1 00:00:00,040 --> 00:00:03,000 Speaker 1: M Hey everyone, it's me Josh, and for this week's 2 00:00:03,120 --> 00:00:05,760 Speaker 1: s y s K Selects, I've chosen our episode on 3 00:00:06,040 --> 00:00:10,200 Speaker 1: X rays. It's from December two thousand fourteen, because what's 4 00:00:10,200 --> 00:00:14,560 Speaker 1: more Christmas Eve than discussing electrons changing orbits. I love 5 00:00:14,600 --> 00:00:16,799 Speaker 1: this one because it's a great example that me and 6 00:00:16,880 --> 00:00:19,760 Speaker 1: Chuck can do anything we put our minds to. It's 7 00:00:19,840 --> 00:00:22,840 Speaker 1: just some great bare knuckle s y s K explaining. 8 00:00:23,160 --> 00:00:26,439 Speaker 1: So I hope you enjoy our episode how x rays work. 9 00:00:31,400 --> 00:00:34,199 Speaker 1: Welcome to Stuff you Should Know, a production of I 10 00:00:34,280 --> 00:00:43,000 Speaker 1: Heart Radio. Hey, and welcome to the podcast. I'm Josh 11 00:00:43,080 --> 00:00:46,200 Speaker 1: Clark with Charles W. Chuck Bryant as always, and there's 12 00:00:46,320 --> 00:00:50,080 Speaker 1: Jerry over there fiddling around with stuff. So it's stuff 13 00:00:50,120 --> 00:00:53,400 Speaker 1: you should know the podcast, not stuff you should know. 14 00:00:53,479 --> 00:00:57,280 Speaker 1: The movie. That's right. You know, we were sworn to 15 00:00:57,320 --> 00:00:59,480 Speaker 1: secrecy about that. They'd be a good movie, that'd be 16 00:00:59,480 --> 00:01:01,320 Speaker 1: a bad movie. I don't know, man, it could go 17 00:01:01,360 --> 00:01:05,880 Speaker 1: either way. I always see I imagine it like Strange Brew. 18 00:01:06,480 --> 00:01:09,440 Speaker 1: Oh yeah, yes they could. Uh, they could base it 19 00:01:09,480 --> 00:01:11,880 Speaker 1: on the Stuff you Should Know, Tell all book I'm writing. 20 00:01:12,280 --> 00:01:15,080 Speaker 1: Oh yeah, that would be exciting, that would be very exciting. 21 00:01:15,400 --> 00:01:17,759 Speaker 1: I'm looking forward to that book like a Lifetime movie 22 00:01:17,760 --> 00:01:20,800 Speaker 1: of the Week. Do you like, um switch people's names 23 00:01:20,800 --> 00:01:26,840 Speaker 1: like a my um Joe Joe Clack? Yeah, exactly. No. Uh, 24 00:01:27,160 --> 00:01:29,840 Speaker 1: it's sort of like, uh like did you see the 25 00:01:30,400 --> 00:01:33,000 Speaker 1: Say by the Bell movie? Oh? Yeah, I didn't Screech 26 00:01:33,040 --> 00:01:36,480 Speaker 1: write a book. It was based on a book by Screech. Right, Yeah, 27 00:01:36,560 --> 00:01:38,959 Speaker 1: it wasn't it like all sex and drugs and stuff. 28 00:01:39,440 --> 00:01:40,880 Speaker 1: Oh it was. You know, it was a bunch of 29 00:01:40,880 --> 00:01:44,080 Speaker 1: teenagers in Hollywood, So sure there was some of that 30 00:01:44,120 --> 00:01:45,880 Speaker 1: in there, but it was I didn't read the book. 31 00:01:45,920 --> 00:01:49,840 Speaker 1: But the movie was bad and not nearly as salacious 32 00:01:49,840 --> 00:01:52,360 Speaker 1: as he wanted it to be. Right. I remember a 33 00:01:52,400 --> 00:01:55,040 Speaker 1: lot of people being disappointed, and I remember, I mean 34 00:01:55,160 --> 00:01:57,880 Speaker 1: I recalled it like two weeks ago when people were 35 00:01:57,960 --> 00:02:00,559 Speaker 1: talking about it when it came out. It's stunk. Watch Emily, 36 00:02:00,600 --> 00:02:04,120 Speaker 1: and I'll watch some of those, um just terrible, terrible 37 00:02:04,200 --> 00:02:07,600 Speaker 1: biopics occasionally on TV and it's it can be fun. 38 00:02:08,080 --> 00:02:13,080 Speaker 1: Like we watched the who was the one actor? Brittany Murphy? 39 00:02:13,480 --> 00:02:15,960 Speaker 1: The Brittany Murphy story? Oh really, does she have a 40 00:02:15,960 --> 00:02:17,680 Speaker 1: heck of a story. Is she alive still or did 41 00:02:17,720 --> 00:02:21,799 Speaker 1: she die? She passed away because under kind of weird circumstances, 42 00:02:22,200 --> 00:02:24,720 Speaker 1: because she and her husband both passed away within weeks 43 00:02:24,720 --> 00:02:27,359 Speaker 1: of each other, and there were all these strange claims 44 00:02:27,400 --> 00:02:33,160 Speaker 1: that her house was poisoned, that they were poisoned, and um, yeah, 45 00:02:33,440 --> 00:02:36,560 Speaker 1: it was. It was fun. What's your take on it? Oh? 46 00:02:36,639 --> 00:02:39,800 Speaker 1: I don't know. You just that the movie wasn't very good. 47 00:02:40,000 --> 00:02:45,600 Speaker 1: Who played Brittany Murphy? Do you remember someone who didn't 48 00:02:45,639 --> 00:02:49,560 Speaker 1: look very much like Brittney Murphy Julie Bowen. But I 49 00:02:49,639 --> 00:02:51,880 Speaker 1: was right. The Ashton Kutcher guy was pretty good, though. 50 00:02:51,919 --> 00:02:54,160 Speaker 1: I gotta say Steve Jobs played him. They should have 51 00:02:54,200 --> 00:02:57,680 Speaker 1: just gotten Ashton Kutcher to play himself. He's not doing much. 52 00:02:57,800 --> 00:02:59,560 Speaker 1: He's not my two and a half men. I don't 53 00:02:59,600 --> 00:03:02,240 Speaker 1: know that got to require fifteen minutes of work a week. 54 00:03:02,400 --> 00:03:05,040 Speaker 1: He's selling cameras. Do you remember when the whole two 55 00:03:05,080 --> 00:03:06,799 Speaker 1: and a half man thing was going down? We were 56 00:03:06,800 --> 00:03:09,400 Speaker 1: in l A And for the one and only time 57 00:03:09,480 --> 00:03:12,760 Speaker 1: in my entire life, I see John Cryer that day. Oh, 58 00:03:12,840 --> 00:03:16,079 Speaker 1: during the Charlie Sheen meltdown, like the day of the meltdown, 59 00:03:16,120 --> 00:03:18,800 Speaker 1: like it happened at night, and within eight hours I 60 00:03:18,840 --> 00:03:22,160 Speaker 1: saw John cryer for the first time in Personette McDonald's 61 00:03:22,240 --> 00:03:25,000 Speaker 1: did you heal Duckie? No? I left him alone. He 62 00:03:25,040 --> 00:03:28,640 Speaker 1: looks stressed out. Well, yeah, he's probably like, my career 63 00:03:28,720 --> 00:03:30,600 Speaker 1: is going down the tubes, but little did he know 64 00:03:30,720 --> 00:03:35,240 Speaker 1: he's a survivor. His career is just fine. So X rays. Yeah, 65 00:03:35,360 --> 00:03:38,800 Speaker 1: that's what we're talking about, right, Yep, the lightest part 66 00:03:38,840 --> 00:03:41,720 Speaker 1: of this podcast. I like this one. This one. It's 67 00:03:41,720 --> 00:03:44,640 Speaker 1: one of those things where if you can just hang 68 00:03:44,720 --> 00:03:48,680 Speaker 1: on by your fingernails, it can click and then you 69 00:03:48,760 --> 00:03:50,840 Speaker 1: lose it again, but that means that it could click 70 00:03:50,880 --> 00:03:54,760 Speaker 1: again later on. That's what I like about it. Good. 71 00:03:55,320 --> 00:03:57,240 Speaker 1: I'll leave that to you. I got lots of other 72 00:03:57,280 --> 00:04:01,040 Speaker 1: stuff about it, but I totally understand good. Good. Um, So, 73 00:04:01,240 --> 00:04:03,920 Speaker 1: have you ever broken anything and needed an X ray 74 00:04:04,040 --> 00:04:06,200 Speaker 1: or has it all just been dental stuff? You know? Dude, 75 00:04:06,280 --> 00:04:09,280 Speaker 1: never broken a bone? Knock on wood? Yeah, I mean 76 00:04:09,320 --> 00:04:13,800 Speaker 1: I've had My injuries were always um stitches. I was 77 00:04:13,840 --> 00:04:18,279 Speaker 1: always getting busted open rocks and sprinklers, and I was 78 00:04:18,279 --> 00:04:21,040 Speaker 1: always getting cut and sewed back up. But I never 79 00:04:21,080 --> 00:04:23,960 Speaker 1: broke a bone. That's great. Yeah, you should probably knock 80 00:04:24,000 --> 00:04:25,719 Speaker 1: on wod one more time, just to be safe. Yeah. 81 00:04:25,960 --> 00:04:28,400 Speaker 1: Uh so, yeah, all of my X rays to have 82 00:04:28,480 --> 00:04:30,480 Speaker 1: been like just going to the dentist or whatever. You 83 00:04:30,560 --> 00:04:32,520 Speaker 1: never had a bone broken. I don't want to say, 84 00:04:32,560 --> 00:04:34,600 Speaker 1: because I I don't even know if knocking on wood 85 00:04:34,640 --> 00:04:36,880 Speaker 1: will do it on lambing it ikea. It would just 86 00:04:36,920 --> 00:04:41,680 Speaker 1: be so horribly interesting if both of us broke a 87 00:04:41,720 --> 00:04:43,839 Speaker 1: bone after this. Yeah, and we're at the age where 88 00:04:43,880 --> 00:04:45,880 Speaker 1: like you should break bones when your kid were you 89 00:04:45,960 --> 00:04:48,120 Speaker 1: like whatever, I get a cast at this age, it's 90 00:04:48,200 --> 00:04:51,440 Speaker 1: it's a drag. Yeah. I remember reading like a Tom 91 00:04:51,520 --> 00:04:54,960 Speaker 1: Clancy novel and like some kid got an arm torn 92 00:04:54,960 --> 00:04:57,120 Speaker 1: off or whatever, and one of the surgeons was like, 93 00:04:57,320 --> 00:04:59,360 Speaker 1: if the arms in the same room as the kid, 94 00:04:59,440 --> 00:05:02,400 Speaker 1: it can be yield. That doesn't hold true in your 95 00:05:02,440 --> 00:05:08,359 Speaker 1: Tom Clancy's age now, So, um, you are familiar with 96 00:05:08,480 --> 00:05:10,320 Speaker 1: X rays, so you've seen them before You've watched the 97 00:05:10,560 --> 00:05:12,880 Speaker 1: er surely, Yeah, I mean I've had X rays for 98 00:05:12,960 --> 00:05:15,159 Speaker 1: like the dental ones, like you said, and then um, 99 00:05:15,200 --> 00:05:18,960 Speaker 1: just other various like uh like chess X rays for 100 00:05:19,080 --> 00:05:21,080 Speaker 1: sicknesses and things like that, which I think maybe a 101 00:05:21,080 --> 00:05:24,560 Speaker 1: little frivolous, to be honest, Yeah, and kind of dangerous 102 00:05:24,600 --> 00:05:28,719 Speaker 1: really conceivably, which we'll get into later. But um did 103 00:05:28,760 --> 00:05:30,960 Speaker 1: you were you familiar with X rays it all beyond that? 104 00:05:31,120 --> 00:05:35,479 Speaker 1: Did you know that they were invented or discovered accidentally? Yeah? 105 00:05:35,520 --> 00:05:37,720 Speaker 1: I did know that. Um, I did not. That's one 106 00:05:37,720 --> 00:05:39,000 Speaker 1: of the few things I know. I thought I saw 107 00:05:39,040 --> 00:05:41,920 Speaker 1: a little like Quickie short on something like it might 108 00:05:41,920 --> 00:05:44,800 Speaker 1: have been actually Science Channel. I looked all over. The 109 00:05:44,839 --> 00:05:48,840 Speaker 1: most I could find was a dude on siemens Um 110 00:05:48,880 --> 00:05:52,120 Speaker 1: just describing it in the most flat affic. I've watched 111 00:05:53,400 --> 00:05:55,840 Speaker 1: his video. Yeah, I got to five and five wind 112 00:05:55,920 --> 00:05:57,720 Speaker 1: Low and I was like, forget this. Yeah, if I've 113 00:05:57,720 --> 00:06:00,240 Speaker 1: never loaded for me, I watched the other fourteen though, 114 00:06:00,360 --> 00:06:03,360 Speaker 1: and the whole time I was going, man, these are 115 00:06:03,400 --> 00:06:05,920 Speaker 1: a minute long, please join them all together into one 116 00:06:06,080 --> 00:06:08,839 Speaker 1: six minute video. No, it was so weird. Yeah, it 117 00:06:08,920 --> 00:06:11,039 Speaker 1: was pretty silly. But and he was he was good. 118 00:06:11,080 --> 00:06:14,960 Speaker 1: He was just very dry. Yeah, and they spent zero 119 00:06:15,040 --> 00:06:19,720 Speaker 1: pennies on any kind of soundtrack or anything like if 120 00:06:19,760 --> 00:06:23,480 Speaker 1: he grabs papers, you hear papers wrestling in the classrooms. 121 00:06:23,520 --> 00:06:27,440 Speaker 1: It was. It was pretty straightforward. Yes, but that's a 122 00:06:27,560 --> 00:06:32,360 Speaker 1: very wind about, roundabout way of getting to uh. It's 123 00:06:32,400 --> 00:06:39,000 Speaker 1: discovering by German physicist named Wilhelm uh Rundgan, and he 124 00:06:39,040 --> 00:06:42,960 Speaker 1: was testing whether cathode rays could pass through glass and 125 00:06:43,080 --> 00:06:46,880 Speaker 1: he saw that the fluorescent screen was glowing when he 126 00:06:46,920 --> 00:06:49,800 Speaker 1: turned on his electron electron beam, which wasn't a big deal, 127 00:06:49,839 --> 00:06:52,520 Speaker 1: but he was like, wait, this got cardboard around it, right, 128 00:06:52,520 --> 00:06:55,440 Speaker 1: there shouldn't be any visible light escaping, which is silly 129 00:06:55,480 --> 00:06:57,000 Speaker 1: to think of. Now, well, yeah it is, but you 130 00:06:57,000 --> 00:06:59,160 Speaker 1: have to put yourself in his shoes like X rating 131 00:06:59,520 --> 00:07:01,919 Speaker 1: had been to discovered because he was literally on the 132 00:07:02,000 --> 00:07:05,000 Speaker 1: verge of discovering them, right then that's right, and uh yeah, 133 00:07:05,040 --> 00:07:06,840 Speaker 1: So he was like, this is very curious that this 134 00:07:06,920 --> 00:07:09,800 Speaker 1: is fluorescing. Yeah, and he noticed other things were glowing, 135 00:07:10,040 --> 00:07:14,680 Speaker 1: and eventually he started putting other objects between the tube 136 00:07:14,680 --> 00:07:17,240 Speaker 1: and the screen. They glowed the screen did that is 137 00:07:17,840 --> 00:07:20,240 Speaker 1: finally put his hand there. I read his wife's hand. 138 00:07:20,480 --> 00:07:23,440 Speaker 1: Oh really, he's like, either come in here for a second, 139 00:07:23,760 --> 00:07:28,600 Speaker 1: I want you to try something. It saw bones projected 140 00:07:28,760 --> 00:07:32,840 Speaker 1: and then I guess probably poo pooed his pants. It's 141 00:07:32,880 --> 00:07:34,920 Speaker 1: a man, I think, come onto something here. Yeah, it 142 00:07:35,000 --> 00:07:39,280 Speaker 1: was really that quickly. He was like immediately the application 143 00:07:39,360 --> 00:07:41,320 Speaker 1: was clear. It wasn't one of those things where it 144 00:07:41,360 --> 00:07:44,480 Speaker 1: took twenty years. He's like, hold on, you can see bones. 145 00:07:44,640 --> 00:07:47,080 Speaker 1: This could be really helpful, and he want a Nobel 146 00:07:47,160 --> 00:07:50,920 Speaker 1: prize very rightfully, so the first one ever for physics. 147 00:07:51,480 --> 00:07:55,000 Speaker 1: And he named him X rays because he didn't know 148 00:07:55,000 --> 00:07:57,160 Speaker 1: what the heck it was, no exactly kind of signing 149 00:07:57,160 --> 00:07:59,600 Speaker 1: your name. He probably right. I think he assumed that 150 00:07:59,680 --> 00:08:03,320 Speaker 1: later um future scientists would fill in the blanks, but 151 00:08:03,320 --> 00:08:04,960 Speaker 1: they were like, no, we're cool with X rays. Well, 152 00:08:05,000 --> 00:08:07,120 Speaker 1: he probably thought that someone would eventually call it like 153 00:08:07,240 --> 00:08:10,600 Speaker 1: the Rundkin ray for something. He wasn't much of a 154 00:08:10,600 --> 00:08:13,640 Speaker 1: self promoter. He was just like all this calum X 155 00:08:13,720 --> 00:08:16,480 Speaker 1: rays as a placeholder. And he didn't patent any anything, 156 00:08:16,600 --> 00:08:19,400 Speaker 1: you know. He never like made money off that. Uh. 157 00:08:19,440 --> 00:08:21,600 Speaker 1: And then just as his wife had hand cancer as 158 00:08:21,600 --> 00:08:25,920 Speaker 1: a result. Really, oh, I was laughing, but no she did. 159 00:08:25,920 --> 00:08:27,440 Speaker 1: That would be it was. It was just a joke. 160 00:08:27,480 --> 00:08:29,720 Speaker 1: You can proceed with the la plus I've never heard 161 00:08:29,760 --> 00:08:33,400 Speaker 1: of hand cancer. It's got to be out there. Uh. 162 00:08:33,440 --> 00:08:35,000 Speaker 1: And then a couple of years later they were already 163 00:08:35,080 --> 00:08:37,040 Speaker 1: using it um in the Balkan War was the first 164 00:08:37,040 --> 00:08:40,040 Speaker 1: time it was really put to practical use. The First 165 00:08:40,080 --> 00:08:43,360 Speaker 1: Balkan War, the one around World War One. Well no, 166 00:08:44,920 --> 00:08:48,320 Speaker 1: oh that Baltimore. Um, I didn't know that existed until 167 00:08:48,400 --> 00:08:51,160 Speaker 1: just now. Yeah, and they said we can see bullets 168 00:08:51,160 --> 00:08:54,040 Speaker 1: and trapnel and stuff now, um, which is helpful. It 169 00:08:54,200 --> 00:08:58,360 Speaker 1: is extremely helpful. So like this guy Rundkin discovers X 170 00:08:58,480 --> 00:09:02,520 Speaker 1: rays and their most practical application in one fell swoop basically, 171 00:09:03,559 --> 00:09:06,680 Speaker 1: and a little further study revealed the X rays are 172 00:09:06,720 --> 00:09:13,160 Speaker 1: actually just another part of the electromagnetic spectrum, of which 173 00:09:13,400 --> 00:09:18,960 Speaker 1: radio waves, microwaves what we call visible light. Um, what 174 00:09:19,080 --> 00:09:22,760 Speaker 1: else is on there? Uh? Well, I've got handy wallet 175 00:09:22,840 --> 00:09:29,200 Speaker 1: electromagnetic spectrum card, and X rays fall between gamma rays 176 00:09:29,280 --> 00:09:33,000 Speaker 1: and ultraviolet rays on that spectrum, which are all below. 177 00:09:33,640 --> 00:09:35,920 Speaker 1: Well you say below, I don't know if it's it's 178 00:09:35,960 --> 00:09:40,280 Speaker 1: not really an above or below situation visible light and 179 00:09:40,320 --> 00:09:43,040 Speaker 1: then infrared, microwave and radio waves, so it would be 180 00:09:43,280 --> 00:09:45,560 Speaker 1: a higher or lower frequency, because that's how the whole 181 00:09:45,559 --> 00:09:48,640 Speaker 1: thing is divided. Yeah. So, like the visible spectrum of 182 00:09:48,720 --> 00:09:54,240 Speaker 1: light consists of electromagnetic radiation that has a frequency a 183 00:09:54,320 --> 00:09:58,360 Speaker 1: wavelength that our eyes are sensitized too, so we can 184 00:09:58,400 --> 00:10:01,240 Speaker 1: pick up visible light. There's plenty of other stuff on 185 00:10:01,280 --> 00:10:04,880 Speaker 1: the spectrum of electromagnetic radiation, and all of it is 186 00:10:04,920 --> 00:10:08,640 Speaker 1: delineated by the frequency the wavelengths. So at the highest 187 00:10:08,720 --> 00:10:12,080 Speaker 1: end you have gamma rays. They're like, yeah, that means 188 00:10:12,120 --> 00:10:14,920 Speaker 1: the squiggly line is very close together exactly. And then 189 00:10:15,480 --> 00:10:17,960 Speaker 1: on the farthest end you have radio waves are like, 190 00:10:20,480 --> 00:10:23,199 Speaker 1: and that means the squiggly line as far apart exactly, 191 00:10:23,240 --> 00:10:27,560 Speaker 1: And that is called chuck science. That's good stuff. Yeah. 192 00:10:27,800 --> 00:10:30,440 Speaker 1: So back in my wallet X raight right next to 193 00:10:30,480 --> 00:10:34,400 Speaker 1: the what else you have in there? I just have 194 00:10:34,520 --> 00:10:39,480 Speaker 1: my PEPs Blue Ribbon membership, which actually do do you really? Yeah, 195 00:10:39,480 --> 00:10:43,400 Speaker 1: but I've had it for like twenty years. When you 196 00:10:43,400 --> 00:10:47,720 Speaker 1: you got it when you're like seven eight, flatter me. So, uh, 197 00:10:48,000 --> 00:10:52,400 Speaker 1: X rays fall, I guess we're about in the well, Yeah, 198 00:10:52,480 --> 00:10:54,520 Speaker 1: the higher and they have a higher frequency as far 199 00:10:54,600 --> 00:10:57,760 Speaker 1: as the electro magnetic spectrum goes. But the point is 200 00:10:57,760 --> 00:11:00,839 Speaker 1: is that it is ultimately the same thing to It's 201 00:11:00,880 --> 00:11:04,120 Speaker 1: a type of electro magnetic energy that is carried on 202 00:11:04,200 --> 00:11:07,040 Speaker 1: a photon, which is a particle of what we would 203 00:11:07,040 --> 00:11:10,320 Speaker 1: call light. Yeah, and we talked about photons a plenty 204 00:11:10,480 --> 00:11:15,240 Speaker 1: in the show, and uh, the same, like photons produce 205 00:11:15,720 --> 00:11:18,920 Speaker 1: the visible light that we can see photons blast out 206 00:11:18,920 --> 00:11:21,920 Speaker 1: from the Sun. How long does it take? Like it 207 00:11:21,960 --> 00:11:24,199 Speaker 1: takes like a hundred years to get from the core 208 00:11:24,400 --> 00:11:26,360 Speaker 1: to the surface and then like eight minutes to get 209 00:11:26,360 --> 00:11:29,079 Speaker 1: from the surface to Earth. That's right, man, that's I 210 00:11:29,120 --> 00:11:32,400 Speaker 1: love that fact. So this is the only part I understand, 211 00:11:32,440 --> 00:11:35,400 Speaker 1: So I'll lead with it. If you want to imagine 212 00:11:35,600 --> 00:11:38,920 Speaker 1: um an atom, a nucleus of an atom and rings 213 00:11:38,960 --> 00:11:45,559 Speaker 1: around that adiom atium and adam as orbitals. Uh, when 214 00:11:45,600 --> 00:11:50,120 Speaker 1: an electron drops to a lower orbital, it releases energy 215 00:11:50,480 --> 00:11:52,880 Speaker 1: in the form of a photon, and the electron will 216 00:11:52,920 --> 00:11:55,680 Speaker 1: always drop to the lower orbital. That's right. So like 217 00:11:55,720 --> 00:11:58,199 Speaker 1: if an orbital is if an electron is kicked off 218 00:11:58,200 --> 00:12:00,720 Speaker 1: of a lower orbital and allow trn in the higher 219 00:12:00,800 --> 00:12:03,760 Speaker 1: orbital goes yet and drops down to that one. Yes, 220 00:12:03,800 --> 00:12:05,559 Speaker 1: and depending on how far it drops is going to 221 00:12:05,640 --> 00:12:08,680 Speaker 1: determine the energy level of that photon. That it's that 222 00:12:08,960 --> 00:12:11,320 Speaker 1: it releases his energy when it drops, right, yeah, because 223 00:12:11,320 --> 00:12:13,640 Speaker 1: it doesn't have to, you know, drop more than one orbital. 224 00:12:14,240 --> 00:12:16,240 Speaker 1: You can skip down I don't even know how far, 225 00:12:16,480 --> 00:12:18,400 Speaker 1: but a long way, yeah, I can. And like you 226 00:12:18,440 --> 00:12:21,480 Speaker 1: said that, the greater the distance between the two orbitals 227 00:12:21,480 --> 00:12:24,600 Speaker 1: are the greater the energy differential, the greater the energy 228 00:12:24,640 --> 00:12:28,240 Speaker 1: that photon when released will have. Right, that's right. And 229 00:12:28,280 --> 00:12:31,360 Speaker 1: as we said, photons are the energy carriers of the 230 00:12:31,360 --> 00:12:36,000 Speaker 1: electromagnetic spectrum. And depending on that energy or the frequency 231 00:12:36,040 --> 00:12:39,920 Speaker 1: the wavelength of that photon, that determines what kind of 232 00:12:39,920 --> 00:12:43,120 Speaker 1: photon it is, right, whether it's a radio photon or 233 00:12:43,160 --> 00:12:46,400 Speaker 1: a an X ray photon, or a photon that we 234 00:12:46,480 --> 00:12:49,640 Speaker 1: can see that's in the visible spectrum. That's right. Uh, 235 00:12:49,720 --> 00:12:53,400 Speaker 1: Sometimes when these photons are flying around, they will collide 236 00:12:53,440 --> 00:12:58,400 Speaker 1: with other atoms, and sometimes those atoms absorb that photons 237 00:12:58,520 --> 00:13:01,720 Speaker 1: energy and then kick it up to that higher level again, right, 238 00:13:01,880 --> 00:13:04,600 Speaker 1: But it has to be from what I understand, and 239 00:13:04,600 --> 00:13:06,800 Speaker 1: I saw that there's like of course it's science, so 240 00:13:06,840 --> 00:13:11,520 Speaker 1: there's like atomic science, so there's little exceptions did this 241 00:13:11,600 --> 00:13:14,440 Speaker 1: and that. But from what I could see, Chuck, there 242 00:13:14,559 --> 00:13:19,640 Speaker 1: is the energy of that photon has to exactly match 243 00:13:20,040 --> 00:13:25,199 Speaker 1: the energy differential between one orbital and another on an 244 00:13:25,240 --> 00:13:28,040 Speaker 1: atom so that it can kick it up, so that 245 00:13:28,080 --> 00:13:31,120 Speaker 1: it hits that one electron in the lower orbital kicks 246 00:13:31,120 --> 00:13:34,200 Speaker 1: it up to the higher orbital and thus transfers its energy, 247 00:13:34,400 --> 00:13:38,280 Speaker 1: which means that atom just absorbed that energy that that 248 00:13:38,320 --> 00:13:41,280 Speaker 1: photon was carrying. Right, But if it's a little less, 249 00:13:41,480 --> 00:13:43,280 Speaker 1: it's not going to have the energy to kick that 250 00:13:43,360 --> 00:13:46,800 Speaker 1: electron up, which makes sense to me, right. But if 251 00:13:46,800 --> 00:13:49,080 Speaker 1: it's a little more, this is what doesn't make sense 252 00:13:49,120 --> 00:13:52,319 Speaker 1: to me. It doesn't kick the electron up, and then 253 00:13:52,440 --> 00:13:56,760 Speaker 1: the photon carries on in a diminished energetic state. It 254 00:13:56,880 --> 00:14:00,280 Speaker 1: just doesn't do anything. It doesn't interact with that. It 255 00:14:00,320 --> 00:14:03,720 Speaker 1: has to be exactly, say, like the energy differential between 256 00:14:03,920 --> 00:14:06,760 Speaker 1: orbits is eight, So a photon has to have an 257 00:14:06,840 --> 00:14:10,240 Speaker 1: energy of eight or else it's not gonna do anything 258 00:14:10,440 --> 00:14:14,920 Speaker 1: with the atom, that's right, Okay, uh, And so depending 259 00:14:15,040 --> 00:14:18,839 Speaker 1: on the um. Well, let's say you have a radio wave. 260 00:14:19,240 --> 00:14:21,200 Speaker 1: They don't have very much energy, so they can't move 261 00:14:21,240 --> 00:14:25,520 Speaker 1: electrons between these orbitals. They just passed through things. X 262 00:14:25,640 --> 00:14:29,640 Speaker 1: rays are super powerful. There's lots of energy, so they 263 00:14:29,640 --> 00:14:31,840 Speaker 1: can pass through things, which is key if you want 264 00:14:31,920 --> 00:14:35,080 Speaker 1: to check out your bones from outside of your body. 265 00:14:35,280 --> 00:15:00,000 Speaker 1: It is, so we're back chucking. You tantalized everybody by 266 00:15:00,160 --> 00:15:03,880 Speaker 1: saying that this, this difference in absorption is what produces 267 00:15:04,000 --> 00:15:08,080 Speaker 1: X rays, Right? Was that tantalizing? I was tantalized and 268 00:15:08,120 --> 00:15:10,640 Speaker 1: I even know it's coming. All right, that's how excited 269 00:15:10,640 --> 00:15:14,840 Speaker 1: I mean about X rays. So consider this, Like different 270 00:15:15,520 --> 00:15:22,040 Speaker 1: atoms have different atomic weights, they have different densities, they're 271 00:15:22,080 --> 00:15:26,120 Speaker 1: just different. Like different atoms are different, and atoms also 272 00:15:26,200 --> 00:15:31,520 Speaker 1: have what are called differences in radiological density. Okay, so 273 00:15:31,720 --> 00:15:37,600 Speaker 1: a really high energy, high atomic weight, very dense atom 274 00:15:37,760 --> 00:15:40,600 Speaker 1: is going to be able to absorb a lot of energy. 275 00:15:41,360 --> 00:15:44,160 Speaker 1: Smaller atoms that maybe are looser and have a lower 276 00:15:44,200 --> 00:15:46,760 Speaker 1: atomic weight are going to get kicked around by any 277 00:15:46,760 --> 00:15:50,960 Speaker 1: old photon that wants to come along. Yeah, and that's 278 00:15:51,080 --> 00:15:52,880 Speaker 1: that's key. Like I said, if you want to see 279 00:15:52,880 --> 00:15:55,480 Speaker 1: bones because you're soft tissue, if you've ever noticed when 280 00:15:55,520 --> 00:15:57,840 Speaker 1: you have an X ray, you'll see the bones, but 281 00:15:58,440 --> 00:16:00,320 Speaker 1: you know the rest is just sort of a grayish 282 00:16:00,400 --> 00:16:04,520 Speaker 1: black mess exactly because your soft tissue has smaller atoms. 283 00:16:04,560 --> 00:16:08,920 Speaker 1: Your bones, uh, calcium adams are much larger, so they're 284 00:16:08,960 --> 00:16:12,640 Speaker 1: gonna absorb those X ray photons. It's exactly right to 285 00:16:12,680 --> 00:16:16,920 Speaker 1: do it, really well exactly. So um imagine you have uh, 286 00:16:17,040 --> 00:16:19,520 Speaker 1: let's say, Chuck, let's go back and hang out with 287 00:16:19,560 --> 00:16:22,120 Speaker 1: Tuck Tuck. Right, Oh man, let's get back in the 288 00:16:22,160 --> 00:16:33,840 Speaker 1: way back when she's been a while. Okay, look at 289 00:16:33,880 --> 00:16:35,800 Speaker 1: him over there. So here we are in France in 290 00:16:35,840 --> 00:16:39,360 Speaker 1: this cave, um Tuck Tuck has his hand up against 291 00:16:39,440 --> 00:16:42,480 Speaker 1: the cave wall, as you'll see, and in his other 292 00:16:42,520 --> 00:16:46,080 Speaker 1: hand he's got that little straw filled with pigment, red pigment. 293 00:16:46,560 --> 00:16:50,400 Speaker 1: He's blowing it on his hand, right, And now that 294 00:16:50,520 --> 00:16:53,760 Speaker 1: he moves his hand away, there's the outline of his hand. 295 00:16:54,320 --> 00:16:56,720 Speaker 1: It's called a stencil, right exactly. He's just made an 296 00:16:56,720 --> 00:17:01,560 Speaker 1: early stencil. He's like banks He basically like a caveman Banksy. 297 00:17:01,600 --> 00:17:03,520 Speaker 1: But if you look at the back of Tuk Tuk's hand, 298 00:17:03,600 --> 00:17:05,080 Speaker 1: don't get too close, but look at the back of 299 00:17:05,080 --> 00:17:09,080 Speaker 1: his hand, it's covered in red pigment, right, So if 300 00:17:09,119 --> 00:17:11,520 Speaker 1: you can, if you want to equate this to an 301 00:17:11,720 --> 00:17:17,520 Speaker 1: X ray, the hand absorbed all of that pigment, and 302 00:17:17,600 --> 00:17:20,960 Speaker 1: the stuff that passed through left the picture on the cave. 303 00:17:21,080 --> 00:17:23,920 Speaker 1: All that's kind of what happens with an X ray, 304 00:17:23,920 --> 00:17:28,040 Speaker 1: except with an X ray photograph. The X ray photons 305 00:17:28,400 --> 00:17:33,480 Speaker 1: are absorbed by the denser calcium rich bones and they 306 00:17:33,520 --> 00:17:36,520 Speaker 1: passed through the softer tissue. So the picture that we 307 00:17:36,560 --> 00:17:40,959 Speaker 1: have is the outline the silhouette of the bones because 308 00:17:41,000 --> 00:17:44,040 Speaker 1: the X rays made it through the tissue, didn't make 309 00:17:44,080 --> 00:17:45,800 Speaker 1: it through the bones. They made it through the tissue 310 00:17:45,960 --> 00:17:48,640 Speaker 1: and onto the X ray plate, which absorbed the picture 311 00:17:48,840 --> 00:17:51,359 Speaker 1: in negative. That's right. And I'm glad you said picture, 312 00:17:51,440 --> 00:17:53,600 Speaker 1: because that's all it is. On the other side of 313 00:17:53,640 --> 00:17:56,320 Speaker 1: the human being. You know that they're shooting the X 314 00:17:56,440 --> 00:18:00,639 Speaker 1: ray at there's a camera and you're just gonna get 315 00:18:00,680 --> 00:18:03,720 Speaker 1: a regular negative, and they could make it a positive, 316 00:18:03,760 --> 00:18:05,480 Speaker 1: but they leave it as a negative because you really 317 00:18:05,480 --> 00:18:09,439 Speaker 1: don't need the positive image. Uh, And that's what they'll 318 00:18:09,560 --> 00:18:11,919 Speaker 1: put on that little screen to show you your cracked 319 00:18:11,960 --> 00:18:15,800 Speaker 1: femur exactly. And they can see the crack because some 320 00:18:15,920 --> 00:18:17,720 Speaker 1: of those X rays will make it through the gap, 321 00:18:18,119 --> 00:18:21,160 Speaker 1: that's right, right, So all you're seeing is the result 322 00:18:21,240 --> 00:18:25,520 Speaker 1: of X rays that made it through the tissue were 323 00:18:25,560 --> 00:18:28,280 Speaker 1: absorbed by the bone, so those don't make it to 324 00:18:28,359 --> 00:18:30,600 Speaker 1: the plate. The ones that make it to the plate 325 00:18:30,640 --> 00:18:33,320 Speaker 1: cause the chemical reaction that gives you your negative, your 326 00:18:33,480 --> 00:18:36,080 Speaker 1: X ray. And it's it's pretty simple, really like if 327 00:18:36,080 --> 00:18:39,560 Speaker 1: you think about it, at least in principle. It's also 328 00:18:39,680 --> 00:18:44,960 Speaker 1: extraordinarily difficult to conceive of. But if you if you 329 00:18:45,119 --> 00:18:49,040 Speaker 1: understand like the principle behind it, it makes uttering complete sense. Yeah. 330 00:18:49,040 --> 00:18:51,960 Speaker 1: And it's a pretty focused shot that they're using there. 331 00:18:51,960 --> 00:18:54,399 Speaker 1: It's not like they don't fill the entire room with 332 00:18:54,640 --> 00:18:57,520 Speaker 1: X rays. You know, They've got a thick lead shield 333 00:18:57,560 --> 00:19:01,240 Speaker 1: around the whole device, and and it, you know, contains 334 00:19:01,320 --> 00:19:04,199 Speaker 1: contains everything. It's got a little small window that's just 335 00:19:04,280 --> 00:19:07,679 Speaker 1: gonna let that narrow beam pass through, uh, through a 336 00:19:07,720 --> 00:19:11,000 Speaker 1: series of filters and basically hit you wherever they want 337 00:19:11,000 --> 00:19:13,120 Speaker 1: to hit you. Yeah. And the reason that the they 338 00:19:13,240 --> 00:19:17,680 Speaker 1: use lead is because lead is an extremely dense uh 339 00:19:17,760 --> 00:19:21,360 Speaker 1: yeah element, yes, right, sure, oh god, I hope so 340 00:19:22,000 --> 00:19:24,640 Speaker 1: with a with a very high atomic number, which means 341 00:19:24,640 --> 00:19:27,200 Speaker 1: it can absorb tons of energy. Right, Yeah, that's why 342 00:19:27,200 --> 00:19:30,000 Speaker 1: you're gonna wear a lead apron. Um if you're not, 343 00:19:30,119 --> 00:19:32,280 Speaker 1: you know, if you're getting your skull done, you're probably 344 00:19:32,280 --> 00:19:34,200 Speaker 1: gonna wear an apron in your chest. Let's say, sure, 345 00:19:34,480 --> 00:19:37,840 Speaker 1: so you're you're so, this lead is being bombarded with 346 00:19:38,160 --> 00:19:41,160 Speaker 1: X ray, photons and electrons and it's just taking it. 347 00:19:41,160 --> 00:19:43,919 Speaker 1: It's fine, and it's not being able to it's not 348 00:19:44,000 --> 00:19:48,080 Speaker 1: able to pass through because it doesn't have high enough energy. Um. 349 00:19:48,119 --> 00:19:50,480 Speaker 1: But yes, they when they put that little window in 350 00:19:50,480 --> 00:19:53,760 Speaker 1: the X ray generating machine, it passes right through there 351 00:19:53,840 --> 00:19:57,440 Speaker 1: in a concentrated beam. And Chuck, let's talk about the machine, right, 352 00:19:58,320 --> 00:20:01,159 Speaker 1: So and and this is basic what we use as 353 00:20:01,280 --> 00:20:05,240 Speaker 1: X ray machines is essentially what root Can was made, 354 00:20:05,280 --> 00:20:09,520 Speaker 1: what made was experimenting with when he accidentally discovered them. 355 00:20:09,560 --> 00:20:12,160 Speaker 1: Because if you look for X rays like they're they 356 00:20:12,240 --> 00:20:16,000 Speaker 1: propagate naturally. But I think like the X rays on 357 00:20:16,080 --> 00:20:19,960 Speaker 1: Earth come from humans. Really, Yeah, Like we generate a 358 00:20:19,960 --> 00:20:23,199 Speaker 1: lot of X rays. They don't. They don't come like 359 00:20:23,240 --> 00:20:25,560 Speaker 1: you don't find them normally on Earth. They're coming from 360 00:20:25,560 --> 00:20:29,800 Speaker 1: outer space to us, hence X ray astronomy. But the 361 00:20:29,840 --> 00:20:33,760 Speaker 1: ones here on Earth that are generated on Earth, they don't. 362 00:20:33,760 --> 00:20:35,800 Speaker 1: It's not like rocks put out X rays or something 363 00:20:35,920 --> 00:20:40,160 Speaker 1: like that. We do. We humans do. Humans and light 364 00:20:40,160 --> 00:20:42,760 Speaker 1: aprons put out X rays and they use this machine 365 00:20:42,800 --> 00:20:45,320 Speaker 1: like root Can made. Yeah, what you have in the machine, 366 00:20:45,400 --> 00:20:48,679 Speaker 1: you have an electrode pair, cathode, and an anode and 367 00:20:48,720 --> 00:20:53,119 Speaker 1: that's inside a good old fashioned glass vacuum tube, which, um, 368 00:20:53,160 --> 00:20:55,400 Speaker 1: it's amazing how vacuum tubes are still like the best 369 00:20:55,400 --> 00:20:57,880 Speaker 1: way to do many of these things. Well, it allows 370 00:20:57,920 --> 00:21:00,199 Speaker 1: things to travel at the speed of light easily. It's right, 371 00:21:00,400 --> 00:21:03,199 Speaker 1: and allows guitar amps to sound great. I didn't know 372 00:21:03,240 --> 00:21:06,280 Speaker 1: these vacuums and that Oh is that a cathode tube? Yeah? Yeah, 373 00:21:06,400 --> 00:21:10,040 Speaker 1: like a like the best amps are still made with 374 00:21:10,200 --> 00:21:12,720 Speaker 1: vacuum tubes. You can get solid state amps, but they're 375 00:21:12,760 --> 00:21:14,919 Speaker 1: just the sound isn't as rich, So it's kind of 376 00:21:14,920 --> 00:21:18,119 Speaker 1: like this old technology that's still superior. They're all pumped 377 00:21:18,119 --> 00:21:20,760 Speaker 1: out by hand by a ninety year old man in Tennessee, 378 00:21:21,560 --> 00:21:26,640 Speaker 1: Mr Marshall. Yes. Uh so. The cathode is a heated filament, 379 00:21:26,760 --> 00:21:29,399 Speaker 1: just like you might see in a light bulb, and 380 00:21:29,480 --> 00:21:31,920 Speaker 1: the machine's gonna pass a current through that and heat 381 00:21:32,000 --> 00:21:35,200 Speaker 1: that thing up, and then it's gonna spit electrons off 382 00:21:35,320 --> 00:21:39,000 Speaker 1: that surface, and it's gonna hit a disc made of 383 00:21:39,040 --> 00:21:42,840 Speaker 1: tungsten and it's gonna draw those across the tube. It's 384 00:21:42,960 --> 00:21:45,479 Speaker 1: basically the tube is sort of the key piece, right, 385 00:21:45,480 --> 00:21:49,400 Speaker 1: because you've got the positive and the and the negative 386 00:21:49,480 --> 00:21:52,800 Speaker 1: charge the cathode and the anode, right yeah. Um, and 387 00:21:53,400 --> 00:21:57,720 Speaker 1: that difference that electrical charge draws as electrons down to 388 00:21:57,800 --> 00:22:00,800 Speaker 1: the anode. Yeah, with a lot of force. Yeah, And 389 00:22:01,119 --> 00:22:05,800 Speaker 1: that forest means that when those electrons hit the tungsten anode, 390 00:22:06,280 --> 00:22:09,639 Speaker 1: it knocks a bunch of electrons off, creates a bunch 391 00:22:09,640 --> 00:22:13,639 Speaker 1: of X rays in the process, and um, you have 392 00:22:13,720 --> 00:22:19,600 Speaker 1: a whole box filled with X ray radiation. That's exactly 393 00:22:19,600 --> 00:22:21,439 Speaker 1: what it is, like you're just I mean there, there 394 00:22:21,480 --> 00:22:23,320 Speaker 1: might as well be like a foot crank to this thing, 395 00:22:23,359 --> 00:22:27,280 Speaker 1: like an old sewing machine. For as as technologically advanced 396 00:22:27,320 --> 00:22:28,840 Speaker 1: as it is, there may be for all I know, 397 00:22:28,880 --> 00:22:32,760 Speaker 1: I don't know what goes on in that other room, right, Yeah, 398 00:22:32,880 --> 00:22:35,880 Speaker 1: there's some dude in there with like his right leg 399 00:22:36,000 --> 00:22:38,680 Speaker 1: is three times more muscular than his left leg because 400 00:22:38,720 --> 00:22:42,200 Speaker 1: that's the only one he uses. So um. In addition, 401 00:22:42,240 --> 00:22:45,240 Speaker 1: like I said to to X rays being created, the 402 00:22:45,760 --> 00:22:49,720 Speaker 1: the other X rays, other photons can go on and 403 00:22:49,800 --> 00:22:52,320 Speaker 1: knock more electrons off. So you you have what's like 404 00:22:52,359 --> 00:22:54,879 Speaker 1: a process of chain reactions starting. Right. It's not like 405 00:22:55,200 --> 00:22:57,440 Speaker 1: one gets hit and then that's it, and the photons 406 00:22:57,480 --> 00:23:00,440 Speaker 1: creating it just hangs around until it's beamed out. But 407 00:23:00,560 --> 00:23:04,000 Speaker 1: you're just generating this huge amount of X rays, and 408 00:23:04,040 --> 00:23:07,000 Speaker 1: the X rays are also continuing to propagate themselves because 409 00:23:07,000 --> 00:23:10,680 Speaker 1: they're knocking more electrons free, and the more free electrons 410 00:23:10,720 --> 00:23:14,160 Speaker 1: you have, the more interactions you have, right, So one 411 00:23:14,160 --> 00:23:17,120 Speaker 1: of the ways that more electrons can be knocked off. 412 00:23:17,160 --> 00:23:20,000 Speaker 1: You don't even need a direct transfer of energy where 413 00:23:20,320 --> 00:23:23,400 Speaker 1: a photon is absorbed or knocks an electron from one 414 00:23:23,520 --> 00:23:26,880 Speaker 1: orbit to another, or knocks it loose entirely. A photon 415 00:23:26,920 --> 00:23:32,520 Speaker 1: actually has this really cool um capability of just orbiting 416 00:23:33,000 --> 00:23:36,440 Speaker 1: close by the nucleus of an atom, and when the 417 00:23:36,520 --> 00:23:40,239 Speaker 1: nucleus basically draws it into its orbit, the photon just 418 00:23:40,400 --> 00:23:43,320 Speaker 1: takes a hard left turn, just bumps it off its course. 419 00:23:43,520 --> 00:23:46,560 Speaker 1: But even like the dodge viper has to like slow 420 00:23:46,600 --> 00:23:49,359 Speaker 1: down to take a left turn, slow a little bit right, 421 00:23:50,119 --> 00:23:52,960 Speaker 1: just a little, just a little, But that little bit 422 00:23:53,760 --> 00:23:57,880 Speaker 1: in the photon world means a transfer of energy from 423 00:23:57,920 --> 00:24:01,920 Speaker 1: the photon outward an X ray. Yeah, and then the photon, 424 00:24:02,080 --> 00:24:05,000 Speaker 1: like the photon takes that left turn and and the 425 00:24:05,160 --> 00:24:07,840 Speaker 1: energy is transferred to the atom. Yeah. And one of 426 00:24:07,880 --> 00:24:10,960 Speaker 1: the byproducts, h If this sounds like it's gonna create 427 00:24:11,000 --> 00:24:13,800 Speaker 1: a lot of heat, it's because it will. And in 428 00:24:13,880 --> 00:24:16,440 Speaker 1: order to combat this, they rotate this anode to keep 429 00:24:16,480 --> 00:24:17,960 Speaker 1: it. It It would just melt down if you kept it 430 00:24:17,960 --> 00:24:22,639 Speaker 1: in place. And apparently there's a cool oil bath that 431 00:24:22,720 --> 00:24:25,360 Speaker 1: helps absorb heat as well, which I never have heard 432 00:24:25,359 --> 00:24:28,800 Speaker 1: of that either. It sounds oily cool oil bath. Yeah, 433 00:24:28,840 --> 00:24:30,639 Speaker 1: it doesn't sound refreshing at all. It sounds like the 434 00:24:30,640 --> 00:24:34,280 Speaker 1: opposite of refreshing. Yeah. Cool and oil don't really go together. Yeah, 435 00:24:34,359 --> 00:24:37,280 Speaker 1: and I misspoke. That's an electron that can be drawn 436 00:24:37,400 --> 00:24:40,520 Speaker 1: too into the nucleus of an anom appropriately enough because 437 00:24:40,560 --> 00:24:43,760 Speaker 1: they orbit nuclei anyway. But it doesn't have to hook 438 00:24:44,200 --> 00:24:47,359 Speaker 1: hook up with that atom. When it takes that hard left, 439 00:24:47,440 --> 00:24:50,159 Speaker 1: it admits the photon like you said, that's right. And 440 00:24:50,480 --> 00:24:52,280 Speaker 1: like I said earlier, there's a camera on the other 441 00:24:52,359 --> 00:24:54,679 Speaker 1: side of the patient and it's going to record that 442 00:24:54,760 --> 00:24:58,560 Speaker 1: pattern of light when it passes through the body. And 443 00:24:58,760 --> 00:25:01,919 Speaker 1: it's not so different from a regular camera. Um. And 444 00:25:01,960 --> 00:25:03,679 Speaker 1: then the and you're just gonna get a picture, like 445 00:25:03,720 --> 00:25:05,880 Speaker 1: I said, a negative image. Yeah. And if you hook 446 00:25:05,880 --> 00:25:08,240 Speaker 1: it up with a computer that allows you to take 447 00:25:08,600 --> 00:25:11,439 Speaker 1: X rays basically in slices, you can come up with 448 00:25:11,560 --> 00:25:16,360 Speaker 1: community computerized tomography. If you make a c T right, 449 00:25:16,400 --> 00:25:19,520 Speaker 1: let's set scan exactly. Um. If you uh, if you 450 00:25:19,640 --> 00:25:21,760 Speaker 1: use if you get a breast exam, you're using a 451 00:25:21,800 --> 00:25:25,480 Speaker 1: type of X ray called momography, um, and then there's 452 00:25:25,520 --> 00:25:30,880 Speaker 1: a fluoroscopy, which the man in the extraordinarily dry presentation 453 00:25:31,040 --> 00:25:36,000 Speaker 1: from Siemens said, um was basically like moving picture. It's 454 00:25:36,040 --> 00:25:39,560 Speaker 1: like a movie exactly. And then he showed us what 455 00:25:39,560 --> 00:25:42,600 Speaker 1: the movie is with a flipbook, right, that old flipbook trick. 456 00:25:42,720 --> 00:25:45,240 Speaker 1: And if you listen to this podcast, I'm sorry, I 457 00:25:45,720 --> 00:25:48,639 Speaker 1: just want to apologize for both of us. Semens. Guy. 458 00:25:48,840 --> 00:25:52,600 Speaker 1: Oh yeah, uh, like, hats off to you for doing 459 00:25:52,640 --> 00:25:55,359 Speaker 1: that at all. Yeah, um, because he's probably saying, well, 460 00:25:55,400 --> 00:25:58,200 Speaker 1: at least I was correct and everything I said exactly. 461 00:25:58,800 --> 00:26:01,879 Speaker 1: It's a good point, sir um. But with fluoroscopy, it's 462 00:26:01,920 --> 00:26:05,800 Speaker 1: basically like a movie of an X ray movie, and 463 00:26:05,840 --> 00:26:07,840 Speaker 1: you would do this to make sure like a heart 464 00:26:07,960 --> 00:26:10,720 Speaker 1: is beating correctly because you wanted to see it. But 465 00:26:10,880 --> 00:26:14,680 Speaker 1: you have to have an additional um instrument because, as 466 00:26:14,720 --> 00:26:19,080 Speaker 1: we've said, X rays will pass through tissue like heart 467 00:26:19,119 --> 00:26:22,119 Speaker 1: tissue and muscle tissue and all and blood vessels and 468 00:26:22,160 --> 00:26:24,160 Speaker 1: all this stuff you want to get pictures of using 469 00:26:24,160 --> 00:26:26,280 Speaker 1: an X ray, so you have to use something called 470 00:26:26,280 --> 00:26:29,840 Speaker 1: the contrast media for it. Yeah. Um. A contrast agent 471 00:26:29,960 --> 00:26:32,680 Speaker 1: is basically more dense than the soft tissue. So if 472 00:26:32,720 --> 00:26:37,280 Speaker 1: you want to, uh, let's say, swallow, it's usually like 473 00:26:37,280 --> 00:26:40,080 Speaker 1: a barium compound. If you want to examine like your 474 00:26:40,080 --> 00:26:44,080 Speaker 1: blood vessels or your circulatory system, you're sometimes they can 475 00:26:44,080 --> 00:26:46,280 Speaker 1: inject that, or you might drink it to see if 476 00:26:46,280 --> 00:26:49,080 Speaker 1: you're doing like a gastro intestinal like a GI tract, 477 00:26:49,520 --> 00:26:52,240 Speaker 1: You're gonna swallow that stuff, which I've never had to do. 478 00:26:52,320 --> 00:26:54,040 Speaker 1: I think my dad had to do that. Yeah. I 479 00:26:54,040 --> 00:26:56,760 Speaker 1: don't think it's super pleasant. I get the impression not 480 00:26:56,840 --> 00:26:59,760 Speaker 1: too but my dad did as well. Yeah, it's an 481 00:26:59,800 --> 00:27:03,280 Speaker 1: old dying Yeah, so I should be getting one soon. Uh. 482 00:27:03,320 --> 00:27:05,080 Speaker 1: And then it allows you, you know, to see him 483 00:27:05,119 --> 00:27:10,000 Speaker 1: moving image. Uh, basically how that liquid is if there's 484 00:27:10,000 --> 00:27:13,240 Speaker 1: any blockage. Uh. There's all sorts of applications for it. Yeah, 485 00:27:13,240 --> 00:27:19,400 Speaker 1: because you're that liquid has a high radiological density, which 486 00:27:19,440 --> 00:27:21,840 Speaker 1: means that the X rays don't just pass right through 487 00:27:21,840 --> 00:27:25,040 Speaker 1: your the tissue that it's being suspended in, like your 488 00:27:25,040 --> 00:27:28,520 Speaker 1: blood vessels, It absorbs it for it. So you get 489 00:27:28,520 --> 00:27:31,120 Speaker 1: a picture of your blood vessels, your circulatory system, which 490 00:27:31,119 --> 00:27:34,840 Speaker 1: is pretty cool. It's pretty clever. It's also extraordinarily elementary 491 00:27:34,840 --> 00:27:38,840 Speaker 1: and principle my dear Watson. Uh, and that single picture 492 00:27:38,880 --> 00:27:41,520 Speaker 1: I think we know we mentioned CT and momography and 493 00:27:41,520 --> 00:27:43,679 Speaker 1: all that in philoscopy, but the single picture is just 494 00:27:43,720 --> 00:27:47,600 Speaker 1: called standard radiography. And that's when you're you know, taking 495 00:27:47,600 --> 00:27:51,120 Speaker 1: a photo of your skull or your lungs, or your 496 00:27:51,160 --> 00:27:54,359 Speaker 1: bones or your teeth and so so. Speaking of the 497 00:27:54,440 --> 00:27:56,960 Speaker 1: lead apron thing, man, it's always made me kind of nervous, 498 00:27:57,040 --> 00:27:59,200 Speaker 1: Like if I the rest of my body has to 499 00:27:59,240 --> 00:28:02,439 Speaker 1: wear lead apron, and but you're shooting an X ray 500 00:28:02,480 --> 00:28:05,440 Speaker 1: into my head? Am I going to be? Okay? Well 501 00:28:05,920 --> 00:28:24,240 Speaker 1: we'll answer that right after this message. All right, X 502 00:28:24,320 --> 00:28:28,000 Speaker 1: rays are they bad for you? The answer is yes, uh, 503 00:28:28,240 --> 00:28:31,960 Speaker 1: pretty unequivocally. Um, But like all things, it's it's in 504 00:28:32,040 --> 00:28:35,639 Speaker 1: moderation is the key. Uh. In the nineteen thirties and 505 00:28:35,640 --> 00:28:38,800 Speaker 1: forties and into the fifties, they had X ray machines 506 00:28:38,840 --> 00:28:42,480 Speaker 1: at shoe stores. They can extra your feet to get 507 00:28:42,480 --> 00:28:45,360 Speaker 1: a better fit, and um, they didn't realize at the 508 00:28:45,360 --> 00:28:48,760 Speaker 1: time that they were X raying people way way too much. Yeah, 509 00:28:48,800 --> 00:28:51,080 Speaker 1: talkative kids in class, they just shoot him with an 510 00:28:51,200 --> 00:28:55,760 Speaker 1: X ray and they probably did I've got you like twice. Well, 511 00:28:55,840 --> 00:28:57,640 Speaker 1: now I would believe that like Hey, let's look at 512 00:28:57,640 --> 00:29:00,320 Speaker 1: his brain. There may be a mouse running around side 513 00:29:00,320 --> 00:29:03,640 Speaker 1: of it. Um. People in the thirties were dumb. Well, 514 00:29:03,680 --> 00:29:07,840 Speaker 1: it's basically radiation sickness. Um, it's a form of ionization 515 00:29:08,520 --> 00:29:11,880 Speaker 1: or ionizing radiation. So what can happen? Like, if just 516 00:29:12,000 --> 00:29:14,520 Speaker 1: normal light hits an atom, is no big deal. But 517 00:29:14,640 --> 00:29:17,960 Speaker 1: when an X ray hits an atom, it knocks electrons 518 00:29:18,040 --> 00:29:21,640 Speaker 1: off of it creates an ion, which is an electrically 519 00:29:21,720 --> 00:29:26,320 Speaker 1: charged atom, and basically anything from uh, cellular death to 520 00:29:26,400 --> 00:29:30,240 Speaker 1: mutation can happen at that point, and mutation can spread 521 00:29:30,240 --> 00:29:34,560 Speaker 1: and it can cause cancer. Right because stable atoms are neutral, right, 522 00:29:34,560 --> 00:29:37,160 Speaker 1: because they have an equal number of protons and electrons. 523 00:29:37,320 --> 00:29:39,280 Speaker 1: You lose an electron all of a sudden, you have 524 00:29:39,280 --> 00:29:43,920 Speaker 1: a positively charged ion and that negatively charged electron running 525 00:29:43,920 --> 00:29:47,560 Speaker 1: around and it just causes trouble. And you said light, 526 00:29:47,720 --> 00:29:50,080 Speaker 1: Visible light can be absorbed and it's no big deal 527 00:29:50,440 --> 00:29:54,080 Speaker 1: because visible light is exists on a wavelength that's about 528 00:29:54,120 --> 00:29:56,720 Speaker 1: in tune with the soft tissues of our body, right, 529 00:29:56,760 --> 00:29:58,720 Speaker 1: so we know how to absorb it and it makes 530 00:29:58,760 --> 00:30:02,760 Speaker 1: us tan and that's cool, right. But Um, with these 531 00:30:02,800 --> 00:30:07,520 Speaker 1: ionized atoms, these positively charged atoms like going around in 532 00:30:07,560 --> 00:30:11,160 Speaker 1: your body. It can cause a lot of problems like 533 00:30:11,240 --> 00:30:13,880 Speaker 1: mutations like cancer. Right. Yeah, I mean if you break 534 00:30:13,920 --> 00:30:16,720 Speaker 1: that DNA chain, that's not good. No, it is. And 535 00:30:16,800 --> 00:30:19,840 Speaker 1: one of the results is the d The DNA can 536 00:30:19,880 --> 00:30:24,960 Speaker 1: basically lose its ability to regulate itself and the cell 537 00:30:25,040 --> 00:30:28,560 Speaker 1: replicates more frequently than it should and all of a sudden, 538 00:30:28,560 --> 00:30:30,680 Speaker 1: you have a tumor on your hands and that can spread. 539 00:30:31,440 --> 00:30:34,280 Speaker 1: It can also be a problem if that d NA 540 00:30:34,800 --> 00:30:38,000 Speaker 1: break occurs in utero, because then that can lead to 541 00:30:38,000 --> 00:30:40,840 Speaker 1: birth defects, which is why pregnant women shouldn't get X 542 00:30:40,920 --> 00:30:44,080 Speaker 1: rays um. And it can also just lead to plain 543 00:30:44,160 --> 00:30:47,120 Speaker 1: old cellular death. If you have cellular death, then the 544 00:30:47,360 --> 00:30:51,520 Speaker 1: tissues that are made up by those cells breakdown, and uh, 545 00:30:51,880 --> 00:30:53,720 Speaker 1: you have a problem on your hands with that as well. 546 00:30:54,240 --> 00:30:57,560 Speaker 1: So here's the deal. We get exposed to radiation every 547 00:30:57,640 --> 00:31:01,000 Speaker 1: day just walking around on the planet. Yeah. Um, it 548 00:31:01,080 --> 00:31:04,280 Speaker 1: depends on where you live. But every year, um, the 549 00:31:04,360 --> 00:31:07,040 Speaker 1: average person is going to be exposed to anywhere from 550 00:31:07,240 --> 00:31:12,400 Speaker 1: one to four Uh. It's measured in millisieverts per year um. 551 00:31:12,520 --> 00:31:14,080 Speaker 1: Like I said, depending on where you are. I think 552 00:31:14,080 --> 00:31:18,400 Speaker 1: in higher elevations it's less then at sea level. So 553 00:31:18,440 --> 00:31:20,120 Speaker 1: if you live in Denver, Colorado, you're going to be 554 00:31:20,160 --> 00:31:23,800 Speaker 1: exposed to less well yeah, because definitely you're higher up 555 00:31:23,840 --> 00:31:27,080 Speaker 1: in the atmosphere and that makes a difference. Exactly you 556 00:31:27,120 --> 00:31:31,080 Speaker 1: have less protection, right Yeah. So, um, you know what 557 00:31:31,160 --> 00:31:34,000 Speaker 1: they what they want to do medically speaking, they want 558 00:31:34,000 --> 00:31:37,320 Speaker 1: to use, or they're supposed to use the minimum amount 559 00:31:38,120 --> 00:31:40,400 Speaker 1: to achieve the pictures you need. It's not like the 560 00:31:40,440 --> 00:31:44,320 Speaker 1: old days where they're just like, let's twenty X rays. Yeah, like, 561 00:31:44,400 --> 00:31:46,120 Speaker 1: let's do the minimum amount we need to get the 562 00:31:46,160 --> 00:31:50,880 Speaker 1: information that we need. A CT scan can can get 563 00:31:50,920 --> 00:31:52,720 Speaker 1: your you know, you lay down in the tube and 564 00:31:52,720 --> 00:31:54,840 Speaker 1: it rotates around you and your whole body can be 565 00:31:54,840 --> 00:31:59,160 Speaker 1: photographed in less than five seconds days. But um, you 566 00:31:59,200 --> 00:32:01,800 Speaker 1: know there are concerns if you get too many X 567 00:32:01,880 --> 00:32:05,360 Speaker 1: rays still, uh like a dental panorama. I think would 568 00:32:05,400 --> 00:32:09,080 Speaker 1: I say one to four millisy verts per year and 569 00:32:09,120 --> 00:32:12,200 Speaker 1: it's cumulative to you should like, it's not. It's not 570 00:32:12,240 --> 00:32:15,040 Speaker 1: like you get one and then you know, eight months 571 00:32:15,120 --> 00:32:17,840 Speaker 1: later you get another one and that first one went away, 572 00:32:18,160 --> 00:32:20,880 Speaker 1: Like it accumulates over the course of a year. Yeah. 573 00:32:20,920 --> 00:32:23,600 Speaker 1: So here's just a few examples of how much radiation 574 00:32:23,600 --> 00:32:26,720 Speaker 1: you're being exposed to with X rays. UM, a dental 575 00:32:26,760 --> 00:32:30,080 Speaker 1: panorama is going to be point zero one millisy verts, 576 00:32:30,320 --> 00:32:33,760 Speaker 1: so not very much. UM, Like two chest X rays 577 00:32:33,960 --> 00:32:38,600 Speaker 1: might be point one mam or grammars around point four. Uh, 578 00:32:38,640 --> 00:32:42,600 Speaker 1: your pelvis point six, your back, upper back maybe one 579 00:32:42,640 --> 00:32:48,960 Speaker 1: point zero. Uh. I wonder why because there's so maybe yeah, 580 00:32:49,000 --> 00:32:52,160 Speaker 1: maybe you have to do with exposure to Yeah, that 581 00:32:52,320 --> 00:32:55,000 Speaker 1: makes sense. I got a ton of bone of my 582 00:32:55,080 --> 00:32:59,400 Speaker 1: upper back. A full CT scan, it depends on what 583 00:32:59,520 --> 00:33:03,040 Speaker 1: you are, UM, it depends on what you're X raying. 584 00:33:03,080 --> 00:33:06,840 Speaker 1: But CT scan is obviously more like an abdominal or 585 00:33:06,840 --> 00:33:09,880 Speaker 1: pelvis c T CT scan because be as many as 586 00:33:09,920 --> 00:33:13,160 Speaker 1: ten millis everts. So that's like up to two or 587 00:33:13,200 --> 00:33:15,960 Speaker 1: three years worth of radiation in a single CT scan, 588 00:33:16,600 --> 00:33:19,240 Speaker 1: which can be problematic, which is why they don't say 589 00:33:19,440 --> 00:33:23,400 Speaker 1: get in the CT machine like every other week. UM. 590 00:33:23,440 --> 00:33:25,600 Speaker 1: But you know some of the reasons you might if 591 00:33:25,600 --> 00:33:27,760 Speaker 1: you had a traumatic injury, they're gonna X ray you 592 00:33:28,360 --> 00:33:31,320 Speaker 1: a lot of times for disease confirmation. They'll use an 593 00:33:31,400 --> 00:33:35,080 Speaker 1: X ray machine. Uh. During surgery as a visual guide, 594 00:33:35,600 --> 00:33:39,520 Speaker 1: Like if you do endoscopic surgery, the surgeons actually needs 595 00:33:39,560 --> 00:33:42,760 Speaker 1: to look at something, so sometimes the X rays for 596 00:33:42,840 --> 00:33:46,440 Speaker 1: that or to monitor your healing process. Um, you know, 597 00:33:46,480 --> 00:33:48,200 Speaker 1: when you break a bone, it's not just that first 598 00:33:48,320 --> 00:33:50,320 Speaker 1: X ray. You're gonna keep getting them to see how 599 00:33:50,360 --> 00:33:57,840 Speaker 1: you're healing up video. Huh no, it isn't. Okay, I 600 00:33:57,880 --> 00:33:59,239 Speaker 1: don't think so. I mean I look at so much 601 00:33:59,240 --> 00:34:04,200 Speaker 1: stuff at all other cumulative research. So, uh, I did 602 00:34:04,240 --> 00:34:06,840 Speaker 1: a brain stuff on siverts and how many we can 603 00:34:06,880 --> 00:34:10,440 Speaker 1: take and uh, yeah, it's it's kind of like it's 604 00:34:10,480 --> 00:34:13,200 Speaker 1: a little alarming. Sure how much radiation we're expposed to. 605 00:34:13,239 --> 00:34:15,799 Speaker 1: People who fly a lot too, are exposed to tons 606 00:34:15,840 --> 00:34:18,680 Speaker 1: of radiation because you're again higher up in the atmosphere, 607 00:34:18,719 --> 00:34:22,120 Speaker 1: so you're less protected by the atmosphere. Speaking of flying, 608 00:34:22,200 --> 00:34:26,400 Speaker 1: of course, baggage that is X rayed. The food industries 609 00:34:26,440 --> 00:34:29,000 Speaker 1: is X rays a lot. Um archaeologists use it if 610 00:34:29,000 --> 00:34:31,880 Speaker 1: they don't want to like destroy an object and they 611 00:34:31,920 --> 00:34:35,120 Speaker 1: want to see what's inside, or earth sciences will use 612 00:34:35,239 --> 00:34:37,839 Speaker 1: X rays for rocks to see what kind of mineral composition. 613 00:34:38,400 --> 00:34:40,680 Speaker 1: So there's all sorts of applications. It's not just medical. 614 00:34:41,360 --> 00:34:46,359 Speaker 1: Um space, yeah, X ray telescopes out on on satellites 615 00:34:46,760 --> 00:34:49,480 Speaker 1: apparently you can see a lot um. You can see 616 00:34:49,480 --> 00:34:53,320 Speaker 1: things you can't detect from an earthbound telescope because X 617 00:34:53,400 --> 00:34:55,440 Speaker 1: rays are absorbed by our atmosphere, so he can't like 618 00:34:55,680 --> 00:34:58,719 Speaker 1: shoot it into space like that. So this article makes 619 00:34:58,719 --> 00:35:01,719 Speaker 1: a pretty good point if you ask me, it says like, yes, 620 00:35:02,440 --> 00:35:06,279 Speaker 1: X rays are like are bad for you, and you 621 00:35:06,320 --> 00:35:10,040 Speaker 1: should use them with care and caution. And one one 622 00:35:10,080 --> 00:35:13,080 Speaker 1: good point is to always ask if there's an alternative 623 00:35:13,120 --> 00:35:15,959 Speaker 1: to an X ray, just to basically say, hey, doc 624 00:35:16,080 --> 00:35:19,399 Speaker 1: or dennists, slow your role. Let's is there another way 625 00:35:19,480 --> 00:35:21,600 Speaker 1: we can get this information without an X ray. I 626 00:35:21,640 --> 00:35:24,680 Speaker 1: know it's the easiest, but what are the alternatives? But 627 00:35:24,760 --> 00:35:27,560 Speaker 1: then the article makes the point like it's still safer 628 00:35:27,960 --> 00:35:31,200 Speaker 1: than the ultimate alternative, the thing that X rays replaced, 629 00:35:31,239 --> 00:35:34,279 Speaker 1: which was exploratory surgery. Yeah, back in the day, if 630 00:35:34,320 --> 00:35:36,239 Speaker 1: you they thought you had cancer, they would cut you 631 00:35:36,239 --> 00:35:39,080 Speaker 1: open and see and this is definitely better than that 632 00:35:39,440 --> 00:35:42,480 Speaker 1: or broken bone. Imagine getting that arm cut open just 633 00:35:42,600 --> 00:35:46,880 Speaker 1: to see how it's doing. They're like, no, it's not broken, right, 634 00:35:47,920 --> 00:35:51,680 Speaker 1: And we haven't invented anesthetic yet. So good luck with 635 00:35:51,680 --> 00:35:55,120 Speaker 1: your dentist. By the way, because um, I always get 636 00:35:55,120 --> 00:35:58,240 Speaker 1: the feeling that the dentists are like, No, your insurance 637 00:35:58,239 --> 00:36:00,239 Speaker 1: allows us to build for so many per years, said, 638 00:36:00,239 --> 00:36:02,000 Speaker 1: that's how many you're going to get? These X rays 639 00:36:02,000 --> 00:36:05,200 Speaker 1: are putting my kid through college. Yeah. Uh, you got 640 00:36:05,200 --> 00:36:07,480 Speaker 1: anything else on X rays? No, that was a fine 641 00:36:07,520 --> 00:36:10,160 Speaker 1: amount of stuff. I'm feeling good about it. You feel 642 00:36:10,160 --> 00:36:12,879 Speaker 1: good about this one? Sure I do too. Yeah. Uh. 643 00:36:12,920 --> 00:36:14,600 Speaker 1: If you want to know more about X rays, you 644 00:36:14,600 --> 00:36:17,840 Speaker 1: can check out this really informative article on how stuff 645 00:36:17,880 --> 00:36:20,600 Speaker 1: works dot com. It's got some great diagrams that explain 646 00:36:20,640 --> 00:36:23,319 Speaker 1: a lot of the stuff we were saying visually. Uh. 647 00:36:23,320 --> 00:36:25,520 Speaker 1: And you can type x ray into the search bar 648 00:36:25,640 --> 00:36:27,680 Speaker 1: how stuff works and it will bring that up. Since 649 00:36:27,719 --> 00:36:32,680 Speaker 1: I said search parts. Time for listener mail. Uh, this 650 00:36:32,719 --> 00:36:35,680 Speaker 1: is from my buddy Poppy and Vancouver. Uh stuff you 651 00:36:35,680 --> 00:36:37,160 Speaker 1: should don't listen to them, meant while I was there, 652 00:36:38,640 --> 00:36:40,800 Speaker 1: and um, Poppy as this is say, he's got a 653 00:36:40,800 --> 00:36:43,560 Speaker 1: pretty cool job. He listened to the PTSD show and 654 00:36:43,600 --> 00:36:46,520 Speaker 1: wanted to write in about another option that he works with. 655 00:36:46,840 --> 00:36:50,600 Speaker 1: He's a registered acupuncturist in Vancouver with special training and 656 00:36:50,640 --> 00:36:55,080 Speaker 1: trauma and addictions. He's a program called Neurotrophic Stimulation Therapy 657 00:36:55,560 --> 00:36:57,120 Speaker 1: h n T. S T and a large part of 658 00:36:57,120 --> 00:37:02,040 Speaker 1: the program uses ear acupuncture and electro acupuncture to promote 659 00:37:02,040 --> 00:37:05,680 Speaker 1: neuroplasticity in the brain. He says, you can't necessarily directly 660 00:37:05,719 --> 00:37:08,480 Speaker 1: fix the brain, but you can stimulate the ear nerves 661 00:37:08,640 --> 00:37:12,200 Speaker 1: and will help the brain reregulate certain functionality so it 662 00:37:12,239 --> 00:37:15,920 Speaker 1: can heal itself. He's been treating trauma and PTSD patients 663 00:37:15,920 --> 00:37:19,120 Speaker 1: for several years and the evidence for his efficacy is high. 664 00:37:19,600 --> 00:37:21,440 Speaker 1: It can be done with acupuncture needles alone or in 665 00:37:21,480 --> 00:37:26,279 Speaker 1: combination with a mild electrical stimulation UM. Remember we talked 666 00:37:26,320 --> 00:37:32,440 Speaker 1: about UM. Transcranial electro magnetic stimulation. Yeah, transdermal cranial stimulation. 667 00:37:32,520 --> 00:37:35,040 Speaker 1: He says that's one of the things that he's also 668 00:37:35,160 --> 00:37:38,200 Speaker 1: using to treat PTSD, which is pretty cool, and he 669 00:37:38,239 --> 00:37:40,880 Speaker 1: said it makes cognitive behavioral therapies so much easier to 670 00:37:40,920 --> 00:37:43,880 Speaker 1: introduce because it promotes neuroplasticity and the results help a 671 00:37:43,960 --> 00:37:46,920 Speaker 1: PTSD suffer to be more open to and able to 672 00:37:46,960 --> 00:37:51,279 Speaker 1: receive positive social programming. So he has a program we 673 00:37:51,320 --> 00:37:53,080 Speaker 1: want to promote. If you want to see all the 674 00:37:53,080 --> 00:37:56,360 Speaker 1: components in action in his program, you can visit Last 675 00:37:56,520 --> 00:38:00,319 Speaker 1: or Recovery Society at Last Door dot org, slash nt 676 00:38:00,640 --> 00:38:04,640 Speaker 1: s T or you can donate funds to help purchase 677 00:38:04,680 --> 00:38:07,440 Speaker 1: a brain scanner so that they can scientifically measure the 678 00:38:07,480 --> 00:38:09,759 Speaker 1: results of the program, which would really help show the 679 00:38:09,840 --> 00:38:13,360 Speaker 1: validity of the therapies. And if you're interested in helping 680 00:38:13,360 --> 00:38:16,720 Speaker 1: out Poppies, cause there because he's really big on treating 681 00:38:16,880 --> 00:38:20,279 Speaker 1: veterans in Canada in the US, um I shortened his 682 00:38:20,360 --> 00:38:23,520 Speaker 1: little U r L too bitley b I T dot 683 00:38:23,600 --> 00:38:28,279 Speaker 1: L Y slash one one y n l o Q 684 00:38:29,760 --> 00:38:32,440 Speaker 1: and that is from Poppy and he says, no mistay, 685 00:38:32,719 --> 00:38:34,920 Speaker 1: thanks a lot, Poppy. Is it Poppy with the O 686 00:38:35,520 --> 00:38:38,600 Speaker 1: P O P P I nice? Uh. If you want 687 00:38:38,680 --> 00:38:41,080 Speaker 1: to get in touch with us, you can tweet to 688 00:38:41,239 --> 00:38:44,200 Speaker 1: us at s y s K podcast. You can join 689 00:38:44,320 --> 00:38:47,000 Speaker 1: us on Facebook, dot com, slash Stuff you Should Know. 690 00:38:47,480 --> 00:38:49,840 Speaker 1: You can send us an email to stuff podcast at 691 00:38:49,880 --> 00:38:53,160 Speaker 1: how stuff Works dot com. That's right, uh, and as always, 692 00:38:53,239 --> 00:38:55,120 Speaker 1: join us at at home on the web. Stuff you 693 00:38:55,120 --> 00:38:59,680 Speaker 1: Should Know dot Com. Stuff you Should Know is a 694 00:38:59,680 --> 00:39:02,560 Speaker 1: pretty action of I heart Radio. For more podcasts my 695 00:39:02,600 --> 00:39:05,880 Speaker 1: heart Radio, visit the i heart Radio app, Apple Podcasts, 696 00:39:06,000 --> 00:39:10,719 Speaker 1: or wherever you listen to your favorite shows. H