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Speaker 1: Chuck, let's go over the Stuff you Should Know concert calendar.

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Speaker 1: My friend, we are hitting the road for the Spring

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Speaker 1: Had Sprung Tour. We are going to be at the

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Speaker 1: Neptune Theater and Lovely Seattle, Washington on April eighth, my friend.

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Speaker 1: The next day, we're gonna head south to Portland, Oregon,

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Speaker 1: Revolution Hall April night, We're going to Houston, Texas, my

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Speaker 1: friend and Warehouse Live on Memorial Day weekend, and finally

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Speaker 1: finishing up Denver, Colorado at the Gothic Theater on May

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Speaker 1: twenty night. Two more dates coming. Yeah, keep your ears

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Speaker 1: out and in the meantime, if you want to get tickets,

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Speaker 1: you can go to s y s K live dot com,

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Speaker 1: power by squarespace and we'll see you guys on the road.

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Speaker 1: Welcome to Stuff you Should Know from House Stuff Works

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Speaker 1: dot com. Hey, and welcome to the podcast. I'm Josh Clark,

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Speaker 1: There's Child's w W Chuck Bryant, There's Jerry, and this

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Speaker 1: is Stuff you Should Know. There's so many things I

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Speaker 1: could do right now. I could my Buddy theme song,

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Speaker 1: could sing the theme song the Thunder of the Barbarian. Okay.

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Speaker 1: I could talk about tops baseball cards, yeah, and that

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Speaker 1: that rock card stick dumb that came. Yeah, um, I

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Speaker 1: don't think they have gum in baseball cards any more,

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Speaker 1: do they? And maybe they just gave up the ghosts.

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Speaker 1: They were like one wants that, nobody wants it. It

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Speaker 1: took out some kid's eye and that was that. Uh yeah, nostalgia.

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Speaker 1: So I think we should dedicate this show too, John Hodgeman.

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Speaker 1: Let's I thought we kind of implicitly dedicated every show

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Speaker 1: to Hodgeman, but we do why explicitly this time? Hodgeman

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Speaker 1: is uh, he is on record time and time again

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Speaker 1: with the following quote, Nostalgia is the most toxic impulse.

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Speaker 1: Oh yeah, that's he doesn't like a Christmas story? Does

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Speaker 1: he now think he's seen a Christmas story? But he uh,

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Speaker 1: he is very adamant and has been on record many

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Speaker 1: many times on his own podcast, Judge John Hodgeman and

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Speaker 1: to me in person when he wants to go on

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Speaker 1: about how much he hates nostalgia, about how bad it

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Speaker 1: is and in his deal and I'm gonna mention him

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Speaker 1: quite a bit in here. So he's either gonna listen

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Speaker 1: to this and be like, oh my god, it's about

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Speaker 1: nostalgia and these are my friends, or he's gonna skip

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Speaker 1: it all together. I could see him skipping it all

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Speaker 1: together because he didn't want to hear about it. We

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Speaker 1: maybe should clue him in and be like Hodgeman, you're

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Speaker 1: in this. He'll listen to it a million times if

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Speaker 1: you tell him that. So his notion is that, uh,

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Speaker 1: it's a longing for a better time that does not exist,

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Speaker 1: that we look back with rose colored glasses and it

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Speaker 1: was not in fact better, and that it's toxic to

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Speaker 1: do so, right, And that's absolutely a correct definition of nostalgia.

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Speaker 1: But no idea falls apart at the end when he

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Speaker 1: says that it's toxic, because quite the contrary, nostalgia has

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Speaker 1: been proven again and again to be quite helpful. Um,

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Speaker 1: I don't even agree that that's the definition of nostalgia.

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Speaker 1: I don't. I don't think it has to be longing

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Speaker 1: for a time in your past, because for me, nostalgia

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Speaker 1: is not longing for that. It is just very warm

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Speaker 1: remembrances and wrapping myself up in that. God, man, I

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Speaker 1: wish I could be fourteen again. You don't wish you

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Speaker 1: could be fourteen, No, not at all. I wish I

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Speaker 1: could be twenty six again. Nostalgia. It's a pretty dope

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Speaker 1: time in one's life, nostalgia. But I don't I don't

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Speaker 1: look back and say man, And I also take issue

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Speaker 1: with you know, sometimes things were better back then. Yeah.

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Speaker 1: But Hodgeman makes a pretty good point, and so do

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Speaker 1: the social scientists that so support his point. Um, when basically,

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Speaker 1: by definition, when you are experiencing the emotion, this very complex, weird,

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Speaker 1: understudied emotion of nostalgia, you're thinking about something in a

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Speaker 1: way that it really kind of didn't actually happen. Like

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Speaker 1: the negative stuff gets cut out. Um, you know, like

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Speaker 1: stepping on a rusty nail right after that great memory

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Speaker 1: from camp or whatever. Uh, that part gets cut out,

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Speaker 1: And I disagree with that, just the good stuff. So

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Speaker 1: I'm talking about like the studies that support it. Yeah,

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Speaker 1: but they they don't think these studies are right because

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Speaker 1: the subjective it's very personal. Like I can remember that

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Speaker 1: social science for you. I can remember the smell of

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Speaker 1: my grandparents house, their first house, and how much I

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Speaker 1: loved it in that one summer I went on my

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Speaker 1: first plane trip. And I also remember biting my tongue

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Speaker 1: off playing soccer and how awful that was. Like I

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Speaker 1: don't edit that out and be like, no, everything about

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Speaker 1: it was great, Like no, I bet my tongue off

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Speaker 1: and it was terrible. Um. So okay, I think then

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Speaker 1: what you're talking about is the difference between reminiscing, which

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Speaker 1: is more of an episodic memory, and nostalgia, which is

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Speaker 1: almost purely just an emotional memory. No, that's an emotional memory.

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Speaker 1: All right. Well then you you'll just have to say

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Speaker 1: I believe you, Chuck, I Burns, I believe you Chuck.

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Speaker 1: All right, So let's go back in time a little bit. Um.

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Speaker 1: There's a Swiss doctor named uh Johannes Hofer, and he

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Speaker 1: was studying some Swiss soldiers that were stationed abroad, and

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Speaker 1: he said, you know what, there's something going on here.

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Speaker 1: They are depressed, they're anxious, they can't sleep, they're tired,

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Speaker 1: they're even having heart palpitations and fever. Um. They're angry,

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Speaker 1: really easily um, and they just can't stop thinking about

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Speaker 1: their home. It is almost as if they are home sick. Right,

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Speaker 1: And he coined the term. He coined the term um

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Speaker 1: the nostalgia from Greek nostos, which means to return home

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Speaker 1: and I'll go or al jos pain so the pain

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Speaker 1: of yearning to return home. Yeah, it is what he described.

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Speaker 1: He literally said, it's a cerebral disease of essentially demonic

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Speaker 1: cause ideas of the fatherland, making them sick and longing

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Speaker 1: for home. It's a no brainer. It's like these guys

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Speaker 1: are fighting a war and they'd rather be back home. Yeah.

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Speaker 1: It sounds like he was describing PTSD though as well,

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Speaker 1: maybe because when these attendant symptoms that he talked about,

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Speaker 1: like not being able to sleep or eat and having

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Speaker 1: fever and heart palpitations, that's not nostalgia. But Johannes Hoffer

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Speaker 1: did um set the tone for nostalgia for centuries, so

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Speaker 1: either it was viewed as a physical malady or disorder

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Speaker 1: or disease or a psychological one up until basically the

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Speaker 1: nineteen eighties. To tell you the truth, UM. And at first,

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Speaker 1: because the Hawfer's study of the Swiss soldiers UM, they

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Speaker 1: actually thought that possibly it was just the Swiss who

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Speaker 1: were afflicted by nostalgia. And one of the other alternative

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Speaker 1: explanations for it was that the constant clanging of cow

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Speaker 1: bells had done something to the nerves connecting the ear

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Speaker 1: drum to the brain and was basically driving these people crazy,

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Speaker 1: wanting them to making them want to go home, or

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Speaker 1: at least steal the cow bell, right, get it off

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Speaker 1: the neck. You want to hear something weird. So Hawfer

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Speaker 1: also said that, um, the ideas of the fatherland that

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Speaker 1: were vibrating in the soldier's brains. Um, he said that

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Speaker 1: that was brought on by animal spirits. And I read

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Speaker 1: this yesterday. The same night I was reading an article

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Speaker 1: by Dr Jack Cavorkian about human experimentation among the condemned

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Speaker 1: and executed, because that's what I do, right, He mentions

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Speaker 1: animal spirits in the exact same way. So apparently there

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Speaker 1: was a time when they thought that the they called

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Speaker 1: but what we would now call the electricity and the

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Speaker 1: central nervousist them animal spirits, right, one of those old terms. Right.

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Speaker 1: And I ran across it twice in one day, which

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Speaker 1: is basically the bottom line haff phenomenon. I just thought

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Speaker 1: that was so weird. I mean, like, yeah, and that's

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Speaker 1: pretty obscure, you know, very It's not like, oh I

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Speaker 1: saw eleven eleven on the clock again today, you know, right,

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Speaker 1: those people animal spirits? Alright, So uh, fast forward a

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Speaker 1: little bit. Uh, and we like you said, for many,

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Speaker 1: many years it was looked at as a mental illness

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Speaker 1: called melancholia or immigrant psychosis. Yeah, that was another thing.

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Speaker 1: They thought that just immigrants, semen, soldiers and kids who

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Speaker 1: went off to school were the ones who suffered from it. Yeah. Basically,

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Speaker 1: you get shipped off somewhere and you yearn for the

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Speaker 1: place that you liked better, which is called just homesickness. Homesickness, right,

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Speaker 1: but then different things. But but not until the the

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Speaker 1: eighties even, um, did it begin to get separated. Yeah,

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Speaker 1: and this article points out very astutely, I thought this

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Speaker 1: was pretty good. Um, that homes Julia Layton joint. Yeah,

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Speaker 1: she's been around house stiff works for a while. She's

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Speaker 1: a vet. Uh, not a veterinarian or a veteran soldier. Um,

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Speaker 1: although I don't know, Julie, she might be both. Yes,

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Speaker 1: you could have you never know, served the mp dogs

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Speaker 1: as a vet in the army. In the army. Um, homesickness,

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Speaker 1: Julie points out, is distressing, which makes a lot of sense.

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Speaker 1: And that's different from nostalgia because nostalgia generally is even

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Speaker 1: though it is complex. Uh, and we'll get to all that,

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Speaker 1: it is generally looked at as a feeling of like

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Speaker 1: pleasant feelings watch over you when you think of the

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Speaker 1: good old days, in direct contraditioniction to Hodgeman's ideas. Um,

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Speaker 1: all right, so let's talk about it, okay, So um,

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Speaker 1: Since it was up until again the late nineteen eighties

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Speaker 1: viewed as basically an attendant symptom or somehow tied into

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Speaker 1: depression or some other psychological malady. UM, it wasn't until

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Speaker 1: very recently that the social science has started to say,

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Speaker 1: I don't know if that's necessarily true, let's look into it.

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Speaker 1: So the actual study of nostalgia itself is extremely new,

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Speaker 1: and um it's still very much understudy, which is to

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Speaker 1: say that the social sciences has not yielded any kind

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Speaker 1: of definitive answers to what nostalgia is, where it comes from.

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Speaker 1: The There seems to be a general consensus that it

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Speaker 1: is an emotion, but the complex secondary emotion, meaning it's

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Speaker 1: not anger, it's not fear, it's not joy. But it

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Speaker 1: seems to be secondary and it seems to spring from

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Speaker 1: um society in the same way that a secondary emotion

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Speaker 1: like embarrassment or self consciousness UM has arisen from our

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Speaker 1: experience in society. The nostalgist seems to have come in

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Speaker 1: the same way. Yeah, and they've noticed some trends, which

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Speaker 1: is about as good as you can do when you're

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Speaker 1: studying something like nostalgia. And when we talk about some

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Speaker 1: of these real studies, it's they're frustrating for me to read,

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Speaker 1: but we'll we'll get to those. But some of the trends.

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Speaker 1: If you are a worry wart, you might be a

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Speaker 1: little more prone to nostalgize because you know, you're you're

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Speaker 1: trying to escape your worries and think about like a

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Speaker 1: happier time when you're on the beach, toes in the

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Speaker 1: sand maybe, uh. And they experts think that if you

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Speaker 1: are in transitional periods of your life, you're going to

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Speaker 1: be more prone, Like if you're a kid growing into

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Speaker 1: an adult, or if you are in your forties and

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Speaker 1: fifties and you're transitioning into uh, let's say fifties or sixties.

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Speaker 1: Well from in my forties, from middle age in two

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Speaker 1: senior adulthood. Yeah, these transitional, big transitions in your life,

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Speaker 1: you might might be a little more prone to sort

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Speaker 1: of look at your life and think, because what have

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Speaker 1: I done with my life? Is also tied to nostalgia.

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Speaker 1: And that makes sense utterly and completely because what they

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Speaker 1: found with nostalgia is that it's a it's like you said,

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Speaker 1: it's a means of escapism. And during these times where

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Speaker 1: you're going from adolescence into young adulthood UM or middle

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Speaker 1: aged into old adulthood, that's a that's a place of fear.

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Speaker 1: You know what's coming next, and you start thinking about

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Speaker 1: the good times that you've had. UM. Almost involuntarily, it

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Speaker 1: seems like nostalgia happens. You think, yeah, let me, uh,

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Speaker 1: I'm a little nervous right now, let me nostalgize. It's

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Speaker 1: almost like an involuntary mental trigger that takes place. Although

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Speaker 1: that is a thing. Uh. Julia points out that, UM,

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Speaker 1: people can use it almost like a bag of tricks

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Speaker 1: if they are prone to depression to call upon these things.

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Speaker 1: And it's like nostalgia can be a tool. I mean,

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Speaker 1: you'd have to kind of conjure it up. Sure, no, no,

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Speaker 1: I know you can, you know, but you don't necessarily,

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Speaker 1: that's not necessarily how it happens. And and they found

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Speaker 1: that there are plenty of things that trigger like music, UM,

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Speaker 1: like smells, uh, different things that you that basically serve

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Speaker 1: as mnemonic devices in the formation of emotional memories. Um.

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Speaker 1: And the thing that's come up from the study that

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Speaker 1: has been done on nostalgia is that it seems to

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Speaker 1: be universal. That's it's not culturally bound, and the triggers

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Speaker 1: that trigger nostalgia are also universal. So it'll be like

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Speaker 1: a social memory of a social experience with friends and family,

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Speaker 1: you know, and like that might be culturally bound, like

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Speaker 1: Thanksgiving in America or Canada where they have fake Thanksgiving

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Speaker 1: a month early, um, but then it might be Carnival

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Speaker 1: down in Buenos Aireas or something like that, so that

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Speaker 1: the actual experience might be culturally bound, but the trigger itself,

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Speaker 1: having a good time at like a holiday is universal. Yeah.

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Speaker 1: So let's take a break. Uh, we'll come back and

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Speaker 1: talk about triggers more after this, and we'll let Hodgeman

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Speaker 1: take a deep then maybe run around the block because

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Speaker 1: I since he's getting angry. So we're back, Yeah, we are.

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Speaker 1: We had to establish that because I got confused. You

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Speaker 1: mentioned music being a trigger that is very powerful. Um.

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Speaker 1: And again it's it's variant among people's individual experience, but music,

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Speaker 1: for me still I thinking about this is huge nostalgia trigger.

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Speaker 1: But I think I realized that almost add percent of

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Speaker 1: the time, it's a song that I haven't heard for

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Speaker 1: a long long time. So if I hear Jay Giles

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Speaker 1: Fands Centerfold, great song reminds me of elementary school in

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Speaker 1: a very powerful way and even specific things. But I've

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Speaker 1: heard that song a gazillion times. I hear it once

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Speaker 1: a week on classic rock radio, So it doesn't flood

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Speaker 1: you with nostalgia. No, no no more. You've heard it too much.

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Speaker 1: It's over you. But if I hear a song from

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Speaker 1: like all of my CDs are packed up in the attic,

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Speaker 1: and most of those are from like a certain period

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Speaker 1: of my life where I bought CDs, So if you

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Speaker 1: hear true Blue, you just start weeping. With true Blue

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Speaker 1: more recent than that. But if I hear a song

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Speaker 1: from like one of my CDs from the mid nineties

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Speaker 1: that I just may not have heard in a long time,

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Speaker 1: that is like super super powerful. Well, like what song

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Speaker 1: I don't know, just like a song from my l

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Speaker 1: a days maybe um or or just something I don't

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Speaker 1: listen like, uh, something from college that I don't listen

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Speaker 1: to anymore, and it's like never played on the radio.

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Speaker 1: Like I'll hear Urban Dance squad deeper Shade of Soul, uh,

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Speaker 1: deep shade of Soul. Right, remember now it sounds like

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Speaker 1: a pretty nineties song though it was very nineties, and like,

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Speaker 1: you never hear that song anymore. So if I hear

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Speaker 1: that song like just now, I just sang a little

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Speaker 1: bit of it. How how are you feeling, I'm feeling great,

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Speaker 1: I'm not. I'm not feeling toxic. Hodgman is mad at

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Speaker 1: you right now. I know it feels wonderful. Stop stop

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Speaker 1: so And I don't want to go back in time

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Speaker 1: too then either, I'm just remembering, like, man, what a

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Speaker 1: great song that takes me back to college. Yeah, And

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Speaker 1: and the reason why songs tend to be so powerful

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Speaker 1: and potent um, especially from a certain age, typically adolescents, right,

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Speaker 1: supposedly has to do with the way that the brain

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Speaker 1: is working right then. You know everyone says teenagers have

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Speaker 1: like raging hormones going on. Well, there is a lot

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Speaker 1: more brain chemistry floating around than happens throughout the rest

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Speaker 1: of your life, so it's easier to form very powerful

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Speaker 1: emotional memories. Um, and when when you're listening to music

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Speaker 1: at that age, So that when you go back and

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Speaker 1: listen to it, it's basically going back and you're a

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Speaker 1: card catalog of a brain and unlocking that emotional memory

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Speaker 1: so you get to experience it a little bit again.

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Speaker 1: And then that's nostalgia brought on from by music. Yeah,

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Speaker 1: that makes sense for me. The one that gets me

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Speaker 1: the most is sent Yes, Senten tastes for me are

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Speaker 1: really powerful too, so like um, the smell of um

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Speaker 1: Pillsberry cinnamon rolls and orange rolls. It's like Christmas age eight,

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Speaker 1: like every time. Now do you ever eat that stuff? Now?

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Speaker 1: I just did yesterday as a little trip down memory lane. Yes,

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Speaker 1: well not as it you know, but it inevitably brought

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Speaker 1: it on. Okay, so you didn't say, like I'm doing

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Speaker 1: a nostalgia podcast, I'm gonna go get some of those

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Speaker 1: sweet rolls. No, it was totally coincidental. Actually, like the

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Speaker 1: animal spirits. Yeah, what I've been doing lately is seeking

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Speaker 1: out things that I haven't had and forever, just to

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Speaker 1: see what happens. Oh yeah, So so basically you're the

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Speaker 1: other day, you're like strange Days. Remember that movie with Refines. Yeah, boy,

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Speaker 1: that takes me back, but with but with nostalgia. How

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Speaker 1: what what flavor s? I did the same, always did

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Speaker 1: a mixed cherry and coke. And I haven't had a

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Speaker 1: slurpie since probably like high school. And it was it.

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Speaker 1: You know, that taste was so familiar and exactly how

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Speaker 1: I remember. But it wasn't like, oh, this takes me

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Speaker 1: back to those days. I'm just like, oh, this is interesting.

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Speaker 1: I ate a circus peanut the other days. Now they're awful,

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Speaker 1: but I haven't had one since I was probably ten.

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Speaker 1: I've avoided those of my whole life. Yeah, and um

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Speaker 1: those you know those uh, the other one that gets

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Speaker 1: me of those, remember when you were a kid trick

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Speaker 1: or treating and you would get those kind a chewy

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Speaker 1: peanut butter treats and the wax the waxy rappers. Yeah,

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Speaker 1: I don't remember what they're called that, there were no name,

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Speaker 1: like but email that really Yeah, it's got to be

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Speaker 1: that orange or like those man instant of nostalgia. Nice

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Speaker 1: not toxic. Yeah, it's wonderful. Um, peanut butter twicks can

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Speaker 1: do that for me. It was one of my first

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Speaker 1: favorite candy bars. I'll thought you about say like it

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Speaker 1: takes me back to two eight, No, they had peanut

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Speaker 1: butter twicks in the eighties, they tried it for a

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Speaker 1: little while they were all stopped. Yeah, they don't have

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Speaker 1: those anymore, do they. Okay, is that one in your pocket?

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Speaker 1: It's been tucked into my cheek right now. So a taste,

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Speaker 1: they think, and induces nostalgia pretty heavily because the pathways

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Speaker 1: carrying information from taste buds are in the limbic system

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Speaker 1: and where scent is as well. Yeah, and your old

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Speaker 1: factory bulb is super duper in the limbic system, and

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Speaker 1: it's actually got a direct connection to the amygdala, which

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Speaker 1: helps experience emotions. And um, what's the other component of

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Speaker 1: the olympics system, the hippocampus. Yeah, the hippocampus which sorts

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Speaker 1: in stores memories. So your old factory bulb itself is

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Speaker 1: almost literally plugged in to the two components of your

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Speaker 1: brain that form emotional memories, which is one reason why

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Speaker 1: I scent can trigger nostalgist so powerfully too. Yeah. Does

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Speaker 1: that I wondered if that means that if it's more immediate,

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Speaker 1: then it's stronger, like if it's just a quicker link,

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Speaker 1: maybe like literally the pathway is shorter. It could be

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Speaker 1: interesting that I mean that's that's what Layton um supposed. Yeah,

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Speaker 1: I don't think she'd uh pull that out of her head.

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Speaker 1: I think that's the common belief, right for something that

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Speaker 1: they don't understand that much. Yeah, And I that I

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Speaker 1: think that's probably got to be coming through to dear listeners, right,

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Speaker 1: that this is like this is there's a lot of

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Speaker 1: grasping at threads going on, in part because it is

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Speaker 1: just very um, it's very early on in the study

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Speaker 1: of nostalgia. There's not a lot of people studying it,

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Speaker 1: and so the number of theories is kind of narrow,

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Speaker 1: but a lot of it does make sense. Yeah, And

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Speaker 1: when you look at these studies, which we'll talk about

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Speaker 1: so many of them hinge on. All right, you're feeling nostalgic,

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Speaker 1: All right, let's do something to you, right, Or you're

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Speaker 1: not feeling nostalgic, Let's do the same thing to you,

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Speaker 1: which I mean, this is a very tough study to

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Speaker 1: pull off. It totally is. And that's a big problem

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Speaker 1: that the social sciences run up against, Like they are

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Speaker 1: studying subjective reports. Well, the average person can't tell you

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Speaker 1: how they're feeling, even when they sit there and think

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Speaker 1: about how they're feeling. So there are standardized, standardized questionnaires

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Speaker 1: that have become accepted in the field that that say

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Speaker 1: this scores of persons like UM like feeling of nostalgia.

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Speaker 1: There's actually a questionnaire that that is designed to rate

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Speaker 1: how nostalgic you are at the time you take it.

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Speaker 1: Um and and there's there are ways to study. It's

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Speaker 1: not just totally willy nilly, but when you compare it

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Speaker 1: to something say like um biology or something like that,

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Speaker 1: it's it's a little it's it's slightly whispier. Agreed, Um,

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Speaker 1: Should we take a whispy break and talk about some

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Speaker 1: of these studies to this? Yes, all right, buddy, we

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Speaker 1: teased on some studies. Uh and I don't want to

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Speaker 1: say I made fun of them, but they're they're just

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Speaker 1: I think you pointed out some of their inherent flaw.

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Speaker 1: So let's talk about them. Um. Here is one where

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Speaker 1: they had subjects read about different things. One was a

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Speaker 1: tsunami disaster, one was like one bad thing, two good things.

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Speaker 1: One was a disaster, one was the successful landing of

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Speaker 1: a space pro another one was the birth of a

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Speaker 1: polar bear in a zoo, which I mean depending on

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Speaker 1: like that right there, you might hate polar bears, you

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Speaker 1: might hate zoos. You know, it's a good point. Uh yeah,

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Speaker 1: it's a real good point. They probably shouldn't use that.

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Speaker 1: And it's a problem with any kind of standardized questionnaire,

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Speaker 1: whether it's the S A T or the Standardized Questionnaire

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Speaker 1: for nostalgia totally. Uh So, after reading these they answered

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Speaker 1: questions assessing their current levels of nostalgia. What they found

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Speaker 1: was the people who read about the tsunami, we're the

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Speaker 1: most nostalgic, which led them to believe that people call

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Speaker 1: upon nostalgia when they're not feeling good about something right,

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Speaker 1: and that use it. That is the prevailing predominant theory

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Speaker 1: of nostalgia these days, that it is a um It

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Speaker 1: is you can do it voluntarily, but it's basically an

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Speaker 1: involuntary defense mechanism when we experience what's called discontinuity, and

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Speaker 1: discontinuity comes in many forms, but all of it amounts

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Speaker 1: to a reminder that we are going to eventually die

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Speaker 1: one day, and that thought can come in all sorts

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Speaker 1: of different forms. It can come when we have a

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Speaker 1: relationship that's breaking down, when we're far away from our

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Speaker 1: social network. We there are any number of ways that

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Speaker 1: were reminded of our own mortality, right, and one of

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Speaker 1: our big defense mechanisms is growing nostalgic. And uh, it's

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Speaker 1: basically built in suicide prevention because it makes you wonder, like,

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Speaker 1: if we didn't have a way to get back on track,

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Speaker 1: like through nostalgia, and you just like entered a period

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Speaker 1: of discontinuity and never got back to you know, life's

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Speaker 1: good again, where would we be as a species? Who knows?

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Speaker 1: So nostalgia seems to be some sort of evolutionary trick

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Speaker 1: where um, when we look into the void and think,

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Speaker 1: oh God, I'm gonna die or my life is meaningless

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Speaker 1: or whatever, we experienced nostalgia and it has this incredible

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Speaker 1: flood of beneficial um effects on the person who's feeling nostalgic.

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Speaker 1: I thought this one article was pretty great. When they

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Speaker 1: were talking about discontinuity, they referenced Sweet Jude de Blue

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Speaker 1: Eyes by Crosby Stills Nash and I think young right, Like,

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Speaker 1: I know, you know the song very popular? Can you

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Speaker 1: sing it like an urban dance squad song? Come on,

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Speaker 1: you know, sweet? I don't If you have heard any

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Speaker 1: Crosby Steals in Nash song, you've heard this one. It's

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Speaker 1: very very famous. I'm thinking Bob Seeger right now? Is it?

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Speaker 1: Is it? The Bob Seger song is what you mean?

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Speaker 1: But here's a line by Steven Stills, don't let the

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Speaker 1: past remind us of what we are not now right.

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Speaker 1: That's again Hodgman's criticis Hodgman is not alone in his

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Speaker 1: criticism that that it seems like, uh, nostalgia could lead

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Speaker 1: you down this road where you're You're just like, oh,

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Speaker 1: the past is so much better than the present. But

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Speaker 1: apparently from study of nostalgia, it does the exact opposite.

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Speaker 1: It affirms the meaning of your life. It reminds you

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00:25:55,680 --> 00:25:59,600
Speaker 1: that you are loved um, now here and now, and

422
00:25:59,800 --> 00:26:02,920
Speaker 1: it get you back on track after um an experience

423
00:26:02,960 --> 00:26:06,320
Speaker 1: of discontinuity, which is bizarre. I'm gonna sing a little

424
00:26:06,359 --> 00:26:10,560
Speaker 1: bit of it, Okay, you know, Uh I am yours,

425
00:26:11,000 --> 00:26:15,040
Speaker 1: you are mine, We are what we are? What have

426
00:26:15,160 --> 00:26:18,800
Speaker 1: we got to lose? That's that song I got you?

427
00:26:19,320 --> 00:26:21,840
Speaker 1: That's so yeah. See, it's a great song. That's better

428
00:26:21,920 --> 00:26:24,199
Speaker 1: than the Bob Seekers song. I think there is no

429
00:26:24,200 --> 00:26:29,240
Speaker 1: good Bob Seeker song that's not true. Name one uh

430
00:26:29,359 --> 00:26:32,280
Speaker 1: all time rock and roll, no terrible, worst song ever

431
00:26:32,440 --> 00:26:35,520
Speaker 1: turned the page awful like a rock awful catman, Do

432
00:26:35,840 --> 00:26:38,960
Speaker 1: kill Me. There's one though, that's not bad. I think

433
00:26:38,960 --> 00:26:41,359
Speaker 1: we've had this conversation before. I think I've been on

434
00:26:41,440 --> 00:26:44,240
Speaker 1: record as being a big Bob Seeker hater. I'm not

435
00:26:44,280 --> 00:26:46,439
Speaker 1: big on him either, but there's there's at least one

436
00:26:46,560 --> 00:26:48,439
Speaker 1: or two. Oh you'd love him. You want to get

437
00:26:48,520 --> 00:26:51,720
Speaker 1: you want to get married to him? All right, it's

438
00:26:51,840 --> 00:26:57,360
Speaker 1: enough about me and Bob Seger. Yeah, see he got uncomfortable. Um,

439
00:26:57,440 --> 00:27:01,080
Speaker 1: so I'm having a moment of dis kind nuity. Yeah.

440
00:27:01,119 --> 00:27:04,560
Speaker 1: We were talking about the studies, right, Well. I think

441
00:27:04,600 --> 00:27:06,679
Speaker 1: what we were saying was that if you look at

442
00:27:06,680 --> 00:27:10,200
Speaker 1: nostalgia from the way that Hodgeman looks at it, which

443
00:27:10,280 --> 00:27:13,080
Speaker 1: makes sense, um, you would think, well, nostalgia is a

444
00:27:13,119 --> 00:27:17,119
Speaker 1: bad thing, when in fact, studies have shown that nostalgia

445
00:27:17,119 --> 00:27:19,359
Speaker 1: actually gets you back on track when you're feeling like,

446
00:27:19,400 --> 00:27:21,640
Speaker 1: oh God, I'm gonna die one day, or oh I'm

447
00:27:21,720 --> 00:27:25,720
Speaker 1: not loved or whatever. Rather than getting stuck in reminiscing

448
00:27:25,760 --> 00:27:28,199
Speaker 1: about how great the past was compared to the present,

449
00:27:28,480 --> 00:27:32,919
Speaker 1: it reaffirms that the present is pretty great. Yeah, they said, uh,

450
00:27:32,960 --> 00:27:35,719
Speaker 1: and we always say they like it's sort of an

451
00:27:35,720 --> 00:27:38,840
Speaker 1: ambiguous body of sometimes we get called up by people

452
00:27:38,880 --> 00:27:44,320
Speaker 1: who are paying attention. The researchers of nostalgia say they

453
00:27:44,320 --> 00:27:48,080
Speaker 1: that UM positive mental states include UM higher self esteem,

454
00:27:48,480 --> 00:27:54,240
Speaker 1: more socially connected, more generous, more altruistic or optimistic, worry

455
00:27:54,320 --> 00:27:57,639
Speaker 1: less about the future and death and good and that

456
00:27:57,680 --> 00:27:59,879
Speaker 1: makes it a part of terror management theory, which we

457
00:28:00,040 --> 00:28:03,280
Speaker 1: actually did a really cool episode one. It was one

458
00:28:03,320 --> 00:28:05,520
Speaker 1: of those sleepers you know that probably not a lot

459
00:28:05,600 --> 00:28:08,320
Speaker 1: of people listened to, but it was awesome. Yeah. And

460
00:28:08,720 --> 00:28:11,199
Speaker 1: they did some other studies and this to me is

461
00:28:11,440 --> 00:28:16,800
Speaker 1: really interesting. UM in China, uh was one study and

462
00:28:16,920 --> 00:28:23,800
Speaker 1: elsewhere they have determined that nostalgic feelings might literally make

463
00:28:23,840 --> 00:28:29,480
Speaker 1: you warmer, right, like physically warmer. And when I said,

464
00:28:29,520 --> 00:28:31,920
Speaker 1: the warm thing watches over you. They think it might

465
00:28:31,920 --> 00:28:34,760
Speaker 1: have played a role in evolution, like when you're colder

466
00:28:35,000 --> 00:28:37,800
Speaker 1: and you think of these thoughts, you get warmer. Yeah.

467
00:28:38,080 --> 00:28:41,920
Speaker 1: From the study in China, UM they found that the

468
00:28:42,280 --> 00:28:48,960
Speaker 1: study participants were when they were cold and they were nostalgizing,

469
00:28:49,680 --> 00:28:53,440
Speaker 1: they were imagining themselves or they were remembering an experience

470
00:28:53,480 --> 00:28:57,080
Speaker 1: in a warm place, and apparently it had the effect

471
00:28:57,120 --> 00:29:01,400
Speaker 1: of making them feel physically warmer and less susceptible to

472
00:29:01,760 --> 00:29:04,600
Speaker 1: the pain of extreme cold. And another study to head

473
00:29:04,680 --> 00:29:08,320
Speaker 1: nostalgic and non nostalgic subjects hold their hands in thirty

474
00:29:08,400 --> 00:29:11,360
Speaker 1: nine degree fahrenheit water until they couldn't take it anymore,

475
00:29:11,920 --> 00:29:14,560
Speaker 1: and if you were feeling nostalgic, you could hold your

476
00:29:14,600 --> 00:29:18,360
Speaker 1: hand in there longer. So that proves that it warms

477
00:29:18,400 --> 00:29:21,520
Speaker 1: you up right right, not really, but it's interesting, it

478
00:29:21,680 --> 00:29:24,720
Speaker 1: is interesting. All of this is pretty interesting, and there

479
00:29:24,800 --> 00:29:28,040
Speaker 1: is there is supposedly a point where nostalgia can become

480
00:29:28,080 --> 00:29:32,320
Speaker 1: harmful too. It's called pathological nostalgia, um where you basically

481
00:29:32,400 --> 00:29:34,840
Speaker 1: do get locked into the idea that everything used to

482
00:29:34,920 --> 00:29:37,080
Speaker 1: be better back in the day or whenever at some

483
00:29:37,200 --> 00:29:43,640
Speaker 1: other point. But it's um rare compared to regular what's

484
00:29:43,640 --> 00:29:47,080
Speaker 1: called personal nostalgia, which is all the nostalgia we've been

485
00:29:47,120 --> 00:29:50,960
Speaker 1: talking about. And then there's the social nostalgia too, right

486
00:29:51,800 --> 00:29:55,040
Speaker 1: like when you didn't even live through it. Yeah, where um,

487
00:29:55,080 --> 00:29:58,320
Speaker 1: you know, like seventeen year old today wearing like a

488
00:29:58,400 --> 00:30:01,240
Speaker 1: Nirvana T shirt or a Fits T shirt or something

489
00:30:01,280 --> 00:30:03,720
Speaker 1: like that, or being into that music or thinking like

490
00:30:03,760 --> 00:30:07,080
Speaker 1: how great the nineties were, and it's like dude, we

491
00:30:07,120 --> 00:30:09,200
Speaker 1: lived through the nineties. They were not great. But it's

492
00:30:09,200 --> 00:30:11,880
Speaker 1: the same thing, like I love eighties stuff. I lived

493
00:30:11,880 --> 00:30:15,080
Speaker 1: through the eighties, but um, I remember thinking the eighties sucked,

494
00:30:15,520 --> 00:30:17,640
Speaker 1: and then you know, as an older person, when the

495
00:30:17,640 --> 00:30:20,520
Speaker 1: eighties came back, I'm like, yeah, the eighties were pretty fun. Yeah.

496
00:30:20,520 --> 00:30:22,680
Speaker 1: I think that's kind of a company sometimes too, by

497
00:30:22,720 --> 00:30:26,080
Speaker 1: this feeling of like I was born in the wrong time, Like, man,

498
00:30:26,160 --> 00:30:28,080
Speaker 1: I would have been a great hippie in the sixties,

499
00:30:28,520 --> 00:30:31,840
Speaker 1: and I just don't fit in here in the nineties. Sure, Like, personally,

500
00:30:31,960 --> 00:30:34,480
Speaker 1: I think the seventies were probably the greatest decade of

501
00:30:34,520 --> 00:30:38,160
Speaker 1: all time. But that's ignoring the fact that like Richard

502
00:30:38,240 --> 00:30:40,880
Speaker 1: Nixon was president, there was an oil embargo, There's all

503
00:30:40,920 --> 00:30:44,280
Speaker 1: this bad stuff, whereas I'm just thinking like days and

504
00:30:44,280 --> 00:30:47,320
Speaker 1: confused type seventies where everything was just great and happy

505
00:30:47,400 --> 00:30:51,760
Speaker 1: and you know, and laid back, and that's nostalgia. It

506
00:30:51,840 --> 00:30:55,560
Speaker 1: washes out the negative for everyone. But you Yeah, I

507
00:30:55,560 --> 00:30:58,080
Speaker 1: would say Richard Lincoln Better is one of the more

508
00:30:58,160 --> 00:31:01,880
Speaker 1: nostalgic filmmakers out there. He plays on that. Yeah, supposedly,

509
00:31:01,920 --> 00:31:05,320
Speaker 1: his new movie that's coming out is be Awesome. Everybody

510
00:31:05,320 --> 00:31:07,640
Speaker 1: wants some is that what it is? So it's like

511
00:31:07,720 --> 00:31:10,160
Speaker 1: Days and Confused, like four or five years later, right, Yeah,

512
00:31:10,200 --> 00:31:13,560
Speaker 1: he said, it's sort of like a spiritual sequel, like

513
00:31:13,720 --> 00:31:17,000
Speaker 1: not the same characters, but um, just sort of nineteen

514
00:31:17,080 --> 00:31:20,719
Speaker 1: eighty that advent of when things were transferring to disco

515
00:31:20,880 --> 00:31:23,600
Speaker 1: from Yeah, it's gonna be awesome. He's the best. That

516
00:31:23,680 --> 00:31:27,480
Speaker 1: was a great movie. Dased and Confused agreed. Um. So

517
00:31:27,760 --> 00:31:32,280
Speaker 1: the other thing that they found is that they did

518
00:31:32,280 --> 00:31:34,960
Speaker 1: a study. Clay Routledge of North Dakota State did a

519
00:31:35,040 --> 00:31:38,160
Speaker 1: study there there. Specifically they with a name. Yeah, a

520
00:31:38,200 --> 00:31:41,800
Speaker 1: real guy, so complained to him. Uh. He did a

521
00:31:41,840 --> 00:31:44,360
Speaker 1: series of experiments with English, Dutch, and American adults, so

522
00:31:44,400 --> 00:31:47,080
Speaker 1: he kind of had some different nationalities going on. It's

523
00:31:47,080 --> 00:31:50,720
Speaker 1: not exclusively American, of course. He let them listen to

524
00:31:50,800 --> 00:31:54,320
Speaker 1: hit songs from their youth and read lyrics, and afterwards

525
00:31:54,320 --> 00:31:57,960
Speaker 1: people said, uh, they were more than likely to feel

526
00:31:58,000 --> 00:32:01,640
Speaker 1: loved and that life was worth living. Some more affirmation

527
00:32:02,280 --> 00:32:06,480
Speaker 1: when they remember these good old days. Question do you

528
00:32:06,520 --> 00:32:10,000
Speaker 1: feel life is worth living? Check yes or no? Uh?

529
00:32:10,040 --> 00:32:13,240
Speaker 1: And finally I got one more thing. Um, they say, well,

530
00:32:13,280 --> 00:32:15,880
Speaker 1: they do recommend that you not fall into that trap

531
00:32:16,080 --> 00:32:19,720
Speaker 1: of pathological and yeah, of comparing the present to the

532
00:32:19,720 --> 00:32:23,040
Speaker 1: past so much. Uh. And they also found that certain

533
00:32:23,120 --> 00:32:26,600
Speaker 1: kinds of people aren't as great with nostalgia, So maybe

534
00:32:26,600 --> 00:32:29,720
Speaker 1: you should not indulge in nostalgia if your leery of

535
00:32:29,760 --> 00:32:34,720
Speaker 1: intimate relationships, they found, or you're an avoidant person, says

536
00:32:34,720 --> 00:32:38,600
Speaker 1: they have reap smaller benefits from nostalgia compared with people

537
00:32:38,600 --> 00:32:42,080
Speaker 1: who crave closeness. So I don't know what that says

538
00:32:42,080 --> 00:32:46,200
Speaker 1: about hand, but let's throw that out there. So, uh,

539
00:32:46,520 --> 00:32:48,800
Speaker 1: what's your number one nostalgia thing? What gets it for

540
00:32:48,880 --> 00:32:53,040
Speaker 1: you more than anything else? Probably music? I got two

541
00:32:53,120 --> 00:32:56,959
Speaker 1: things are tied for first. The smell of a used

542
00:32:57,200 --> 00:33:00,719
Speaker 1: bookstore or comic book shop. That's mel of like that,

543
00:33:01,320 --> 00:33:06,200
Speaker 1: I guess rotting paper. It reminds me of Mad magazines

544
00:33:06,800 --> 00:33:09,680
Speaker 1: from back in the day. And they love them. The

545
00:33:09,720 --> 00:33:13,640
Speaker 1: fat Christmas lights. Oh yeah, the big I could just

546
00:33:13,720 --> 00:33:16,160
Speaker 1: faint from the nostalgia. Yeah, they're like they were the

547
00:33:16,160 --> 00:33:18,880
Speaker 1: big Tachi ones that are coming back now. That's all

548
00:33:18,880 --> 00:33:21,080
Speaker 1: my family ever used was the big fat ones. It

549
00:33:21,200 --> 00:33:23,400
Speaker 1: was like more Christmas light. You know, you call those

550
00:33:23,600 --> 00:33:27,640
Speaker 1: tree burners. Yeah, yeah, we never caught a tree on fire,

551
00:33:27,720 --> 00:33:29,800
Speaker 1: but yeah, they get pretty hot. You know what my

552
00:33:29,880 --> 00:33:32,320
Speaker 1: dad did for a few years as we were opening

553
00:33:32,320 --> 00:33:37,200
Speaker 1: our gifts. Towards the end, he would start dismantling the

554
00:33:37,280 --> 00:33:40,800
Speaker 1: tree and pruning the limbs and putting him in the fireplace.

555
00:33:40,840 --> 00:33:44,200
Speaker 1: He would literally burn the Christmas tree on Christmas Morning's

556
00:33:44,280 --> 00:33:48,520
Speaker 1: here he Uh wow, that's very efficient, was he Germans?

557
00:33:48,480 --> 00:33:52,360
Speaker 1: Why do we look at it? Uh No? Uh, I

558
00:33:52,360 --> 00:33:55,080
Speaker 1: should say is he? He is not? And I wish

559
00:33:55,120 --> 00:33:58,840
Speaker 1: I would have given you a specific nostalgic thing, but um,

560
00:33:58,920 --> 00:34:02,720
Speaker 1: you did urban dance. Uh No, just music in general taste,

561
00:34:02,800 --> 00:34:06,760
Speaker 1: smell music got you nice. Put those three together and

562
00:34:06,920 --> 00:34:10,960
Speaker 1: look out. Chuck's eyes roll back into his head and

563
00:34:11,040 --> 00:34:15,080
Speaker 1: Hodgeman claps over him and says, get up. Uh. If

564
00:34:15,080 --> 00:34:17,080
Speaker 1: you want to know more about nostalgy, you can type

565
00:34:17,120 --> 00:34:19,520
Speaker 1: that word into search bar how stuff works dot com,

566
00:34:19,600 --> 00:34:22,080
Speaker 1: And I said, search bars, it's time for listener mail.

567
00:34:24,719 --> 00:34:27,440
Speaker 1: This is from Christina about the makeup episode. He points

568
00:34:27,440 --> 00:34:30,400
Speaker 1: out some good things. I think, Hey, guys have to

569
00:34:30,440 --> 00:34:33,000
Speaker 1: weigh in on how makeup works. I think you failed

570
00:34:33,040 --> 00:34:36,640
Speaker 1: to adequately acknowledge something. Uh. We are not, in fact

571
00:34:36,760 --> 00:34:40,480
Speaker 1: at a stage where makeup is truly optional for women

572
00:34:41,760 --> 00:34:45,799
Speaker 1: and I think we said that basically, did we Yeah,

573
00:34:45,920 --> 00:34:49,759
Speaker 1: at the end, well, I think we said, like it

574
00:34:49,800 --> 00:34:51,680
Speaker 1: should be your option, but I think she doesn't feel

575
00:34:51,680 --> 00:34:53,719
Speaker 1: like it truly is an option, right, No, we said that.

576
00:34:53,800 --> 00:34:56,440
Speaker 1: We said, like the the very fact that there was, like,

577
00:34:56,640 --> 00:35:00,120
Speaker 1: you know, taking a picture of yourself and posting on

578
00:35:00,160 --> 00:35:04,359
Speaker 1: Twitter without makeup was rebellious. Says that it's still not

579
00:35:04,440 --> 00:35:08,600
Speaker 1: really an option. We said that, all right, So forget it, Christina,

580
00:35:08,680 --> 00:35:11,439
Speaker 1: We're not reading now, We're gonna read it. While many

581
00:35:11,480 --> 00:35:13,920
Speaker 1: love wearing makeup, many women simply feel obliged to wear

582
00:35:13,920 --> 00:35:16,480
Speaker 1: it and are in fact penalized if they choose not to,

583
00:35:17,200 --> 00:35:19,680
Speaker 1: comes in the form of failing to be promoted maybe

584
00:35:19,800 --> 00:35:22,800
Speaker 1: or taking seriously getting raises, even being hired. It is

585
00:35:22,840 --> 00:35:25,520
Speaker 1: a hugely expensive habit too, especially if you like to

586
00:35:25,520 --> 00:35:30,239
Speaker 1: buy the prestige makeup brands. Yeah, so she recommended to

587
00:35:30,280 --> 00:35:32,880
Speaker 1: people read an article from The Atlantic, which is always

588
00:35:32,880 --> 00:35:36,120
Speaker 1: a good recommendation, called the makeup Tax, and it kind

589
00:35:36,120 --> 00:35:38,719
Speaker 1: of sums up the problem like this, women invest time

590
00:35:38,719 --> 00:35:40,680
Speaker 1: and money into doing the makeup because it impacts their

591
00:35:40,680 --> 00:35:44,040
Speaker 1: relationships and their paychecks. While both genders tend to buy

592
00:35:44,040 --> 00:35:46,960
Speaker 1: haircut shaving cream and moisturizer. The price of makeup is

593
00:35:47,000 --> 00:35:50,279
Speaker 1: something men never have to worry about. And then she

594
00:35:50,360 --> 00:35:53,320
Speaker 1: goes on to point on point out just how expensive

595
00:35:54,800 --> 00:35:57,800
Speaker 1: the gap is between like a man's haircut, no woman's

596
00:35:57,800 --> 00:36:01,759
Speaker 1: hair cut even you know, yeah, oh it's huge. It

597
00:36:01,800 --> 00:36:03,759
Speaker 1: depends on where you go. Yeah, but I mean if

598
00:36:03,800 --> 00:36:07,799
Speaker 1: you're a woman that goes to a like a you know,

599
00:36:07,880 --> 00:36:10,400
Speaker 1: not super cuts, right, it depends on where the man

600
00:36:10,480 --> 00:36:12,239
Speaker 1: goes though too. If you go to a salon and

601
00:36:12,239 --> 00:36:14,200
Speaker 1: you get like a cut in color as a woman,

602
00:36:14,239 --> 00:36:16,880
Speaker 1: you're paying like several hundred dollars. But that's the color

603
00:36:16,960 --> 00:36:20,879
Speaker 1: jack both. I don't mean to be contrary. That's yes,

604
00:36:21,000 --> 00:36:24,919
Speaker 1: I agree that they pay a lot more money. Christina. Yeah,

605
00:36:24,920 --> 00:36:28,560
Speaker 1: I go to Great Clips. Big shout out to Great Clips.

606
00:36:29,080 --> 00:36:32,640
Speaker 1: There's a free cut in your future. So Christina says, yeah,

607
00:36:32,680 --> 00:36:35,880
Speaker 1: after my tenth cut, if you have the card, no,

608
00:36:36,040 --> 00:36:38,120
Speaker 1: not a card, but they give you your receipt every

609
00:36:38,120 --> 00:36:42,399
Speaker 1: now and then it says off your fat collar cut,

610
00:36:43,000 --> 00:36:45,239
Speaker 1: which amounts to eight dollars. It's actually one than it's

611
00:36:45,239 --> 00:36:48,400
Speaker 1: like fourteen or fifteen. But remember in tipping it's fourteen.

612
00:36:48,400 --> 00:36:51,359
Speaker 1: I give them twenty and you were like what Oh, yeah,

613
00:36:51,360 --> 00:36:55,120
Speaker 1: that's right, that's right. Uh so Christine me all over again.

614
00:36:55,600 --> 00:36:57,319
Speaker 1: She finishes up with I look forward to a day

615
00:36:57,320 --> 00:37:00,600
Speaker 1: when wearing makeup is really truly a choice anyone of

616
00:37:00,600 --> 00:37:04,840
Speaker 1: any gender in both individuals and institutions respect those choices.

617
00:37:04,920 --> 00:37:07,319
Speaker 1: In the meantime, I choose to save my pennies and

618
00:37:07,400 --> 00:37:10,719
Speaker 1: stick it to the man by not buying makeup and

619
00:37:10,800 --> 00:37:14,600
Speaker 1: normalizing my own bear face. Good for you. Uh. And

620
00:37:14,719 --> 00:37:19,480
Speaker 1: Christina is a California native listening in Dublin, Ireland. Ahoy,

621
00:37:19,840 --> 00:37:24,200
Speaker 1: as they say in Ireland, is yeah, all right, we'll

622
00:37:24,239 --> 00:37:28,200
Speaker 1: find out. I think, I hope. Uh, thanks a lot, Christina,

623
00:37:28,440 --> 00:37:31,360
Speaker 1: all points agreed. Uh. If you want to get in

624
00:37:31,400 --> 00:37:34,360
Speaker 1: touch with us like Christina did, whether you're in Dublin

625
00:37:34,640 --> 00:37:38,640
Speaker 1: or Los Angeles or wherever, you can tweet to us

626
00:37:38,640 --> 00:37:41,160
Speaker 1: at s y ESK podcast. You can join us on

627
00:37:41,200 --> 00:37:43,680
Speaker 1: Facebook dot com, slash stuff you Should Know. You can

628
00:37:43,719 --> 00:37:46,120
Speaker 1: send us an email to Stuff Podcast at how stuff

629
00:37:46,160 --> 00:37:48,600
Speaker 1: Works dot com, and as always, join us at our

630
00:37:48,640 --> 00:37:56,600
Speaker 1: home on the web, Stuff you Should Know dot com

631
00:37:56,640 --> 00:37:59,080
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