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By any chance? 37 00:02:08,600 --> 00:02:11,840 Speaker 3: I am either the world's best or worst buller, all right? 38 00:02:11,919 --> 00:02:13,600 Speaker 1: But when you go bowling, do you ever get any 39 00:02:13,639 --> 00:02:14,600 Speaker 1: like gutter balls? 40 00:02:14,880 --> 00:02:17,760 Speaker 3: I can't deny that I get gutter balls. 41 00:02:17,440 --> 00:02:19,720 Speaker 1: All right? But are you so off the mark that 42 00:02:19,760 --> 00:02:22,720 Speaker 1: sometimes your bowling ball ends up like in the next lane. 43 00:02:23,040 --> 00:02:25,240 Speaker 3: I also can't deny that that's ever happened to me. 44 00:02:25,520 --> 00:02:28,000 Speaker 1: Oh man, Well, in that case, you might have a 45 00:02:28,080 --> 00:02:31,760 Speaker 1: special physics distinction. Oh how's that? You might be the 46 00:02:31,800 --> 00:02:34,080 Speaker 1: world's first quantum bowler. 47 00:02:34,280 --> 00:02:37,560 Speaker 3: Is that another TV show like Quantum Leap, but about 48 00:02:37,880 --> 00:02:38,640 Speaker 3: quantum bowling? 49 00:02:40,639 --> 00:02:43,639 Speaker 1: That's right, it's the Big Lebowski meets Quantum Leap. It's 50 00:02:43,639 --> 00:02:44,280 Speaker 1: my new pitch. 51 00:03:00,760 --> 00:03:03,280 Speaker 3: Hi. I'm Orge. I'm a cartoonist and the creator of 52 00:03:03,440 --> 00:03:04,400 Speaker 3: PhD Comments. 53 00:03:04,440 --> 00:03:07,960 Speaker 1: And I'm Daniel. I'm a particle physicist, a terrible bowler, 54 00:03:08,440 --> 00:03:10,840 Speaker 1: and the co author of a book with Jorge called 55 00:03:10,919 --> 00:03:13,919 Speaker 1: We Have No Idea About All the Mysteries of the Universe. 56 00:03:14,040 --> 00:03:17,440 Speaker 3: So welcome to our podcast, Daniel and Jorge Explain the Universe, 57 00:03:17,600 --> 00:03:19,200 Speaker 3: a production of iHeartRadio. 58 00:03:19,320 --> 00:03:21,320 Speaker 1: That's Right, in which we take things around us in 59 00:03:21,320 --> 00:03:24,600 Speaker 1: the universe that we find amazing or crazy, or wet 60 00:03:24,639 --> 00:03:28,079 Speaker 1: and sticky, or just weird and interesting, and we try 61 00:03:28,120 --> 00:03:28,880 Speaker 1: to explain them to you. 62 00:03:29,040 --> 00:03:31,520 Speaker 3: It's right. All the strikes, all the gutter balls, and 63 00:03:31,560 --> 00:03:33,640 Speaker 3: all the spares out there in the universe. 64 00:03:34,600 --> 00:03:37,440 Speaker 1: That's right. Even the splits. We'll roll it right down 65 00:03:37,480 --> 00:03:38,960 Speaker 1: the middle for you and into your brain. 66 00:03:39,160 --> 00:03:39,280 Speaker 4: Right. 67 00:03:39,320 --> 00:03:42,360 Speaker 3: Sometimes there's even quant a spin on the ball. 68 00:03:42,480 --> 00:03:44,480 Speaker 1: Right. I have no idea how to do spin on 69 00:03:44,520 --> 00:03:46,880 Speaker 1: the ball. I see people do that. I've tried to 70 00:03:46,920 --> 00:03:50,440 Speaker 1: do that. It's failed miserably. I'm all about the straight Grandma. 71 00:03:50,640 --> 00:03:52,400 Speaker 3: Roll spin actually helps you. 72 00:03:52,120 --> 00:03:54,240 Speaker 1: You think. As a particle physicist, I'd be all pro 73 00:03:54,560 --> 00:03:57,720 Speaker 1: spinning balls and all that stuff, but I found it impossible. 74 00:03:57,920 --> 00:04:00,280 Speaker 1: My wrist a most breaks every time I try to 75 00:04:00,320 --> 00:04:00,839 Speaker 1: do it well. 76 00:04:00,840 --> 00:04:03,800 Speaker 3: On the program, we usually talk about topics that people 77 00:04:03,800 --> 00:04:06,240 Speaker 3: have questions about, or people are really curious about about 78 00:04:06,240 --> 00:04:09,760 Speaker 3: the universe, about physics, about how the world and how 79 00:04:09,800 --> 00:04:13,400 Speaker 3: reality really works. And so today we're tackling a pretty 80 00:04:13,440 --> 00:04:15,360 Speaker 3: interesting topic, right, Daniel, that's right. 81 00:04:15,400 --> 00:04:17,600 Speaker 1: This is a topic people wrote in and asked us 82 00:04:17,640 --> 00:04:20,520 Speaker 1: to explain. And I think it's because they hear talked 83 00:04:20,520 --> 00:04:23,320 Speaker 1: about in physics podcasts, and you read about it in 84 00:04:23,360 --> 00:04:26,520 Speaker 1: physics books, and there's a bunch of online videos talking about it, 85 00:04:26,760 --> 00:04:30,599 Speaker 1: but frankly, there are very few actually satisfying explanations, and 86 00:04:30,680 --> 00:04:32,560 Speaker 1: I think people wanted us to dig into it and 87 00:04:32,600 --> 00:04:34,640 Speaker 1: see if we could explain to them what's going on. 88 00:04:34,880 --> 00:04:37,719 Speaker 3: It's definitely one of those topics that sound cool for sure, 89 00:04:38,279 --> 00:04:40,320 Speaker 3: Like just those two words put together. 90 00:04:40,560 --> 00:04:43,640 Speaker 1: Well, anything after quantum sounds cool, right, Quantum. 91 00:04:43,240 --> 00:04:47,360 Speaker 3: Banana, quantum bowling, even that sounds interesting. 92 00:04:47,720 --> 00:04:50,279 Speaker 1: An evening of quantum bowling with Daniel and Jorge. That 93 00:04:50,320 --> 00:04:52,480 Speaker 1: sounds like an event you'd pay twenty bucks to go to. Right. 94 00:04:52,640 --> 00:04:55,479 Speaker 3: Well, Today, on the program, we'll be tackling a subject 95 00:04:55,600 --> 00:04:59,000 Speaker 3: that is almost seems like magic maybe, and that a 96 00:04:59,040 --> 00:05:03,440 Speaker 3: lot of people assume ciate with perhaps teleportation, the idea 97 00:05:03,480 --> 00:05:05,920 Speaker 3: that maybe you can move from one spot to another 98 00:05:06,000 --> 00:05:09,279 Speaker 3: spot kind of instantly, or through a wall or something 99 00:05:09,320 --> 00:05:11,320 Speaker 3: like that, so they On the podcast, we'll be talking 100 00:05:11,320 --> 00:05:17,920 Speaker 3: about quantum tunneling. 101 00:05:18,080 --> 00:05:20,720 Speaker 1: Quantum tunneling is one of my favorite topics because it's 102 00:05:20,760 --> 00:05:23,880 Speaker 1: one of those really weird effects you see in quantum mechanics. 103 00:05:24,200 --> 00:05:26,160 Speaker 1: You know, when you zoom in on the world and 104 00:05:26,200 --> 00:05:29,760 Speaker 1: you discover it's microscopic nature. You try to understand it 105 00:05:29,800 --> 00:05:32,280 Speaker 1: in terms of things we know and understand, and your 106 00:05:32,320 --> 00:05:34,520 Speaker 1: brain is trying to use particles and waves and all 107 00:05:34,520 --> 00:05:36,839 Speaker 1: this stuff. This is one of those effects that really 108 00:05:36,880 --> 00:05:39,520 Speaker 1: just stumps us when we try to explain it in 109 00:05:39,640 --> 00:05:42,960 Speaker 1: terms of macroscopic things. We try to get intuitive handle 110 00:05:43,000 --> 00:05:44,760 Speaker 1: on it, and so it just shows us that the 111 00:05:44,800 --> 00:05:48,040 Speaker 1: world is so different from the world that we actually understand. 112 00:05:48,080 --> 00:05:49,719 Speaker 3: I guess my question, Daniel, is am I going to 113 00:05:49,720 --> 00:05:52,599 Speaker 3: spend this episode complaining about the naming of this effect, 114 00:05:52,680 --> 00:05:54,360 Speaker 3: Like is this really like a tunnel? 115 00:05:54,880 --> 00:05:56,599 Speaker 1: Like every other episode. 116 00:05:56,400 --> 00:05:58,760 Speaker 3: Like every other episode of this podcast. 117 00:06:00,600 --> 00:06:03,680 Speaker 1: Probably, yes, Probably we'll spend most of the time you 118 00:06:03,760 --> 00:06:06,080 Speaker 1: complaining about the name and me trying to argue that 119 00:06:06,279 --> 00:06:09,320 Speaker 1: the physics version is different from the cultural version or. 120 00:06:09,360 --> 00:06:11,320 Speaker 3: Whatever, and that there's poetry in physics. 121 00:06:11,880 --> 00:06:15,400 Speaker 1: There is some poetry in physics. There's also plenty of clumsiness. 122 00:06:15,800 --> 00:06:18,440 Speaker 1: Now this this is a fascinating topic because it's the 123 00:06:18,520 --> 00:06:21,480 Speaker 1: kind of thing that's really impossible to explain in terms 124 00:06:21,520 --> 00:06:24,840 Speaker 1: of classical analogs. You know, things that you have intuition 125 00:06:24,920 --> 00:06:28,320 Speaker 1: for particles and waves and bowling balls. It's just something 126 00:06:28,360 --> 00:06:31,279 Speaker 1: that those things can't do. And so it opens the 127 00:06:31,279 --> 00:06:34,279 Speaker 1: door in our minds. It says the universe is weirder 128 00:06:34,320 --> 00:06:37,720 Speaker 1: than you will ever understand, right, And that's the kind 129 00:06:37,720 --> 00:06:39,400 Speaker 1: of thing that got me into physics, you know, the 130 00:06:39,800 --> 00:06:44,120 Speaker 1: revealing that the universe operates under rules, but rules that 131 00:06:44,200 --> 00:06:47,440 Speaker 1: are weird and in some ways alien to the world 132 00:06:47,440 --> 00:06:47,880 Speaker 1: that we know. 133 00:06:48,240 --> 00:06:50,920 Speaker 3: So, yeah, it's got two cool words, quantum and tunneling, 134 00:06:51,160 --> 00:06:52,880 Speaker 3: and so I don't know, that makes me think of 135 00:06:53,000 --> 00:06:56,359 Speaker 3: like something that drills deep down into the quantum realm, 136 00:06:56,800 --> 00:07:00,880 Speaker 3: or you know, something that make lets me like traveled 137 00:07:00,880 --> 00:07:02,320 Speaker 3: to the quantum realm or something. 138 00:07:02,960 --> 00:07:05,520 Speaker 1: What is the what is the quantum realm? Where is it? 139 00:07:05,520 --> 00:07:08,040 Speaker 1: How do you get there? That's a whole other podcast episode. 140 00:07:08,080 --> 00:07:09,800 Speaker 3: It's on the ad Men movies obviously. 141 00:07:09,920 --> 00:07:11,600 Speaker 1: All right, well, we'll have to have Paul Rudd on 142 00:07:11,720 --> 00:07:15,360 Speaker 1: as a guest and Michael Douglas since he's Professor PIM, 143 00:07:15,360 --> 00:07:17,000 Speaker 1: and they can explain to us all about the PIM 144 00:07:17,040 --> 00:07:20,360 Speaker 1: particles in the quantum realm. But you're right, quantum tunneling 145 00:07:20,440 --> 00:07:23,720 Speaker 1: does have a really cool sound to it. And so, 146 00:07:23,840 --> 00:07:25,920 Speaker 1: as usual, I was wondering, like, what do people know 147 00:07:25,920 --> 00:07:28,680 Speaker 1: about quantum tunneling? Do people does everybody already understand this 148 00:07:28,720 --> 00:07:30,320 Speaker 1: and we don't need to explain it or is it 149 00:07:30,320 --> 00:07:33,800 Speaker 1: a huge mystery? Do people have misconceptions? And so I 150 00:07:33,840 --> 00:07:36,760 Speaker 1: walked around campus that you see Irvine, and it costed 151 00:07:36,880 --> 00:07:38,680 Speaker 1: friendly strangers to ask them. 152 00:07:38,760 --> 00:07:40,840 Speaker 3: So before you listen, to these answers. Think about it 153 00:07:40,880 --> 00:07:43,480 Speaker 3: for a second. If somebody asks you randomly on the 154 00:07:43,520 --> 00:07:46,160 Speaker 3: street and didn't give you the option of googling it, 155 00:07:46,560 --> 00:07:48,640 Speaker 3: would you know what quantum tunneling is? 156 00:07:48,800 --> 00:07:50,480 Speaker 1: That's right, no googling allowed. 157 00:07:50,720 --> 00:07:52,560 Speaker 3: Here's what people had to say, Uh. 158 00:07:52,400 --> 00:07:56,160 Speaker 1: Do you know what quantum tunneling is? Now? I don't know. 159 00:07:56,200 --> 00:07:58,440 Speaker 1: It makes me think of like mountains in Switzerland and 160 00:07:58,440 --> 00:08:00,480 Speaker 1: how they have to like build tunnels and neath them, 161 00:08:00,480 --> 00:08:02,600 Speaker 1: and then that's where Sern is, So there's probably some 162 00:08:02,720 --> 00:08:07,080 Speaker 1: quantum tunneling down there. I have Can you explain it? No? 163 00:08:07,280 --> 00:08:07,760 Speaker 3: I have not. 164 00:08:08,640 --> 00:08:13,000 Speaker 1: No, not really no, probably not. But I've heard I've 165 00:08:13,040 --> 00:08:15,080 Speaker 1: heard of it, but I'm not sure what the concept is. 166 00:08:15,560 --> 00:08:16,800 Speaker 1: I don't know. What does that mean? 167 00:08:17,520 --> 00:08:18,160 Speaker 2: No, I have not. 168 00:08:18,560 --> 00:08:19,120 Speaker 3: I do not. 169 00:08:19,400 --> 00:08:20,200 Speaker 1: I have not heard of that. 170 00:08:20,240 --> 00:08:21,000 Speaker 2: I have not. 171 00:08:21,280 --> 00:08:23,120 Speaker 1: Something has to do with light and like how electrons 172 00:08:23,160 --> 00:08:24,240 Speaker 1: fall around something like that. 173 00:08:24,360 --> 00:08:28,160 Speaker 3: All right, not a popular or familiar topic. About half 174 00:08:28,160 --> 00:08:29,480 Speaker 3: the people had never heard of it. 175 00:08:29,720 --> 00:08:33,120 Speaker 1: That's right. People that were pretty clueless. Though some people 176 00:08:33,160 --> 00:08:37,000 Speaker 1: were pretty creative. I love the the answer about tunnels 177 00:08:37,080 --> 00:08:38,680 Speaker 1: near Siren. That was very creative. 178 00:08:38,800 --> 00:08:41,480 Speaker 3: M Yeah. They said that it made them think of 179 00:08:42,080 --> 00:08:45,719 Speaker 3: the tunnels underneath the mountains of Switzerland. Because Switzerland has 180 00:08:45,760 --> 00:08:49,720 Speaker 3: tunnels and they do physics experiments. So therefore two and 181 00:08:49,760 --> 00:08:52,560 Speaker 3: two together. Obviously, that's what a quantum tunnel is. 182 00:08:52,720 --> 00:08:55,559 Speaker 1: It's not a terrible answer, like, you know, what kind 183 00:08:55,600 --> 00:08:58,079 Speaker 1: of tunnel do you need to build a large Hadron collider? 184 00:08:58,240 --> 00:09:00,560 Speaker 1: You know, hey, a quantum tunnel, right, a tunnel in 185 00:09:00,559 --> 00:09:03,320 Speaker 1: which you do quantum experiments. That's not a terrible answer. 186 00:09:03,400 --> 00:09:06,520 Speaker 1: Maybe that's more of a quantum And the truth is, 187 00:09:06,600 --> 00:09:09,160 Speaker 1: the Swiss are awesome in building tunnels, and they sort 188 00:09:09,160 --> 00:09:11,640 Speaker 1: of have to be because they're surrounded by mountains, but 189 00:09:11,720 --> 00:09:15,160 Speaker 1: they really are world class in building these tunneling machines. 190 00:09:15,520 --> 00:09:17,800 Speaker 1: And so it's no surprise that the large Hadron collider 191 00:09:17,840 --> 00:09:20,120 Speaker 1: is in Switzerland because that really is the best place 192 00:09:20,160 --> 00:09:21,960 Speaker 1: to build tunnels for your quantum experiments. 193 00:09:22,000 --> 00:09:23,800 Speaker 3: Yeah, they have to dig all those tunnels to burial 194 00:09:23,840 --> 00:09:26,560 Speaker 3: that money that they keep for rich people. 195 00:09:26,679 --> 00:09:29,080 Speaker 1: Oh that illicit illicitly got in gold. 196 00:09:29,120 --> 00:09:30,240 Speaker 3: You know, hey, what do you mean, I have a 197 00:09:30,240 --> 00:09:32,760 Speaker 3: Swiss bank account in my dreams? 198 00:09:33,679 --> 00:09:37,360 Speaker 1: Well, you know, true story. I discovered by opening her 199 00:09:37,400 --> 00:09:42,080 Speaker 1: mail that my wife has a Swiss bank account. She 200 00:09:42,160 --> 00:09:43,800 Speaker 1: has a retirement plan in Switzerland. 201 00:09:44,000 --> 00:09:46,719 Speaker 3: All right, what are the secrets of you covered by 202 00:09:46,760 --> 00:09:48,040 Speaker 3: opening her mail? 203 00:09:49,240 --> 00:09:50,680 Speaker 1: Oh? No, The best part of the story is that 204 00:09:51,000 --> 00:09:53,240 Speaker 1: she didn't know she had a Swiss bank account until 205 00:09:53,280 --> 00:09:54,000 Speaker 1: I told her. 206 00:09:54,240 --> 00:09:56,360 Speaker 3: It feels like a Born movie here. 207 00:09:56,600 --> 00:09:59,719 Speaker 1: No, it has actually a pretty mundane explanation. When we 208 00:09:59,720 --> 00:10:01,800 Speaker 1: were in Switzerland so I could work on the large 209 00:10:01,800 --> 00:10:05,320 Speaker 1: Hadron collider, she had a job working in research in Switzerland, 210 00:10:05,679 --> 00:10:08,400 Speaker 1: and unbeknownst to her, they opened an account in her 211 00:10:08,480 --> 00:10:12,120 Speaker 1: name and deposited some retirement funds there. And then we 212 00:10:12,240 --> 00:10:14,679 Speaker 1: discovered it later, like, oh my gosh, look Katrina has 213 00:10:14,720 --> 00:10:16,320 Speaker 1: a Swiss bank account with money. 214 00:10:16,800 --> 00:10:19,199 Speaker 3: That's how backing work in Switzerland. They just give it away. 215 00:10:19,360 --> 00:10:21,880 Speaker 1: Yeah exactly. So, yeah, she has a Swiss bank account, 216 00:10:21,920 --> 00:10:22,360 Speaker 1: but I don't. 217 00:10:22,600 --> 00:10:26,000 Speaker 3: Well anyway, so people were not very familiar with quantum tunneling, 218 00:10:26,000 --> 00:10:28,160 Speaker 3: which means that hey, we can we can talk about 219 00:10:28,200 --> 00:10:29,040 Speaker 3: it on that podcast. 220 00:10:29,160 --> 00:10:32,559 Speaker 1: That's right, It's an awesome topic to demystify. First we'll 221 00:10:32,559 --> 00:10:34,440 Speaker 1: explain what it is, and then we'll explain how it 222 00:10:34,480 --> 00:10:36,959 Speaker 1: works and how it's not teleportation. 223 00:10:37,240 --> 00:10:39,959 Speaker 3: Right, that's my big question is is it like teleportation? 224 00:10:40,240 --> 00:10:44,120 Speaker 3: Is it associated with teleportation. Can we teleport with quantum tunneling? 225 00:10:44,200 --> 00:10:46,959 Speaker 3: All right, start us off, Daniel, how would you describe 226 00:10:47,000 --> 00:10:48,280 Speaker 3: what quantum tunneling is? 227 00:10:48,360 --> 00:10:50,600 Speaker 1: So I think the best place to start is to 228 00:10:50,800 --> 00:10:53,400 Speaker 1: sort of warm up our intuition, Like, let's think about 229 00:10:53,400 --> 00:10:56,280 Speaker 1: this problem using things we're familiar with, and then we 230 00:10:56,280 --> 00:10:59,160 Speaker 1: can make the analogy to the quantum version, and we 231 00:10:59,160 --> 00:11:02,079 Speaker 1: can understand where that breaks down, like where our intuition 232 00:11:02,240 --> 00:11:05,240 Speaker 1: goes wrong. So let's start with our intuition, and there's 233 00:11:05,280 --> 00:11:07,200 Speaker 1: sort of the problem. The kind of problem we're trying 234 00:11:07,200 --> 00:11:09,840 Speaker 1: to describe is sort of like playing with the bowling 235 00:11:09,880 --> 00:11:12,120 Speaker 1: ball inside an empty swimming pool. 236 00:11:13,440 --> 00:11:15,480 Speaker 3: The just go for the bowling ball in swimming pool. 237 00:11:16,280 --> 00:11:18,760 Speaker 1: Yeah, I mean, isn't that a familiar thing when you 238 00:11:18,800 --> 00:11:21,080 Speaker 1: see a swimming empty swimming pool. Don't you think, I 239 00:11:21,080 --> 00:11:22,840 Speaker 1: wonder what would happen if I threw a bowling ball 240 00:11:22,880 --> 00:11:23,200 Speaker 1: in there. 241 00:11:23,280 --> 00:11:26,120 Speaker 3: Well, let's give our listeners just a quick idea of 242 00:11:26,200 --> 00:11:28,720 Speaker 3: what we're talking about. So quantum tunneling is kind of 243 00:11:28,760 --> 00:11:32,840 Speaker 3: this idea that a particle, or in the usual case 244 00:11:32,840 --> 00:11:35,920 Speaker 3: it's an electron, it can sid of be on one 245 00:11:35,960 --> 00:11:38,640 Speaker 3: side of a barrier in one moment and then the 246 00:11:38,679 --> 00:11:40,800 Speaker 3: next moment, it's on the other side of the barrier. 247 00:11:40,960 --> 00:11:43,240 Speaker 1: Right. The general idea of quantum tunneling is that it's 248 00:11:43,280 --> 00:11:46,440 Speaker 1: really hard to keep electrons in a little trap or 249 00:11:46,480 --> 00:11:49,040 Speaker 1: in a little hole, that that they really they're hard 250 00:11:49,040 --> 00:11:50,720 Speaker 1: to pin down. And people are probably familiar with that 251 00:11:50,720 --> 00:11:53,600 Speaker 1: because the Heisenbergen certainty principle, like, you know, you can't 252 00:11:53,679 --> 00:11:56,760 Speaker 1: really isolate a quantum particle in one little spot in 253 00:11:56,840 --> 00:12:00,800 Speaker 1: space very long, but you know if you try to 254 00:12:00,840 --> 00:12:02,760 Speaker 1: do it, then you know eventually it's going to leak out. 255 00:12:02,800 --> 00:12:05,600 Speaker 1: And the point of quantum tunneling is that electrons can 256 00:12:05,600 --> 00:12:09,439 Speaker 1: build these tunnels or burrow through these barriers to to 257 00:12:09,640 --> 00:12:12,000 Speaker 1: you know, adjacent little holes or adjacent little wells. 258 00:12:12,000 --> 00:12:13,720 Speaker 3: So that's the idea is that it's like you have 259 00:12:13,760 --> 00:12:15,959 Speaker 3: a particle and there's a barrel in front of it, 260 00:12:16,600 --> 00:12:19,600 Speaker 3: and at some point it just moves to the other 261 00:12:19,640 --> 00:12:20,360 Speaker 3: side of the barrier. 262 00:12:20,520 --> 00:12:22,120 Speaker 1: Yeah, exactly. You can see it on one side of 263 00:12:22,160 --> 00:12:24,679 Speaker 1: the barrier, and even if it doesn't have enough energy 264 00:12:24,720 --> 00:12:27,280 Speaker 1: to get over the barrier, sometimes you see it on 265 00:12:27,320 --> 00:12:29,040 Speaker 1: the other side and then you have to ask, like, 266 00:12:29,160 --> 00:12:30,960 Speaker 1: how did it get here? Right? Right? 267 00:12:31,040 --> 00:12:33,520 Speaker 3: Like spontaneously, it just appears on the other side or what. 268 00:12:33,840 --> 00:12:35,640 Speaker 1: Yeah, well, sometimes on one side and then it's on 269 00:12:35,640 --> 00:12:37,600 Speaker 1: the other side, and then it goes back right, And 270 00:12:37,679 --> 00:12:40,680 Speaker 1: there's a lot of interesting stuff there about like, you know, 271 00:12:40,720 --> 00:12:43,000 Speaker 1: if the particle was here and then later it's there, 272 00:12:43,440 --> 00:12:45,520 Speaker 1: how did it get from one place from the first 273 00:12:45,559 --> 00:12:48,680 Speaker 1: place to the next place. Right In your mind, you're 274 00:12:48,760 --> 00:12:51,320 Speaker 1: used to things. If it's in one spot and then 275 00:12:51,360 --> 00:12:53,640 Speaker 1: later it's in another spot, you imagine it took a 276 00:12:53,679 --> 00:12:56,000 Speaker 1: path from one spot to the other spot, Right, That's 277 00:12:56,040 --> 00:13:00,559 Speaker 1: the way classical things work, baseballs, hamsters, whatever. But that's 278 00:13:00,600 --> 00:13:03,000 Speaker 1: not true for quantum objects. Quantum oogicivets are here and 279 00:13:03,040 --> 00:13:06,160 Speaker 1: then later they're there, and there iss not necessarily any 280 00:13:06,200 --> 00:13:08,440 Speaker 1: path between those places that the particle took. 281 00:13:08,640 --> 00:13:11,200 Speaker 3: It didn't move, It just was here and then it 282 00:13:11,240 --> 00:13:11,680 Speaker 3: was there. 283 00:13:11,880 --> 00:13:16,600 Speaker 1: Yeah, it's frustrating because quantum particles don't have this underlying 284 00:13:17,080 --> 00:13:17,800 Speaker 1: hidden truth. 285 00:13:17,960 --> 00:13:18,080 Speaker 5: Right. 286 00:13:18,120 --> 00:13:21,400 Speaker 1: It's not like there is a true story about where 287 00:13:21,480 --> 00:13:23,439 Speaker 1: the particle was at every moment and we just don't 288 00:13:23,480 --> 00:13:26,640 Speaker 1: know it. It doesn't have that story. That story doesn't exist. 289 00:13:27,120 --> 00:13:30,040 Speaker 1: You know, it's in a location only when you ask 290 00:13:30,120 --> 00:13:32,280 Speaker 1: where is it, and then it's in a location later 291 00:13:32,360 --> 00:13:33,560 Speaker 1: when you ask where is it. 292 00:13:33,480 --> 00:13:36,800 Speaker 3: You're saying particles don't really have a here or there. 293 00:13:37,120 --> 00:13:38,360 Speaker 3: It's like they're around here. 294 00:13:38,400 --> 00:13:40,280 Speaker 1: Well, they have a here, like at some moment you 295 00:13:40,320 --> 00:13:42,240 Speaker 1: can say it's here, and another moment you can say 296 00:13:42,280 --> 00:13:45,880 Speaker 1: it's there. But you can't connect the dots, right, You 297 00:13:45,920 --> 00:13:48,920 Speaker 1: can't say that there must be a line between those 298 00:13:48,920 --> 00:13:52,120 Speaker 1: two dots and the particle took that line or there. 299 00:13:52,280 --> 00:13:54,640 Speaker 1: Doesn't have to necessarily be aligned. It's just here and 300 00:13:54,679 --> 00:13:58,079 Speaker 1: then later it's there. It's you know, it's like frames 301 00:13:58,080 --> 00:14:02,520 Speaker 1: in a movie, but without the intervening connections. 302 00:14:02,720 --> 00:14:04,720 Speaker 3: Like if you're watching a movie, you know, the person 303 00:14:04,760 --> 00:14:06,920 Speaker 3: would be standing here, and then suddenly they'd be standing 304 00:14:06,920 --> 00:14:10,000 Speaker 3: over there and then be studying this other part of 305 00:14:09,400 --> 00:14:14,160 Speaker 3: the frame. Right, almost like there were teleporting between spots. 306 00:14:16,040 --> 00:14:18,520 Speaker 1: I was just going to say that that's not teleportation. Right, 307 00:14:18,600 --> 00:14:20,720 Speaker 1: when you're watching a movie and you know, and you 308 00:14:20,760 --> 00:14:23,600 Speaker 1: watch this frame by frame, you don't imagine they're teleporting 309 00:14:23,600 --> 00:14:25,600 Speaker 1: from frame to frame. Right, you're just saying, well, I 310 00:14:25,640 --> 00:14:27,200 Speaker 1: know he's here in this frame, I know he's there 311 00:14:27,240 --> 00:14:29,640 Speaker 1: at that frame. Right, that's not teleportation. 312 00:14:29,840 --> 00:14:32,760 Speaker 3: You're saying a quantum particle doesn't have a path between 313 00:14:32,760 --> 00:14:34,560 Speaker 3: these two things. It's like, if you ask it where 314 00:14:34,600 --> 00:14:36,680 Speaker 3: it is, it'll just kind of pop around all over 315 00:14:36,680 --> 00:14:37,040 Speaker 3: the place. 316 00:14:37,160 --> 00:14:38,920 Speaker 1: Yeah, you can ask a particle where it is and 317 00:14:38,960 --> 00:14:41,360 Speaker 1: it will answer, right, and then later you can ask 318 00:14:41,400 --> 00:14:43,600 Speaker 1: it where it is and it will answer. But you 319 00:14:43,680 --> 00:14:46,240 Speaker 1: don't necessarily know anything about where it is in the 320 00:14:46,360 --> 00:14:50,280 Speaker 1: intervening time, and you can't assume that there's some classical path. 321 00:14:50,720 --> 00:14:53,000 Speaker 1: You know, if you if you ask where's my baseball 322 00:14:53,400 --> 00:14:56,000 Speaker 1: and what's its velocity? Right, then you can actually predict 323 00:14:56,040 --> 00:14:58,640 Speaker 1: exactly where it's going to go at any moment. And 324 00:14:58,680 --> 00:15:00,760 Speaker 1: so it has this thing we call the cl classical path. 325 00:15:01,040 --> 00:15:04,200 Speaker 1: It's position and velocity at any point in time, and 326 00:15:04,240 --> 00:15:06,440 Speaker 1: when you're looking at it, you're just sort of sampling that. Right. 327 00:15:06,680 --> 00:15:09,120 Speaker 1: But for a quantum particle that doesn't exist, you can 328 00:15:09,160 --> 00:15:10,840 Speaker 1: ask where is it, and you can ask where is 329 00:15:10,880 --> 00:15:13,920 Speaker 1: it later? Right, But you can't connect the dots between 330 00:15:13,960 --> 00:15:16,320 Speaker 1: those two and assume that there's a path that it's following. 331 00:15:16,640 --> 00:15:19,840 Speaker 3: Well, this is a perfect point to take a break. 332 00:15:24,120 --> 00:15:27,120 Speaker 1: With big wireless providers. What you see is never what 333 00:15:27,160 --> 00:15:29,840 Speaker 1: you get. 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And so what we want 385 00:18:14,600 --> 00:18:16,800 Speaker 3: to do here today is sort of explain how that 386 00:18:16,880 --> 00:18:18,520 Speaker 3: happens and why it's not teleportation. 387 00:18:18,600 --> 00:18:20,800 Speaker 1: Yeah, exactly how does that happen and what does it 388 00:18:20,960 --> 00:18:22,919 Speaker 1: mean and why it's not teleportation? 389 00:18:23,080 --> 00:18:25,600 Speaker 3: And so you think a great way to think get 390 00:18:25,640 --> 00:18:28,360 Speaker 3: into this topic is to think about bowling balls and pools. 391 00:18:28,440 --> 00:18:30,360 Speaker 1: Yeah, well, I mean what is a barrier after all? 392 00:18:30,440 --> 00:18:30,600 Speaker 3: Right? 393 00:18:30,680 --> 00:18:33,520 Speaker 1: Like I think people think about electrons as tiny little balls. 394 00:18:33,720 --> 00:18:35,640 Speaker 1: So I was thinking about, let's use a bowling ball 395 00:18:35,680 --> 00:18:39,320 Speaker 1: because that's macroscopic, and what is really a barrier? Right? 396 00:18:39,320 --> 00:18:40,800 Speaker 1: I mean people might be thinking like, what kind of 397 00:18:40,800 --> 00:18:43,760 Speaker 1: barriers are we talking about? And so let's imagine a 398 00:18:43,760 --> 00:18:47,879 Speaker 1: macroscopic barrier, like a familiar one. Right, You're the bottom 399 00:18:47,920 --> 00:18:49,920 Speaker 1: of a swimming pool with a bowling ball. By the way, 400 00:18:50,000 --> 00:18:52,320 Speaker 1: this is amazing video of a guy. This is what 401 00:18:52,440 --> 00:18:54,600 Speaker 1: inspired me. Is this amazing video online of a guy 402 00:18:54,600 --> 00:18:56,480 Speaker 1: with a bowling ball in a swimming pool and he 403 00:18:56,520 --> 00:18:58,879 Speaker 1: can do these hilarious tricks where he puts like the 404 00:18:58,960 --> 00:19:01,199 Speaker 1: pins behind him and he rolls the bowling ball and 405 00:19:01,280 --> 00:19:04,760 Speaker 1: it does these crazy moves and knocks off all the pins. Anyway, 406 00:19:05,280 --> 00:19:07,439 Speaker 1: so you're at the bottom of the swimming pool with 407 00:19:07,440 --> 00:19:09,160 Speaker 1: the bowling ball, right, and what happens You just put 408 00:19:09,160 --> 00:19:09,520 Speaker 1: it down. 409 00:19:09,640 --> 00:19:12,080 Speaker 3: Let's make it clear the pool is empty. I'm not 410 00:19:12,200 --> 00:19:15,000 Speaker 3: drowning here, I'm. 411 00:19:14,840 --> 00:19:16,399 Speaker 1: Not empty swimming pool. 412 00:19:16,640 --> 00:19:19,320 Speaker 3: I'm not holding it onto a heavy ball. And then 413 00:19:19,400 --> 00:19:20,360 Speaker 3: sitting in the bottom. 414 00:19:20,119 --> 00:19:23,920 Speaker 1: Wearing gear does not make this any more complicated. Yeah, 415 00:19:23,920 --> 00:19:26,000 Speaker 1: it's an empty swimming pool with a bowling ball. 416 00:19:26,040 --> 00:19:27,600 Speaker 3: But let's also make it clear it's one of these 417 00:19:27,600 --> 00:19:31,040 Speaker 3: swimming pools that has a curved floor, right, like a 418 00:19:31,119 --> 00:19:34,119 Speaker 3: bowl shaped floor, right, Like if it's a swimming pool 419 00:19:34,160 --> 00:19:37,520 Speaker 3: with straight edges at the bottom. This is not going 420 00:19:37,560 --> 00:19:38,600 Speaker 3: to work, that's right. 421 00:19:38,680 --> 00:19:42,239 Speaker 1: Also, there's no like chainsaws or you know, traps or 422 00:19:42,840 --> 00:19:45,639 Speaker 1: you know, rabbit, hamsters or anything else in the swimming pool, 423 00:19:45,720 --> 00:19:46,360 Speaker 1: just you know, to be. 424 00:19:46,320 --> 00:19:50,040 Speaker 3: Clear, just just a bowling ball in an empty curved pool, you. 425 00:19:50,000 --> 00:19:51,920 Speaker 1: Know, or if it's easier for you, imagine a grape 426 00:19:51,920 --> 00:19:53,760 Speaker 1: in the bottom of a bowl or whatever. But the 427 00:19:53,800 --> 00:19:56,360 Speaker 1: point is what happens when you put the bowling ball 428 00:19:56,400 --> 00:19:58,760 Speaker 1: at the bottom of the swimming pool. It just sits there, right, 429 00:19:58,840 --> 00:20:01,479 Speaker 1: It doesn't leave. You're never going to find it in 430 00:20:01,520 --> 00:20:04,440 Speaker 1: your neighbor's empty swimming pool, right, It's always going to 431 00:20:04,480 --> 00:20:07,480 Speaker 1: be in that pool. And the barrier in this case 432 00:20:07,560 --> 00:20:08,960 Speaker 1: is the edge of the swimming pool. 433 00:20:09,000 --> 00:20:10,320 Speaker 3: You mean, like if you don't touch it, if you 434 00:20:10,320 --> 00:20:12,439 Speaker 3: don't push it, if the wind doesn't blow, it's just 435 00:20:12,520 --> 00:20:13,440 Speaker 3: going to stay there. 436 00:20:13,359 --> 00:20:15,480 Speaker 1: That's right exactly. And you expect it to stay there. 437 00:20:15,520 --> 00:20:17,600 Speaker 1: You don't expect to come by one day and find 438 00:20:17,640 --> 00:20:19,400 Speaker 1: it in your neighbor's swimming pool. Right. 439 00:20:19,600 --> 00:20:21,800 Speaker 3: It is that if something does disturb it, like a 440 00:20:21,880 --> 00:20:24,320 Speaker 3: raccoon comes by and pushes it, it's just going to 441 00:20:24,440 --> 00:20:27,160 Speaker 3: roll back down to the bottom of the pool again, right, 442 00:20:27,160 --> 00:20:28,240 Speaker 3: that's going to be a deal. 443 00:20:28,080 --> 00:20:30,920 Speaker 1: That's right, exactly, Because the walls of the pool are 444 00:20:31,000 --> 00:20:33,240 Speaker 1: the barrier, right, that's where we talk about. It's a 445 00:20:33,240 --> 00:20:36,360 Speaker 1: potential barrier. And if a raccoon comes and pushes it, 446 00:20:36,680 --> 00:20:38,280 Speaker 1: you know, and he pushes it, you know, as hard 447 00:20:38,280 --> 00:20:40,640 Speaker 1: as a raccoon can, then it's going to roll up, 448 00:20:40,760 --> 00:20:42,080 Speaker 1: and then it's going to roll back down, and it 449 00:20:42,119 --> 00:20:44,600 Speaker 1: might roll back up the other side, but it's never 450 00:20:44,640 --> 00:20:48,680 Speaker 1: going to roll higher than it went originally, right, It's 451 00:20:48,680 --> 00:20:51,040 Speaker 1: just going to eventually relax down to the bottom of 452 00:20:51,080 --> 00:20:53,760 Speaker 1: the swimming pool. And so if you don't give it 453 00:20:53,880 --> 00:20:56,680 Speaker 1: enough energy to go over the lip, then it's trapped 454 00:20:56,720 --> 00:20:58,879 Speaker 1: in the pool. Right, It's never going to get out 455 00:20:58,880 --> 00:21:01,359 Speaker 1: of the pool unless it has enough energy to go 456 00:21:01,560 --> 00:21:04,000 Speaker 1: up and over the edge of the swimming pool, right. 457 00:21:03,880 --> 00:21:06,280 Speaker 3: And so that's the barrier, like, that's the wall. 458 00:21:06,240 --> 00:21:09,199 Speaker 1: Yeah, exactly, And your intuition says it's trapped, right, if 459 00:21:09,240 --> 00:21:12,960 Speaker 1: you don't give enough energy, it's never ever, ever, ever, ever, ever, 460 00:21:13,160 --> 00:21:15,800 Speaker 1: ever ever going to end up in your neighbor's swimming pool. Right, 461 00:21:15,840 --> 00:21:17,320 Speaker 1: that's where your intuition says. 462 00:21:17,119 --> 00:21:19,600 Speaker 3: Right, unless there are some really strong raccoons. But that's 463 00:21:19,640 --> 00:21:20,200 Speaker 3: a difference. 464 00:21:21,000 --> 00:21:22,480 Speaker 1: I don't know what kind of neighborhood this is with 465 00:21:22,520 --> 00:21:25,080 Speaker 1: all these empty swimming pools and like tough gangs of 466 00:21:25,200 --> 00:21:28,639 Speaker 1: raccoons pushing bowling balls. But we're sketching out quite the 467 00:21:28,640 --> 00:21:29,920 Speaker 1: science fiction dystopia here. 468 00:21:30,200 --> 00:21:32,480 Speaker 3: But yeah, you don't expect it to ever be able 469 00:21:32,520 --> 00:21:34,520 Speaker 3: to get out of the pool by itself. 470 00:21:34,800 --> 00:21:37,840 Speaker 1: That's right, exactly that barrier, you can consider it to 471 00:21:37,840 --> 00:21:41,480 Speaker 1: be perfect. Right. The only way to the next swimming 472 00:21:41,480 --> 00:21:43,680 Speaker 1: pools to go over the barrier. Right, You can never 473 00:21:43,760 --> 00:21:45,880 Speaker 1: go through the barrier. These raccoons are not tough enough 474 00:21:45,880 --> 00:21:48,800 Speaker 1: to throw the bowling ball like and crush the ground 475 00:21:49,000 --> 00:21:49,679 Speaker 1: and get through it. 476 00:21:49,800 --> 00:21:53,040 Speaker 3: Right. Wait, what are there Swiss raccoons and they dig 477 00:21:53,080 --> 00:21:53,600 Speaker 3: a tunnel? 478 00:21:56,920 --> 00:21:59,800 Speaker 1: Yeah, where they're like superhero raccoons like them. And one 479 00:21:59,840 --> 00:22:02,120 Speaker 1: of the those Marvel movies is isn't there some super 480 00:22:02,200 --> 00:22:04,080 Speaker 1: raccoon or does he just look like a raccoon and 481 00:22:04,119 --> 00:22:05,119 Speaker 1: he's not actually a raccoon. 482 00:22:05,160 --> 00:22:08,280 Speaker 3: I never actually genetically modified raccoon. 483 00:22:08,040 --> 00:22:10,480 Speaker 1: Aliens that look like human like Earth raccoons. I never 484 00:22:10,520 --> 00:22:13,080 Speaker 1: quite figure that one out. But we digress, we do, 485 00:22:13,160 --> 00:22:20,480 Speaker 1: we do digress. That's the analogy right now, think instead 486 00:22:20,480 --> 00:22:22,960 Speaker 1: of the bowling ball. Think of an electron and ins 487 00:22:23,000 --> 00:22:25,959 Speaker 1: then when we talk about barriers, we're talking about you know, 488 00:22:26,359 --> 00:22:30,439 Speaker 1: barriers to that electron. So maybe made by other particles, 489 00:22:30,440 --> 00:22:32,719 Speaker 1: you know, protons or something that would repel it, right, 490 00:22:32,800 --> 00:22:34,720 Speaker 1: something that would you would build to try to keep 491 00:22:34,760 --> 00:22:37,400 Speaker 1: the electron localized, like a little trap. 492 00:22:37,440 --> 00:22:41,359 Speaker 3: Like a like a little magnetic field. Maybe he's keeping 493 00:22:41,400 --> 00:22:42,399 Speaker 3: it trapped or something. 494 00:22:42,680 --> 00:22:46,320 Speaker 1: Yeah, yeah, a little magnetic field or electrostatic potential or something, 495 00:22:46,359 --> 00:22:48,320 Speaker 1: anything you can do to trap an electron. And people 496 00:22:48,359 --> 00:22:50,960 Speaker 1: do this, right, they want to study individual electrons or 497 00:22:50,960 --> 00:22:54,639 Speaker 1: individual ions. They build atom traps, so pretty cool, and 498 00:22:54,680 --> 00:22:57,640 Speaker 1: so people actually do this. But it's also a good 499 00:22:57,680 --> 00:22:59,960 Speaker 1: case study for quantum mechanics because it helps us think 500 00:23:00,040 --> 00:23:02,479 Speaker 1: about how these things work and don't work. So it's 501 00:23:02,520 --> 00:23:06,040 Speaker 1: a very popular sort of junior level quantum mechanics problem 502 00:23:06,080 --> 00:23:09,240 Speaker 1: in college. So what happens. You put the electron in 503 00:23:09,320 --> 00:23:11,199 Speaker 1: this little well, right, and it's like a barrier. It's 504 00:23:11,240 --> 00:23:14,119 Speaker 1: like a swimming pool, and you think, if the electron 505 00:23:14,280 --> 00:23:16,760 Speaker 1: doesn't have enough energy to go over the edge, then 506 00:23:16,800 --> 00:23:19,119 Speaker 1: it's trapped, right, just like the bowling ball. If it 507 00:23:19,119 --> 00:23:21,360 Speaker 1: doesn't have enough energy, how could it ever get into 508 00:23:21,359 --> 00:23:24,960 Speaker 1: the neighboring swimming pool. Well. The thing you find is that, 509 00:23:25,040 --> 00:23:28,200 Speaker 1: even though it doesn't have enough energy, sometimes it appears 510 00:23:28,320 --> 00:23:31,720 Speaker 1: in your neighbor's swimming pool. Like it gets through that barrier, 511 00:23:32,040 --> 00:23:35,159 Speaker 1: it appears in the adjacent well. Like if you have 512 00:23:35,200 --> 00:23:39,280 Speaker 1: a series of these potential wells, you know, these little 513 00:23:39,320 --> 00:23:41,800 Speaker 1: traps made for electrons, and you put it in one, 514 00:23:42,119 --> 00:23:43,720 Speaker 1: you come back the next day and find it in 515 00:23:43,760 --> 00:23:46,240 Speaker 1: the next one. Even though it didn't have enough energy 516 00:23:46,240 --> 00:23:48,080 Speaker 1: to go over that barrier. 517 00:23:47,840 --> 00:23:50,760 Speaker 3: Even though it was trapped by a magnetic field, it 518 00:23:50,880 --> 00:23:52,240 Speaker 3: somehow slipped. 519 00:23:51,880 --> 00:23:56,800 Speaker 1: Out, yes, exactly, And so that's what we call quantum tunneling. Right, 520 00:23:56,880 --> 00:23:59,840 Speaker 1: how did it get through the barrier? In principle, the 521 00:24:00,040 --> 00:24:03,119 Speaker 1: barrier should be it should bar it, right, that's what 522 00:24:03,200 --> 00:24:05,800 Speaker 1: barriers do. It should borrow it from passing, just the 523 00:24:05,840 --> 00:24:08,880 Speaker 1: way the ground does, the edge of the swimming pool does. 524 00:24:09,200 --> 00:24:12,600 Speaker 1: So the question is why does an electron not get stuck? 525 00:24:12,760 --> 00:24:14,800 Speaker 3: Right, Because if you try to move, the field would 526 00:24:14,840 --> 00:24:17,920 Speaker 3: push it back into the trap. But somehow it's able 527 00:24:18,000 --> 00:24:22,400 Speaker 3: to slip out or create a tunnel exactly exactly. 528 00:24:22,800 --> 00:24:25,639 Speaker 1: And your instinct might be to say, well, maybe like 529 00:24:25,800 --> 00:24:28,960 Speaker 1: momentarily goes over the barrier, like you know, I don't 530 00:24:28,960 --> 00:24:32,240 Speaker 1: know Heisenberg uncertainty blow blog. You know, maybe it borrows 531 00:24:32,240 --> 00:24:35,480 Speaker 1: a little energy momentarily gets over the barrier. Right. That's 532 00:24:35,600 --> 00:24:38,520 Speaker 1: tempting because you want to think of the barrier as working, 533 00:24:38,960 --> 00:24:40,360 Speaker 1: and so do you want to think that if it's 534 00:24:40,359 --> 00:24:42,040 Speaker 1: going to go to the other well, somehow has to 535 00:24:42,080 --> 00:24:44,680 Speaker 1: go over. But it doesn't, right, it can't. It's a 536 00:24:44,760 --> 00:24:48,000 Speaker 1: conservation of energy. So that explanation doesn't work. The electron 537 00:24:48,080 --> 00:24:52,280 Speaker 1: doesn't get more energy momentarily magically, it's just on one 538 00:24:52,320 --> 00:24:53,800 Speaker 1: side of the barrier and then it's on the next. 539 00:24:54,000 --> 00:24:57,160 Speaker 3: Like zoos didn't come down and touch the bowling ball 540 00:24:57,200 --> 00:24:59,879 Speaker 3: and push it into the other swimming pool. That's impossible, 541 00:25:00,080 --> 00:25:00,439 Speaker 3: that's right. 542 00:25:00,480 --> 00:25:02,920 Speaker 1: We're assuming that there's no other source of energy, right, 543 00:25:03,320 --> 00:25:06,240 Speaker 1: and it never has enough energy to go over the 544 00:25:06,320 --> 00:25:08,160 Speaker 1: edge of the swimming pool and into the next one. 545 00:25:08,280 --> 00:25:10,960 Speaker 1: So the only way to the other swimming pool is 546 00:25:11,000 --> 00:25:13,320 Speaker 1: to tunnel, is to go through the barrier. 547 00:25:13,520 --> 00:25:16,359 Speaker 3: And then once it's out and on the other side 548 00:25:16,400 --> 00:25:19,199 Speaker 3: of the barrier, does it stay there or does it 549 00:25:19,280 --> 00:25:21,919 Speaker 3: sometimes pop back in or does it fly off? At 550 00:25:21,920 --> 00:25:22,760 Speaker 3: that point it. 551 00:25:22,680 --> 00:25:25,040 Speaker 1: Pop it pops back in yeah, it can pop back 552 00:25:25,040 --> 00:25:26,680 Speaker 1: in and it can go to the next one. Right. 553 00:25:27,440 --> 00:25:29,560 Speaker 1: The point, the point is that you can never really 554 00:25:29,600 --> 00:25:32,439 Speaker 1: trap an electron. And the reason is not that it 555 00:25:32,480 --> 00:25:36,880 Speaker 1: goes over the edge, and the reason is not really teleportation, right. 556 00:25:37,600 --> 00:25:40,560 Speaker 1: The reason is that these these barriers and a quantum 557 00:25:40,680 --> 00:25:43,520 Speaker 1: level are just different than the barriers we have here 558 00:25:43,520 --> 00:25:47,560 Speaker 1: at the macroscopic level, and electrons are different from bowling balls. Right. 559 00:25:47,600 --> 00:25:49,800 Speaker 1: We like to think of them that way because it's useful, 560 00:25:50,080 --> 00:25:52,439 Speaker 1: because the way we understand the unknown is to do 561 00:25:52,520 --> 00:25:54,640 Speaker 1: it in terms of the known. But in the end, 562 00:25:54,920 --> 00:25:57,959 Speaker 1: these things can do things, These quantum mechanical things can 563 00:25:58,000 --> 00:26:01,560 Speaker 1: do things that the classic things, the macroscopic things that 564 00:26:01,600 --> 00:26:04,640 Speaker 1: we're familiar with, just can't do. And one of those 565 00:26:04,640 --> 00:26:07,080 Speaker 1: things is the electron. It has a chance to just 566 00:26:07,160 --> 00:26:09,280 Speaker 1: ignore the barrier. It's like every time it goes up 567 00:26:09,280 --> 00:26:12,320 Speaker 1: against the barrier, a die is rolled and if it 568 00:26:12,400 --> 00:26:15,160 Speaker 1: comes up you know, all sixes, it's like, haja barrier, 569 00:26:15,359 --> 00:26:16,480 Speaker 1: I get to ignore you. 570 00:26:16,480 --> 00:26:18,639 Speaker 3: You said, every time it goes up against the barrier. 571 00:26:18,800 --> 00:26:21,560 Speaker 3: Meaning is it like it's always pushing against the barrier 572 00:26:21,960 --> 00:26:25,240 Speaker 3: or is it like a continual roll to die or what? 573 00:26:25,400 --> 00:26:27,320 Speaker 1: No that's a good point. And the way I was 574 00:26:27,359 --> 00:26:29,480 Speaker 1: speaking about it was wrong because I was talking about 575 00:26:29,480 --> 00:26:32,199 Speaker 1: it like having a classical path, like it has a 576 00:26:32,240 --> 00:26:35,680 Speaker 1: position and a velocity at every moment. In reality, its 577 00:26:35,760 --> 00:26:38,679 Speaker 1: motion is governed by this wave equation, right, the wave 578 00:26:38,720 --> 00:26:42,240 Speaker 1: function that we use to describe where it is, and 579 00:26:42,280 --> 00:26:44,280 Speaker 1: that tells us where it's more likely to be and 580 00:26:44,320 --> 00:26:47,080 Speaker 1: where it's less likely to be. And we know that 581 00:26:47,400 --> 00:26:49,320 Speaker 1: for to get from one side of the barrier to 582 00:26:49,320 --> 00:26:51,439 Speaker 1: the other, it has to go through the barrier. We 583 00:26:51,520 --> 00:26:55,159 Speaker 1: know this because it can be inside the barrier. Like 584 00:26:55,200 --> 00:26:57,480 Speaker 1: in principle that should be impossible, right, Like how do 585 00:26:57,520 --> 00:26:59,600 Speaker 1: you how can you be inside the barrier? You're not 586 00:26:59,600 --> 00:27:02,000 Speaker 1: breaking the bear or the bearer is not destroyed, but 587 00:27:02,119 --> 00:27:04,400 Speaker 1: it can sort of like defy the barrier. It can 588 00:27:04,440 --> 00:27:07,000 Speaker 1: sort of ignore the barrier. It has a probability to 589 00:27:07,119 --> 00:27:09,360 Speaker 1: just sort of like shrug off the barrier the way 590 00:27:09,359 --> 00:27:11,320 Speaker 1: a teenager shrugs off a curfew. You know. 591 00:27:11,520 --> 00:27:15,240 Speaker 3: So the trap the magnetic field is trappling the electron 592 00:27:15,359 --> 00:27:20,040 Speaker 3: doesn't affect the probability of where the electron can be, 593 00:27:20,280 --> 00:27:23,520 Speaker 3: or it does doesn't. It doesn't it like squeeze the 594 00:27:23,840 --> 00:27:26,280 Speaker 3: probability cloud of the electron or something like that. 595 00:27:26,400 --> 00:27:29,320 Speaker 1: It totally does. It affects it, but it can't trap 596 00:27:29,359 --> 00:27:32,680 Speaker 1: it completely. It's just impossible to trap it completely. Unless 597 00:27:32,720 --> 00:27:36,959 Speaker 1: the barrier is infinitely high. The barrier is infinitely strong, 598 00:27:37,520 --> 00:27:40,600 Speaker 1: then the electron is totally trapped. But as long as 599 00:27:40,640 --> 00:27:43,640 Speaker 1: the barrier is not infinite, right, imagine the swimming pool. 600 00:27:43,640 --> 00:27:47,120 Speaker 1: It's infinitely deep, then the quantum mechanical builing ball can't 601 00:27:47,160 --> 00:27:49,760 Speaker 1: get out. But if the if it's even if it's 602 00:27:49,800 --> 00:27:52,480 Speaker 1: super high, it's a billion miles high, but not infinite, 603 00:27:52,800 --> 00:27:55,040 Speaker 1: then the quantum mechanical one can get to the other 604 00:27:55,080 --> 00:27:57,000 Speaker 1: side it. It just has a chance. But you're right, it 605 00:27:57,000 --> 00:27:59,800 Speaker 1: does affect it. It squeezes those probabilities. The probabilities are 606 00:27:59,800 --> 00:28:01,240 Speaker 1: shit to buy the barrier. 607 00:28:00,960 --> 00:28:04,439 Speaker 3: But you're saying there's still a little tiny probability that 608 00:28:04,840 --> 00:28:06,040 Speaker 3: it's going to jump over. 609 00:28:06,000 --> 00:28:09,080 Speaker 1: Not jump over, but go through, right, And the probability 610 00:28:09,280 --> 00:28:12,600 Speaker 1: smaller if as the barrier gets wider, and it's smaller 611 00:28:12,600 --> 00:28:15,399 Speaker 1: as the barrier gets taller, So that that all makes sense. 612 00:28:15,760 --> 00:28:18,359 Speaker 1: The thing that's confusing is like, how do you explain 613 00:28:18,440 --> 00:28:20,359 Speaker 1: what it's doing in the barrier? Is it just like 614 00:28:20,480 --> 00:28:23,040 Speaker 1: ignoring the barrier is you just have a chance to 615 00:28:23,080 --> 00:28:26,000 Speaker 1: avoid the barrier. It's it's hard to come up with 616 00:28:26,119 --> 00:28:29,360 Speaker 1: a sort of like an intuitive understanding of what it's 617 00:28:29,400 --> 00:28:31,159 Speaker 1: doing there. You know, it's like it's in the no 618 00:28:31,280 --> 00:28:33,480 Speaker 1: man's land, it's in a place where nothing should be, 619 00:28:33,640 --> 00:28:34,560 Speaker 1: but there it is. 620 00:28:34,680 --> 00:28:37,280 Speaker 3: Right, is it? Because the boiling ball is not really 621 00:28:37,280 --> 00:28:40,000 Speaker 3: a bowling ball, right, it's more like a cloud kind 622 00:28:40,000 --> 00:28:43,120 Speaker 3: of like a like a fog. And you're saying, sometimes 623 00:28:43,160 --> 00:28:47,200 Speaker 3: the fog can sort of extend and kind of appear 624 00:28:47,240 --> 00:28:48,560 Speaker 3: on the other side of the swimming pool. 625 00:28:48,640 --> 00:28:50,240 Speaker 1: If you measure an electron and you say, okay, it's 626 00:28:50,240 --> 00:28:53,120 Speaker 1: in my trap, and then you ask where's my electron 627 00:28:53,360 --> 00:28:56,240 Speaker 1: likely to be in one second, then most likely it's 628 00:28:56,280 --> 00:28:58,080 Speaker 1: to be it's going to be in the trap. There's 629 00:28:58,120 --> 00:28:59,560 Speaker 1: a little bit of probability it's going to be in 630 00:28:59,640 --> 00:29:02,200 Speaker 1: the barrier, and there's a little bit of probability it's 631 00:29:02,200 --> 00:29:04,320 Speaker 1: going to be in the next one. Right, it's going 632 00:29:04,360 --> 00:29:07,600 Speaker 1: to be in the next trap. So you know, after 633 00:29:07,680 --> 00:29:10,120 Speaker 1: you know where electron is, that doesn't tell you where 634 00:29:10,160 --> 00:29:12,720 Speaker 1: it is necessarily a second later. It's just you have 635 00:29:12,760 --> 00:29:15,120 Speaker 1: a probability distribution of where you're going to find it, 636 00:29:15,720 --> 00:29:18,480 Speaker 1: and we can candicclate those probabilities using the Shortinger equation. 637 00:29:18,840 --> 00:29:21,160 Speaker 1: But that's again, that's just a description of what we 638 00:29:21,240 --> 00:29:24,800 Speaker 1: have observed. Right. The shortening equation itself is not an explanation. 639 00:29:25,120 --> 00:29:29,080 Speaker 1: It's just like a mathematical formulation that successfully describes what 640 00:29:29,120 --> 00:29:29,840 Speaker 1: we've observed. 641 00:29:29,880 --> 00:29:32,400 Speaker 3: Oh, I see, it's the probability of where it's going 642 00:29:32,480 --> 00:29:35,240 Speaker 3: to be if you measure it. So if you measure it, 643 00:29:35,280 --> 00:29:37,800 Speaker 3: there's this tiny little probability you're going to measure it 644 00:29:38,120 --> 00:29:39,080 Speaker 3: in your neighbor's pool. 645 00:29:39,160 --> 00:29:42,000 Speaker 1: Yes, exactly. And it's tempting to think, oh, well, that's 646 00:29:42,080 --> 00:29:45,680 Speaker 1: just particles, right, particles are here and then particles are there. Right, 647 00:29:46,200 --> 00:29:49,840 Speaker 1: that's not the property that allows the electron to quantum tunnel. Right. 648 00:29:50,240 --> 00:29:53,479 Speaker 1: You can have that property in an infinitely deep swimming 649 00:29:53,520 --> 00:30:00,000 Speaker 1: pool where electrons can't tunnel, right, an infinitely deep potential well, right, 650 00:30:00,080 --> 00:30:02,560 Speaker 1: the electrons can't get out. That's the only one that 651 00:30:02,600 --> 00:30:05,200 Speaker 1: can completely hold them. But in that well, electrons can 652 00:30:05,240 --> 00:30:07,160 Speaker 1: still be here and then later be over there, and 653 00:30:07,160 --> 00:30:09,280 Speaker 1: then later be over here as long as you're still 654 00:30:09,280 --> 00:30:09,960 Speaker 1: within the well. 655 00:30:10,120 --> 00:30:15,160 Speaker 3: But if the wall is not infinitely high, then there 656 00:30:15,240 --> 00:30:19,200 Speaker 3: is a probability that randomly it's going to ignore or 657 00:30:19,320 --> 00:30:21,400 Speaker 3: jump over the barrier and be on the other side 658 00:30:21,480 --> 00:30:22,280 Speaker 3: if you measure. 659 00:30:22,000 --> 00:30:24,520 Speaker 1: It, that's right, not jump over, but go through. Right, 660 00:30:24,760 --> 00:30:26,000 Speaker 1: jumping over means. 661 00:30:25,960 --> 00:30:28,120 Speaker 3: Why not jump over? Well, jumping over means because you 662 00:30:28,160 --> 00:30:29,880 Speaker 3: don't really know, right, you do know, like he was 663 00:30:29,960 --> 00:30:32,440 Speaker 3: hit inside and then it was outside, and you don't 664 00:30:32,440 --> 00:30:34,440 Speaker 3: know you don't really know the path it took to 665 00:30:34,480 --> 00:30:35,120 Speaker 3: get outside. 666 00:30:35,200 --> 00:30:37,680 Speaker 1: Right, Well, to get over, it would need to have 667 00:30:37,840 --> 00:30:40,120 Speaker 1: enough energy to go over the barrier, right, and that 668 00:30:40,280 --> 00:30:42,640 Speaker 1: energy has to come from somewhere, and we have energy 669 00:30:42,680 --> 00:30:45,840 Speaker 1: conservation in our universe, and so it can't go over 670 00:30:45,880 --> 00:30:49,400 Speaker 1: the barrier, right. It's like the raccoon pushing the bowling ball. 671 00:30:49,760 --> 00:30:51,400 Speaker 1: If it doesn't have enough energy to push it over 672 00:30:51,480 --> 00:30:53,680 Speaker 1: the lip, it's just never going to go over the lip. 673 00:30:54,920 --> 00:30:57,880 Speaker 1: And the reason this works we can do the calculations, 674 00:30:57,880 --> 00:31:00,120 Speaker 1: and the reason it works is because the electronic is 675 00:31:00,280 --> 00:31:03,520 Speaker 1: in the barrier. Like quantum barriers are just different from 676 00:31:03,560 --> 00:31:06,520 Speaker 1: classical barriers. They're sort of optional. You just always have 677 00:31:06,560 --> 00:31:10,200 Speaker 1: a chance to ignore them, you know. It's like speed traps. 678 00:31:10,240 --> 00:31:13,040 Speaker 1: Sometimes the cop sees you and sometimes he doesn't. 679 00:31:13,080 --> 00:31:15,320 Speaker 3: But if you find it inside the barrier. Doesn't it 680 00:31:15,360 --> 00:31:17,080 Speaker 3: mean it gained a whole bunch of energy. 681 00:31:17,400 --> 00:31:19,800 Speaker 1: No, it can be inside the barrier, meaning that it 682 00:31:19,840 --> 00:31:23,320 Speaker 1: doesn't have enough energy to be there, but it's there. Anyway. 683 00:31:23,400 --> 00:31:25,800 Speaker 3: Where does the probability come from? You know what I mean? 684 00:31:25,880 --> 00:31:28,400 Speaker 3: Like for it to be probable, he needs to have 685 00:31:28,480 --> 00:31:31,880 Speaker 3: some sort of physical explanation, doesn't it. 686 00:31:32,000 --> 00:31:35,400 Speaker 1: Yeah, And the explanation is that the bowling ball analogy 687 00:31:35,480 --> 00:31:38,360 Speaker 1: is wrong because this is not a bowling ball, and 688 00:31:38,400 --> 00:31:41,800 Speaker 1: these are not a swimming pool. It's a weird, lobby, wavy, 689 00:31:41,920 --> 00:31:45,120 Speaker 1: fuzzy thing that can do this thing that no bowling 690 00:31:45,120 --> 00:31:47,880 Speaker 1: ball or swimming pool can do. And the barrier also 691 00:31:48,200 --> 00:31:51,400 Speaker 1: is a little fuzzy. Right. You can't build a perfectly 692 00:31:51,440 --> 00:31:56,520 Speaker 1: strong barrier unless it's infinitely high in quantum mechanics. Barriers 693 00:31:56,560 --> 00:31:59,120 Speaker 1: are not the same as swimming pools, right, They're different. 694 00:31:59,240 --> 00:32:02,160 Speaker 1: And so the analog breaks down, and these things can 695 00:32:02,200 --> 00:32:05,120 Speaker 1: do things that the things we're familiar with can't do, 696 00:32:05,720 --> 00:32:07,400 Speaker 1: and one of them is that sometimes they sort of 697 00:32:07,440 --> 00:32:08,120 Speaker 1: ignore each other. 698 00:32:08,360 --> 00:32:11,320 Speaker 3: Who with that, let's take a break. 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Does it strengthen your house? 743 00:34:28,160 --> 00:34:43,240 Speaker 7: Dot com? 744 00:34:43,320 --> 00:34:47,520 Speaker 3: But and the interesting thing is that it's not just electrons, right, 745 00:34:47,640 --> 00:34:49,680 Speaker 3: like you're talking about all particles. 746 00:34:49,800 --> 00:34:52,359 Speaker 1: Oh yeah, electrons are just the simplest case. But any 747 00:34:52,440 --> 00:34:56,880 Speaker 1: quantum mechanical particle, any particle that's motion is primarily described 748 00:34:56,920 --> 00:34:59,520 Speaker 1: by like the shortening air equation. So single particles are 749 00:34:59,560 --> 00:35:02,560 Speaker 1: ion or nuclei or whatever. These things can do this. Also, 750 00:35:02,560 --> 00:35:04,560 Speaker 1: we see it all over the place. It's actually an 751 00:35:04,640 --> 00:35:07,319 Speaker 1: important part of lots of physical processes that we know 752 00:35:07,400 --> 00:35:08,120 Speaker 1: and love well. 753 00:35:08,120 --> 00:35:10,399 Speaker 3: I think it's interesting to think about the idea that, 754 00:35:10,520 --> 00:35:12,560 Speaker 3: you know, these walls in the room that I'm in 755 00:35:14,080 --> 00:35:17,279 Speaker 3: are sort of just barriers too, right, They're like, what's 756 00:35:17,320 --> 00:35:20,160 Speaker 3: preventing my hand from going through the wall. Yeah, it's 757 00:35:20,160 --> 00:35:25,120 Speaker 3: not just my inner piece, but it's like the electromagnetic 758 00:35:25,200 --> 00:35:28,920 Speaker 3: forces between my hand and the wall exactly. 759 00:35:29,000 --> 00:35:31,280 Speaker 1: And that's, as you say, is a quantum mechanical barrier. 760 00:35:31,640 --> 00:35:34,200 Speaker 1: Like the very tip of your finger, imagine that's an electron. 761 00:35:34,560 --> 00:35:37,040 Speaker 1: When it approaches the wall, it meets a barrier. A 762 00:35:37,080 --> 00:35:40,719 Speaker 1: barrier made by the electrons in the wall, and that's 763 00:35:40,760 --> 00:35:42,920 Speaker 1: what's doing the repulsion. And so you're right, there's a 764 00:35:43,000 --> 00:35:45,719 Speaker 1: tiny chance, so that first electron is just going to 765 00:35:45,719 --> 00:35:48,400 Speaker 1: go right through the barrier instead of bouncing off. 766 00:35:48,280 --> 00:35:50,880 Speaker 3: Of it, and I might lose that one electron from 767 00:35:50,960 --> 00:35:51,640 Speaker 3: my finger. 768 00:35:52,360 --> 00:35:55,640 Speaker 1: You might Or there's an even tinier chance that the 769 00:35:55,680 --> 00:35:59,160 Speaker 1: next set of particles will quantum tunnel through, and an 770 00:35:59,200 --> 00:36:01,640 Speaker 1: even tinier chance that also the next ones will. So 771 00:36:01,719 --> 00:36:04,720 Speaker 1: there's some non zero chance that you'll put your hand 772 00:36:04,880 --> 00:36:06,520 Speaker 1: through the wall without breaking the wall. 773 00:36:06,640 --> 00:36:10,120 Speaker 3: That's crazy. It's non zero chance that I can walk through, 774 00:36:10,360 --> 00:36:12,400 Speaker 3: or do I walk through the wall or appear on 775 00:36:12,440 --> 00:36:13,440 Speaker 3: the other side or both. 776 00:36:15,000 --> 00:36:17,360 Speaker 1: I know this would be a wor hee quantum tunneling 777 00:36:17,400 --> 00:36:20,080 Speaker 1: through the wall. Yeah, there's totally a non zero chance. 778 00:36:20,120 --> 00:36:23,359 Speaker 1: Now you could stand there all day, your whole life, 779 00:36:23,520 --> 00:36:25,840 Speaker 1: walking into walls and not successfully go through it. And 780 00:36:25,880 --> 00:36:28,319 Speaker 1: I'm pretty sure that would be your experience, because the 781 00:36:28,360 --> 00:36:32,319 Speaker 1: probabilities we're talking about are ridiculously tiny. Like, for these 782 00:36:32,360 --> 00:36:34,600 Speaker 1: barriers are pretty tall, and there's lots of particles and 783 00:36:34,640 --> 00:36:36,759 Speaker 1: it has to happen for all of them, and so 784 00:36:36,880 --> 00:36:40,680 Speaker 1: it's basically impossible, but not technically exactly zero. 785 00:36:40,880 --> 00:36:43,560 Speaker 3: So there is a possibility, Daniel, that you sitting right 786 00:36:43,600 --> 00:36:46,520 Speaker 3: there where you are, will suddenly find yourself on the 787 00:36:46,560 --> 00:36:48,320 Speaker 3: other side of the wall that's in front. 788 00:36:48,160 --> 00:36:50,560 Speaker 1: Of you, right exactly, there is a possibility I could 789 00:36:50,600 --> 00:36:52,520 Speaker 1: quantum tunnel into the bathroom or whatever. 790 00:36:52,640 --> 00:36:56,000 Speaker 3: Let's say it happens right now. Poof, would you say 791 00:36:56,040 --> 00:37:01,360 Speaker 3: you teleport it to a bathroom. What's the difference between 792 00:37:01,360 --> 00:37:03,080 Speaker 3: that and actually teleporting. 793 00:37:03,239 --> 00:37:06,839 Speaker 1: Well, we did a whole episode about teleportition, remember, and 794 00:37:06,880 --> 00:37:10,960 Speaker 1: we decided that teleportation is impossible while this is possible. 795 00:37:11,200 --> 00:37:13,799 Speaker 1: And you know, it's really tempting to connect this, this 796 00:37:14,560 --> 00:37:18,520 Speaker 1: idea of tunneling with the concept that quantum particles can 797 00:37:18,560 --> 00:37:20,560 Speaker 1: sort of skip their way through life, right, They don't 798 00:37:20,600 --> 00:37:22,920 Speaker 1: need to exist at every moment, sort that they're here 799 00:37:22,960 --> 00:37:24,840 Speaker 1: and then they're there and the other thing. And so 800 00:37:24,880 --> 00:37:27,640 Speaker 1: if you want to call this teleportation, then every particle 801 00:37:27,680 --> 00:37:30,200 Speaker 1: is teleporting all the time, right. So that's my problem 802 00:37:30,200 --> 00:37:32,400 Speaker 1: with it. It's like this is a natural thing that 803 00:37:32,440 --> 00:37:35,880 Speaker 1: particles are always doing, even without barriers, Like even a 804 00:37:35,880 --> 00:37:38,160 Speaker 1: particle in an infinite box is doing this sort of 805 00:37:38,400 --> 00:37:41,080 Speaker 1: skipping thing because it doesn't exist between the moments you're 806 00:37:41,080 --> 00:37:45,080 Speaker 1: observing it. So if this is teleportation, then that's teleportation also, 807 00:37:45,360 --> 00:37:46,960 Speaker 1: and everything is constantly teleporting. 808 00:37:47,000 --> 00:37:49,759 Speaker 3: You're saying that you don't want to call it teleportation, 809 00:37:49,920 --> 00:37:53,720 Speaker 3: not because it's not teleportation, which I would argue maybe 810 00:37:53,760 --> 00:37:57,200 Speaker 3: it is experientially, but it's just that if you call 811 00:37:57,239 --> 00:38:02,240 Speaker 3: it teleportation, it would sort of the dilute or break 812 00:38:02,280 --> 00:38:03,799 Speaker 3: the definition of teleportation. 813 00:38:04,040 --> 00:38:07,359 Speaker 1: Yeah, if this is teleportation, then we're all teleporting all 814 00:38:07,400 --> 00:38:07,800 Speaker 1: the time. 815 00:38:08,000 --> 00:38:10,080 Speaker 3: So if everyone is nice, then nobody's nice. 816 00:38:10,080 --> 00:38:16,120 Speaker 1: It's kind of what you right, it's the teleporter's quantum dilemma. 817 00:38:15,800 --> 00:38:19,800 Speaker 3: Exactly, all right, So that makes a bit more sense. 818 00:38:19,960 --> 00:38:22,880 Speaker 1: And quantum tunneling is really important, like it happens in 819 00:38:22,920 --> 00:38:25,400 Speaker 1: the sun. If you want nuclear fusion to happen, the 820 00:38:25,480 --> 00:38:27,680 Speaker 1: kind of thing that powers the sun, that generates all 821 00:38:27,719 --> 00:38:30,319 Speaker 1: that light that you know makes you look so nice 822 00:38:30,320 --> 00:38:32,319 Speaker 1: and tan and grows all that food that you eat, 823 00:38:32,760 --> 00:38:35,719 Speaker 1: then you need these particles to be able to quantum 824 00:38:35,800 --> 00:38:38,520 Speaker 1: tunnel through some of the potential barriers that they face. 825 00:38:38,960 --> 00:38:42,440 Speaker 1: You know, particles in fusion don't like to touch each other, right, 826 00:38:42,480 --> 00:38:46,560 Speaker 1: because nucleari are both positively charged because of all the protons. 827 00:38:46,719 --> 00:38:48,439 Speaker 1: So to get them to fuse, you have to push 828 00:38:48,560 --> 00:38:52,000 Speaker 1: them together, and they're repelling each other and that's a barrier. 829 00:38:52,080 --> 00:38:54,600 Speaker 1: So you got to get them sometimes through that barrier 830 00:38:54,640 --> 00:38:55,680 Speaker 1: in order to do the fusion. 831 00:38:55,800 --> 00:38:58,640 Speaker 3: Oh and you're saying sometimes they tunnel to that, but 832 00:38:58,920 --> 00:39:01,279 Speaker 3: mostly do they mostly get pushed together or do they 833 00:39:01,280 --> 00:39:03,080 Speaker 3: actually tunnel together. 834 00:39:03,280 --> 00:39:05,040 Speaker 1: I think it's some of both. I mean, the center 835 00:39:05,080 --> 00:39:07,680 Speaker 1: of the sun is so hot, so dense that these 836 00:39:07,719 --> 00:39:10,239 Speaker 1: particles can just sort of overcome the cool unbarrier, like 837 00:39:10,239 --> 00:39:13,720 Speaker 1: they have enough energy. But definitely tunneling is an important 838 00:39:13,719 --> 00:39:15,520 Speaker 1: part of it. Like fusion wouldn't be the fusion we 839 00:39:15,600 --> 00:39:17,520 Speaker 1: know and love without quantum tunneling. 840 00:39:17,600 --> 00:39:20,040 Speaker 3: If everything's fusion, then nothing is fusion. That's what you're saying. 841 00:39:21,280 --> 00:39:25,600 Speaker 1: That's right, that's the theme today, right, label everything. And 842 00:39:25,640 --> 00:39:28,759 Speaker 1: there are other effects, like you know, back to electrons. 843 00:39:28,840 --> 00:39:32,120 Speaker 1: Electrons don't like to stay in little traps. But if 844 00:39:32,160 --> 00:39:35,600 Speaker 1: you're building chips for computers, then you'd like your electrons 845 00:39:35,640 --> 00:39:38,040 Speaker 1: to be in certain places. You want to know like hey, 846 00:39:38,080 --> 00:39:41,080 Speaker 1: this transistor is on or this transistor is off or whatever. 847 00:39:41,640 --> 00:39:44,360 Speaker 1: And it gets harder and harder to make transistors be 848 00:39:44,440 --> 00:39:47,600 Speaker 1: reliable as they get smaller and smaller because you get 849 00:39:47,600 --> 00:39:50,080 Speaker 1: dominated by these quantum effects, and these little traps get 850 00:39:50,120 --> 00:39:53,160 Speaker 1: smaller and smaller, and electrons like to jump out of them, 851 00:39:53,360 --> 00:39:55,239 Speaker 1: and you don't want your ones in your computer to 852 00:39:55,280 --> 00:39:58,600 Speaker 1: suddenly switch into zeros. And so this actually is a 853 00:39:58,640 --> 00:40:01,880 Speaker 1: big effect in minute rising transistors, or it is a 854 00:40:01,880 --> 00:40:03,680 Speaker 1: big effect in speeding up your iPhone. 855 00:40:03,719 --> 00:40:07,279 Speaker 3: At some point, if you make electronics small enough, the 856 00:40:07,360 --> 00:40:09,759 Speaker 3: quantum effects are going to totally mess everything up. 857 00:40:09,880 --> 00:40:15,600 Speaker 1: Yeah, exactly. Quantum mechanics messes it up again, bummer, Why 858 00:40:15,640 --> 00:40:16,240 Speaker 1: can't they. 859 00:40:16,120 --> 00:40:19,440 Speaker 3: Just be electriaks out? Quantum mechanics strikes out again. 860 00:40:20,440 --> 00:40:22,839 Speaker 1: Why can't we just use little bowling balls and tiny 861 00:40:22,880 --> 00:40:24,719 Speaker 1: little swimming pools instead of electrons? 862 00:40:24,880 --> 00:40:30,120 Speaker 3: Sorry, and bowling striking is good, so it wins. 863 00:40:29,239 --> 00:40:33,040 Speaker 1: Right, Yeah, strikes out exactly. You brought it full circle there, 864 00:40:33,120 --> 00:40:33,680 Speaker 1: very nice. 865 00:40:33,520 --> 00:40:36,160 Speaker 3: All right. So that's pretty much quantum tunneling. It's this 866 00:40:36,320 --> 00:40:40,759 Speaker 3: idea that particles are all quantum, and as such, they 867 00:40:40,800 --> 00:40:45,719 Speaker 3: have these weird fuzzy location right, They're not in any 868 00:40:45,719 --> 00:40:49,360 Speaker 3: particular place, and so it's impossible to trap a particle 869 00:40:49,400 --> 00:40:52,000 Speaker 3: because it's fuzzy and it might slip out. 870 00:40:52,160 --> 00:40:55,560 Speaker 1: That's right, Quantum barriers are just different from the ones 871 00:40:55,600 --> 00:40:57,839 Speaker 1: you're familiar with. They work under different rules, and those 872 00:40:57,920 --> 00:41:01,359 Speaker 1: rules have little random exceptions to them, so sometimes they 873 00:41:01,360 --> 00:41:04,280 Speaker 1: can just be ignored and it's weird and it's confusing 874 00:41:04,280 --> 00:41:07,160 Speaker 1: and your intuition breaks down. But it's also wonderful because 875 00:41:07,160 --> 00:41:10,439 Speaker 1: it shows you how the world works at a smaller level. Right, 876 00:41:10,640 --> 00:41:14,000 Speaker 1: It reveals to you where your intuition is wrong, and 877 00:41:13,760 --> 00:41:16,360 Speaker 1: that means that it's showing you the truth of the universe. 878 00:41:16,480 --> 00:41:21,280 Speaker 3: Yeah, and the truth is bowling. 879 00:41:22,120 --> 00:41:24,160 Speaker 1: Yeah, exactly. The truth is quantum bowling. 880 00:41:24,360 --> 00:41:27,160 Speaker 3: This episode brought to you by the American Bowling Association. 881 00:41:29,160 --> 00:41:29,840 Speaker 1: Yeah, exactly. 882 00:41:30,400 --> 00:41:33,279 Speaker 3: So that's what happens at the microscopic level, but on 883 00:41:33,320 --> 00:41:36,040 Speaker 3: the larger level, we can't do that because you know, 884 00:41:36,080 --> 00:41:38,880 Speaker 3: there's a lot of electrons in my hand, and the 885 00:41:39,000 --> 00:41:40,800 Speaker 3: chance that all of them are going to quantum tunnel 886 00:41:40,840 --> 00:41:42,839 Speaker 3: at the same time it's just almost zero. 887 00:41:43,000 --> 00:41:45,840 Speaker 1: Yeah, exactly. Like if there's a chance for you to 888 00:41:46,000 --> 00:41:49,640 Speaker 1: roll a one million sided die and get zero, you 889 00:41:49,640 --> 00:41:51,759 Speaker 1: know that probably that can happen. But if you have 890 00:41:51,840 --> 00:41:53,960 Speaker 1: to do that for a million die all at once 891 00:41:55,200 --> 00:41:58,600 Speaker 1: and get the same answer, then it's basically very improbable, 892 00:41:58,880 --> 00:42:02,640 Speaker 1: almost impossible, so you the macroscopic stuff sort of gets 893 00:42:02,640 --> 00:42:06,440 Speaker 1: averaged out, but still possible. It's still possible. Absolutely, you 894 00:42:06,520 --> 00:42:09,799 Speaker 1: could quantum tunnel through the walls and not count it 895 00:42:09,840 --> 00:42:16,759 Speaker 1: as teleportation. All right, It's just what quantum stuff does. Yeah, yeah, 896 00:42:17,120 --> 00:42:22,160 Speaker 1: drives some physicists crazy. No, it excites us. Is it's wonderful. 897 00:42:22,360 --> 00:42:25,560 Speaker 1: We're always looking for weird quantum effects that show us 898 00:42:25,719 --> 00:42:28,239 Speaker 1: how the universe works. It's you know, it's it's what 899 00:42:28,239 --> 00:42:30,360 Speaker 1: we what we live for, these little moments. 900 00:42:30,520 --> 00:42:32,920 Speaker 3: All right, Well, we hope you enjoyed that discussion and 901 00:42:33,080 --> 00:42:36,680 Speaker 3: hope that answered all of the questions that listeners had 902 00:42:36,680 --> 00:42:38,280 Speaker 3: about what is quantum tunneling. 903 00:42:38,400 --> 00:42:40,799 Speaker 1: Thanks for sending in your questions. They're inspiring. And if 904 00:42:40,800 --> 00:42:43,320 Speaker 1: you have questions about things you'd like to see explain, 905 00:42:43,440 --> 00:42:47,760 Speaker 1: please send them to us at questions at Danielandjorge dot com. 906 00:42:47,920 --> 00:42:50,080 Speaker 3: We love your messages, that's right, And if you are 907 00:42:50,120 --> 00:42:52,680 Speaker 3: Swiss and would like to tunnel some money over to us, 908 00:42:52,920 --> 00:42:57,480 Speaker 3: we are also available at feedback at Daniel Andjorge dot com. 909 00:42:57,480 --> 00:42:59,560 Speaker 1: Or just dump it right into Katrina's bank account if 910 00:42:59,560 --> 00:43:05,800 Speaker 1: that's more venient. Here you go, all right, thanks for listening. 911 00:43:14,080 --> 00:43:16,399 Speaker 1: If you still have a question after listening to all 912 00:43:16,440 --> 00:43:19,680 Speaker 1: these explanations, please drop us a line. We'd love to 913 00:43:19,680 --> 00:43:22,160 Speaker 1: hear from you. You can find us at Facebook, Twitter, 914 00:43:22,200 --> 00:43:25,880 Speaker 1: and Instagram at Daniel and Jorge That's one Word, or 915 00:43:26,000 --> 00:43:30,319 Speaker 1: email us at Feedback at Danielandhorge dot com. Thanks for 916 00:43:30,360 --> 00:43:33,280 Speaker 1: listening and remember that Daniel and Jorge Explain the Universe 917 00:43:33,360 --> 00:43:37,719 Speaker 1: is a production of iHeartRadio. For more podcasts from iHeartRadio, 918 00:43:37,840 --> 00:43:42,040 Speaker 1: visit the iHeartRadio app, Apple Podcasts, or wherever you listen 919 00:43:42,080 --> 00:43:53,160 Speaker 1: to your favorite shows. When you pop a piece of 920 00:43:53,239 --> 00:43:55,560 Speaker 1: cheese into your mouth, you're probably not thinking about the 921 00:43:55,680 --> 00:43:58,960 Speaker 1: environmental impact. 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