 Speaker 1: five and a half pence. The National Archives Historical Currency 333 00:21:04,960 --> 00:21:07,640 Speaker 1: Converter puts that as being worth a little more than 334 00:21:07,680 --> 00:21:11,919 Speaker 1: forty eight thousand pounds in twenty seventeen. That was the 335 00:21:12,040 --> 00:21:16,399 Speaker 1: year that the converter listed twenty seventeen. Specifically, we'll have 336 00:21:16,440 --> 00:21:29,680 Speaker 1: our last two stories after another quick sponsor break. Next 337 00:21:29,760 --> 00:21:33,600 Speaker 1: up is Edward A. Carter Junior, requested by Lisa, who 338 00:21:33,640 --> 00:21:37,280 Speaker 1: heard about him from her father. Edward Carter Junior was 339 00:21:37,320 --> 00:21:40,600 Speaker 1: born on May twenty sixth, nineteen sixteen, in Los Angeles. 340 00:21:41,040 --> 00:21:43,439 Speaker 1: His parents were missionaries, and when he was a child 341 00:21:43,520 --> 00:21:45,919 Speaker 1: they moved to India to start a church, and then 342 00:21:45,960 --> 00:21:49,359 Speaker 1: after that they went to China. From his early years 343 00:21:49,400 --> 00:21:52,240 Speaker 1: he was fascinated with soldiers, and while they were living 344 00:21:52,280 --> 00:21:54,800 Speaker 1: in China, he was sent to a military school, which 345 00:21:54,840 --> 00:21:59,040 Speaker 1: seems to have really suited his temperament. Various descriptions of 346 00:21:59,080 --> 00:22:02,840 Speaker 1: Carter's early life are sketchy and a little contradictory on 347 00:22:02,880 --> 00:22:05,560 Speaker 1: the details, but it seems like he had a rocky 348 00:22:05,600 --> 00:22:09,560 Speaker 1: relationship with his parents. When he was about fifteen, he 349 00:22:09,680 --> 00:22:13,600 Speaker 1: ran away to join the Chinese National Revolutionary Army, which 350 00:22:13,680 --> 00:22:18,480 Speaker 1: was fighting against Imperial Japan. His father eventually tracked him 351 00:22:18,480 --> 00:22:20,879 Speaker 1: down and he was expelled from the army when his 352 00:22:20,960 --> 00:22:26,359 Speaker 1: commanding officers realized how young he was. The descriptions of 353 00:22:26,400 --> 00:22:28,439 Speaker 1: what was going on in his family life that I 354 00:22:28,480 --> 00:22:31,679 Speaker 1: read among different sources were wildly different from one another, 355 00:22:31,720 --> 00:22:33,159 Speaker 1: which is why I have not tried to get in 356 00:22:33,200 --> 00:22:36,800 Speaker 1: the detail on that. Carter did not give up on 357 00:22:36,880 --> 00:22:39,840 Speaker 1: military service, though he tried to join the US Army 358 00:22:39,920 --> 00:22:43,240 Speaker 1: at the age of eighteen and was rejected. He briefly 359 00:22:43,280 --> 00:22:45,679 Speaker 1: served in the Merchant Marine, and then he joined the 360 00:22:45,720 --> 00:22:49,240 Speaker 1: Abraham Lincoln Brigade, which was one of the American volunteer 361 00:22:49,400 --> 00:22:53,320 Speaker 1: units that fought against Francisco Franco's forces during the Spanish 362 00:22:53,320 --> 00:22:58,040 Speaker 1: Civil War. As Franco's forces closed in on victory in 363 00:22:58,080 --> 00:23:02,399 Speaker 1: that war, Carter had to escaped to France. Back in 364 00:23:02,440 --> 00:23:05,880 Speaker 1: the United States, he met Mildred Hoover, and in nineteen 365 00:23:05,960 --> 00:23:09,920 Speaker 1: forty they got married. In nineteen forty one, he successfully 366 00:23:10,000 --> 00:23:12,680 Speaker 1: enlisted in the US Army to serve in World War II. 367 00:23:13,840 --> 00:23:16,920 Speaker 1: After his service in China and Spain, he was already 368 00:23:16,960 --> 00:23:21,919 Speaker 1: an experienced soldier, unlike virtually all of the other new recruits, 369 00:23:22,200 --> 00:23:25,760 Speaker 1: and he was promoted several times. But as we've talked 370 00:23:25,760 --> 00:23:28,800 Speaker 1: about on the show before, during World War II, the 371 00:23:28,920 --> 00:23:33,439 Speaker 1: US Army was racially segregated, and overwhelmingly all black units 372 00:23:33,480 --> 00:23:37,320 Speaker 1: were assigned to things like manual labor. Carter was sent 373 00:23:37,359 --> 00:23:39,720 Speaker 1: to Europe in nineteen forty four with a unit that 374 00:23:39,840 --> 00:23:43,720 Speaker 1: was going to be doing supply transport. He kept trying 375 00:23:43,720 --> 00:23:46,720 Speaker 1: to get assigned to combat duty, though, and that became 376 00:23:46,840 --> 00:23:51,199 Speaker 1: possible after the Allies faced enormous losses during the Battle 377 00:23:51,240 --> 00:23:54,479 Speaker 1: of the Bulge. At that point, the Army could no 378 00:23:54,560 --> 00:23:58,119 Speaker 1: longer afford to keep black soldiers out of combat roles. 379 00:23:58,720 --> 00:24:02,200 Speaker 1: The Army got thousands of black volunteers to go into combat, 380 00:24:02,560 --> 00:24:05,520 Speaker 1: but they were accepted only if they gave up whatever 381 00:24:05,680 --> 00:24:08,560 Speaker 1: rank they had earned and went back to being privates. 382 00:24:09,359 --> 00:24:12,280 Speaker 1: Carter did exactly that, but by this point he had 383 00:24:12,320 --> 00:24:17,040 Speaker 1: proven himself to be immensely capable. Not long after joining 384 00:24:17,080 --> 00:24:21,520 Speaker 1: the first Infantry Company, Provisional Seventh Army Negro Company, he 385 00:24:21,680 --> 00:24:25,080 Speaker 1: was quickly promoted back to sergeant and made a squad leader. 386 00:24:25,800 --> 00:24:28,960 Speaker 1: His unit became part of a big push into Germany. 387 00:24:29,760 --> 00:24:32,240 Speaker 1: They needed to cross the Rhine River, but most of 388 00:24:32,280 --> 00:24:35,479 Speaker 1: the bridges in the area had been destroyed. As they 389 00:24:35,480 --> 00:24:38,879 Speaker 1: were approaching the one bridge they believed was still intact, 390 00:24:39,200 --> 00:24:42,800 Speaker 1: they came under small arms and bazooka fire from a warehouse. 391 00:24:43,600 --> 00:24:46,800 Speaker 1: Carter volunteered to take three men to try to get 392 00:24:46,800 --> 00:24:49,040 Speaker 1: to the warehouse, which was in the middle of a 393 00:24:49,160 --> 00:24:53,159 Speaker 1: large field. This involved their crossing about one hundred and 394 00:24:53,160 --> 00:24:56,359 Speaker 1: fifty yards of open space that had almost nowhere to 395 00:24:56,400 --> 00:25:00,679 Speaker 1: take cover. They came under fire right away. One of 396 00:25:00,720 --> 00:25:04,360 Speaker 1: the other men was killed instantly. Carter sent the other 397 00:25:04,400 --> 00:25:07,560 Speaker 1: two men back to the road embankment, where everyone else 398 00:25:07,680 --> 00:25:11,000 Speaker 1: was sheltering. One of those two men was killed and 399 00:25:11,080 --> 00:25:14,240 Speaker 1: the other badly injured. On the way back to that embankment, 400 00:25:15,160 --> 00:25:19,880 Speaker 1: Carter himself was shot five times and took shrapnel wounds. 401 00:25:19,920 --> 00:25:22,959 Speaker 1: As he tried to get to the warehouse, he stopped 402 00:25:22,960 --> 00:25:26,359 Speaker 1: to take some wound tablets. These were antibiotic tablets that 403 00:25:26,400 --> 00:25:29,399 Speaker 1: were distributed to soldiers to try to prevent infection, and 404 00:25:30,080 --> 00:25:32,760 Speaker 1: as he took a drink from his canteen to wash 405 00:25:32,840 --> 00:25:35,879 Speaker 1: them down, the Germans shot it out of his hand. 406 00:25:36,840 --> 00:25:40,280 Speaker 1: Carter wound up lying in the field, playing dead for 407 00:25:40,320 --> 00:25:43,680 Speaker 1: about two hours. When German soldiers came out of the 408 00:25:43,680 --> 00:25:48,320 Speaker 1: warehouse to investigate, he killed six of them, captured two more, 409 00:25:48,800 --> 00:25:51,200 Speaker 1: and used the two he had captured as a shield 410 00:25:51,320 --> 00:25:54,399 Speaker 1: to get back to his unit. He spoke German and 411 00:25:54,480 --> 00:25:57,359 Speaker 1: he interrogated them on the way back to the road embankment. 412 00:25:58,000 --> 00:26:01,200 Speaker 1: When they got there, he refused any medical treatment until 413 00:26:01,200 --> 00:26:04,320 Speaker 1: he had finished his interrogation and was able to pass 414 00:26:04,359 --> 00:26:07,960 Speaker 1: on all of the information he had gathered, information that 415 00:26:08,160 --> 00:26:10,959 Speaker 1: greatly assisted his unit in getting to the bridge they 416 00:26:11,000 --> 00:26:15,040 Speaker 1: needed to cross. Eventually, he was sent to the hospital, 417 00:26:15,160 --> 00:26:18,040 Speaker 1: and when he was recovered enough to leave, he returned 418 00:26:18,040 --> 00:26:20,600 Speaker 1: to service and trained other soldiers until the end of 419 00:26:20,640 --> 00:26:24,399 Speaker 1: the war. He was recommended for the Distinguished Service Cross, 420 00:26:24,440 --> 00:26:27,240 Speaker 1: which was at the time the highest honor of the 421 00:26:27,359 --> 00:26:31,359 Speaker 1: army was awarding to black soldiers. Back in the United 422 00:26:31,400 --> 00:26:35,320 Speaker 1: States after the war, Carter initially got a hero's welcome, 423 00:26:36,080 --> 00:26:39,879 Speaker 1: but unbeknownst to him, Army intelligence had started a file 424 00:26:39,960 --> 00:26:43,800 Speaker 1: on him in nineteen forty two due to suspicions that 425 00:26:43,920 --> 00:26:47,439 Speaker 1: he might be a Communist. Even though he was fighting 426 00:26:47,480 --> 00:26:51,880 Speaker 1: against Japan while in China and was fighting against fascists 427 00:26:52,000 --> 00:26:55,040 Speaker 1: in Spain, there were concerns that he might have been 428 00:26:55,080 --> 00:27:00,000 Speaker 1: serving alongside communists. The fact that he could speak Hindi 429 00:27:00,200 --> 00:27:03,880 Speaker 1: and Mandarin because of where he'd lived before that also 430 00:27:04,080 --> 00:27:08,440 Speaker 1: raised eyebrows. His attendance at a star studded welcome home 431 00:27:08,520 --> 00:27:11,840 Speaker 1: dinner for veterans was also held against him, since a 432 00:27:11,880 --> 00:27:16,640 Speaker 1: lot of those same Hollywood stars were suspected of being Communists. 433 00:27:17,400 --> 00:27:20,840 Speaker 1: All commanding officers had to file reports on him, and 434 00:27:20,920 --> 00:27:25,359 Speaker 1: his family members and neighbors were also targeted with investigations. 435 00:27:25,920 --> 00:27:29,159 Speaker 1: As all this was going on, Carter re enlisted in 436 00:27:29,240 --> 00:27:32,679 Speaker 1: nineteen forty six, but when that enlistment was up, his 437 00:27:32,800 --> 00:27:36,600 Speaker 1: next attempt to re enlist was denied with no explanation. 438 00:27:37,640 --> 00:27:40,399 Speaker 1: He thought there might be racial discrimination at work, so 439 00:27:40,440 --> 00:27:45,520 Speaker 1: he went to the NAACP and the ACLU. The ACLU 440 00:27:45,600 --> 00:27:48,480 Speaker 1: said he might be suspected as a communist, and he 441 00:27:48,600 --> 00:27:53,639 Speaker 1: started trying and failing to clear his name. Eventually, he 442 00:27:53,840 --> 00:27:57,320 Speaker 1: asked the ACLU to return his Distinguished Service Cross to 443 00:27:57,359 --> 00:28:01,080 Speaker 1: the Army. He died of lung cancer on January thirtieth, 444 00:28:01,200 --> 00:28:05,520 Speaker 1: nineteen sixty three. In the nineteen nineties, the US Army 445 00:28:05,560 --> 00:28:09,840 Speaker 1: started examining service records from World War II, including the 446 00:28:09,880 --> 00:28:13,520 Speaker 1: records of black soldiers who had been awarded the Distinguished 447 00:28:13,560 --> 00:28:17,000 Speaker 1: Service Cross and not the Medal of Honor, which is 448 00:28:17,000 --> 00:28:23,119 Speaker 1: the United States Armed Forces highest military decoration. After this investigation, 449 00:28:23,480 --> 00:28:26,720 Speaker 1: President Bill Clinton presented the Medal of Honor to Carter 450 00:28:27,040 --> 00:28:29,800 Speaker 1: and to six other black men who had earned it 451 00:28:29,880 --> 00:28:33,440 Speaker 1: during their service but had only been given a lesser award. 452 00:28:34,480 --> 00:28:38,440 Speaker 1: All but one of those recognitions was posthumous. The next day, 453 00:28:38,600 --> 00:28:43,360 Speaker 1: Carter's remains were moved to Arlington National Cemetery. It was 454 00:28:43,440 --> 00:28:46,240 Speaker 1: clear that racial bias was involved in black men not 455 00:28:46,320 --> 00:28:48,720 Speaker 1: being awarded the Medal of Honor during World War II, 456 00:28:49,440 --> 00:28:53,320 Speaker 1: but that didn't explain Carter's other experiences with being kept 457 00:28:53,320 --> 00:28:57,000 Speaker 1: out of the Army. Later on, his daughter in law, Aileen, 458 00:28:57,360 --> 00:29:00,440 Speaker 1: wife of his son Edward Carter the Third, put in 459 00:29:00,480 --> 00:29:03,800 Speaker 1: requests about his service under the Freedom of Information Act. 460 00:29:04,520 --> 00:29:07,280 Speaker 1: That's when all that scrutiny came to light, and the 461 00:29:07,280 --> 00:29:09,960 Speaker 1: fact that Carter had been kept out of the Army 462 00:29:10,000 --> 00:29:12,480 Speaker 1: even though there was no evidence that he had any 463 00:29:12,560 --> 00:29:16,640 Speaker 1: ties to communism. Allen Carter also wrote a book about 464 00:29:16,680 --> 00:29:21,920 Speaker 1: Carter and his service. After the family's advocacy, in nineteen 465 00:29:22,000 --> 00:29:26,520 Speaker 1: ninety nine, Edward Carter Junior was formally exonerated of all suspicion. 466 00:29:27,240 --> 00:29:29,960 Speaker 1: President Clinton and the US Army Vice Chief of Staff 467 00:29:30,040 --> 00:29:33,479 Speaker 1: John Keene issued a formal apology to the family and 468 00:29:33,520 --> 00:29:38,080 Speaker 1: to the nation. Carter was also posthumously awarded other medals 469 00:29:38,080 --> 00:29:40,800 Speaker 1: that he had been eligible for during his service but 470 00:29:40,920 --> 00:29:44,720 Speaker 1: had not received, including the Army Good Conduct Medal, the 471 00:29:44,840 --> 00:29:50,080 Speaker 1: Army of Occupation Medal, and the American Campaign Medal. Lastly, 472 00:29:50,400 --> 00:29:53,320 Speaker 1: we have someone whose story is short, and that's because 473 00:29:53,320 --> 00:29:57,840 Speaker 1: her life was tragically short. That's Alice Augusta Ball, requested 474 00:29:57,880 --> 00:30:01,640 Speaker 1: by Angela and many other listeners. She was born in 475 00:30:01,680 --> 00:30:05,000 Speaker 1: Seattle on July twenty fourth, eighteen ninety two, one of 476 00:30:05,080 --> 00:30:09,960 Speaker 1: four children born to James Presley and Laura Louise Howard Ball. 477 00:30:10,240 --> 00:30:13,640 Speaker 1: James and Laura listed their race as black on census 478 00:30:13,640 --> 00:30:17,800 Speaker 1: and marriage records, but Alice's birth certificate listed her race 479 00:30:17,880 --> 00:30:22,560 Speaker 1: as white. Most accounts today described her as a black woman. 480 00:30:23,600 --> 00:30:26,640 Speaker 1: James was a newspaper editor and a lawyer, and Alice's 481 00:30:26,720 --> 00:30:31,080 Speaker 1: mother and grandfather were both photographers. Alice got an early 482 00:30:31,120 --> 00:30:35,720 Speaker 1: interest in chemistry through developing photographs. She graduated from Seattle 483 00:30:35,800 --> 00:30:38,000 Speaker 1: High School in nineteen ten and then went on to 484 00:30:38,000 --> 00:30:41,440 Speaker 1: turn a bachelor's degree in pharmaceutical chemistry in nineteen twelve 485 00:30:41,520 --> 00:30:44,800 Speaker 1: and then in pharmacy in nineteen fourteen. Both of those 486 00:30:44,880 --> 00:30:47,920 Speaker 1: were from the University of Washington. She was a very 487 00:30:47,960 --> 00:30:51,840 Speaker 1: good student. She co wrote a paper called Ben's Relations 488 00:30:51,880 --> 00:30:55,000 Speaker 1: and Ether Solution with her professor William Denn which was 489 00:30:55,040 --> 00:30:58,120 Speaker 1: published in the Journal of the American Chemical Society in 490 00:30:58,160 --> 00:31:02,800 Speaker 1: October of nineteen fourteen. They also co authored another paper 491 00:31:03,040 --> 00:31:06,959 Speaker 1: called Colorometric Studies of Pickrate Solutions that would go on 492 00:31:07,000 --> 00:31:10,960 Speaker 1: to be published in nineteen seventeen. Ball was offered various 493 00:31:10,960 --> 00:31:15,680 Speaker 1: scholarships to pursue graduate study. She decided on the University 494 00:31:15,680 --> 00:31:17,840 Speaker 1: of Hawaii, which at the time was known as the 495 00:31:17,920 --> 00:31:21,440 Speaker 1: College of Hawaii. She and her family had briefly lived 496 00:31:21,440 --> 00:31:24,200 Speaker 1: in Hawaii when she was younger, with the hope that 497 00:31:24,240 --> 00:31:28,960 Speaker 1: the warm weather would help her grandfather's arthritis. In nineteen fifteen, 498 00:31:29,200 --> 00:31:32,400 Speaker 1: Alice Ball became the first woman and the first black 499 00:31:32,440 --> 00:31:36,360 Speaker 1: person to earn a master's degree in chemistry from the university. 500 00:31:36,880 --> 00:31:39,640 Speaker 1: She also taught at the university, making her the first 501 00:31:39,680 --> 00:31:43,840 Speaker 1: woman to be a chemistry instructor there. Her master's thesis 502 00:31:43,920 --> 00:31:48,000 Speaker 1: was on the chemical constituents of Piper methysticum or cava. 503 00:31:48,840 --> 00:31:52,240 Speaker 1: Not long after she graduated, doctor Harry T. Holman got 504 00:31:52,240 --> 00:31:55,600 Speaker 1: a copy of that thesis. He was a doctor at 505 00:31:55,600 --> 00:31:59,040 Speaker 1: the Leprosarium on the island of Molokai. We talked about 506 00:31:59,040 --> 00:32:02,680 Speaker 1: this leprosarium and the history of leprosy also called Hanson's 507 00:32:02,680 --> 00:32:07,520 Speaker 1: disease in Hawaii on a recent Saturday. Classic. Holman thought 508 00:32:07,560 --> 00:32:10,280 Speaker 1: that this research might make Ball a good candidate to 509 00:32:10,320 --> 00:32:13,440 Speaker 1: study the oil made from the seeds of the chalmugra tree, 510 00:32:13,800 --> 00:32:17,440 Speaker 1: and he asked her for help. Chalmugra oil had been 511 00:32:17,560 --> 00:32:21,040 Speaker 1: used as a treatment for Hanson's disease in China and India, 512 00:32:21,200 --> 00:32:24,960 Speaker 1: but it was known for being incredibly unpleasant. It was 513 00:32:25,120 --> 00:32:29,320 Speaker 1: extremely sticky when used topically and was so foul tasting 514 00:32:29,400 --> 00:32:32,200 Speaker 1: that people involuntarily threw it up when trying to take 515 00:32:32,240 --> 00:32:37,200 Speaker 1: it orally. It also could cause additional skin lesions when injected. 516 00:32:37,360 --> 00:32:39,800 Speaker 1: It's an addition to the lesions that were caused by 517 00:32:39,840 --> 00:32:44,440 Speaker 1: the disease. This oil did seem to have some efficacy, 518 00:32:44,520 --> 00:32:47,480 Speaker 1: at least in some people, but all of these side 519 00:32:47,480 --> 00:32:50,200 Speaker 1: effects were such an ordeal that a lot of patients 520 00:32:50,240 --> 00:32:53,760 Speaker 1: just refused to do it. Ball discovered how to create 521 00:32:53,800 --> 00:32:56,480 Speaker 1: an ester ethyl form of this oil, which made its 522 00:32:56,520 --> 00:33:02,040 Speaker 1: active components water soluble and injectable. These injections were active 523 00:33:02,080 --> 00:33:05,440 Speaker 1: against the bacteria that caused Hanson's disease, and this became 524 00:33:05,800 --> 00:33:10,200 Speaker 1: the first effective treatment for it. Although patients work considered 525 00:33:10,240 --> 00:33:15,000 Speaker 1: to be completely cured afterward, many had negative bacterial cultures 526 00:33:15,360 --> 00:33:18,520 Speaker 1: and stopped developing the lesions that are typical of the disease. 527 00:33:19,360 --> 00:33:22,560 Speaker 1: This became the preferred method of treatment until the development 528 00:33:22,600 --> 00:33:26,600 Speaker 1: of sulfa drugs in the nineteen thirties and forties. Alice 529 00:33:26,600 --> 00:33:29,480 Speaker 1: Ball was only twenty three years old when she did 530 00:33:29,480 --> 00:33:33,960 Speaker 1: this work, but tragically, Alice Ball died on December thirty, 531 00:33:34,000 --> 00:33:37,280 Speaker 1: first nineteen sixteen, at the age of only twenty four. 532 00:33:38,200 --> 00:33:43,080 Speaker 1: Her death certificate listed her cause of death as tuberculosis. However, 533 00:33:43,440 --> 00:33:46,680 Speaker 1: an article in the Pacific Commercial Advertiser said that she 534 00:33:46,840 --> 00:33:50,840 Speaker 1: died of exposure to chlorine gas after some kind of 535 00:33:51,000 --> 00:33:57,480 Speaker 1: workplace accident involving a gas masked demonstration. The college denied 536 00:33:57,600 --> 00:34:02,640 Speaker 1: that anything like this accident happened regardless. After her death, 537 00:34:02,880 --> 00:34:06,760 Speaker 1: Arthur L. Dean, who had been Ball's graduate advisor, continued 538 00:34:06,800 --> 00:34:10,680 Speaker 1: her work that on its own would have been reasonable, 539 00:34:10,760 --> 00:34:14,200 Speaker 1: but when he published his findings, he didn't credit her 540 00:34:14,440 --> 00:34:18,560 Speaker 1: or even mention her work. People started calling this method 541 00:34:18,640 --> 00:34:22,640 Speaker 1: the Dean method. In nineteen twenty two, Harry T. Holman 542 00:34:22,719 --> 00:34:25,400 Speaker 1: published a paper of his own in the Archives of 543 00:34:25,440 --> 00:34:29,799 Speaker 1: Dermatology and Siphilology, detailing how he had gone to Ball 544 00:34:29,880 --> 00:34:33,960 Speaker 1: for help and naming the process the Ball method. He 545 00:34:34,080 --> 00:34:37,920 Speaker 1: noted that using this method, seventy eight patients had recovered 546 00:34:38,160 --> 00:34:40,719 Speaker 1: and were able to be sent home from the leprosarium 547 00:34:40,880 --> 00:34:44,480 Speaker 1: on Molokai, but this journal wasn't as widely read as 548 00:34:44,520 --> 00:34:49,879 Speaker 1: Dean's publications, and Dean also eventually became president of the university, 549 00:34:50,480 --> 00:34:53,400 Speaker 1: so it wasn't until the nineteen seventies that people really 550 00:34:53,440 --> 00:34:57,080 Speaker 1: started to become more aware of Ball's contributions. There's the 551 00:34:57,200 --> 00:35:01,160 Speaker 1: chal Mugatry on the campus of the University Hawaii at Manila. 552 00:35:01,840 --> 00:35:04,680 Speaker 1: In two thousand, a plaque was placed there in honor 553 00:35:04,760 --> 00:35:07,680 Speaker 1: of Alice Ball, and in two thousand and seven, the 554 00:35:07,800 --> 00:35:11,319 Speaker 1: University of Hawaii Board of Regents also awarded her with 555 00:35:11,480 --> 00:35:15,360 Speaker 1: its Medal of Distinction. She is somebody that I have 556 00:35:15,440 --> 00:35:18,120 Speaker 1: also had on my list for an episode for a 557 00:35:18,120 --> 00:35:20,759 Speaker 1: really long time and just did not have enough information, 558 00:35:20,920 --> 00:35:23,840 Speaker 1: And every year or so I would circle back to 559 00:35:23,880 --> 00:35:28,359 Speaker 1: see if any more information had become available, and when 560 00:35:28,400 --> 00:35:30,840 Speaker 1: it became clear that that was probably not going to happen, 561 00:35:30,920 --> 00:35:34,840 Speaker 1: she became part of the Six Impossible episodes. Today, hooray, 562 00:35:36,480 --> 00:35:41,000 Speaker 1: I have some listener mail that is from Jenna and 563 00:35:41,160 --> 00:35:44,240 Speaker 1: this is a listener mail about a conversation that Holly 564 00:35:44,280 --> 00:35:47,520 Speaker 1: and I had in our behind the Scenes episode about 565 00:35:47,520 --> 00:35:50,920 Speaker 1: Horace Walpole, and Jenner wrote, Hi, Tracy and Holly, I'm 566 00:35:50,920 --> 00:35:53,480 Speaker 1: writing with a quick answer to the question you may 567 00:35:53,520 --> 00:35:56,520 Speaker 1: not have seriously posed in the Horace Walpole Behind the 568 00:35:56,520 --> 00:35:59,440 Speaker 1: Scenes episode about whether this was the first novel to 569 00:35:59,440 --> 00:36:02,360 Speaker 1: be published without attribution, and with a framing device to 570 00:36:02,400 --> 00:36:05,280 Speaker 1: make it seem like a true story. I'm slowly finishing 571 00:36:05,360 --> 00:36:08,120 Speaker 1: up a master's degree in English literature, and the rise 572 00:36:08,160 --> 00:36:10,239 Speaker 1: of the English novel is one of the areas that's 573 00:36:10,280 --> 00:36:13,080 Speaker 1: really piqued my interest. I actually read The Castle of 574 00:36:13,120 --> 00:36:16,279 Speaker 1: a Toronto in one class on the subject. While Walpole's 575 00:36:16,360 --> 00:36:18,839 Speaker 1: version of this framing device is one of the more 576 00:36:18,840 --> 00:36:22,280 Speaker 1: elaborate I've seen, that kind of framing device was actually 577 00:36:22,280 --> 00:36:26,560 Speaker 1: fairly common in fiction at the time. Robinson Crusoe, for example, 578 00:36:26,640 --> 00:36:29,640 Speaker 1: begins with an unnamed editor saying he's put together the 579 00:36:29,640 --> 00:36:33,359 Speaker 1: book from Crusoe's writings and swearing to their truth. As 580 00:36:33,360 --> 00:36:35,759 Speaker 1: I understand, this was done at least early on, to 581 00:36:35,800 --> 00:36:38,520 Speaker 1: convince readers to pick up the book and offset the 582 00:36:38,600 --> 00:36:43,640 Speaker 1: stigma associated with fiction at the time. This stigma existed 583 00:36:43,640 --> 00:36:47,240 Speaker 1: for reasons ranging from viewing it as falsehood and therefore 584 00:36:47,239 --> 00:36:51,240 Speaker 1: inherently sinful, to viewing it as cheap slash lowbrow entertainment 585 00:36:51,239 --> 00:36:53,719 Speaker 1: for women and commoners. While I can't think of any 586 00:36:53,760 --> 00:36:55,480 Speaker 1: novels off the top of my head that use this 587 00:36:55,600 --> 00:36:58,640 Speaker 1: framing device while also leaving off the author, I'm sure 588 00:36:58,640 --> 00:37:01,960 Speaker 1: there were some. I hope this doesn't come across as 589 00:37:02,000 --> 00:37:04,759 Speaker 1: patronizing or lexury. I just get excited whenever I have 590 00:37:04,800 --> 00:37:07,400 Speaker 1: an excuse to talk about literature, especially the rise of 591 00:37:07,440 --> 00:37:10,000 Speaker 1: the novel in the English speaking world. There's so much 592 00:37:10,040 --> 00:37:13,440 Speaker 1: stuff we take for granted about fiction, especially literary fiction, 593 00:37:13,880 --> 00:37:15,719 Speaker 1: so it's interesting to think of a time when people 594 00:37:15,760 --> 00:37:19,399 Speaker 1: thought they needed excuses to write it. Fun fact, while 595 00:37:19,400 --> 00:37:21,640 Speaker 1: I don't have a PhD in missed in history, I 596 00:37:21,640 --> 00:37:24,240 Speaker 1: consider myself to have a master's degree. Since I listened 597 00:37:24,239 --> 00:37:26,279 Speaker 1: to all of the episodes you two have worked on. 598 00:37:26,880 --> 00:37:28,440 Speaker 1: I gave up after that, but I think it's still 599 00:37:28,480 --> 00:37:30,919 Speaker 1: a pretty cool achievement that others might want to join. 600 00:37:31,040 --> 00:37:35,400 Speaker 1: In Attached as pet tax is my many round panther 601 00:37:35,600 --> 00:37:38,560 Speaker 1: aria and in her aspect as a land seal, as 602 00:37:38,560 --> 00:37:41,319 Speaker 1: well as a few more normal picks. We've just moved, 603 00:37:41,320 --> 00:37:43,120 Speaker 1: so she's been rolling around on her new carpet like 604 00:37:43,120 --> 00:37:45,840 Speaker 1: there's no tomorrow, as well as a bit more clingy 605 00:37:45,880 --> 00:37:49,200 Speaker 1: than usual, which I find the opposite of a problem. Thanks, 606 00:37:49,239 --> 00:37:50,719 Speaker 1: as ever for all the work you do and making 607 00:37:50,760 --> 00:37:54,040 Speaker 1: stuff I missed in history class accessible and engaging, even 608 00:37:54,040 --> 00:37:56,000 Speaker 1: if I forget most of it. The second the episode 609 00:37:56,080 --> 00:37:59,120 Speaker 1: is over all the best. Jenna thank you so much, Jenna, 610 00:37:59,480 --> 00:38:01,560 Speaker 1: Holly and I. I also forget most of it the 611 00:38:01,600 --> 00:38:05,120 Speaker 1: second that the episode was over. Also, I did not 612 00:38:05,239 --> 00:38:08,319 Speaker 1: find this email as lectury or patronizing at all. I 613 00:38:08,360 --> 00:38:13,719 Speaker 1: know and informative. The frame stories I could think of 614 00:38:13,840 --> 00:38:16,680 Speaker 1: from like literary fiction of that era, were mostly from 615 00:38:16,719 --> 00:38:21,640 Speaker 1: things that were later than the Castle of Toronto. I 616 00:38:21,880 --> 00:38:25,920 Speaker 1: did not immediately think of anything earlier when we were 617 00:38:27,080 --> 00:38:31,080 Speaker 1: talking about that on the episode, so it is good 618 00:38:31,080 --> 00:38:35,000 Speaker 1: to know. I also really like this interest in the 619 00:38:35,120 --> 00:38:38,680 Speaker 1: rise of the novel in the English speaking world, in 620 00:38:38,760 --> 00:38:42,560 Speaker 1: part because when I was in college, I was required 621 00:38:42,680 --> 00:38:45,600 Speaker 1: to take either a class called the Art of the 622 00:38:45,640 --> 00:38:48,840 Speaker 1: Novel or Masterpieces in Drama. I don't know why I 623 00:38:48,880 --> 00:38:52,040 Speaker 1: remember this. I wanted to take the Art of the Novel, 624 00:38:53,239 --> 00:38:57,040 Speaker 1: but they were offered in alternate semesters, and the one 625 00:38:57,080 --> 00:38:59,319 Speaker 1: that was going to fit with my schedule was Masterpieces 626 00:38:59,360 --> 00:39:02,239 Speaker 1: in Drama. So I might have known this already, but 627 00:39:02,320 --> 00:39:07,279 Speaker 1: possibly not remembered it at all because college was more 628 00:39:07,320 --> 00:39:10,960 Speaker 1: than twenty years ago at this point. Yeah. For whatever reason, though, 629 00:39:11,000 --> 00:39:13,200 Speaker 1: I remember more about the class where we talked about 630 00:39:13,280 --> 00:39:15,919 Speaker 1: Castle of a Toronto than anything else from the entire time. 631 00:39:17,000 --> 00:39:20,080 Speaker 1: I love these kiddy cat pictures. Everybody who has a 632 00:39:20,120 --> 00:39:24,279 Speaker 1: black cat, I love them. I love ours. We just 633 00:39:24,320 --> 00:39:27,920 Speaker 1: got back from Iceland the day before yesterday, so mine 634 00:39:28,160 --> 00:39:32,879 Speaker 1: also are being extra clingy. I love it. I love 635 00:39:32,920 --> 00:39:36,239 Speaker 1: cleany cat time. Yeah, I've gotten my face licked off. 636 00:39:36,239 --> 00:39:40,520 Speaker 1: It's all good. Thanks so much Jenna for this email. 637 00:39:40,960 --> 00:39:43,160 Speaker 1: If you'd like to send us a note about this 638 00:39:43,560 --> 00:39:47,200 Speaker 1: or any other podcast or history podcast at iHeartRadio dot com, 639 00:39:47,480 --> 00:39:50,680 Speaker 1: and you can subscribe to our show on the iHeartRadio 640 00:39:50,760 --> 00:39:58,919 Speaker 1: app and wherever else you'd like to get your podcasts. 641 00:39:59,239 --> 00:40:02,360 Speaker 1: Stuff you missed An History Class is a production of iHeartRadio. 642 00:40:02,680 --> 00:40:07,319 Speaker 1: For more podcasts from iHeartRadio, visit the iHeartRadio app, Apple Podcasts, 643 00:40:07,440 --> 00:40:09,400 Speaker 1: or wherever you listen to your favorite shows.