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Speaker 1: There have been three things that I've seen tumbling down

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Speaker 1: the timeline in the past couple of days.

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Speaker 2: First is the Ivy parking Adida's collaboration.

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Speaker 3: Yes, have you gotten anything? Were you able to?

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Speaker 4: No?

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Speaker 3: I thought I could at least get a pair of socks.

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Speaker 3: I was able to snag a sweatshirt, which I was shocked.

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Speaker 2: Why'd you buy a sweatshirt? You know, Beyonce, gon send

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Speaker 2: you a box.

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Speaker 3: I know, I'm just still waiting for it. I don't

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Speaker 3: know it's taking so long. Well, Junie Ambrose got hers.

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Speaker 3: Junie Ambrose got hers and slay that Liza. I was like,

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Speaker 3: this is the best Beyonce Ivy park try on of

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Speaker 3: all time. I'll link to it in the show notes

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Speaker 3: because it's just amazing it is.

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Speaker 2: What's the second thing?

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Speaker 3: The second thing is those things on Instagram that you

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Speaker 3: can set It shows you like what Disney character are you?

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Speaker 3: What Harry Potter House are you? What's your next vacation?

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Speaker 3: And it and you do all everybody's been doing them. Okay,

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Speaker 3: I've done probably like fifty fifty at least.

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Speaker 2: Man, that's a lot. I look at that.

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Speaker 1: I don't want to do them because I don't want

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Speaker 1: anybody to assign me the wrong character, and then I'm

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Speaker 1: gonna be and can you do it over again? You

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Speaker 1: can do it over and decide when you're going to record.

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Speaker 3: You can record and then delete it.

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Speaker 2: I can't delete the data.

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Speaker 3: I'm TT and I'm Zakijah and from Spotify Studios.

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Speaker 4: This is Dope Labs.

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Speaker 3: What's the third thing?

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Speaker 2: Third thing is everything fire related in Australia.

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Speaker 3: Oh my gosh.

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Speaker 2: Yes, have you.

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Speaker 1: Seen the videos of the animals running from the fire

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Speaker 1: and people helping them?

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Speaker 3: It is awful. Is awful all the destruction that it's causing.

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Speaker 3: There have been people that have died, there's you know,

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Speaker 3: thousands of homes that have been lost. Yeah, it's just

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Speaker 3: awful to see.

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Speaker 1: And it taught me, like, even looking at some of

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Speaker 1: the information that's being spread, I realized I don't know

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Speaker 1: enough about a Australia and B fire.

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Speaker 3: Yeah, and so I think we should jump into this.

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Speaker 3: I think so too, because there's a lot to be learned.

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Speaker 1: So this episode we're talking about the Australian fires. We're

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Speaker 1: going to give you a broad overview of what's been happening,

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Speaker 1: what caused the fires, and what we need to think

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Speaker 1: about to prevent things like this happening in the future.

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Speaker 3: So let's get into the recitation, all.

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Speaker 1: Right, what do we know TT I know that there

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Speaker 1: was a lot of destruction. There were a lot of fires.

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Speaker 1: I don't know if it was one single fire or

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Speaker 1: multiple fires, but I know that it was mass fire destruction.

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Speaker 3: Another thing that we do know is that a lot

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Speaker 3: of scientists are linking these fires to climate change, and

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Speaker 3: the National Oceanic and Atmospheric Administration or NOAH, they just

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Speaker 3: released their finding saying that twenty nineteen was the second

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Speaker 3: hottest year on records, and they have a long record exactly,

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Speaker 3: and so twenty nineteen was only second to twenty sixteen.

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Speaker 3: So in the last five years, we've put up the

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Speaker 3: hottest the two hottest year, the two hottest years on record.

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Speaker 2: But what do we want want to know?

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Speaker 3: I want to know how these fires actually started, because

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Speaker 3: there are a number of ways that fires can start, right,

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Speaker 3: But I want to know who is the culprit.

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Speaker 2: TZ wants to know who did it?

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Speaker 3: Yes, find that person, or it could be other things.

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Speaker 3: It might not be a person, it could be.

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Speaker 2: Other factors, other factors. I think.

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Speaker 1: The other thing that I want to know is exactly,

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Speaker 1: like what are the links between fire and climate change?

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Speaker 2: You know, I want to know what that link looks.

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Speaker 1: Like, what are the variables that can lead to more

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Speaker 1: instances of fires like this that are out of control?

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Speaker 1: Because the fire isn't new, no, So what led to

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Speaker 1: this mass destruction? And has this been going on and

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Speaker 1: it just got picked up in the news or like

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Speaker 1: when did this start?

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Speaker 3: That's a very good question, And I want to know

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Speaker 3: what we should expect in the future, Like this seems

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Speaker 3: to be something that's not just happening in Australia, It's

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Speaker 3: happening in other parts of the world, and I want

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Speaker 3: to know what we should be expecting now that this

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Speaker 3: is becoming a part of our normal everyday lives.

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Speaker 1: Fires, all right, I think we're ready to jump into

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Speaker 1: the dissection.

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Speaker 3: So to help us out, we called on doctor Sarah

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Speaker 3: Perkins Kirkpatrick.

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Speaker 5: So my name is doctor Sarah Perkins Kirkpatrick. I'm a

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Speaker 5: research fellow at the University of New South Wales in Sydney,

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Speaker 5: and I specialize in extreme events and heat waves, so

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Speaker 5: I analyze how they've changed over the observational record.

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Speaker 1: Doctor Perkins Kirkpatrick says the fires occurring in Australia right

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Speaker 1: now are the worst in the continent's historical record.

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Speaker 5: We have just had our worst bushfire event on record.

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Speaker 5: I was going to say season, but the season isn't

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Speaker 5: even over yet.

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Speaker 1: These fires have been blazing since September and many of

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Speaker 1: them have been in forest away from major cities. But

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Speaker 1: now the country has seen a rapid spread since December

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Speaker 1: twenty nineteen.

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Speaker 3: And what we're talking about is almost two hundred fires

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Speaker 3: burning at the same time. These fires are eating up

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Speaker 3: everything in their path.

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Speaker 5: We haven't seen fires of this ferocity really ever in

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Speaker 5: the observational record here.

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Speaker 1: In the past few weeks, the Australian government has updated

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Speaker 1: this report of the area that is either currently burning

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Speaker 1: or has been burned. It's now it's seventeen million hectares

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Speaker 1: across all the territories of Australia.

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Speaker 3: I don't know what a hectar is, don't.

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Speaker 2: Even worry about it. From a hectare to an acre turm. Now,

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Speaker 2: don't worry. You know I got you, so I basically

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Speaker 2: I did the conversion for you.

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Speaker 1: And seventeen million hectares is basically the size of Florida.

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Speaker 2: Can you imagine?

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Speaker 3: No, that is insane, So what caused these fires? What

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Speaker 3: started them?

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Speaker 5: For fires, we actually need an ignition. You can have

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Speaker 5: the worst fire weather ever, but it doesn't mean anything

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Speaker 5: really if the fire isn't ignited.

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Speaker 3: So there are two primary culprits for fires and how

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Speaker 3: they start. One of them could be a natural event,

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Speaker 3: like a lightning strike that ignites a dry bush or

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Speaker 3: a plant and then the fire starts.

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Speaker 5: It's been really dry. We've had three of our lowest

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Speaker 5: years on record in terms of rainfall over Eastern Australia.

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Speaker 5: We also had our driest year on record last year,

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Speaker 5: and that feeds into fuel. So the dryer it is,

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Speaker 5: the more the vegetation dries out and consequently becomes fuel

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Speaker 5: to a fire.

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Speaker 3: The other possibility is a man made ignition like arson,

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Speaker 3: where somebody intentionally sets a fire.

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Speaker 5: So this could be either people going out and deliberately

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Speaker 5: lighting fires for god knows what's reason, or even throwing

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Speaker 5: a cigarette but out the car window, or leaving some

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Speaker 5: rubbish which can then trap the sun and ignite the fire.

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Speaker 1: And this is all really awful to think about, you know, yeah,

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Speaker 1: But the thing to remember is that fire is nothing

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Speaker 1: new in Australia.

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Speaker 5: Indigenous people have been using fire management practices for tens

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Speaker 5: of thousands of years, so it's not like it's anything

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Speaker 5: new here.

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Speaker 3: Aboriginal fire management consisted of deliberately setting fires to get

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Speaker 3: rid of some of the dry vegetation that could lead

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Speaker 3: to spontaneous fires in the future. This practice is called

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Speaker 3: controlled burning. Modern day fire agencies adopted these practices from

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Speaker 3: the indigenous people of Australia.

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Speaker 1: And I think this is really this is a really

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Speaker 1: clever strategy. If you know there is an issue with

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Speaker 1: things catching on fire in a certain period, why not

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Speaker 1: preemptively burn so you don't have all this dry fuel that.

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Speaker 3: Could catch fire at any moment from anything. Right In

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Speaker 3: Australia actually has a fire season.

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Speaker 5: So the fire season usually follows the warmer weather. It

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Speaker 5: follows summer in the southern part of Australia, and it's

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Speaker 5: basically when we see the bushfires occur. So you can

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Speaker 5: get bushfires in winter, it's not impossible, but we tend

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Speaker 5: to see much more of them and then generally of

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Speaker 5: higher intensity within the warmer seasons, simply because it's hotter

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Speaker 5: and temperature is a major component to fire weather.

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Speaker 3: But what's happening in Australia. This year is unprecedented from

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Speaker 3: other fire seasons for a couple of reasons. First, it's

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Speaker 3: starting earlier, right.

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Speaker 1: Peak fire season is usually late January to February. But

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Speaker 1: remember these fires have been happening since September, so this

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Speaker 1: is really unexpected and the weather will only get drier

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Speaker 1: from here. Second is the intensity of fire.

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Speaker 5: They were burning at intensity it's you know, upwards of

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Speaker 5: six seven hundred degrees centigrade.

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Speaker 3: That's up to one thousand, two hundred degrees fahrenheit.

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Speaker 2: That's wild. I don't cook above five hundred what like?

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Speaker 2: What does that even feel like? You would never know?

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Speaker 2: I don't want to know.

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Speaker 3: You would never know.

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Speaker 5: These fires they moved extremely quickly. They have killed somewhere

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Speaker 5: between half a billion to a billion animals. We've lost gosh,

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Speaker 5: I think twenty five to thirty people. Thousands of homes

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Speaker 5: have been destroyed.

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Speaker 1: I think the last number I saw is that there

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Speaker 1: were twenty at least twenty seven people did and that's confirmed.

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Speaker 5: Right.

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Speaker 3: There are people that are missing, the people that you

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Speaker 3: know you can't get in touch with because people's homes

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Speaker 3: have burned, they've had to quickly evacuate. This is sure,

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Speaker 3: it's just hard to make a phone call I have

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Speaker 3: it go through because of this all of the an emergency.

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Speaker 5: Yeah. Yeah.

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Speaker 1: The other thing to consider is Australia's really unique ecosystem.

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Speaker 1: There are many species that are only found in Australia,

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Speaker 1: so this raging fire threatens the very existence of some organisms.

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Speaker 1: Now we're talking about the possibility of extinction.

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Speaker 3: The other thing to consider is that this number one

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Speaker 3: billion animals is a running estimate of those loss in

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Speaker 3: the fire. Right now, we're not capturing the downstream effect.

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Speaker 3: There'll be more death when you consider those animals who

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Speaker 3: have lost their natural habitats with destroyed ecosystems, These fires

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Speaker 3: have wiped out what they normally eat, where they live

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Speaker 3: and are protected from predators. There's so much to consider.

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Speaker 5: Also, there's been lots of studies that have shown the

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Speaker 5: length of the fire season in Southeast Australia is increasing

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Speaker 5: in length.

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Speaker 2: So what we're really saying here is that there are

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Speaker 2: levels to this. Right.

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Speaker 1: First of all, we're talking about earlier instances of these

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Speaker 1: fires occurring.

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Speaker 3: And then when there's an instance, there's increased intensity.

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Speaker 1: And now the possibility of even longer periods of conditions

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Speaker 1: that make these fires mo or likely to.

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Speaker 3: Occur, and that equation means more fire.

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Speaker 1: So now that we have an understanding of what's happening

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Speaker 1: in Australia and what has contributed to these fires, when

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Speaker 1: we come back, we'll talk about how climate and fire

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Speaker 1: season are both changing.

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Speaker 3: And we're back and it's time to get to the

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Speaker 3: root of this climate change. But before we jump into this,

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Speaker 3: there's a couple of things that we really want to

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Speaker 3: make clear, and that's what is climate change and the

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Speaker 3: difference between climate and weather.

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Speaker 1: Greenhouse gases trapped in the Earth's atmosphere causes climate change.

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Speaker 1: So as sunlight comes down on the Earth, some of

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Speaker 1: it is absorbed, some of it is reflected back, and

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Speaker 1: some of it gets trapped in the Earth's atmosphere. Because

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Speaker 1: of these greenhouse gases, this causes the Earth to warm.

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Speaker 3: Think of it like a blanket. The more dense the blanket,

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Speaker 3: the warmer you are. Right well, because of our behavior

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Speaker 3: on Earth with fossil fuels, we're knitting ourselves a blanket

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Speaker 3: made of bricks.

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Speaker 1: Of all the greenhouse gases, though carbon dioxide is the worst.

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Speaker 3: Carbon dioxide is released through natural processes such as respiration

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Speaker 3: and volcanic eruptions, but through human activities such as deforestation,

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Speaker 3: land used changes, and burning fossil fuels, the amount of

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Speaker 3: carbon dioxide in the atmosphere has increased by more than

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Speaker 3: a third since the Industrial Revolution in the seventeen sixties.

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Speaker 2: That is crazy.

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Speaker 1: I knew it was bad, but I don't think I

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Speaker 1: knew it was increased by more than a third.

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Speaker 3: It's really crazy because it's happening so fast.

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Speaker 1: Yeah, and I think one of the main things I

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Speaker 1: see people doing wrong is confusing weather in climate change

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Speaker 1: or weather in climate.

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Speaker 3: Yes, and that is of those two things are very different.

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Speaker 3: Weather is a short term event that occurs in the

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Speaker 3: section of the Earth's atmosphere that is closest to the ground,

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Speaker 3: the trophosphere. Yes, and weather is different depending on where

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Speaker 3: you are. So the weather here in my town could

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Speaker 3: be different from where Zakia lives in her town, which

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Speaker 3: isn't very far It's only about twenty five minutes away.

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Speaker 3: And the factors that affect weather are things like air pressure, wind, humidity,

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Speaker 3: and things like that.

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Speaker 1: Climate, on the other hand, captures long term changes, so

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Speaker 1: when scientists talk about climate, they are looking at trends

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Speaker 1: over a longer period. Of time and over larger regions.

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Speaker 1: When we talk about climate change, we're saying the overall

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Speaker 1: trend for a specific region of the world or the

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Speaker 1: world in general is trending in a certain way.

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Speaker 3: So if you have a record heat wave or record

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Speaker 3: snowfall in your state, that's the weather and that will

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Speaker 3: be averaged out with the rest of the weather for

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Speaker 3: the year to provide a data point for the overall

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Speaker 3: climate for a region.

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Speaker 5: And another way of looking at is climate is your wardrobe.

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Speaker 5: Whether it is the outfit you put on today. You

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Speaker 5: know you've got a broad general set of outfits that

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Speaker 5: that suits who you are, but what you pick that

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Speaker 5: day might or might not fit into that. You know

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Speaker 5: that generalized range that you have.

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Speaker 1: Australia has experienced highly variable weather over the last few years,

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Speaker 1: and that's one of the ways scientists determined the climate

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Speaker 1: is changing. What they do is look at extreme weather

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Speaker 1: events like heat waves, and they compare those events against

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Speaker 1: what would be expected with the given climate.

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Speaker 5: And what we're starting to see now is more of

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Speaker 5: those extremes occur more often and they're actually starting to

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Speaker 5: break records and therefore break that envelope of climate that

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Speaker 5: we've measured from previous weather and that's how we can

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Speaker 5: detect the change in climate.

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Speaker 3: So as the climate continues to change, what should we

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Speaker 3: expect to see in Australia.

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Speaker 5: So in terms of climate change, we know that we're

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Speaker 5: going to see an increase in temperature and that's what

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Speaker 5: we've seen over Australia already. So even though we've only

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Speaker 5: seen an increase of average temperature of about one degree celsius,

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Speaker 5: which doesn't sound like a lot to most people, that

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Speaker 5: actually drastically increases the number of heat waves we see

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Speaker 5: in extreme temperature events that we see, and hot weather

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Speaker 5: is a key ingredient to bush fire weather.

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Speaker 1: This is another case of the butterfly effect. While it

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Speaker 1: may seem great to have these bursts of extreme weather events,

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Speaker 1: and I'm looking at you DC with those summer days

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Speaker 1: in January, it was lovely. We're seeing this happen more

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Speaker 1: and more off. Our frequency is increasing.

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Speaker 3: Yes, And this is just like contractions when somebody's about

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Speaker 3: to have a baby. So as those contractions become more

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Speaker 3: and more intense and they get closer and closer together,

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Speaker 3: that baby coming out.

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Speaker 2: And that baby is warm air, and.

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Speaker 5: Also warmer air can hold more moisture. So for every

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Speaker 5: degree celsius temperatures rise, approximately seven percent more moisture can

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Speaker 5: be stored in the atmosphere and it doesn't have to

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Speaker 5: rain out.

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Speaker 1: So now we're talking about warmer air and no relief

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Speaker 1: from that warmer air because your atmosphere just holds onto

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Speaker 1: the water says I could take a little more water.

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Speaker 1: You know, Normally, if it can't hold more water, it

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Speaker 1: will rain.

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Speaker 5: And eventually it will rain out. But it can just

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Speaker 5: sit there, and you know, because it can hold more moisture,

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Speaker 5: there's more evaporation going on and that can exacerbate droughts

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Speaker 5: and therefore bush fire weather too.

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Speaker 1: So not only is it warmer, is warmer and is

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Speaker 1: not raining and is taking water away from from the vegetation,

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Speaker 1: from the plants and creating basically starter fuel for these fires.

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Speaker 5: So if you look at maps of last year of Australia,

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Speaker 5: it was our hottest year and our driest year on record,

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Speaker 5: and a lot of that area, or some of that

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Speaker 5: area at least, is where we've had these really bad bushfires,

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Speaker 5: especially in the southeast.

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Speaker 3: Knowing this, knowing that the climate is continuing to change,

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Speaker 3: we can predict that what's happening in Australia isn't just

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Speaker 3: a blip on the radar. This is the new landscape.

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Speaker 5: These fires that we've seen this season will become much

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Speaker 5: more commonplace when the earth is warmed by about two

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Speaker 5: and a half degrees celsius.

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Speaker 1: Here's the thing to remember. Climate change is global, so

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Speaker 1: Australia isn't the only place likely to be affected this way,

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Speaker 1: and we've already.

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Speaker 5: Seen that this can happen anywhere else, especially Mediterranean climates.

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Speaker 5: So I think the climate of California, even with wildfires

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Speaker 5: in Canada, certain parts of Europe, weather like this where

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Speaker 5: it's hotter and drier is projected for the future, which

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Speaker 5: consequently can equal a lot more bushfires. So you know,

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Speaker 5: on top of that with the bushfires, we're going to

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Speaker 5: expect more heat waves. There's a direct relationship between rises

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Speaker 5: in global average temperature and the frequency and duration of

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Speaker 5: heat waves.

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Speaker 1: So what can we do to help mitigate the effects

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Speaker 1: of a change in climate? Doctor Perkins Kirkpatrick gave us

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Speaker 1: two big things to think about.

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Speaker 2: One of them is planning ahead, So.

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Speaker 5: We need to work out as communities how it can

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Speaker 5: best adapt to the conditions that are lie ahead. As well,

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Speaker 5: so you know what resources do we need to throw

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Speaker 5: at an emergency when it occurs. Are we best prepared

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Speaker 5: to handle higher hospital missions during a heat wave, for example,

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Speaker 5: or do we have enough firefighters when a push fire

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Speaker 5: does occur. We really need to be forward thinking and

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Speaker 5: forward planning as a society in those ways too.

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Speaker 3: The other way we can work against climate change is

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Speaker 3: to start at home with us.

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Speaker 5: We all need to collectively work together to reduce our emissions,

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Speaker 5: so we need to put pressure on our governments. We

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Speaker 5: also need to do our bits. So choose wisely with

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Speaker 5: the products that you buy. Choose wisely with what you

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Speaker 5: put in your mouth, Choose wisely with how you buy

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Speaker 5: and use your energy. You know, try and use green

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Speaker 5: energy where possible. If you can grow some food at home,

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Speaker 5: even if it's just herbs, use public transport. These all

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Speaker 5: sounds like really basic things. And I know a lot

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Speaker 5: of people think, you know, what can I do as

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Speaker 5: a person, as just one individual? But if we all

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Speaker 5: do a little bit, that's better than doing nothing at all.

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Speaker 2: This is a great point and it's really eye opening.

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Speaker 3: It really is, because I mean, we all feel like

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Speaker 3: we know what climate change is and what it does

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Speaker 3: but this really kind of like open up and shine

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Speaker 3: a light on a whole area climate change that some

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Speaker 3: of us in the United States don't really think about.

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Speaker 1: And this is nothing new. We have to do something different.

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Speaker 1: You can think back to the fires in California in

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Speaker 1: twenty sixteen, same thing, climate related, right, and today we

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Speaker 1: only put fires under the magnifying glass. But if you

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Speaker 1: think about it, there's a flip side to that too,

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Speaker 1: when we talk about extreme events. If a fire is

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Speaker 1: coming through and burning up all your vegetation, there's no

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Speaker 1: root system to hold anything in place in the grain.

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Speaker 1: And we saw this in California after that fire season

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Speaker 1: in twenty sixteen. In twenty seventeen, there were mud slides.

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Speaker 3: Right, So what the roots do in the plant systems

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Speaker 3: is that they hold the ground together. They're not there

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Speaker 3: just for no reason. They helped this earth stay together.

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Speaker 2: Yes, now we're crumbling.

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Speaker 1: Or when you have excessive rains later because you've held

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Speaker 1: all this moisture, when your atmosphere finally does rain, it's

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Speaker 1: a lot of rain and the ground's really dry and

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Speaker 1: everything's dead.

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Speaker 2: There's nothing to absorb that water.

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Speaker 3: Exactly. That's what's happening in my plant currently. I haven't

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Speaker 3: watered in a while. I tried to put water in

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Speaker 3: and it just came out the bottom.

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Speaker 1: I think the other thing that we didn't get the

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Speaker 1: chance to touch on today in this interview is about

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Speaker 1: the who else is affected. It's easy to say, oh,

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Speaker 1: that's happening in Australia, but it's all of us, okay,

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Speaker 1: because there are even reports that smoke from the fires

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Speaker 1: in Australia has drifted over.

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Speaker 2: To South America. America, do you below us?

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Speaker 1: Yes, we all have to work together collectively to stop

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Speaker 1: these types of events when they happen, because we all

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Speaker 1: feel the downstream effects exactly.

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Speaker 3: It just goes back to what we have said in

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Speaker 3: a number of labs. It's about being a global citizen

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Speaker 3: that's right, and doing your part for the overall good

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Speaker 3: for everyone on this planet. You know, this is something

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Speaker 3: that we've talked about, emergency preparedness and readiness.

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Speaker 2: Yes, we need to rethink what that looks like.

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Speaker 3: Absolutely, these natural disasters are becoming more frequent. We have

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Speaker 3: to know ways to save ourselves when these things happen.

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Speaker 3: Because the fires in Australia, they they happened, they started

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Speaker 3: so quickly and spread so rapidly that a lot of

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Speaker 3: people just didn't have the time to get out and

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Speaker 3: to prepare.

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Speaker 2: So let's start looking ahead, let's start thinking different.

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Speaker 3: That's it for Lab twenty two. Don't forget to check

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Speaker 3: out our website or a cheat sheet on today's episode.

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Speaker 3: You can find it and sign up for our newsletter

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Speaker 3: at Dope labspodcast dot com. Also, we'd love hearing from you.

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Speaker 4: What do you think about today's lab?

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Speaker 3: What are your ideas for future labs? Our number is

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Speaker 3: two zero two five six seven seven zero two eight.

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Speaker 1: You can also find us on Twitter and Instagram at

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Speaker 1: Dope Labs Podcast, tt is on Twitter at d R

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Speaker 1: Underscore t Sho.

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Speaker 3: And you can find Zakiya at z Said.

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Speaker 1: So follow us on Spotify or wherever you listen to podcasts.

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Speaker 1: Special thanks to our guest doctor Sarah Perkins Kirkpatrick. We

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Speaker 1: have some links to her work and some resources she

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Speaker 1: provided if you want to learn more about what's happening.

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Speaker 3: And some links on how you can help with the

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Speaker 3: effort in Australia.

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Speaker 1: This episode of Dope Labs is produced by Jenny rattlet

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Speaker 1: Mass of Wave Runner Studios and Elizabeth Nikano mixing and

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Speaker 1: sound designed by Hannis Brown, special thanks to Masako Fukui.

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Speaker 3: Original theme music is by Taka Yasuzawa and Alex sugi Ura,

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Speaker 3: with additional music by Elijah Alex Harvey.

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Speaker 1: Dope Labs is a production of Spotify Studios and Mega

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Speaker 1: Owned Media Group, and it's executive produced by Us and

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Speaker 1: Zakiah Wattley.

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Speaker 2: Do you say toboggan her hat?

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Speaker 3: I say winter hat, winter hat?

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Speaker 1: Oh God, I've always known these little knit hats as Toboggo's.

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Speaker 1: I asked somebody that and they told me I was

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Speaker 1: a hundred for calling it a tobago. My mother asked

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Speaker 1: me to buy her a hat while we were in Michigan.

446
00:21:22,240 --> 00:21:25,160
Speaker 1: She said it's too cold outside for ladies hats. I

447
00:21:25,200 --> 00:21:26,520
Speaker 1: was like, I don't know what a lady hat is.

448
00:21:26,800 --> 00:21:30,959
Speaker 1: What what's a lady hat. It's a stock of fashion

449
00:21:31,080 --> 00:21:32,560
Speaker 1: hat that doesn't come in the ears.

450
00:21:33,800 --> 00:21:34,880
Speaker 2: Everybody knows that.

451
00:21:35,080 --> 00:21:37,080
Speaker 3: So you and my mother are on the same page.