1 00:00:01,480 --> 00:00:03,760 Speaker 1: Yes, indeed you read that right, if you made it 2 00:00:03,800 --> 00:00:05,840 Speaker 1: all the way to the end of the very lengthy 3 00:00:05,920 --> 00:00:09,520 Speaker 1: title of this Science Playlist episode. We got Neil deGrasse 4 00:00:09,560 --> 00:00:12,079 Speaker 1: Tyson to sit in for an interview with us and 5 00:00:12,200 --> 00:00:14,720 Speaker 1: it was pretty boss. And a couple years later he 6 00:00:14,800 --> 00:00:16,880 Speaker 1: was nice enough to have me come on Star Talk 7 00:00:17,239 --> 00:00:20,000 Speaker 1: to talk about my End of the World series. He 8 00:00:20,040 --> 00:00:23,079 Speaker 1: had this rapid fire question segment that he does every time, 9 00:00:23,360 --> 00:00:25,479 Speaker 1: and he wondered aloud at some point why it was 10 00:00:25,520 --> 00:00:28,479 Speaker 1: going so slow, and the secret answer was that my 11 00:00:28,640 --> 00:00:32,640 Speaker 1: tangents were derailing the rapid fire part at any rate. 12 00:00:32,880 --> 00:00:36,800 Speaker 1: Even without NDT, this episode is pretty great. As everyone knows, 13 00:00:36,840 --> 00:00:40,880 Speaker 1: any talk about the origin of time and space is cosmologorrific, 14 00:00:41,320 --> 00:00:44,000 Speaker 1: So I hope you feel that way about this episode, too. 15 00:00:45,000 --> 00:00:54,880 Speaker 2: Welcome to you stuff you should know from HowStuffWorks dot com. 16 00:00:55,000 --> 00:00:58,200 Speaker 1: Hey, and welcome to the podcast. I'm Chipper, Josh Clark. 17 00:00:58,360 --> 00:01:02,160 Speaker 1: There's Chipper Charles Pryant. Oh, that's your new nickname, Chipper 18 00:01:02,240 --> 00:01:06,759 Speaker 1: Charles yep. Yeah. And then there's that Jerry. She's not Chipper, 19 00:01:07,000 --> 00:01:08,440 Speaker 1: she is actually Chipper. 20 00:01:08,480 --> 00:01:11,880 Speaker 2: Today, I'm not Chipper, I'm Crumpy because this man, oh man, 21 00:01:12,000 --> 00:01:13,160 Speaker 2: my head has already melted. 22 00:01:13,240 --> 00:01:15,160 Speaker 1: You guys should see the vein in Chuck's forehead. 23 00:01:15,480 --> 00:01:16,440 Speaker 3: It is protruding. 24 00:01:17,360 --> 00:01:19,560 Speaker 2: Well, we'll do our best, of. 25 00:01:19,360 --> 00:01:23,280 Speaker 1: Course, due we're not astrophysicists, but we do have an 26 00:01:23,319 --> 00:01:25,760 Speaker 1: astrophysicist coming on as a guest at the end of 27 00:01:25,760 --> 00:01:26,560 Speaker 1: the episode, don't we. 28 00:01:26,720 --> 00:01:32,600 Speaker 2: Yes, my friend, you interviewed doctor Neil deGrasse Tyson, or 29 00:01:32,640 --> 00:01:34,240 Speaker 2: as I like to call him in d T. 30 00:01:34,760 --> 00:01:37,640 Speaker 1: Sure, that's what I call him to h in d T. 31 00:01:38,160 --> 00:01:39,200 Speaker 1: He's Dyna Mike. 32 00:01:39,480 --> 00:01:41,640 Speaker 2: Yeah, but uh, I was unable to be on the 33 00:01:41,680 --> 00:01:45,480 Speaker 2: interview for various tooth related reasons, so you took it 34 00:01:45,560 --> 00:01:48,080 Speaker 2: upon yourself. And I think an interview like that it's 35 00:01:48,120 --> 00:01:49,920 Speaker 2: probably just better for one person. Anyway. It gets a 36 00:01:49,960 --> 00:01:53,560 Speaker 2: little clumsy if two people that don't know anything about 37 00:01:53,560 --> 00:01:56,000 Speaker 2: astrophysics are trying to glean information. 38 00:01:56,160 --> 00:01:57,560 Speaker 1: Oh here's my question. 39 00:01:57,800 --> 00:02:01,080 Speaker 2: Yeah, right, would you eat for breakfast? Doctor? 40 00:02:02,880 --> 00:02:04,720 Speaker 1: But yeah, it was very kind of him to come on, 41 00:02:04,760 --> 00:02:07,080 Speaker 1: and we want to thank our friends at the Fox 42 00:02:07,120 --> 00:02:10,320 Speaker 1: Theater where he's going to be on April twentieth. You're 43 00:02:10,320 --> 00:02:13,560 Speaker 1: in Atlanta. That's right for hooking that up. So thanks 44 00:02:13,600 --> 00:02:16,200 Speaker 1: to everybody who made that happen. Because it's a great interviews. 45 00:02:16,240 --> 00:02:17,840 Speaker 1: You guys will hear at the end of this episode. 46 00:02:17,919 --> 00:02:20,560 Speaker 2: Yeah, I loved listening to it, and I'm gonna go 47 00:02:20,600 --> 00:02:24,040 Speaker 2: ahead and say my two favorite parts are probably one 48 00:02:24,040 --> 00:02:25,520 Speaker 2: that won't make it in When you said that you're 49 00:02:25,560 --> 00:02:27,560 Speaker 2: happy to plug the Fox Theater show and he was like, 50 00:02:27,800 --> 00:02:29,240 Speaker 2: don't bother, it's going to be sold out. 51 00:02:29,320 --> 00:02:30,320 Speaker 1: Yeah, I like that too. 52 00:02:30,440 --> 00:02:32,480 Speaker 2: And then at the end when you thanked him for 53 00:02:32,560 --> 00:02:35,720 Speaker 2: advancing our understanding of this light years and he was like, 54 00:02:36,160 --> 00:02:38,480 Speaker 2: that's not nearly enough. Yeah, he's like a light years 55 00:02:38,520 --> 00:02:39,000 Speaker 2: not very far. 56 00:02:39,120 --> 00:02:39,400 Speaker 3: Thanks. 57 00:02:39,520 --> 00:02:42,840 Speaker 1: Yeah, so I changed the parsex. He's like, you're getting closer. 58 00:02:42,919 --> 00:02:43,160 Speaker 4: I know. 59 00:02:43,200 --> 00:02:45,079 Speaker 2: It was very funny. Actually, I hope you leave that 60 00:02:45,120 --> 00:02:46,560 Speaker 2: part in there. I hope so. 61 00:02:46,639 --> 00:02:50,040 Speaker 1: And later on I immediately regretted not saying, well, you 62 00:02:51,400 --> 00:02:54,440 Speaker 1: advanced our show billions and billions of light years. 63 00:02:54,480 --> 00:02:56,200 Speaker 2: He would have appreciated that, Yeah, you would have. 64 00:02:56,200 --> 00:02:58,560 Speaker 1: And I didn't do it. Yeah, didn't. I wasn't sharp enough. 65 00:02:58,600 --> 00:03:01,480 Speaker 2: It was a good interview, though, so feel free to 66 00:03:01,520 --> 00:03:02,400 Speaker 2: skip right ahead to that. 67 00:03:03,240 --> 00:03:06,160 Speaker 1: But we'll lay here and go to sleep. So we're 68 00:03:06,200 --> 00:03:10,560 Speaker 1: talking about the Big Bang theory and not the TV show. 69 00:03:10,760 --> 00:03:11,959 Speaker 1: So settle Down nerds. 70 00:03:12,200 --> 00:03:13,720 Speaker 2: I think he was on that show though, wudn't he 71 00:03:13,800 --> 00:03:16,800 Speaker 2: I'm sure, yeah, sure, yeah, he made an appearance. 72 00:03:17,440 --> 00:03:18,960 Speaker 1: I think all you have to do is say, like, 73 00:03:19,680 --> 00:03:22,200 Speaker 1: you will further science if you appear on this. He's like, 74 00:03:22,240 --> 00:03:22,720 Speaker 1: I'll do it. 75 00:03:22,880 --> 00:03:24,880 Speaker 2: Yeah. I've never seen one episode of that show. 76 00:03:26,120 --> 00:03:28,280 Speaker 1: I guess I've maybe seen some here or there. It's 77 00:03:28,440 --> 00:03:32,519 Speaker 1: it's i think, literally the most popular show in the world, 78 00:03:34,440 --> 00:03:36,720 Speaker 1: or it was like last season or the season before. 79 00:03:36,720 --> 00:03:39,840 Speaker 1: Like it's just taken off like a rocket. And hats 80 00:03:39,880 --> 00:03:42,760 Speaker 1: off to them too, because they like mix actual science 81 00:03:42,800 --> 00:03:45,040 Speaker 1: and science jokes and all that stuff. It's it's like 82 00:03:45,280 --> 00:03:46,440 Speaker 1: smartening up the world. 83 00:03:47,240 --> 00:03:49,920 Speaker 2: Well, I'll tell you one quote I got from mister Tyson, 84 00:03:50,760 --> 00:03:55,800 Speaker 2: doctor Tyson, from the Internet, and it was actually heard 85 00:03:55,880 --> 00:03:58,120 Speaker 2: him say it, so I know it was a real quote. 86 00:03:58,840 --> 00:04:01,080 Speaker 2: He said that, you know, people ask do you believe 87 00:04:01,120 --> 00:04:04,040 Speaker 2: in the Big Bang theory? And only the way that 88 00:04:04,080 --> 00:04:06,400 Speaker 2: he can. He was like, well, it's not a matter 89 00:04:06,400 --> 00:04:08,760 Speaker 2: of believing, he said, I'd only believe in things that 90 00:04:08,760 --> 00:04:11,440 Speaker 2: are evidence based. And he said the question should be 91 00:04:11,560 --> 00:04:14,400 Speaker 2: that you posit to people, of all the data and 92 00:04:14,440 --> 00:04:18,000 Speaker 2: evidence out there, what theory is best supported, and he 93 00:04:18,040 --> 00:04:19,280 Speaker 2: said it's the Big Bang theory. 94 00:04:19,400 --> 00:04:22,839 Speaker 1: Sure, right, And our colleague Jonathan Strickland who wrote the 95 00:04:22,880 --> 00:04:25,640 Speaker 1: article that this is based on, and kudos to that 96 00:04:25,800 --> 00:04:31,680 Speaker 1: cat because he took some really really difficult concepts and 97 00:04:31,800 --> 00:04:32,800 Speaker 1: explained it really well. 98 00:04:33,120 --> 00:04:34,800 Speaker 2: He explained it in a way that I came close 99 00:04:34,839 --> 00:04:35,400 Speaker 2: to understand. 100 00:04:37,000 --> 00:04:40,560 Speaker 1: But he makes that same point too, that not only 101 00:04:40,680 --> 00:04:43,520 Speaker 1: is the Big Bang theory of theory which obviously cannot 102 00:04:43,520 --> 00:04:46,640 Speaker 1: be proven can only be disproven, but that there are 103 00:04:46,640 --> 00:04:49,559 Speaker 1: other competing theories out there too, which we'll talk about later. Sure, 104 00:04:50,040 --> 00:04:52,559 Speaker 1: but that for the most part it has the most 105 00:04:53,640 --> 00:04:57,760 Speaker 1: observational evidence backing it up, including the recent confirmation of 106 00:04:57,800 --> 00:05:02,320 Speaker 1: gravitational waves which made a huge st and that as 107 00:05:02,360 --> 00:05:05,960 Speaker 1: a result, it's the most widely subscribed to theory among 108 00:05:06,080 --> 00:05:10,920 Speaker 1: scientists as describing the early universe, and that's a big thing. 109 00:05:10,960 --> 00:05:12,880 Speaker 1: There's a big distinction about that. A lot of people 110 00:05:12,960 --> 00:05:16,120 Speaker 1: think that the Big Bang describes the formation of the universe. 111 00:05:16,240 --> 00:05:16,679 Speaker 2: Not true. 112 00:05:16,800 --> 00:05:22,479 Speaker 1: No, the Big Bang describes the time starting very soon 113 00:05:22,800 --> 00:05:27,080 Speaker 1: after the universe formed, but it does not go back 114 00:05:27,120 --> 00:05:30,359 Speaker 1: into where the origin of the universe came from what 115 00:05:30,520 --> 00:05:33,120 Speaker 1: came before it, And it actually doesn't even go all 116 00:05:33,160 --> 00:05:36,839 Speaker 1: the way back to that point where everything started. It 117 00:05:37,000 --> 00:05:39,320 Speaker 1: just can't because science falls apart. As we'll see the 118 00:05:39,360 --> 00:05:42,120 Speaker 1: further you try to go back in time because you know, 119 00:05:42,600 --> 00:05:44,760 Speaker 1: time ceases to exist at that point. 120 00:05:45,080 --> 00:05:48,919 Speaker 2: Yeah, if the universe were a human being, it's the 121 00:05:48,960 --> 00:05:51,320 Speaker 2: big Bang theory sort of describes the point where the 122 00:05:51,680 --> 00:05:52,960 Speaker 2: sperm and the egg meet up. 123 00:05:55,520 --> 00:05:58,760 Speaker 1: It describes the time a trillionth of a trillionth of 124 00:05:58,800 --> 00:06:00,560 Speaker 1: a second after they met up. 125 00:06:01,200 --> 00:06:04,599 Speaker 2: What about that, Yeah, which is you know, it's close. 126 00:06:04,880 --> 00:06:07,120 Speaker 2: It's a pretty great time, it is. 127 00:06:07,240 --> 00:06:11,600 Speaker 1: So another misconception, Chuck, is that the Big Bang was 128 00:06:11,640 --> 00:06:14,520 Speaker 1: an explosion, and that's not that's not correct. 129 00:06:15,080 --> 00:06:18,400 Speaker 2: No. In fact, a man named Sir Fred Hoyle is 130 00:06:18,440 --> 00:06:21,240 Speaker 2: the one who gave it a name almost, well not almost. 131 00:06:21,320 --> 00:06:23,800 Speaker 2: He gave it to it in jest as sort of 132 00:06:23,800 --> 00:06:27,680 Speaker 2: an insult because he was a believer. I don't know 133 00:06:27,720 --> 00:06:29,600 Speaker 2: if he always was, but he was a believer at 134 00:06:29,600 --> 00:06:32,479 Speaker 2: the time in the steady state theory. Sure, and it 135 00:06:32,520 --> 00:06:35,840 Speaker 2: was like, yeah, the explosion, this big bang, but it's 136 00:06:35,920 --> 00:06:40,000 Speaker 2: not an explosion at all, So, Chuck, it's a rapid expansion. 137 00:06:40,240 --> 00:06:41,720 Speaker 1: It wasn't the best way to think of it, as 138 00:06:41,800 --> 00:06:44,320 Speaker 1: like this so like an explosion. Right, Let's say you 139 00:06:44,360 --> 00:06:47,120 Speaker 1: have a planet and that planet is actually the universe, 140 00:06:47,160 --> 00:06:49,919 Speaker 1: and it's just floating there in space, and Darth Vader 141 00:06:49,920 --> 00:06:52,160 Speaker 1: shoots it with the Death Start and he goes right, 142 00:06:52,560 --> 00:06:56,160 Speaker 1: and it goes everywhere, starts scattering everywhere, but it's scattering 143 00:06:56,200 --> 00:06:59,000 Speaker 1: within the boundaries the confines the space as we understand it. 144 00:06:59,080 --> 00:07:02,640 Speaker 1: Sure that that would be the popular conception of what 145 00:07:02,680 --> 00:07:05,240 Speaker 1: the Big Bang represents, not at all. What the Big 146 00:07:05,240 --> 00:07:11,240 Speaker 1: Bang actually says is that space itself inflated. Yeah, it expanded, 147 00:07:11,880 --> 00:07:14,440 Speaker 1: and that all the stuff that was in it was 148 00:07:14,480 --> 00:07:22,760 Speaker 1: in this very tightly wound, dense, incredibly hot core that 149 00:07:22,880 --> 00:07:28,240 Speaker 1: was a singularity basically that expanded into the universe. That's 150 00:07:28,280 --> 00:07:29,680 Speaker 1: as big as we understand it now. 151 00:07:29,800 --> 00:07:32,800 Speaker 2: Yeah, something that was so tiny and hot, it had 152 00:07:33,640 --> 00:07:37,040 Speaker 2: an infinite amount of density because everything we know was 153 00:07:37,080 --> 00:07:41,040 Speaker 2: crammed in. You know what it's like, It's like if 154 00:07:41,080 --> 00:07:43,880 Speaker 2: Neil deGrasse Tyson listens to this, he's going to love this. Okay. 155 00:07:44,040 --> 00:07:46,400 Speaker 2: You know the little pellets that you would get with 156 00:07:46,440 --> 00:07:48,440 Speaker 2: your fireworks, a little black pellet, uh huh, and then 157 00:07:48,440 --> 00:07:51,000 Speaker 2: you light it a smoke snake and then it snakes 158 00:07:51,040 --> 00:07:53,960 Speaker 2: out to like, you know, several feet, right, That's that's 159 00:07:54,000 --> 00:07:57,240 Speaker 2: like it, except if that pellet were like thousands and 160 00:07:57,320 --> 00:08:00,400 Speaker 2: thousands and thousands of fraction of the size of ahead 161 00:08:00,440 --> 00:08:00,800 Speaker 2: of a pin. 162 00:08:01,000 --> 00:08:01,200 Speaker 3: Right. 163 00:08:02,680 --> 00:08:03,880 Speaker 1: I think that's a great analogy. 164 00:08:03,920 --> 00:08:06,680 Speaker 2: And I'm just gonna leave the room, right, and I'll 165 00:08:06,680 --> 00:08:08,400 Speaker 2: come back in forty minutes. 166 00:08:08,440 --> 00:08:11,080 Speaker 1: But even still, Chuck, take that analogy, right, when you 167 00:08:11,120 --> 00:08:15,400 Speaker 1: imagine that, you imagine that snake growing that you on 168 00:08:15,480 --> 00:08:17,800 Speaker 1: a sidewalk and maybe there's kind of grass in your 169 00:08:17,880 --> 00:08:20,000 Speaker 1: view and it's at night, and there's a car park 170 00:08:20,080 --> 00:08:23,600 Speaker 1: there because you're outside, right, Well, sure, that's where our 171 00:08:23,600 --> 00:08:26,640 Speaker 1: brain wants to take us. Yeah, we want to confine 172 00:08:27,440 --> 00:08:30,240 Speaker 1: what we know within the boundaries of our universe. What 173 00:08:30,360 --> 00:08:35,960 Speaker 1: we're talking about is the universe itself growing, yeah, expanding 174 00:08:36,120 --> 00:08:37,000 Speaker 1: in nothingness. 175 00:08:37,120 --> 00:08:39,360 Speaker 2: Yeah. And he points out in the interview. I don't 176 00:08:39,360 --> 00:08:41,079 Speaker 2: want to spoil it, but he kind of blows my 177 00:08:41,200 --> 00:08:44,240 Speaker 2: mind when he starts talking about like this goes beyond 178 00:08:44,720 --> 00:08:47,880 Speaker 2: what our human senses can understand, right, and sight and 179 00:08:47,960 --> 00:08:49,040 Speaker 2: sound like forget about it. 180 00:08:49,120 --> 00:08:51,480 Speaker 1: Yeah, And that's how nobody's gonna be able to pin 181 00:08:51,559 --> 00:08:54,439 Speaker 1: anything on us, because we'll be like, well, we just 182 00:08:54,520 --> 00:08:56,600 Speaker 1: can't comprehend that. So how could you blame us for 183 00:08:56,600 --> 00:08:57,280 Speaker 1: getting it wrong? 184 00:08:57,360 --> 00:09:02,480 Speaker 2: Yeah, so chuck, Now I'm gonna leave the room, okay, 185 00:09:02,520 --> 00:09:03,800 Speaker 2: and you need what a half an hour? 186 00:09:04,640 --> 00:09:06,000 Speaker 1: It may take a little longer than that. 187 00:09:06,559 --> 00:09:08,440 Speaker 2: Now I get parts of it, So I'll just chime 188 00:09:08,440 --> 00:09:09,400 Speaker 2: in when I feel confident. 189 00:09:09,640 --> 00:09:13,480 Speaker 1: There's a there's a line right that Strickland had in here. 190 00:09:13,960 --> 00:09:16,760 Speaker 1: It was he says that the earliest moments of the 191 00:09:16,760 --> 00:09:19,680 Speaker 1: Big Bang, all of the matter, energy and space we 192 00:09:19,720 --> 00:09:23,000 Speaker 1: could observe was compressed to an area of zero volume 193 00:09:23,040 --> 00:09:25,839 Speaker 1: and infinite density. Doesn't that sound like the line from 194 00:09:25,840 --> 00:09:28,600 Speaker 1: a religious text or something like that? Isn't it just 195 00:09:28,679 --> 00:09:31,960 Speaker 1: like right there on that border between like science and 196 00:09:32,000 --> 00:09:33,000 Speaker 1: religion basically. 197 00:09:33,160 --> 00:09:35,480 Speaker 2: Yeah. Like, and now take this drug, and everyone take 198 00:09:35,520 --> 00:09:38,040 Speaker 2: their clothes off and follow me right into the grand. 199 00:09:37,840 --> 00:09:40,160 Speaker 1: Room, and we'll understand what I'm talking about. 200 00:09:40,960 --> 00:09:44,920 Speaker 2: Yeah. And you know what, when Strickland and scientists and 201 00:09:44,960 --> 00:09:47,880 Speaker 2: cosmologists talk about that, that is what is known as 202 00:09:47,960 --> 00:09:52,240 Speaker 2: a singularity, right, that thing with zero volume and infinite density. 203 00:09:52,440 --> 00:09:53,120 Speaker 5: Right, So. 204 00:09:54,800 --> 00:09:57,240 Speaker 1: I think it bears repeating at least one more time. 205 00:09:57,440 --> 00:10:00,080 Speaker 1: What we're talking about is all of the matter, all 206 00:09:59,840 --> 00:10:02,920 Speaker 1: of the energy, all of the heat, all the radiation, 207 00:10:03,040 --> 00:10:06,480 Speaker 1: everything in the universe that is here or ever was 208 00:10:06,800 --> 00:10:09,920 Speaker 1: here over the last thirteen point roughly seven to nine 209 00:10:09,960 --> 00:10:19,360 Speaker 1: billion years, was in a point that was twenty three 210 00:10:19,640 --> 00:10:23,280 Speaker 1: orders of magnitude smaller than the diameter of an atom. 211 00:10:23,400 --> 00:10:25,600 Speaker 2: You almost you just caught yourself goanting to say, it's 212 00:10:25,640 --> 00:10:29,719 Speaker 2: like a little ball. But there's not even circularism. 213 00:10:29,120 --> 00:10:30,480 Speaker 1: Right, Yeah, is that a word? 214 00:10:30,720 --> 00:10:32,440 Speaker 2: Yes, there was nothing circular. 215 00:10:32,880 --> 00:10:36,240 Speaker 1: And so at this time, at this point, we know 216 00:10:36,320 --> 00:10:39,360 Speaker 1: that it was very, very hot. Sure makes sense, mind 217 00:10:39,400 --> 00:10:41,559 Speaker 1: bogglingly hot, Like you can't even think of all the 218 00:10:41,720 --> 00:10:46,480 Speaker 1: zeros associated with the degrees of kelvin or fahrenheit or celsius. Right, 219 00:10:46,840 --> 00:10:51,360 Speaker 1: And it was incredibly dense. And then something happened. We 220 00:10:51,440 --> 00:10:54,320 Speaker 1: don't know what that was. A science simply isn't equipped 221 00:10:54,320 --> 00:10:57,720 Speaker 1: to explain it or understand it or detect it. Something 222 00:10:57,800 --> 00:11:03,280 Speaker 1: happened to make this incredibly dense ball or whatever it was. 223 00:11:03,400 --> 00:11:07,720 Speaker 2: Yeah, there was no ball expand yes, and it was 224 00:11:07,760 --> 00:11:11,760 Speaker 2: not like the smoke snake. It wasn't a child with 225 00:11:11,840 --> 00:11:12,280 Speaker 2: a lighter. 226 00:11:12,400 --> 00:11:15,800 Speaker 1: You don't know that. Neil de grass Tyson doesn't know that. 227 00:11:15,960 --> 00:11:17,000 Speaker 1: Nobody knows that. 228 00:11:17,600 --> 00:11:22,440 Speaker 2: So this expanding happened really really really fast, and we'll 229 00:11:22,480 --> 00:11:26,520 Speaker 2: talk later about just those first few seconds afterward, like 230 00:11:26,559 --> 00:11:28,120 Speaker 2: that's how fast we're talking. 231 00:11:28,440 --> 00:11:32,560 Speaker 1: Well, few like trillionths of a second is how they 232 00:11:32,559 --> 00:11:35,520 Speaker 1: break it down, Like this, so much happened in that 233 00:11:35,600 --> 00:11:39,000 Speaker 1: first literally the first second of the origin of the universe. Yeah, 234 00:11:39,160 --> 00:11:43,520 Speaker 1: that that there are different ages and epochs that happened 235 00:11:44,080 --> 00:11:46,280 Speaker 1: in like trillions of a second. 236 00:11:46,840 --> 00:11:50,440 Speaker 2: Yeah, it's really mind blowing. So as things expanded though 237 00:11:50,480 --> 00:11:54,360 Speaker 2: in those first few seconds, and today things are still expanding, right, 238 00:11:54,400 --> 00:11:57,360 Speaker 2: Things are expanding and things are cooling down even as 239 00:11:57,360 --> 00:12:00,840 Speaker 2: we speak. Literally every second that we're on the Earth, 240 00:12:01,040 --> 00:12:05,280 Speaker 2: we're expanding, and well not us, but the universe is 241 00:12:05,280 --> 00:12:06,720 Speaker 2: expanding and cooling right exactly. 242 00:12:06,760 --> 00:12:08,640 Speaker 1: And as a matter of fact, from what I understand, 243 00:12:09,679 --> 00:12:13,560 Speaker 1: our region of the universe, which is something like ninety 244 00:12:13,600 --> 00:12:19,040 Speaker 1: billion light years across, is no longer expanding, but other 245 00:12:19,120 --> 00:12:22,400 Speaker 1: parts of the universe are expanding. And there's this really 246 00:12:22,480 --> 00:12:25,360 Speaker 1: great article about cosmology and where it stands right now. 247 00:12:25,360 --> 00:12:31,040 Speaker 1: It's in aon not cosmetology, no cosmology, Yes, and it 248 00:12:31,080 --> 00:12:32,959 Speaker 1: was written by a guy named Ross Anderson, and I 249 00:12:32,960 --> 00:12:36,800 Speaker 1: think it's called in the beginning and it's incredibly well written, 250 00:12:36,800 --> 00:12:39,559 Speaker 1: but he makes a really great analogy. He says that 251 00:12:39,559 --> 00:12:44,360 Speaker 1: that ninety billion light year across portion of the universe 252 00:12:44,400 --> 00:12:47,760 Speaker 1: that we inhabit, that we consider our own, is but 253 00:12:48,240 --> 00:12:53,720 Speaker 1: a small section of one tiny bubble that floats along 254 00:12:53,840 --> 00:12:59,480 Speaker 1: on a frothy sea whose proportions defy comprehension, and that neat. Yeah, 255 00:12:59,840 --> 00:13:02,400 Speaker 1: that's just our section of the universe, right, that's our 256 00:13:02,440 --> 00:13:07,400 Speaker 1: little neighborhood. So the universe is unknowably large. We sound 257 00:13:07,440 --> 00:13:11,200 Speaker 1: like HP Lovecraft here describing this stuff. Yeah, and still 258 00:13:11,320 --> 00:13:15,160 Speaker 1: some parts of it are expanding. And apparently in the 259 00:13:15,200 --> 00:13:19,719 Speaker 1: early universe, when it was a singularity, the four forces, 260 00:13:19,760 --> 00:13:21,720 Speaker 1: the four fundamental forces. 261 00:13:21,320 --> 00:13:25,040 Speaker 2: The Dark Side. Wait, yeah, I thought you were going 262 00:13:25,120 --> 00:13:28,160 Speaker 2: I thought you meant the Star Wars universe. I was, oh, okay, Yeah, 263 00:13:28,600 --> 00:13:31,920 Speaker 2: So the force the Dark Side, Middi, Chlorians. 264 00:13:31,360 --> 00:13:36,360 Speaker 1: And Mark Hamill's hair, Yeah, prequels the four basic forces, 265 00:13:36,440 --> 00:13:41,280 Speaker 1: as everyone knows, electromagnetism, strong nuclear force, weak nuclear force, 266 00:13:41,720 --> 00:13:44,959 Speaker 1: and gravity. Right, And that that singularity, before the universe 267 00:13:45,000 --> 00:13:49,439 Speaker 1: expanded began to expand, all of them were coupled together 268 00:13:49,480 --> 00:13:51,080 Speaker 1: into a single unified. 269 00:13:50,720 --> 00:13:53,559 Speaker 2: Force, which we don't understand how no, we. 270 00:13:53,600 --> 00:13:55,760 Speaker 1: Don't, And as a matter of fact, trying to get 271 00:13:55,920 --> 00:13:58,360 Speaker 1: them back together is one of the great pursuits of 272 00:13:58,400 --> 00:14:00,839 Speaker 1: physics because if we can figuregure out how they were 273 00:14:00,880 --> 00:14:05,400 Speaker 1: all unified, we can start to understand the science we need, 274 00:14:05,400 --> 00:14:08,480 Speaker 1: the paradigm, we need to understand the origins of the universe, 275 00:14:08,520 --> 00:14:10,440 Speaker 1: but we just can't figure out how to do it right. 276 00:14:10,720 --> 00:14:12,800 Speaker 2: Yeah. One thing that kind of blows my mind with 277 00:14:12,840 --> 00:14:14,880 Speaker 2: this is when you know, we get to the stuff 278 00:14:14,960 --> 00:14:18,680 Speaker 2: later on about does it defy other laws of physics 279 00:14:18,679 --> 00:14:22,080 Speaker 2: and stuff? Like basically every answer is like the further 280 00:14:22,160 --> 00:14:25,720 Speaker 2: you travel back toward that singularity, the less all these 281 00:14:25,800 --> 00:14:28,760 Speaker 2: rules that we think we understand apply right falls apart. Yeah, 282 00:14:28,800 --> 00:14:32,640 Speaker 2: so just you know, we will probably never understand this stuff. Yeah, 283 00:14:33,840 --> 00:14:35,600 Speaker 2: you know that very singular moment. 284 00:14:37,080 --> 00:14:40,600 Speaker 1: Yeah, I don't know. I disagree. I think I disagree. Yeah, 285 00:14:40,640 --> 00:14:44,040 Speaker 1: I think that we are maybe a century or two 286 00:14:44,120 --> 00:14:45,320 Speaker 1: away from understanding it. 287 00:14:45,600 --> 00:14:47,400 Speaker 2: Well, you just clearly pulled that out of your hat. 288 00:14:47,920 --> 00:14:50,160 Speaker 1: Well I totally did. Okay, but we've made. 289 00:14:50,400 --> 00:14:51,800 Speaker 2: Another one hundred and twenty six years. 290 00:14:51,840 --> 00:14:55,120 Speaker 1: Well, no, we've made some incredibly huge strides in the 291 00:14:55,200 --> 00:14:58,200 Speaker 1: last like one hundred and fifty two hundred years in 292 00:14:58,240 --> 00:15:01,000 Speaker 1: our understanding thus far. Right, So I think that's not 293 00:15:01,080 --> 00:15:02,200 Speaker 1: a bad guess, right, So. 294 00:15:02,400 --> 00:15:05,360 Speaker 2: Be a string theorist right to marry all these Uh. 295 00:15:05,760 --> 00:15:06,240 Speaker 1: I don't know. 296 00:15:06,600 --> 00:15:07,440 Speaker 2: Probably I don't know. 297 00:15:07,440 --> 00:15:10,400 Speaker 1: And that's what NDT said, that's what we call him, now, Yeah, 298 00:15:10,480 --> 00:15:12,240 Speaker 1: that's what he said. He was like, who knows. It 299 00:15:12,280 --> 00:15:15,280 Speaker 1: could be string theory. Maybe someone will be able to 300 00:15:15,280 --> 00:15:17,600 Speaker 1: come up with a unified theory or what's called the 301 00:15:17,600 --> 00:15:20,680 Speaker 1: theory of everything that unifies the four fundamental forces back 302 00:15:20,720 --> 00:15:25,240 Speaker 1: into their their single version of a force man. Or 303 00:15:25,640 --> 00:15:29,600 Speaker 1: maybe we just don't understand quantum physics enough quite yet. Yeah, 304 00:15:29,640 --> 00:15:32,240 Speaker 1: and when we figure that out a little more, that 305 00:15:32,320 --> 00:15:33,960 Speaker 1: will unlock some keys for us. 306 00:15:34,440 --> 00:15:35,080 Speaker 2: Unbelievable. 307 00:15:35,160 --> 00:15:38,800 Speaker 1: So chuck, before we get into how we started to 308 00:15:38,840 --> 00:15:41,520 Speaker 1: come to understand the Big Bang and the origin of 309 00:15:41,560 --> 00:15:43,720 Speaker 1: the universe, let's take a break real quick. 310 00:15:43,720 --> 00:15:45,480 Speaker 2: All right, I'm gonna go wipe my brow. 311 00:15:46,240 --> 00:16:04,680 Speaker 3: You're doing great, softly, jawsh. 312 00:16:07,680 --> 00:16:14,880 Speaker 2: So, all right, I sort of get this part. So 313 00:16:15,480 --> 00:16:17,480 Speaker 2: the history part, I'm gonna talk a little bit about it. 314 00:16:19,120 --> 00:16:20,800 Speaker 2: And this makes a lot of sense to me. Go 315 00:16:20,880 --> 00:16:22,600 Speaker 2: back in time. Let's get in the way back machine. 316 00:16:22,640 --> 00:16:30,520 Speaker 2: Oh yes, let's boy, it just feel so safe and 317 00:16:30,600 --> 00:16:31,320 Speaker 2: comfortable in here. 318 00:16:32,640 --> 00:16:33,720 Speaker 1: Thinks of kerosene. 319 00:16:33,800 --> 00:16:38,560 Speaker 2: It does, weirdly. It's eighteen hundreds and astronomers started using 320 00:16:38,600 --> 00:16:41,680 Speaker 2: something called a spectroscope, which is pretty nifty. We've talked 321 00:16:41,720 --> 00:16:45,240 Speaker 2: about light waves in here before. A spectroscope is something 322 00:16:45,280 --> 00:16:49,680 Speaker 2: that divides that light spectrum up into the wavelengths blue 323 00:16:49,720 --> 00:16:52,160 Speaker 2: on the left, red on the right, and as you 324 00:16:52,200 --> 00:16:55,840 Speaker 2: go further toward the red, the wavelengths grow longer. So 325 00:16:55,880 --> 00:17:01,120 Speaker 2: that's part one right, right, that was spec yes, the 326 00:17:01,320 --> 00:17:02,520 Speaker 2: light waves right. 327 00:17:02,560 --> 00:17:07,120 Speaker 1: And around the same time, a guy named Christian Doppler 328 00:17:08,040 --> 00:17:10,919 Speaker 1: was tinkering with the frequency of sound waves. Right. He 329 00:17:11,000 --> 00:17:13,000 Speaker 1: was studying those because. 330 00:17:12,760 --> 00:17:14,639 Speaker 2: He's a smart guy, he is. And he said, you 331 00:17:14,640 --> 00:17:16,920 Speaker 2: know what, it's weird that when I sit by a train, 332 00:17:17,640 --> 00:17:21,080 Speaker 2: it sounds different as it goes by me, approaches, then 333 00:17:21,119 --> 00:17:22,639 Speaker 2: goes by me and goes further away from me. 334 00:17:22,920 --> 00:17:25,800 Speaker 1: Right, it sounds different than that doesn't really make any sense. 335 00:17:25,920 --> 00:17:27,919 Speaker 2: Yeah, And whereas most people would just eat their figgy 336 00:17:27,920 --> 00:17:30,560 Speaker 2: pudding and go about their day, he wanted to try 337 00:17:30,600 --> 00:17:31,280 Speaker 2: and explain it. 338 00:17:31,560 --> 00:17:33,679 Speaker 1: He was like anybody else would be like this new 339 00:17:33,760 --> 00:17:35,520 Speaker 1: Charles Dickens book is top notch. 340 00:17:37,040 --> 00:17:39,720 Speaker 2: So he said, you know what, as this noise approaches you, 341 00:17:40,119 --> 00:17:42,800 Speaker 2: the sound waves it generates compress, It's going to change 342 00:17:42,800 --> 00:17:45,679 Speaker 2: that frequency, or at least how you perceive it in 343 00:17:45,720 --> 00:17:48,440 Speaker 2: a different pitch. So as it moves away from you, 344 00:17:48,880 --> 00:17:51,160 Speaker 2: those waves are going to stretch, that pitch goes down. 345 00:17:51,520 --> 00:17:54,240 Speaker 2: And I'm going to name this effect after myself. 346 00:17:53,880 --> 00:17:56,639 Speaker 1: Right, Well, I'll let my wife do it so I 347 00:17:56,680 --> 00:17:57,680 Speaker 1: don't look like a jerk. 348 00:17:58,280 --> 00:18:02,280 Speaker 2: Right. So basically, you marry these two things's light wavelengths 349 00:18:02,280 --> 00:18:05,679 Speaker 2: in the Doppler effect, and it sort of let us 350 00:18:05,720 --> 00:18:08,080 Speaker 2: down this path to where we could understand the Big 351 00:18:08,119 --> 00:18:08,520 Speaker 2: Bang theory. 352 00:18:08,600 --> 00:18:08,760 Speaker 5: Right. 353 00:18:08,760 --> 00:18:14,360 Speaker 1: It would indicate that something, something that was emitting light 354 00:18:14,480 --> 00:18:18,399 Speaker 1: out there in the universe whose light moved toward the 355 00:18:18,440 --> 00:18:22,240 Speaker 1: red end of the spectrum would be emitting longer wavelengths, 356 00:18:22,320 --> 00:18:25,960 Speaker 1: which would suggest, based on Christian Doppler's findings, that it 357 00:18:26,080 --> 00:18:27,480 Speaker 1: was moving away, right. 358 00:18:27,520 --> 00:18:30,120 Speaker 2: Yeah, And they found that. They said, look at these stars, 359 00:18:30,680 --> 00:18:34,080 Speaker 2: some of the light is falling into this right hand side, 360 00:18:34,760 --> 00:18:39,040 Speaker 2: and does that mean it's moving away and it's getting faster, right, 361 00:18:39,080 --> 00:18:40,920 Speaker 2: and that it wants to get away from us. 362 00:18:41,160 --> 00:18:44,880 Speaker 1: That's where Edwin Hubble came in. He basically said, yeah, 363 00:18:44,920 --> 00:18:47,480 Speaker 1: this is really weird, guys, because some of these stars 364 00:18:48,000 --> 00:18:51,159 Speaker 1: appear to have a velocity that's proportional to its distance 365 00:18:51,200 --> 00:18:53,280 Speaker 1: from the Earth. Like there seems to be some sort 366 00:18:53,359 --> 00:18:56,760 Speaker 1: of rhyme or reason here to it. And it suggested 367 00:18:56,840 --> 00:19:00,000 Speaker 1: to Hubble and later on to everybody else, including Einstein, 368 00:19:00,080 --> 00:19:05,240 Speaker 1: as we'll see that the universe itself was expanding, and 369 00:19:05,280 --> 00:19:08,960 Speaker 1: this is where we came to the genuine origin of 370 00:19:09,200 --> 00:19:13,240 Speaker 1: the Big Bang theory, the idea that the universe was 371 00:19:13,280 --> 00:19:16,480 Speaker 1: expanding and at a constant. 372 00:19:16,119 --> 00:19:19,159 Speaker 2: Rate too, right, yes, is that the idea is that 373 00:19:19,160 --> 00:19:19,959 Speaker 2: the Hubble constant? 374 00:19:20,040 --> 00:19:25,600 Speaker 1: No, no, no, the the Hubble constant is the proportion between, 375 00:19:25,800 --> 00:19:29,879 Speaker 1: or the relationship between how fast something is moving away 376 00:19:29,880 --> 00:19:32,480 Speaker 1: from us to its distance from us. 377 00:19:32,560 --> 00:19:34,440 Speaker 2: Well, yeah, I guess it is so constant rate. 378 00:19:36,000 --> 00:19:39,880 Speaker 1: And actually no, the universe appears to be expanding more quickly. 379 00:19:39,600 --> 00:19:40,600 Speaker 2: Than it was before. Yeah. 380 00:19:40,680 --> 00:19:43,600 Speaker 1: Yeah, yeah, so it's increasing, which is that's what makes. 381 00:19:43,480 --> 00:19:46,520 Speaker 2: A lot of people really ner relationship. Yeah, makes sense. 382 00:19:46,600 --> 00:19:49,159 Speaker 1: Yeah, the Hubble constant has to do not necessarily with 383 00:19:49,280 --> 00:19:52,320 Speaker 1: the inflation of universe itself or the expansion universe itself, 384 00:19:52,359 --> 00:19:56,040 Speaker 1: but that how far or how fast, uh say, a 385 00:19:56,119 --> 00:19:59,199 Speaker 1: star is moving away from us, and the further away 386 00:19:59,240 --> 00:20:01,600 Speaker 1: from us it is, it appears to be moving faster 387 00:20:02,200 --> 00:20:03,520 Speaker 1: than others that are closer. 388 00:20:03,680 --> 00:20:07,120 Speaker 2: Yeah, and we should point out you said inflation and 389 00:20:07,280 --> 00:20:10,600 Speaker 2: or expansion, And apparently if you're an insider, huh, if 390 00:20:10,600 --> 00:20:12,240 Speaker 2: you're a scientist, you'd probably say inflation. 391 00:20:12,480 --> 00:20:12,800 Speaker 5: Sure. 392 00:20:12,880 --> 00:20:17,199 Speaker 1: So expansion is the basis of the Big Bang theory. 393 00:20:17,320 --> 00:20:21,920 Speaker 1: It's the idea that the universe has expanded over time, 394 00:20:22,160 --> 00:20:24,359 Speaker 1: so that by logic, since time is one of the 395 00:20:24,359 --> 00:20:26,919 Speaker 1: four dimensions that we live in, right, You've got the 396 00:20:26,920 --> 00:20:30,119 Speaker 1: three dimensions plus time, so therefore space time describes the 397 00:20:30,160 --> 00:20:33,720 Speaker 1: fabric of the universe and the reality we live in. Right, 398 00:20:33,840 --> 00:20:36,639 Speaker 1: So by logic of that, if you went backward in time, 399 00:20:37,280 --> 00:20:40,679 Speaker 1: the universe would be smaller and smaller and smaller. And 400 00:20:40,720 --> 00:20:42,879 Speaker 1: the more they started looking into it, the more their 401 00:20:42,920 --> 00:20:46,200 Speaker 1: minds started popping as they realized, like, Wow, this thing 402 00:20:46,320 --> 00:20:49,480 Speaker 1: was really really small ones, and that's the basis of it. 403 00:20:49,560 --> 00:20:54,040 Speaker 1: Inflation theory comes in and suggests how that happened, how 404 00:20:54,080 --> 00:20:56,119 Speaker 1: that expansion happened, and it fills in a lot of 405 00:20:56,119 --> 00:20:58,080 Speaker 1: blanks that we'll also talk about. 406 00:20:58,720 --> 00:21:04,480 Speaker 2: Yeah, so you mentioned Einstein earlier, he's a noted smart guy. Yeah, 407 00:21:04,520 --> 00:21:08,760 Speaker 2: and he actually had some issues because it conflicted somewhat 408 00:21:08,760 --> 00:21:12,600 Speaker 2: with his general relativity theories, because he subscribed to his 409 00:21:12,640 --> 00:21:15,800 Speaker 2: own theory that the universal static, it's not expanding, right. 410 00:21:16,760 --> 00:21:18,680 Speaker 1: I think like he was like a member of the 411 00:21:18,880 --> 00:21:21,159 Speaker 1: there's a way of viewing the universe that like it 412 00:21:21,200 --> 00:21:24,080 Speaker 1: was always this way, it was always spread out this way, right, 413 00:21:24,119 --> 00:21:27,159 Speaker 1: it wasn't getting bigger, that's nuts. And so he figured 414 00:21:27,200 --> 00:21:31,080 Speaker 1: that his general theory of relativity would prove this, and 415 00:21:31,160 --> 00:21:34,160 Speaker 1: actually he was extremely surprised to find that his own 416 00:21:34,240 --> 00:21:37,520 Speaker 1: general theory of relativity actually said, no, the universe is 417 00:21:37,520 --> 00:21:40,679 Speaker 1: either expanding or contracting. It's certainly not steady. And then 418 00:21:40,800 --> 00:21:43,560 Speaker 1: Edwin Hubble came along and he had his findings in 419 00:21:43,640 --> 00:21:46,040 Speaker 1: Einstein said, you know what, I was wrong. 420 00:21:46,440 --> 00:21:48,440 Speaker 2: Yeah, that's big enough of man to admit it. 421 00:21:48,520 --> 00:21:50,040 Speaker 1: Yeah, that's the kind of guy I am. 422 00:21:50,400 --> 00:21:52,080 Speaker 2: And one day people are going to keep my brain 423 00:21:52,119 --> 00:21:53,320 Speaker 2: in a jar in a barn. 424 00:21:53,080 --> 00:21:55,000 Speaker 1: And slice it up. It's going to go on a 425 00:21:55,000 --> 00:21:57,680 Speaker 1: car trip. That was a good episode we did. 426 00:21:57,480 --> 00:21:58,879 Speaker 2: Too, Yeah did we do one on that? 427 00:21:58,960 --> 00:22:00,720 Speaker 1: Oh yeah, on its own Einstein's brain. 428 00:22:00,800 --> 00:22:02,760 Speaker 2: Oh yeah, that's right, boy. Those were the good old. 429 00:22:02,720 --> 00:22:05,040 Speaker 1: Days Einstein's Brain episodes. 430 00:22:05,200 --> 00:22:08,399 Speaker 2: Sure, yeah, all right, so let's talk about some of 431 00:22:08,440 --> 00:22:13,640 Speaker 2: the predictions that rose from the theory that the universe 432 00:22:13,720 --> 00:22:19,040 Speaker 2: is expanding. One is, and Strickland says the universe is 433 00:22:19,200 --> 00:22:22,639 Speaker 2: homogeneous and isotropic, which is a fancy way of saying 434 00:22:23,119 --> 00:22:26,320 Speaker 2: it's made up of the same materials in completely uniform. 435 00:22:26,640 --> 00:22:26,920 Speaker 5: Yeah. 436 00:22:26,960 --> 00:22:29,720 Speaker 1: Here is one of the first times we run into 437 00:22:29,760 --> 00:22:32,560 Speaker 1: something where you're like, what are you talking about. It's 438 00:22:32,600 --> 00:22:34,760 Speaker 1: funny if you read Strickland's article, and I sent him 439 00:22:34,800 --> 00:22:36,919 Speaker 1: an email saying as much that I was like, this 440 00:22:37,040 --> 00:22:39,120 Speaker 1: is really well written. Yeah, but if you just read 441 00:22:39,119 --> 00:22:41,280 Speaker 1: the words you're saying, it sounds like it was written 442 00:22:41,320 --> 00:22:43,600 Speaker 1: by someone who is totally insane. 443 00:22:43,840 --> 00:22:45,080 Speaker 2: Yeah, you know, I know. 444 00:22:45,320 --> 00:22:47,200 Speaker 1: And he makes the point too, He's like, well, yeah, 445 00:22:47,200 --> 00:22:48,679 Speaker 1: all you have to do is look out into the 446 00:22:48,720 --> 00:22:51,440 Speaker 1: Milky Way or anything like that, anything we can see 447 00:22:51,480 --> 00:22:54,240 Speaker 1: easily and see that it looks different, Like there's not 448 00:22:54,800 --> 00:22:56,879 Speaker 1: a star that looks just like our son with the 449 00:22:56,880 --> 00:22:58,480 Speaker 1: same number of planets looking around. 450 00:22:58,600 --> 00:22:58,760 Speaker 5: Right. 451 00:22:58,840 --> 00:23:02,320 Speaker 1: The point is that you look if you go out 452 00:23:02,400 --> 00:23:05,240 Speaker 1: as several orders of magnification and look at the universe 453 00:23:05,280 --> 00:23:09,680 Speaker 1: outside of any given galaxy. You're gonna see that. Actually, Yeah, 454 00:23:09,760 --> 00:23:14,000 Speaker 1: everything's distributed pretty evenly throughout the universe, and so that 455 00:23:14,080 --> 00:23:17,280 Speaker 1: makes it homogeneous. And then secondly, it's isotropic, meaning that 456 00:23:17,320 --> 00:23:20,119 Speaker 1: there is no center to the universe. There's no central point. 457 00:23:20,400 --> 00:23:22,600 Speaker 2: Yeah, which some people positive that the Earth is the 458 00:23:22,600 --> 00:23:25,639 Speaker 2: center of the universe. Well, we'll talk a little bit 459 00:23:25,680 --> 00:23:27,720 Speaker 2: about that later, Okay, but that's wrong, right. 460 00:23:28,960 --> 00:23:32,920 Speaker 1: I mean, it hasn't been disproven, but it's just extremely unlikely, 461 00:23:32,960 --> 00:23:33,280 Speaker 1: I think. 462 00:23:33,400 --> 00:23:36,359 Speaker 2: Yeah, I think it's a very human centric thing to say. 463 00:23:36,680 --> 00:23:39,320 Speaker 1: But the reason why some people say that is that 464 00:23:39,400 --> 00:23:43,560 Speaker 1: they are if you look around, that expansion that we're 465 00:23:43,600 --> 00:23:48,320 Speaker 1: seeing is everything's going away from us, which is like, 466 00:23:48,359 --> 00:23:51,000 Speaker 1: why is that happening? Like we should be going along 467 00:23:51,080 --> 00:23:55,240 Speaker 1: at least with something else. But the idea is that 468 00:23:55,320 --> 00:23:58,119 Speaker 1: we're not because we're the center of the universe. But 469 00:23:58,480 --> 00:24:01,720 Speaker 1: the implication that are so mind boggling that it's just 470 00:24:01,840 --> 00:24:05,000 Speaker 1: not possible almost, yeah, that we're actually at the center 471 00:24:05,480 --> 00:24:08,280 Speaker 1: of the universe when we're just the small segment of 472 00:24:08,320 --> 00:24:11,600 Speaker 1: a tiny bubble in a frothy sea that defies proportions. 473 00:24:11,640 --> 00:24:13,520 Speaker 1: There's no way that's the center of the universe. 474 00:24:14,960 --> 00:24:18,679 Speaker 2: So another prediction was and we talked a little bit 475 00:24:18,680 --> 00:24:22,280 Speaker 2: about the intense heat at the very first moments of 476 00:24:22,320 --> 00:24:26,399 Speaker 2: the Big Bang, and if that were true, then you 477 00:24:26,440 --> 00:24:29,840 Speaker 2: would feel and see this radiation I guess, not see it, 478 00:24:30,200 --> 00:24:32,960 Speaker 2: but you would have this radiation expanded over the entire 479 00:24:33,040 --> 00:24:35,879 Speaker 2: galaxy in roughly equal proportions. 480 00:24:35,960 --> 00:24:39,520 Speaker 1: Yeah, because again, remember the universe is homogeneous and isotropic, 481 00:24:39,640 --> 00:24:43,080 Speaker 1: so if there was radiation, it should be evenly distributed. 482 00:24:43,160 --> 00:24:45,400 Speaker 2: Yeah, there'd be like they call it an echo I've 483 00:24:45,400 --> 00:24:47,360 Speaker 2: seen described in some make circles. 484 00:24:47,440 --> 00:24:50,400 Speaker 1: Right, Okay, So apparently back in the forties they detected 485 00:24:50,400 --> 00:24:52,240 Speaker 1: this stuff and didn't know what they were looking at, 486 00:24:52,480 --> 00:24:56,080 Speaker 1: and in the sixties they figured out, holy cow, this 487 00:24:56,160 --> 00:25:00,600 Speaker 1: is the cosmic microwave background, which is basically I think 488 00:25:00,600 --> 00:25:03,560 Speaker 1: of it as more like a fingerprint, the fingerprints of 489 00:25:03,600 --> 00:25:06,920 Speaker 1: the universe, right, Yeah, and it's evenly distributed. It's this 490 00:25:07,080 --> 00:25:12,200 Speaker 1: trace radiation that's still around from the Big Bang, which 491 00:25:12,240 --> 00:25:14,639 Speaker 1: is pretty amazing. So when you put that in the 492 00:25:14,680 --> 00:25:17,920 Speaker 1: discovery that the universe does seem to be homogeneous and isotropic, 493 00:25:18,160 --> 00:25:20,880 Speaker 1: along with the fact that we discovered this cosmic radiation 494 00:25:21,040 --> 00:25:24,680 Speaker 1: background that's evenly distributed throughout the universe, it really gives 495 00:25:24,760 --> 00:25:27,600 Speaker 1: a lot of credence to the Big Bang theory, and 496 00:25:27,680 --> 00:25:32,760 Speaker 1: so too does this gravitational wave, the gravitational wave discovery. 497 00:25:32,760 --> 00:25:38,239 Speaker 1: They apparently found curls in the cosmic microwave background that 498 00:25:38,359 --> 00:25:41,800 Speaker 1: were our remnants of gravitational wave from the Big Bang too, 499 00:25:41,880 --> 00:25:44,439 Speaker 1: So it's just getting supported all over the place, and 500 00:25:44,440 --> 00:25:45,560 Speaker 1: everybody's super happy. 501 00:25:45,720 --> 00:25:48,560 Speaker 2: Yeah, there's like real observational data there, all right, we 502 00:25:48,640 --> 00:25:54,480 Speaker 2: tease those those first nano seconds, nano moments after the 503 00:25:54,480 --> 00:25:59,199 Speaker 2: Big Bang, So let's talk about them right now. The 504 00:25:59,240 --> 00:26:03,119 Speaker 2: earliest thing that scientists can even talk about like with 505 00:26:03,200 --> 00:26:06,080 Speaker 2: a straight face, like later on when they're having drinks 506 00:26:06,119 --> 00:26:09,199 Speaker 2: at the bar, that they talk about before this, right, 507 00:26:09,520 --> 00:26:12,000 Speaker 2: but if they're like on a podium in front of 508 00:26:12,040 --> 00:26:15,080 Speaker 2: an audience, yeah, they can go back as far as 509 00:26:16,680 --> 00:26:18,600 Speaker 2: I'll just say the equation, even though it will make 510 00:26:18,640 --> 00:26:24,000 Speaker 2: no sense to anyone. T equals one times ten to 511 00:26:24,119 --> 00:26:25,960 Speaker 2: the negative forty three seconds. 512 00:26:26,760 --> 00:26:31,560 Speaker 1: Man, Yes, okay, so T yeah equals the time after 513 00:26:31,640 --> 00:26:34,280 Speaker 1: the creation of the universe, yep. And as far back 514 00:26:34,280 --> 00:26:39,240 Speaker 1: as they've gone is point. 515 00:26:38,400 --> 00:26:42,480 Speaker 4: Zero zero zero zero zero zero zero zero zero zero 516 00:26:42,640 --> 00:26:46,920 Speaker 4: zero zero zero zero zero zero zero zero zero zero 517 00:26:47,160 --> 00:26:51,720 Speaker 4: zero zero zero zero zero zero zero zero zero zero 518 00:26:52,080 --> 00:26:56,600 Speaker 4: zero zero zero zero zero zero zero zero zero zero 519 00:26:56,960 --> 00:26:58,160 Speaker 4: zero zero. 520 00:26:58,119 --> 00:27:02,440 Speaker 1: One second after the creation of the universe. That's how 521 00:27:02,480 --> 00:27:04,520 Speaker 1: far back they've been able to trace the Big Bang 522 00:27:05,680 --> 00:27:09,840 Speaker 1: forty three nice work in the amazing That fraction of 523 00:27:09,920 --> 00:27:12,359 Speaker 1: one second is how far back they've been able to 524 00:27:12,359 --> 00:27:16,680 Speaker 1: figure it out. And so much happened in that first second. Chuck, 525 00:27:17,040 --> 00:27:22,520 Speaker 1: that just fractions of that fraction are, like I said before, 526 00:27:22,560 --> 00:27:26,119 Speaker 1: like different epochs in the era or the age of 527 00:27:26,160 --> 00:27:29,520 Speaker 1: the universe, like entire epochs happened in trillions of a 528 00:27:29,560 --> 00:27:30,639 Speaker 1: trillionth of a second. 529 00:27:30,720 --> 00:27:30,959 Speaker 2: I know. 530 00:27:31,240 --> 00:27:33,440 Speaker 1: It's just so mind boggling. 531 00:27:33,560 --> 00:27:33,840 Speaker 2: I know. 532 00:27:34,080 --> 00:27:36,880 Speaker 1: I love it though, Like I've really given myself over 533 00:27:36,920 --> 00:27:38,840 Speaker 1: to this. I I was fighting at first, like, well 534 00:27:38,880 --> 00:27:41,280 Speaker 1: that doesn't make sense. I don't want to how does 535 00:27:41,320 --> 00:27:43,720 Speaker 1: that make sense? And I did look plenty of stuff up, yeah, 536 00:27:43,720 --> 00:27:45,520 Speaker 1: but I also just kind of was like, I'm just 537 00:27:45,560 --> 00:27:49,200 Speaker 1: taking it to submit on faith, despite what NDT says, 538 00:27:49,280 --> 00:27:51,200 Speaker 1: like you do kind of have to take this on faith, 539 00:27:51,280 --> 00:27:54,600 Speaker 1: especially if you're not an astrophysicist. And I just kind 540 00:27:54,600 --> 00:27:56,719 Speaker 1: of gave myself over to it, and I love it. 541 00:27:56,920 --> 00:27:58,720 Speaker 2: You know what, happens when my mind gets bent like 542 00:27:58,760 --> 00:28:01,080 Speaker 2: that too far. I just have some pie. 543 00:28:01,920 --> 00:28:02,879 Speaker 1: Oh that's good stuff. 544 00:28:02,960 --> 00:28:04,679 Speaker 2: Yeah, we's kind of stare at the wall and have 545 00:28:04,760 --> 00:28:05,120 Speaker 2: some pie. 546 00:28:05,119 --> 00:28:08,639 Speaker 1: What do you recommend that matter began? Okay, so something's 547 00:28:08,680 --> 00:28:09,760 Speaker 1: super sweet not fruity. 548 00:28:10,800 --> 00:28:12,360 Speaker 2: Uh, what's a fruity pie, like a. 549 00:28:12,359 --> 00:28:13,639 Speaker 1: Cherry pie or apple pie? 550 00:28:14,000 --> 00:28:14,400 Speaker 3: Hmmm. 551 00:28:14,600 --> 00:28:17,240 Speaker 2: I like a good apple crumble pie. Oh yeah, I 552 00:28:17,280 --> 00:28:21,480 Speaker 2: do too, but not like the one with the crisscross pastry. 553 00:28:21,119 --> 00:28:24,320 Speaker 1: On top, don't. I don't really discriminate against pie. 554 00:28:24,400 --> 00:28:24,720 Speaker 2: Sure. 555 00:28:24,960 --> 00:28:30,040 Speaker 1: I tend more toward the fruity section of the pie spectrum, 556 00:28:30,080 --> 00:28:31,879 Speaker 1: and I tend to think of peacon like right in 557 00:28:31,920 --> 00:28:33,679 Speaker 1: the middle. But then on the other end you have 558 00:28:33,760 --> 00:28:36,720 Speaker 1: like your creamy and chocolate moose pies and stuff like that. 559 00:28:36,840 --> 00:28:38,640 Speaker 1: I tend to be on the other side a little or. 560 00:28:38,680 --> 00:28:40,000 Speaker 2: Good lemon pie, lemon ice. 561 00:28:40,400 --> 00:28:41,080 Speaker 1: That's good stuff. 562 00:28:41,160 --> 00:28:43,720 Speaker 2: What I don't get is the cheddar on the apple pie. 563 00:28:43,760 --> 00:28:44,560 Speaker 1: I've never gotten that. 564 00:28:44,800 --> 00:28:46,720 Speaker 2: I've never tried it. Maybe I should. 565 00:28:46,800 --> 00:28:48,440 Speaker 1: Those people are obviously crazy. 566 00:28:48,520 --> 00:28:51,200 Speaker 2: I like sweet and savory together, so maybe I should 567 00:28:51,200 --> 00:28:53,760 Speaker 2: give it a whirl. Oh yeah, you have to start 568 00:28:53,800 --> 00:28:54,560 Speaker 2: talking about this again. 569 00:28:54,600 --> 00:28:56,720 Speaker 1: Dip a French prye in a frosty and call it 570 00:28:56,800 --> 00:28:57,200 Speaker 1: a day. 571 00:28:57,480 --> 00:29:00,600 Speaker 2: All right. So at that point that you described, you know, 572 00:29:00,680 --> 00:29:04,080 Speaker 2: don't say all the zeros again, But at that point 573 00:29:04,560 --> 00:29:08,040 Speaker 2: the universe was tiny, tiny, tiny and small and dense 574 00:29:08,080 --> 00:29:12,200 Speaker 2: and hot, and the area of the universe spanned a 575 00:29:12,240 --> 00:29:15,400 Speaker 2: region of about three point nine by ten to thirty 576 00:29:15,440 --> 00:29:18,440 Speaker 2: four inches everything. 577 00:29:18,400 --> 00:29:24,000 Speaker 1: And that area right ten to the negative thirty three centimeters. Again, 578 00:29:24,200 --> 00:29:27,640 Speaker 1: the average diameter of an atom or roughly something like 579 00:29:27,680 --> 00:29:30,680 Speaker 1: that is ten to the negative ten. Yeah, this is 580 00:29:30,760 --> 00:29:34,640 Speaker 1: that much smaller than an atom. And everything that's in 581 00:29:34,680 --> 00:29:38,960 Speaker 1: the universe now was encapsulated in that tiny little thing, 582 00:29:39,000 --> 00:29:39,680 Speaker 1: whatever it was. 583 00:29:40,400 --> 00:29:40,840 Speaker 2: That's right. 584 00:29:41,560 --> 00:29:45,440 Speaker 1: And again, like surely astrophysicists and cosmologists when they were 585 00:29:45,520 --> 00:29:49,720 Speaker 1: coming up with these calculations are like this can't be right. Yeah, 586 00:29:49,760 --> 00:29:52,720 Speaker 1: and I guess over time they were like, it seems 587 00:29:52,760 --> 00:29:53,240 Speaker 1: to be right. 588 00:29:53,360 --> 00:29:53,560 Speaker 2: Yeah. 589 00:29:53,640 --> 00:29:57,240 Speaker 1: Either we're all just totally off our rockers and really 590 00:29:57,560 --> 00:30:00,320 Speaker 1: somebody forgot to carry one and everybody forgot the carry 591 00:30:00,360 --> 00:30:03,959 Speaker 1: you one, or this is really how things started, and 592 00:30:04,040 --> 00:30:05,640 Speaker 1: it's just mind boggling to think. 593 00:30:05,880 --> 00:30:09,080 Speaker 2: All right. So in that very first, first, first, first moment, 594 00:30:10,360 --> 00:30:14,000 Speaker 2: theorists think that those four primary forces that we mentioned 595 00:30:14,000 --> 00:30:17,120 Speaker 2: are still hanging together. Sure, they were still united, and 596 00:30:17,160 --> 00:30:21,120 Speaker 2: that matter and energy were inseparable at this point. 597 00:30:20,880 --> 00:30:22,880 Speaker 1: Which is another don't feel bad if like you're sitting 598 00:30:22,920 --> 00:30:23,800 Speaker 1: there going like, how. 599 00:30:23,640 --> 00:30:25,480 Speaker 2: Is that possible? No one knows. 600 00:30:25,560 --> 00:30:28,920 Speaker 1: Yeah, they just see, like the calculations bear that out. 601 00:30:29,120 --> 00:30:31,080 Speaker 1: Is another way to put it, you know, that's right, 602 00:30:31,120 --> 00:30:33,640 Speaker 1: But that's how it was. Matter and energy were one 603 00:30:33,640 --> 00:30:34,360 Speaker 1: and the same. 604 00:30:34,840 --> 00:30:37,640 Speaker 2: And askings expanded. We'll go into these in detail. We 605 00:30:37,720 --> 00:30:43,200 Speaker 2: go through something called bariogenesis, particle cosmology, and then standard cosmology. Right, 606 00:30:43,240 --> 00:30:46,760 Speaker 2: and as this time passes, things become a little more 607 00:30:48,040 --> 00:30:50,400 Speaker 2: easy to understand. And when I say easy to understand, 608 00:30:50,400 --> 00:30:53,280 Speaker 2: I mean extremely difficult, but at least at least your 609 00:30:53,320 --> 00:30:54,240 Speaker 2: mind can wrap around it. 610 00:30:54,360 --> 00:30:57,040 Speaker 1: Yeah, start too, at least right. Yeah, So remember we 611 00:30:57,080 --> 00:30:59,560 Speaker 1: started at tea, which is the time after the creation 612 00:30:59,600 --> 00:31:01,560 Speaker 1: of the universe. T equals one times ten to the 613 00:31:01,560 --> 00:31:02,800 Speaker 1: negative forty three seconds. 614 00:31:02,880 --> 00:31:03,040 Speaker 5: Yeah. 615 00:31:03,920 --> 00:31:07,400 Speaker 1: The next the next big part where things start and 616 00:31:07,440 --> 00:31:11,920 Speaker 1: actually in between the two gravities separated from the from 617 00:31:12,000 --> 00:31:13,320 Speaker 1: the four fundamental forces. 618 00:31:13,400 --> 00:31:14,800 Speaker 2: Yeah, just a little thing like that. 619 00:31:14,800 --> 00:31:18,520 Speaker 1: Right, But the next big one that came along was 620 00:31:18,560 --> 00:31:22,560 Speaker 1: at ten to the negative thirty six seconds, and this 621 00:31:22,600 --> 00:31:26,080 Speaker 1: is where bariogenesis happened. And around this time also, this 622 00:31:26,160 --> 00:31:30,240 Speaker 1: is where the electro week, which is electromagnetic and weak 623 00:31:30,280 --> 00:31:34,560 Speaker 1: force combined together, separated from the strong magnetic force. And 624 00:31:34,600 --> 00:31:38,440 Speaker 1: apparently here at that ten to the negative thirty six 625 00:31:38,520 --> 00:31:43,080 Speaker 1: power seconds, that was where inflation happened. That's that's where 626 00:31:43,080 --> 00:31:44,440 Speaker 1: the expansion began. 627 00:31:44,400 --> 00:31:47,160 Speaker 2: Right, And that's where we actually could begin to observe 628 00:31:47,520 --> 00:31:48,480 Speaker 2: some kind of matter. 629 00:31:49,280 --> 00:31:52,040 Speaker 1: Yeah, and they think that what happened was a tremendous 630 00:31:52,080 --> 00:31:54,840 Speaker 1: amount of matter and anti matter were created. 631 00:31:55,080 --> 00:31:56,920 Speaker 2: Yeah, but that and we did it. 632 00:31:57,480 --> 00:31:59,480 Speaker 1: I don't remember a lot of about the details, but 633 00:31:59,520 --> 00:32:05,760 Speaker 1: remember we a podcast on antimatter spacecraft, how amazing those were. 634 00:32:05,760 --> 00:32:09,800 Speaker 1: But antimatter and matter like to just destroy each other 635 00:32:09,840 --> 00:32:14,560 Speaker 1: and effectively cancel one another out. But apparently at the 636 00:32:14,560 --> 00:32:17,080 Speaker 1: beginning of the universe, at the origin of the universe, 637 00:32:17,120 --> 00:32:20,200 Speaker 1: it's suggested by this that there was a slight imbalance 638 00:32:20,640 --> 00:32:23,840 Speaker 1: in whatever makes matter and whatever makes antimatter, so that 639 00:32:24,000 --> 00:32:29,600 Speaker 1: there was slightly more matter that was created than antimatter, 640 00:32:29,800 --> 00:32:33,280 Speaker 1: which is that right, so that that stuff survived. Had 641 00:32:33,280 --> 00:32:35,600 Speaker 1: the balance been the other direction, there'd be slightly more 642 00:32:35,640 --> 00:32:38,000 Speaker 1: antimatter than matter now, and who knows what kind of 643 00:32:38,000 --> 00:32:40,120 Speaker 1: loopy bizarro universe that would. 644 00:32:39,880 --> 00:32:42,800 Speaker 2: Have created, or if there would have been anything at all. 645 00:32:43,120 --> 00:32:46,239 Speaker 1: So all that matter that survived is the matter that 646 00:32:46,280 --> 00:32:49,880 Speaker 1: we see in the universe now, and that's a lot 647 00:32:49,920 --> 00:32:52,840 Speaker 1: of matter. So imagine, since this is just a tiny 648 00:32:52,920 --> 00:32:56,200 Speaker 1: fraction of the matter that was created and destroyed by 649 00:32:56,200 --> 00:32:59,080 Speaker 1: the antimatter that was also created, how much matter and 650 00:32:59,120 --> 00:33:03,040 Speaker 1: antimatter was created at ten to the negative thirty six seconds? Yeah, 651 00:33:03,320 --> 00:33:04,600 Speaker 1: through barriogenesis. 652 00:33:04,680 --> 00:33:06,040 Speaker 2: Again, it's just mind boggling. 653 00:33:06,160 --> 00:33:09,800 Speaker 1: And that was the result chuck of energy and matter 654 00:33:10,280 --> 00:33:11,200 Speaker 1: uncoupling as well. 655 00:33:11,280 --> 00:33:13,480 Speaker 2: Right, that's right, okay, all right, and this is the 656 00:33:13,520 --> 00:33:17,240 Speaker 2: point where we can actually start to you know, we 657 00:33:17,480 --> 00:33:20,400 Speaker 2: did one on the Large Hadrink collider. It's a particle accelerator, 658 00:33:20,440 --> 00:33:22,560 Speaker 2: the biggest and best that we have, yeah, on the Earth. 659 00:33:22,880 --> 00:33:25,880 Speaker 2: And this is where you can actually use a particle 660 00:33:25,880 --> 00:33:29,760 Speaker 2: accelerator to recreate and look at this stuff, right, so 661 00:33:29,800 --> 00:33:31,960 Speaker 2: we can actually observe this at this point. 662 00:33:31,920 --> 00:33:35,480 Speaker 1: Yeah, we can smash things together and be like kaboom, 663 00:33:35,920 --> 00:33:41,560 Speaker 1: look at that early universe. That's what they do, Sara. 664 00:33:42,280 --> 00:33:45,280 Speaker 2: Oh yeah, huh. All right, well, people should listen to 665 00:33:45,320 --> 00:33:47,240 Speaker 2: that one too, by the way, Oh yeah, that would 666 00:33:47,280 --> 00:33:48,520 Speaker 2: be a good like primer. 667 00:33:48,720 --> 00:33:50,360 Speaker 1: That was the one where we wondered whether it was 668 00:33:50,400 --> 00:33:51,680 Speaker 1: gonna end the universe or not. 669 00:33:52,080 --> 00:33:55,000 Speaker 2: Right, it did not not yet. So at this point 670 00:33:55,040 --> 00:33:58,120 Speaker 2: there is still no light. Things are two dents, and 671 00:33:58,200 --> 00:34:02,240 Speaker 2: it is still just a dark dent area, right exactly. 672 00:34:02,680 --> 00:34:09,160 Speaker 1: And about I think during the particle cosmology epoch, the 673 00:34:09,200 --> 00:34:13,560 Speaker 1: electromagnetic force and the weak force breakoff into separate forces, that's. 674 00:34:13,480 --> 00:34:16,480 Speaker 2: Right, and we still can't at this point. These subatomic 675 00:34:16,560 --> 00:34:20,600 Speaker 2: particles still can't bond. They're there, they can form, right, 676 00:34:20,640 --> 00:34:22,600 Speaker 2: but they can't hook up and party. 677 00:34:22,719 --> 00:34:26,640 Speaker 1: Right exactly. That actually didn't start to take place until 678 00:34:26,680 --> 00:34:29,920 Speaker 1: we reach the standard cosmology age, which is the age 679 00:34:30,040 --> 00:34:33,080 Speaker 1: that I believe we're in now, right. 680 00:34:33,000 --> 00:34:36,400 Speaker 2: Yeah, which started point oh one seconds after the initial bang. 681 00:34:36,239 --> 00:34:38,640 Speaker 1: Right one hundredth of a second. So we've gone through 682 00:34:38,840 --> 00:34:41,040 Speaker 1: that many ages and we haven't even mentioned them all 683 00:34:41,200 --> 00:34:44,280 Speaker 1: now in those that within that first second. 684 00:34:44,480 --> 00:34:46,160 Speaker 2: Yeah, it's crazy, it is crazy. 685 00:34:46,239 --> 00:34:50,800 Speaker 1: So that standard cosmology this is about where the astrophysicists 686 00:34:50,800 --> 00:34:53,920 Speaker 1: and cosmologists say, we understand it from about here on 687 00:34:54,000 --> 00:34:57,160 Speaker 1: out right. Everything else is a little shaky, but we've 688 00:34:57,160 --> 00:35:00,760 Speaker 1: got some observational data that backs it up. But here 689 00:35:00,920 --> 00:35:05,480 Speaker 1: is where neutrons and protons were formed, and a little 690 00:35:05,520 --> 00:35:08,160 Speaker 1: after that they started to be able to form nuclei 691 00:35:09,000 --> 00:35:14,000 Speaker 1: through nucleosynthesis, right, and they would ultimately be the building 692 00:35:14,040 --> 00:35:14,960 Speaker 1: blocks of atoms. 693 00:35:15,160 --> 00:35:19,719 Speaker 2: Right. So at this point, things are still expanding and 694 00:35:19,760 --> 00:35:23,879 Speaker 2: cooling at a rapid rate, and we can actually there 695 00:35:23,880 --> 00:35:27,480 Speaker 2: are no atoms yet. But like you said, it's too 696 00:35:27,520 --> 00:35:30,359 Speaker 2: hot at this point for electrons to complete that process, right, 697 00:35:30,760 --> 00:35:32,040 Speaker 2: still too hot in the hot tub. 698 00:35:32,160 --> 00:35:35,200 Speaker 1: Yeah, I mean after one hundred seconds, the universe had 699 00:35:35,280 --> 00:35:38,920 Speaker 1: cooled to a temperature cooled after one hundred seconds to 700 00:35:39,000 --> 00:35:42,040 Speaker 1: one point eight billion degrees farentheight or a billion degrees 701 00:35:42,080 --> 00:35:45,520 Speaker 1: since celsius. That was how hot it was still after 702 00:35:45,640 --> 00:35:46,719 Speaker 1: one hundred seconds. 703 00:35:47,360 --> 00:35:50,080 Speaker 2: Should we take another break here? Let's all right, let's 704 00:35:50,080 --> 00:35:52,960 Speaker 2: do that and we'll come back and explain the rest 705 00:35:53,000 --> 00:35:57,520 Speaker 2: of it in great easy to understand detail. 706 00:36:11,040 --> 00:36:14,320 Speaker 5: Man soft wee jaw shu. 707 00:36:17,560 --> 00:36:17,960 Speaker 4: Soft. 708 00:36:22,880 --> 00:36:25,320 Speaker 2: All right, buddy, when we left off, things were expanding 709 00:36:25,320 --> 00:36:26,240 Speaker 2: and cooling. 710 00:36:26,520 --> 00:36:29,600 Speaker 1: And they still are actually the end yep, nope, good 711 00:36:29,680 --> 00:36:31,320 Speaker 1: night everyone. 712 00:36:31,280 --> 00:36:33,399 Speaker 2: And everyone hears Neil degrass tyson. 713 00:36:33,640 --> 00:36:37,440 Speaker 1: That take us home. So uh fifty six thousand years 714 00:36:37,520 --> 00:36:41,480 Speaker 1: after the creation of the universe, or after the Big Bang, 715 00:36:43,960 --> 00:36:47,240 Speaker 1: we were at a temperature of fifteen thousand, seven hundred 716 00:36:47,239 --> 00:36:49,919 Speaker 1: and forty degrees farentheit nice and cool or eighty seven 717 00:36:49,960 --> 00:36:53,879 Speaker 1: hundred and twenty six degrees celsius. Right after another three 718 00:36:53,920 --> 00:36:56,120 Speaker 1: hundred and twenty four thousand years, So at three hundred 719 00:36:56,120 --> 00:36:59,440 Speaker 1: and eighty thousand years after it had cooled down to 720 00:37:00,040 --> 00:37:03,040 Speaker 1: four thousand, just under five thousand degrees fahrenheight and just 721 00:37:03,160 --> 00:37:08,400 Speaker 1: under three thousand degrees celsius, and finally here atoms started 722 00:37:08,400 --> 00:37:14,120 Speaker 1: to form because protons and electrons could combine. And the 723 00:37:14,160 --> 00:37:18,719 Speaker 1: other thing that happened to was the density had expanded 724 00:37:18,719 --> 00:37:21,200 Speaker 1: out enough, the volume had increases a better way to 725 00:37:21,200 --> 00:37:24,280 Speaker 1: put it, and the temperature had cooled so that suddenly 726 00:37:24,400 --> 00:37:27,359 Speaker 1: the universe was now transparent. We could see through it. 727 00:37:27,640 --> 00:37:30,120 Speaker 1: Up to this point, at three hundred and seventy nine 728 00:37:30,120 --> 00:37:32,480 Speaker 1: thousand years, you still couldn't see through it. It was too 729 00:37:32,520 --> 00:37:34,880 Speaker 1: dense and too hot. And at about three hundred and 730 00:37:34,920 --> 00:37:37,319 Speaker 1: eighty thousand years it hits that point and you can 731 00:37:37,360 --> 00:37:38,480 Speaker 1: see it like we do now. 732 00:37:38,600 --> 00:37:41,760 Speaker 2: Yeah, we finally have light. At that point, those cosmic 733 00:37:41,800 --> 00:37:46,120 Speaker 2: microwave background radiation was that we talked about earlier. It's 734 00:37:46,160 --> 00:37:49,359 Speaker 2: locked in. I don't think we mentioned earlier where we're 735 00:37:49,360 --> 00:37:51,800 Speaker 2: at now temperature wise, Just to kind of put it 736 00:37:51,880 --> 00:37:57,520 Speaker 2: in perspective, we currently are at roughly negative four hundred 737 00:37:57,640 --> 00:38:01,080 Speaker 2: and fifty four point eight degrees fahrenheit negative two seventy 738 00:38:01,080 --> 00:38:02,200 Speaker 2: point four degree celsius. 739 00:38:02,239 --> 00:38:04,719 Speaker 1: Yeah, that's the temperature of space right now, right, yeah, yeah, 740 00:38:04,800 --> 00:38:07,279 Speaker 1: so it's definitely cool. Apparently it's still cooling, like, it's 741 00:38:07,320 --> 00:38:10,960 Speaker 1: still not at absolute zero yet, which is the lowest 742 00:38:11,000 --> 00:38:16,680 Speaker 1: temperature or the lowest activity that atoms will move at ever. Right, 743 00:38:16,800 --> 00:38:19,719 Speaker 1: So it's still cooling and still expanding. 744 00:38:20,560 --> 00:38:23,360 Speaker 2: All right, So here's when things really heat up or 745 00:38:23,360 --> 00:38:27,400 Speaker 2: I guess really cool down. Sorry, bad fun. Strickland points 746 00:38:27,400 --> 00:38:29,920 Speaker 2: out for the next hundred million years or so, this 747 00:38:29,960 --> 00:38:33,920 Speaker 2: is when the universe is really cooling. It's expanding, and 748 00:38:33,960 --> 00:38:39,440 Speaker 2: then you have matter clusters together, yeah, eventually forms gas. 749 00:38:39,480 --> 00:38:41,399 Speaker 2: And this is the quick view. We'll dive into it. 750 00:38:42,160 --> 00:38:46,879 Speaker 2: Those gases form stars, so stars cluster into galaxies, those 751 00:38:46,920 --> 00:38:50,880 Speaker 2: galaxies cluster together into solar systems. Right, that's the overview. 752 00:38:51,200 --> 00:38:53,839 Speaker 1: And so what they think happened was because this really 753 00:38:53,880 --> 00:38:55,560 Speaker 1: doesn't make any sense. As a matter of fact, one 754 00:38:55,560 --> 00:38:58,280 Speaker 1: of the criticisms of big bang theories that it violates 755 00:38:58,320 --> 00:39:02,360 Speaker 1: the law of entropy, that organizations become more disordered and 756 00:39:02,440 --> 00:39:06,120 Speaker 1: chaotic over time, and the idea that planets and galaxies 757 00:39:06,120 --> 00:39:09,960 Speaker 1: and things formed became more that's the opposite, right exactly, 758 00:39:10,840 --> 00:39:13,480 Speaker 1: And so they've really kind of looked into how anything 759 00:39:13,480 --> 00:39:16,080 Speaker 1: would have formed at all, and what they think happened 760 00:39:16,120 --> 00:39:18,920 Speaker 1: was that back in say the ten to the negative 761 00:39:18,960 --> 00:39:26,600 Speaker 1: forty three second era, there were quantum fluctuations, little vacuum 762 00:39:26,680 --> 00:39:32,480 Speaker 1: energy fluctuations within this universe, this tiny little universe, and 763 00:39:32,480 --> 00:39:37,239 Speaker 1: that as the universe expanded very quickly, those fluctuations grew 764 00:39:37,320 --> 00:39:41,520 Speaker 1: tremendously in size, and the vacuum energy in the cosmic 765 00:39:42,320 --> 00:39:46,680 Speaker 1: microwave background, those little fluctuations that are on there were 766 00:39:47,080 --> 00:39:50,040 Speaker 1: just different enough from the other spots in the universe 767 00:39:50,360 --> 00:39:55,840 Speaker 1: that they had slightly more density and thus exerted slightly 768 00:39:55,840 --> 00:39:59,680 Speaker 1: more gravitational pull than other areas, and so more matters 769 00:39:59,719 --> 00:40:02,520 Speaker 1: so attract around them, and they started to form stars, 770 00:40:02,880 --> 00:40:06,080 Speaker 1: and the stars started to form galaxies and planets started 771 00:40:06,120 --> 00:40:08,239 Speaker 1: to form around them, and all of a sudden, what 772 00:40:08,360 --> 00:40:11,960 Speaker 1: had just started out as little vacuum energy became ultimately 773 00:40:12,440 --> 00:40:18,439 Speaker 1: universal hotspots where you could find matter clustered together, which 774 00:40:18,480 --> 00:40:20,919 Speaker 1: explains why so much of it is deep of deep 775 00:40:20,960 --> 00:40:24,480 Speaker 1: space is just void, and why some of it has stuff. 776 00:40:24,719 --> 00:40:28,680 Speaker 1: Apparently it all began with these little, tiny quantum fluctuations 777 00:40:29,120 --> 00:40:32,319 Speaker 1: way back trillions of a trillions of a second after 778 00:40:32,360 --> 00:40:33,400 Speaker 1: the universe was created. 779 00:40:33,800 --> 00:40:36,880 Speaker 2: So like a really cool dude at a party the 780 00:40:36,920 --> 00:40:39,880 Speaker 2: size of all humankind, and he's so cool that people 781 00:40:39,920 --> 00:40:42,399 Speaker 2: start hanging out with him, and that his party grows 782 00:40:42,440 --> 00:40:44,160 Speaker 2: a little bigger. Sure, is that a good way to 783 00:40:44,200 --> 00:40:44,799 Speaker 2: describe it? 784 00:40:44,880 --> 00:40:47,480 Speaker 1: I think that's better than anybody could ever hope to. 785 00:40:47,760 --> 00:40:52,200 Speaker 2: So it's an attraction basically that drew things together ever 786 00:40:52,280 --> 00:40:56,040 Speaker 2: so slightly enough to form larger bodies and then larger bodies. 787 00:40:56,120 --> 00:40:57,759 Speaker 1: Yeah, And the reason why they think this happened is 788 00:40:57,800 --> 00:41:02,839 Speaker 1: because these tiny little fluctuations, little little details in these 789 00:41:02,880 --> 00:41:09,000 Speaker 1: little this little universe grow bigger over time, right, especially 790 00:41:09,080 --> 00:41:12,840 Speaker 1: if you look at this inflation growing as a process 791 00:41:12,880 --> 00:41:16,919 Speaker 1: of time rather than just like volume expansion. It's also 792 00:41:17,360 --> 00:41:20,560 Speaker 1: time is a dimension to it, right, Yeah, So it 793 00:41:20,640 --> 00:41:24,520 Speaker 1: makes total sense in that just these little things would 794 00:41:24,560 --> 00:41:27,080 Speaker 1: get bigger as the universe itself got bigger too. 795 00:41:27,520 --> 00:41:30,239 Speaker 2: Well, does that mean that the universe and being coy here, 796 00:41:30,239 --> 00:41:33,439 Speaker 2: does that mean the universe will ever expand for all 797 00:41:33,480 --> 00:41:35,279 Speaker 2: of time infinitely? 798 00:41:35,360 --> 00:41:38,520 Speaker 1: So I mean you're talking about like that debate, right, Yeah, Yeah, 799 00:41:38,560 --> 00:41:40,960 Speaker 1: there's a whole debate over whether or not it's ever 800 00:41:41,040 --> 00:41:43,000 Speaker 1: going to stop, and all of it comes down to 801 00:41:43,560 --> 00:41:46,480 Speaker 1: how much matters in the universe, which we don't quite 802 00:41:46,520 --> 00:41:46,919 Speaker 1: know yet. 803 00:41:47,040 --> 00:41:47,440 Speaker 2: That's right. 804 00:41:47,480 --> 00:41:51,040 Speaker 1: When they calculate the matter we do know about, they 805 00:41:51,080 --> 00:41:53,440 Speaker 1: realize that there's actually some that you can't account for, 806 00:41:53,719 --> 00:41:56,640 Speaker 1: and that's dark matter, because we know that there's something 807 00:41:56,719 --> 00:42:00,960 Speaker 1: that's making stars behave differently, or there's clearly some matter 808 00:42:01,000 --> 00:42:03,919 Speaker 1: that we can't detect that's out there, So we can't 809 00:42:03,920 --> 00:42:05,680 Speaker 1: account for all the matter in the universe. So we 810 00:42:05,719 --> 00:42:07,719 Speaker 1: don't know how much matters in the universe. 811 00:42:07,520 --> 00:42:10,120 Speaker 2: Right, But the idea is if there's enough, then that 812 00:42:10,200 --> 00:42:13,440 Speaker 2: gravity will reverse and things will start to contract again, right. 813 00:42:13,400 --> 00:42:16,719 Speaker 1: Right, because gravity is this force that attracts matter to 814 00:42:16,920 --> 00:42:20,680 Speaker 1: other matter, and yeah, eventually, if there's enough matter, it'll 815 00:42:20,760 --> 00:42:25,040 Speaker 1: it'll it'll counteract that expansive force that came out of it, 816 00:42:25,239 --> 00:42:28,560 Speaker 1: and then yeah, probably will either stop. Is one school 817 00:42:28,600 --> 00:42:32,120 Speaker 1: of thought, or the universe will contract and form what's 818 00:42:32,120 --> 00:42:35,440 Speaker 1: called the Big Crunch. And some people say that's what 819 00:42:35,440 --> 00:42:38,200 Speaker 1: our universe is. It's just the cycle of expansion and 820 00:42:38,239 --> 00:42:42,359 Speaker 1: contraction that takes place over many billions of years. But 821 00:42:42,440 --> 00:42:47,440 Speaker 1: we're just one part of a cycle that is ongoing, 822 00:42:47,800 --> 00:42:48,600 Speaker 1: perhaps forever. 823 00:42:49,040 --> 00:42:50,759 Speaker 2: It makes it sound when we talk about like that. 824 00:42:50,800 --> 00:42:53,000 Speaker 2: It makes it sound like the universe is just breathing. 825 00:42:53,680 --> 00:42:54,520 Speaker 1: It does, doesn't it. 826 00:42:54,640 --> 00:42:56,919 Speaker 2: Yeah, yeah, in a creepy way. 827 00:42:57,800 --> 00:43:00,359 Speaker 1: And Chuck, that has to do also the reason why 828 00:43:00,360 --> 00:43:05,000 Speaker 1: they don't know if it's going to keep expanding or contracting. 829 00:43:05,200 --> 00:43:07,680 Speaker 1: They don't know if it's what's called the closed universe 830 00:43:08,080 --> 00:43:11,799 Speaker 1: with positive curvature or one with negative curvature. Right, And 831 00:43:11,840 --> 00:43:15,720 Speaker 1: it also has to do with the shape of space 832 00:43:15,880 --> 00:43:19,000 Speaker 1: to a certain degree. And Strickland also wrote a really 833 00:43:19,040 --> 00:43:21,200 Speaker 1: top notch article called does space have a shape? 834 00:43:21,280 --> 00:43:22,759 Speaker 2: Yeah? That's it really is. 835 00:43:23,760 --> 00:43:28,160 Speaker 1: And something from studying this that they figured out is 836 00:43:28,160 --> 00:43:32,320 Speaker 1: that really it doesn't seem like it has a positive 837 00:43:32,480 --> 00:43:35,000 Speaker 1: or a negative curvature. It seems flat. It seems like 838 00:43:35,000 --> 00:43:37,719 Speaker 1: it has a zero curvature. And this is what's called 839 00:43:37,760 --> 00:43:40,960 Speaker 1: the flat problem of the Big Bang theory. Why should 840 00:43:41,000 --> 00:43:44,080 Speaker 1: it be flat. That doesn't make any sense because if 841 00:43:44,080 --> 00:43:48,680 Speaker 1: you look at the spectrum between positive curvature and negative curvature, 842 00:43:49,160 --> 00:43:52,000 Speaker 1: there's a lot of places on that spectrum where the 843 00:43:52,080 --> 00:43:54,600 Speaker 1: universe could fall one way or the other. But it's 844 00:43:54,640 --> 00:43:58,319 Speaker 1: so close to the middle that astrophysicists and cosmologists have 845 00:43:58,440 --> 00:44:01,880 Speaker 1: no idea if it's positive or negative in its curvature, 846 00:44:02,360 --> 00:44:06,040 Speaker 1: and they've started to wonder, like, why should we be 847 00:44:06,320 --> 00:44:09,080 Speaker 1: almost exactly in the middle. It doesn't make any sense. 848 00:44:09,520 --> 00:44:14,600 Speaker 1: It would suggest that the early universe was so finely 849 00:44:14,640 --> 00:44:19,160 Speaker 1: tuned that we're only slightly off of center. So it 850 00:44:19,200 --> 00:44:22,000 Speaker 1: would have had to have started almost completely at center, 851 00:44:22,200 --> 00:44:26,200 Speaker 1: because remember, small fluctuations grow bigger and bigger over time 852 00:44:26,280 --> 00:44:29,160 Speaker 1: and on a larger scale. So since we're still so 853 00:44:29,320 --> 00:44:32,120 Speaker 1: close to center right now, with the universe as big 854 00:44:32,160 --> 00:44:33,799 Speaker 1: as it is, it would have had to have been 855 00:44:33,840 --> 00:44:36,480 Speaker 1: basically on top of exactly in the middle between a 856 00:44:36,520 --> 00:44:40,440 Speaker 1: closed and or a negative and a positive curvature at 857 00:44:40,440 --> 00:44:43,320 Speaker 1: the very beginning of it, which is kind of puzzling 858 00:44:43,320 --> 00:44:46,560 Speaker 1: in and of itself. That's like, well, that indicates some 859 00:44:46,600 --> 00:44:49,160 Speaker 1: sort of weird fine tuning. So does that mean that 860 00:44:49,200 --> 00:44:52,239 Speaker 1: the astrophysicists are off a little bit and their own 861 00:44:52,320 --> 00:44:55,239 Speaker 1: fine tuning of the Big Bang theory and inflation or 862 00:44:55,360 --> 00:44:58,360 Speaker 1: what who knows? Or is there a little kid with 863 00:44:58,440 --> 00:45:01,640 Speaker 1: a lighter who set the snake off? That's right, and 864 00:45:01,680 --> 00:45:03,480 Speaker 1: the snake was very well manufactured. 865 00:45:04,600 --> 00:45:07,440 Speaker 2: Well, that's just one thing that we can't quite explain. 866 00:45:08,120 --> 00:45:10,440 Speaker 2: We talked earlier about the fact that at the very 867 00:45:10,440 --> 00:45:13,840 Speaker 2: beginning that the Big Bang theory wasn't meant to address 868 00:45:14,400 --> 00:45:18,040 Speaker 2: a lot of questions, one of which is that we 869 00:45:18,120 --> 00:45:21,160 Speaker 2: touched on was what happened before the Big Bang? And 870 00:45:21,200 --> 00:45:22,040 Speaker 2: we just don't know. 871 00:45:22,200 --> 00:45:24,040 Speaker 1: It doesn't even try it doesn't. 872 00:45:24,760 --> 00:45:27,919 Speaker 2: It can't, right, Yeah, that, like trying to explain time 873 00:45:27,960 --> 00:45:31,720 Speaker 2: before timing existed is futile. 874 00:45:31,440 --> 00:45:34,120 Speaker 1: Right because you get into stuff that I just suggested, 875 00:45:34,160 --> 00:45:37,279 Speaker 1: which is basically amounts to intelligent design or whatever, and 876 00:45:37,400 --> 00:45:42,960 Speaker 1: there's that's beyond science. Like science isn't equipped to say, oh, well, 877 00:45:42,960 --> 00:45:44,640 Speaker 1: what about this or what about that? And I tried 878 00:45:44,680 --> 00:45:46,640 Speaker 1: really hard to get Neil de grasse Tyson to say 879 00:45:46,680 --> 00:45:48,680 Speaker 1: something and he was not going to bite. 880 00:45:49,080 --> 00:45:51,719 Speaker 2: Well, no, and smartly, you know, I think a scientist 881 00:45:51,760 --> 00:45:55,200 Speaker 2: looks at the observational data and extrapolates from there, and 882 00:45:55,920 --> 00:45:57,600 Speaker 2: I'm sure. Like I said, I'm sure, and I think 883 00:45:57,640 --> 00:46:00,160 Speaker 2: even said in the interview that sure, people like to 884 00:46:00,200 --> 00:46:03,840 Speaker 2: talk about these things, right, but it's not like you know, 885 00:46:03,920 --> 00:46:04,600 Speaker 2: hard science. 886 00:46:05,680 --> 00:46:08,239 Speaker 1: And also, to answer that flat problem that I brought up, 887 00:46:08,600 --> 00:46:12,080 Speaker 1: apparently inflation theory does answer it does satisfy it by 888 00:46:12,080 --> 00:46:17,600 Speaker 1: saying the universe appears flat to us because we're looking 889 00:46:17,640 --> 00:46:19,920 Speaker 1: at it strictly on a very local level. Even though 890 00:46:19,920 --> 00:46:23,520 Speaker 1: we're looking at ninety ninety billion light years or something 891 00:46:23,560 --> 00:46:30,799 Speaker 1: like that, it's really just a very small segment of something. 892 00:46:30,880 --> 00:46:33,359 Speaker 1: So if you take a balloon and you blow it up, 893 00:46:34,160 --> 00:46:38,840 Speaker 1: it's still curved. But if you're just looking at just 894 00:46:38,880 --> 00:46:41,440 Speaker 1: a pinpoint segment of it, it's going to appear flat 895 00:46:41,480 --> 00:46:43,920 Speaker 1: to everybody looking at it from just that tiny perspective. 896 00:46:43,960 --> 00:46:46,800 Speaker 1: So it's basically our perspective that we're looking at the 897 00:46:46,880 --> 00:46:48,920 Speaker 1: universe right now makes it seem like it's flat, but 898 00:46:49,000 --> 00:46:52,160 Speaker 1: it's really actually curved one way or the other. That's 899 00:46:52,239 --> 00:46:52,880 Speaker 1: the answer to that. 900 00:46:53,760 --> 00:46:55,920 Speaker 2: Well, should we talk about some of the problems with 901 00:46:56,000 --> 00:46:58,919 Speaker 2: the Big Bang theory. Sure there are criticisms and there 902 00:46:59,040 --> 00:47:01,840 Speaker 2: will continue to be. One was that is that it 903 00:47:01,920 --> 00:47:04,920 Speaker 2: violates the first law of thermodynamics, that you can't create 904 00:47:05,000 --> 00:47:09,640 Speaker 2: or destroy matter or energy, and proponents will say that 905 00:47:09,640 --> 00:47:12,360 Speaker 2: that's unwarranted for a couple of reasons. One is it, 906 00:47:13,000 --> 00:47:15,360 Speaker 2: like we already said, it doesn't address the creation of 907 00:47:15,400 --> 00:47:18,040 Speaker 2: the universe that it was never meant to, but just 908 00:47:18,040 --> 00:47:21,760 Speaker 2: how it evolved or inflated over the years, over the years, 909 00:47:22,719 --> 00:47:26,120 Speaker 2: over the sixty or seventy years. And another reason is 910 00:47:26,840 --> 00:47:29,040 Speaker 2: kind of like we said earlier, is that the further 911 00:47:29,160 --> 00:47:32,000 Speaker 2: back you go, the rules don't apply. So maybe the 912 00:47:32,080 --> 00:47:35,759 Speaker 2: law of thermodynamics is just completely moot when you go 913 00:47:35,800 --> 00:47:38,479 Speaker 2: back that far. Yeah, like it didn't come into being 914 00:47:38,719 --> 00:47:39,239 Speaker 2: until later. 915 00:47:39,320 --> 00:47:42,160 Speaker 1: Yeah, if matter and energy are like one and the same, 916 00:47:42,880 --> 00:47:45,000 Speaker 1: I can imagine that some of our current laws don't 917 00:47:45,000 --> 00:47:45,840 Speaker 1: necessarily apply. 918 00:47:46,280 --> 00:47:48,279 Speaker 2: Yeah, well probably a lot of them, right. 919 00:47:49,080 --> 00:47:51,640 Speaker 1: And then one of the other things, too, is that 920 00:47:51,640 --> 00:47:57,920 Speaker 1: that inflation that supposedly happened when the strong nuclear force 921 00:47:58,440 --> 00:48:01,400 Speaker 1: decoupled from the electra a weak force. Yeah, and the 922 00:48:01,480 --> 00:48:04,880 Speaker 1: universe suddenly expanded, you know, within that one second, it 923 00:48:05,040 --> 00:48:08,200 Speaker 1: just kept growing and growing and growing way faster than 924 00:48:08,200 --> 00:48:10,200 Speaker 1: the speed of light. Yeah, And a lot of people 925 00:48:10,239 --> 00:48:13,960 Speaker 1: are like wrong, nothing can go faster than the speed 926 00:48:13,960 --> 00:48:17,319 Speaker 1: of light. Well there was no light, Well nothing you 927 00:48:17,320 --> 00:48:20,200 Speaker 1: could see. Yeah, there are definitely photons, but they had that. 928 00:48:20,760 --> 00:48:23,640 Speaker 1: The proponents of Big Bang have the same answer. They say, 929 00:48:23,680 --> 00:48:27,880 Speaker 1: well again, dude, you're talking general relativity. This this that 930 00:48:27,920 --> 00:48:29,439 Speaker 1: wouldn't have applied at all. 931 00:48:29,680 --> 00:48:32,160 Speaker 2: Yeah, the answer is kind of consistently. Don't even come 932 00:48:32,200 --> 00:48:36,840 Speaker 2: at me with that, right your laws. Yeah, should we 933 00:48:36,880 --> 00:48:41,360 Speaker 2: talk about should we finish with a few other alternative explanations. 934 00:48:41,600 --> 00:48:44,839 Speaker 1: Yeah, Like we said, there are alternative models, right, one 935 00:48:44,880 --> 00:48:47,120 Speaker 1: of them is that same one that Einstein was a 936 00:48:47,160 --> 00:48:50,319 Speaker 1: proponent of, the steady state model. That it is not 937 00:48:51,160 --> 00:48:57,839 Speaker 1: actually expanding, and the apparently this this is hard for 938 00:48:57,880 --> 00:49:01,120 Speaker 1: me to wrap my mind around. The people who say 939 00:49:01,239 --> 00:49:05,439 Speaker 1: that it's not expanding explain away expansion by saying that 940 00:49:05,920 --> 00:49:12,000 Speaker 1: matters created as in proportion to the original density of 941 00:49:12,040 --> 00:49:15,839 Speaker 1: the universe. Right, so maybe the universe is expanding some 942 00:49:15,880 --> 00:49:20,040 Speaker 1: and more more matter has to be created to keep 943 00:49:20,040 --> 00:49:21,719 Speaker 1: the same density. So I think what they're saying is, 944 00:49:21,719 --> 00:49:23,279 Speaker 1: I think that's what it means. The universe has been 945 00:49:23,320 --> 00:49:26,280 Speaker 1: at the same density all the time, and sure it's expanding, 946 00:49:26,320 --> 00:49:28,880 Speaker 1: but it's also creating more matter, so. 947 00:49:28,760 --> 00:49:29,720 Speaker 2: Which holds it static. 948 00:49:29,880 --> 00:49:31,600 Speaker 1: Yeah, I guess so. 949 00:49:32,440 --> 00:49:38,600 Speaker 2: Uh, the ek piotic, epiotic pyrotic. 950 00:49:38,880 --> 00:49:43,600 Speaker 1: I know this should not be ech pyotic ech pyotic model. Yeah, 951 00:49:43,600 --> 00:49:44,279 Speaker 1: I think that's that. 952 00:49:44,400 --> 00:49:49,880 Speaker 2: Man, that's just we're the worst that suggests the universe 953 00:49:49,920 --> 00:49:53,040 Speaker 2: as a result of a collision of well, that's the 954 00:49:53,040 --> 00:49:55,760 Speaker 2: when you brought up earlier of two three dimensional worlds 955 00:49:55,760 --> 00:49:58,160 Speaker 2: and that there is some hidden fourth dimension out there. 956 00:49:59,040 --> 00:50:02,160 Speaker 1: Well, that's part of the fourth dimension is part of 957 00:50:02,239 --> 00:50:07,880 Speaker 1: like standard astrophysics and cosmology. But this was like this 958 00:50:08,360 --> 00:50:13,360 Speaker 1: thing says our universe came out of two universes colliding 959 00:50:14,719 --> 00:50:18,719 Speaker 1: in the fourth dimension, which that defies me a little bit. 960 00:50:18,719 --> 00:50:21,279 Speaker 1: But the idea that there are four dimensions in one 961 00:50:21,320 --> 00:50:24,640 Speaker 1: of them's time is definitely part of like standard stuff. 962 00:50:25,280 --> 00:50:29,279 Speaker 1: It's still hard to think of. And then plasma cosmology. 963 00:50:29,320 --> 00:50:31,160 Speaker 1: I like that one a lot because it's just totally 964 00:50:31,160 --> 00:50:33,480 Speaker 1: different from the way we think of the universe. It 965 00:50:33,560 --> 00:50:39,160 Speaker 1: seeks to describe it based on its basically it's electrical 966 00:50:39,320 --> 00:50:44,200 Speaker 1: charge state, you know, rather than like the temperature of 967 00:50:44,239 --> 00:50:46,640 Speaker 1: it or the density or anything like that. It's more 968 00:50:46,760 --> 00:50:50,040 Speaker 1: involved in like the plasma aspects of it, because you know, 969 00:50:50,080 --> 00:50:54,120 Speaker 1: plasma's ionized gas and it's like a fourth state of matter, 970 00:50:54,480 --> 00:50:57,279 Speaker 1: and plasma cosmology looks at it through that lens, which 971 00:50:57,320 --> 00:51:01,120 Speaker 1: is basically totally alien to everything we just talked about. 972 00:51:01,120 --> 00:51:02,960 Speaker 2: From what I can gather, did you just say there's 973 00:51:03,000 --> 00:51:04,439 Speaker 2: a totally aliens out there? 974 00:51:04,760 --> 00:51:07,239 Speaker 1: There's aliens out there and the universe was started by 975 00:51:07,239 --> 00:51:12,040 Speaker 1: a little kid with a lighter. Wow, that's my stand. Well, 976 00:51:12,560 --> 00:51:16,000 Speaker 1: if you like this, then stick around because right now, Chuck, 977 00:51:16,120 --> 00:51:19,520 Speaker 1: we have an interview with Neil deGrasse Tys and we 978 00:51:19,520 --> 00:51:20,120 Speaker 1: weren't joking. 979 00:51:20,200 --> 00:51:21,680 Speaker 2: Yeah, great job on that one too, buddy. 980 00:51:21,680 --> 00:51:24,080 Speaker 1: Thanks man, we missed you. He was like, where's Chuck? 981 00:51:24,560 --> 00:51:25,759 Speaker 1: No we didn't, Yes, he did. 982 00:51:27,520 --> 00:51:28,759 Speaker 5: Well. How you guys doing good? 983 00:51:28,800 --> 00:51:29,520 Speaker 1: How are you doing? 984 00:51:29,680 --> 00:51:31,280 Speaker 5: Are you assuming I know how stuff works? 985 00:51:32,320 --> 00:51:35,560 Speaker 1: I have an inkling that you may have a clue, 986 00:51:35,800 --> 00:51:38,120 Speaker 1: So I guess my first question is then, how do 987 00:51:38,239 --> 00:51:41,520 Speaker 1: you specifically? How do you think of the universe when 988 00:51:41,520 --> 00:51:43,520 Speaker 1: you think of the universe as a whole, Like, do 989 00:51:43,560 --> 00:51:45,799 Speaker 1: you think of it as something like a speck of 990 00:51:46,040 --> 00:51:48,960 Speaker 1: dust underneath a giant fingernail or is it part of 991 00:51:48,960 --> 00:51:52,000 Speaker 1: a branching multiverse or is it a bubble that kind 992 00:51:52,040 --> 00:51:55,319 Speaker 1: of pushes up against other bubbles? Like, what is the 993 00:51:55,400 --> 00:51:56,680 Speaker 1: universe when you think of it? 994 00:51:57,239 --> 00:51:59,880 Speaker 5: I don't think I think of the universe in a 995 00:52:00,000 --> 00:52:03,319 Speaker 5: fundamentally different way from that of my colleagues. What you 996 00:52:03,320 --> 00:52:05,760 Speaker 5: want to do is separate the things we have data 997 00:52:06,200 --> 00:52:10,480 Speaker 5: and observations to support and the things that live and 998 00:52:10,560 --> 00:52:15,560 Speaker 5: thrive on the frontier of theorizing about what the universe 999 00:52:15,920 --> 00:52:19,440 Speaker 5: was is or will one day be, or what larger 1000 00:52:19,600 --> 00:52:22,520 Speaker 5: system it could be a part of. So if you 1001 00:52:22,600 --> 00:52:26,640 Speaker 5: live in the realm of data, then we are in 1002 00:52:26,680 --> 00:52:30,080 Speaker 5: an expanding universe, and it's been expanding for nearly fourteen 1003 00:52:30,160 --> 00:52:33,040 Speaker 5: billion years, and it was smaller in the past and 1004 00:52:33,160 --> 00:52:36,200 Speaker 5: hot in the past, and it's getting larger and cooler 1005 00:52:36,719 --> 00:52:41,840 Speaker 5: by the minute. And we exist on this planet we 1006 00:52:41,920 --> 00:52:45,719 Speaker 5: call Earth, born four point six billion years ago, with 1007 00:52:45,840 --> 00:52:52,919 Speaker 5: the rest of the Solar System in some undistinguished part 1008 00:52:53,200 --> 00:52:56,920 Speaker 5: of an undistinguished galaxy we call the Milky Way. And 1009 00:52:57,280 --> 00:53:03,360 Speaker 5: this scenario sure was very hard earned, and it's no 1010 00:53:03,520 --> 00:53:06,160 Speaker 5: more than about eighty or ninety years old in total. 1011 00:53:07,040 --> 00:53:11,040 Speaker 5: Edwin Hubble the man in this particular usage of the 1012 00:53:11,040 --> 00:53:15,239 Speaker 5: word Edwin Hubble in the nineteen twenties, so ninety years ago, 1013 00:53:15,320 --> 00:53:20,960 Speaker 5: nineteen twenty six discovered that there are other island universes, 1014 00:53:20,960 --> 00:53:22,960 Speaker 5: if you will, not the way we might think of 1015 00:53:22,960 --> 00:53:26,000 Speaker 5: that term today, but back then there were these spiral 1016 00:53:26,040 --> 00:53:28,759 Speaker 5: fuzzy things in the night sky, imagined to be just 1017 00:53:28,840 --> 00:53:33,040 Speaker 5: spiral fuzzy things in the milky Way. He would show 1018 00:53:33,120 --> 00:53:35,680 Speaker 5: that those spiral fuzzy things are not in the milky Way, 1019 00:53:35,719 --> 00:53:39,680 Speaker 5: they are entire other milky ways, other galaxies. And that 1020 00:53:39,800 --> 00:53:45,040 Speaker 5: was a profound expanding expansion of our worldview, if you would. 1021 00:53:45,120 --> 00:53:47,200 Speaker 5: And then just three years after that, he would show 1022 00:53:47,200 --> 00:53:51,160 Speaker 5: that these spiral fuzzy things are rapidly moving away from us. 1023 00:53:51,560 --> 00:53:54,960 Speaker 5: Coupled with Einstein's general theory of relativity, we would learn 1024 00:53:55,000 --> 00:53:58,640 Speaker 5: that it's not just galaxies spreading apart within a pre 1025 00:53:58,719 --> 00:54:02,080 Speaker 5: existing space. It is the fabric of the space and 1026 00:54:02,160 --> 00:54:06,520 Speaker 5: time itself that's expanding. All of this is supported by data. 1027 00:54:07,120 --> 00:54:11,239 Speaker 5: So if you have discomfort thinking that the universe had 1028 00:54:11,280 --> 00:54:16,319 Speaker 5: a beginning and that we will expand forever, then too bad. 1029 00:54:16,560 --> 00:54:20,359 Speaker 5: That's just what the universe says. And the universe, I've 1030 00:54:20,360 --> 00:54:23,160 Speaker 5: said this before, the universe is under no obligation to 1031 00:54:23,239 --> 00:54:26,360 Speaker 5: make sense to you, especially when what we learn of 1032 00:54:26,360 --> 00:54:29,319 Speaker 5: the universe comes to us from methods and tools that 1033 00:54:29,440 --> 00:54:34,759 Speaker 5: completely transcend our native, inborn biological senses, which in fact 1034 00:54:34,880 --> 00:54:38,239 Speaker 5: is the great ascent of science. What are all the 1035 00:54:38,280 --> 00:54:42,880 Speaker 5: ways we can decode the operations of nature without having 1036 00:54:42,880 --> 00:54:48,200 Speaker 5: to rely on the limits that sent our biological senses 1037 00:54:48,840 --> 00:54:50,280 Speaker 5: force us to occupy. 1038 00:54:50,880 --> 00:54:54,920 Speaker 1: So when science is furthered, you know, decades down the 1039 00:54:55,000 --> 00:54:59,160 Speaker 1: road and the vision we have, or the view we 1040 00:54:59,239 --> 00:55:03,000 Speaker 1: have of the universe we live in is magnified by 1041 00:55:03,080 --> 00:55:06,320 Speaker 1: orders of magnitude from what we're looking at through right now, 1042 00:55:07,040 --> 00:55:10,319 Speaker 1: what do you suspect? What shape do you suspect it's 1043 00:55:10,360 --> 00:55:13,160 Speaker 1: going to take? Do you have suspicions? And I mean 1044 00:55:13,200 --> 00:55:15,880 Speaker 1: if you don't, how do you keep yourself from making 1045 00:55:15,920 --> 00:55:16,400 Speaker 1: that leap? 1046 00:55:16,480 --> 00:55:16,560 Speaker 5: Like? 1047 00:55:16,640 --> 00:55:18,400 Speaker 1: Yes, of course, this is what it's going to be, 1048 00:55:18,440 --> 00:55:19,960 Speaker 1: this is what we're really living in. 1049 00:55:21,200 --> 00:55:24,799 Speaker 5: Well, we all have biases, and let me not call 1050 00:55:24,840 --> 00:55:28,359 Speaker 5: them biases. Let's say we all have longings for how 1051 00:55:28,400 --> 00:55:31,440 Speaker 5: we think or want the universe to be. And if 1052 00:55:31,480 --> 00:55:38,319 Speaker 5: you begin to believe your longings too strongly, then you 1053 00:55:38,360 --> 00:55:43,480 Speaker 5: could you might miss some realities that don't fit your expectations, 1054 00:55:43,840 --> 00:55:46,200 Speaker 5: and someone else will catch them and make the discovery. 1055 00:55:46,719 --> 00:55:49,160 Speaker 5: So it's okay to lean in one direction or another, 1056 00:55:49,200 --> 00:55:52,240 Speaker 5: but don't do so while being blind to what else 1057 00:55:52,520 --> 00:55:56,040 Speaker 5: could be true in spite of how you think it 1058 00:55:56,320 --> 00:56:00,880 Speaker 5: might be. So, now, the scenario I gave you is 1059 00:56:00,880 --> 00:56:06,560 Speaker 5: sort of is very well established in terms of observations, data, 1060 00:56:06,800 --> 00:56:12,560 Speaker 5: and basically a century of thinking about and observing the universe, 1061 00:56:12,600 --> 00:56:16,279 Speaker 5: imposing questions and answering them. So beyond that we can 1062 00:56:16,320 --> 00:56:21,160 Speaker 5: ask is there a multiverse? A right? This seems to 1063 00:56:21,200 --> 00:56:26,120 Speaker 5: come naturally out of certain thinking about the behavior of 1064 00:56:26,160 --> 00:56:29,920 Speaker 5: the universe. When you try to bring together quantum physics 1065 00:56:29,960 --> 00:56:37,120 Speaker 5: and Einstein's general relativity, there are good arguments to suggest 1066 00:56:37,360 --> 00:56:39,680 Speaker 5: that we could be in a multiverse, and it's not obvious, 1067 00:56:39,719 --> 00:56:43,120 Speaker 5: at least to me, how one would test that just yet. 1068 00:56:44,680 --> 00:56:49,160 Speaker 5: So but the theories of the universe that point to 1069 00:56:49,239 --> 00:56:54,440 Speaker 5: a multiverse are themselves well tested. So this is what 1070 00:56:54,520 --> 00:56:59,960 Speaker 5: gives you the confidence that maybe our multiverse folks are 1071 00:57:00,080 --> 00:57:04,879 Speaker 5: onto something. And there are other frontiers. For example, the 1072 00:57:04,960 --> 00:57:09,279 Speaker 5: quantum physics, which is the theory of the small, and 1073 00:57:09,640 --> 00:57:14,759 Speaker 5: general relativity, the theory of the large. They work perfectly 1074 00:57:14,800 --> 00:57:19,400 Speaker 5: well in their own regimes. General relativity describing the large 1075 00:57:19,440 --> 00:57:28,720 Speaker 5: scale universe, quantum physics describing with very high precision atoms, molecules, nuclei, particles, 1076 00:57:28,720 --> 00:57:31,240 Speaker 5: this sort of thing. But in the early universe, when 1077 00:57:31,280 --> 00:57:35,640 Speaker 5: the entire universe was the size of an atom, then 1078 00:57:35,880 --> 00:57:40,560 Speaker 5: we might suppose that quantum forces override whatever was going 1079 00:57:40,600 --> 00:57:44,760 Speaker 5: on with general relativity. Because now the entire universe is 1080 00:57:45,480 --> 00:57:50,720 Speaker 5: of the size that quantum laws significantly manifest. And so 1081 00:57:51,720 --> 00:57:53,560 Speaker 5: right now we do not have a good way to 1082 00:57:53,720 --> 00:57:56,720 Speaker 5: merge those two theories. And this we got top people 1083 00:57:56,760 --> 00:58:00,000 Speaker 5: working on it. So these are collectively the string theorists 1084 00:58:00,560 --> 00:58:03,680 Speaker 5: and others in that realm who are thinking long and 1085 00:58:03,720 --> 00:58:06,600 Speaker 5: hard about these Are there a third theory that needs 1086 00:58:06,600 --> 00:58:10,840 Speaker 5: to be introduced that will enclose quantum physics and general 1087 00:58:10,840 --> 00:58:16,680 Speaker 5: relativity into a deeper, broader understanding of what's going on, 1088 00:58:16,960 --> 00:58:21,360 Speaker 5: or will quantum physics absorb general relativity. I don't know 1089 00:58:21,400 --> 00:58:24,520 Speaker 5: that people know just yet. And it involves very high 1090 00:58:24,600 --> 00:58:28,160 Speaker 5: levels of math and higher dimensions and this sort of thing. 1091 00:58:28,520 --> 00:58:31,360 Speaker 5: And some people have criticized string theory for not really 1092 00:58:31,400 --> 00:58:34,600 Speaker 5: being a legitimate theory because you can't test it in 1093 00:58:34,640 --> 00:58:37,680 Speaker 5: any traditional way. But it's the only game in town. 1094 00:58:37,800 --> 00:58:40,240 Speaker 5: So and they're not very expensive, you know, you give 1095 00:58:40,280 --> 00:58:43,000 Speaker 5: them a pencil and a pad and throwing a laptop 1096 00:58:43,320 --> 00:58:46,760 Speaker 5: and a string. Theorist is in business, so I let 1097 00:58:46,840 --> 00:58:48,160 Speaker 5: them go as far as they can take it. 1098 00:58:48,600 --> 00:58:52,400 Speaker 1: So it does seem like there is either like you said, 1099 00:58:53,760 --> 00:58:56,400 Speaker 1: quantum physics may be the answer to all this, we 1100 00:58:56,480 --> 00:59:01,640 Speaker 1: just don't fully understand that field yet to get back 1101 00:59:01,680 --> 00:59:04,880 Speaker 1: to the moment of the Big Bang or what happened 1102 00:59:04,920 --> 00:59:07,840 Speaker 1: before the Big Bang. But it could also be, from 1103 00:59:07,840 --> 00:59:11,480 Speaker 1: what I've seen, the unified field theory that gets us 1104 00:59:11,480 --> 00:59:14,680 Speaker 1: back to that point. But either way, to get to 1105 00:59:14,720 --> 00:59:18,920 Speaker 1: a point where we go further beyond our current understanding, 1106 00:59:19,240 --> 00:59:23,360 Speaker 1: further back in time in the Big Bang, including before 1107 00:59:23,520 --> 00:59:26,480 Speaker 1: the Big Bang, of what was before, it seems like 1108 00:59:26,520 --> 00:59:29,600 Speaker 1: it's going to take a vast leap forward. Do you 1109 00:59:29,640 --> 00:59:32,520 Speaker 1: think that leap is going to come from a genius 1110 00:59:32,600 --> 00:59:35,360 Speaker 1: that hasn't been born yet, or has been born but 1111 00:59:35,400 --> 00:59:38,200 Speaker 1: hasn't been educated and entered the field yet. Is that 1112 00:59:38,240 --> 00:59:39,800 Speaker 1: how it's going to happen. Is it going to happen 1113 00:59:39,880 --> 00:59:43,400 Speaker 1: from you know, this person combining this work with this 1114 00:59:43,520 --> 00:59:45,680 Speaker 1: work and that work and this work, and then suddenly 1115 00:59:45,840 --> 00:59:47,360 Speaker 1: the pieces are going to fall together. 1116 00:59:48,000 --> 00:59:53,200 Speaker 5: In that sense, that's a great question that also has 1117 00:59:53,240 --> 00:59:57,640 Speaker 5: a philosophical dimension to it sure, such that in modern 1118 00:59:57,640 --> 01:00:01,360 Speaker 5: times great leaps in science. Do they happen by the 1119 01:00:01,360 --> 01:00:05,120 Speaker 5: lone genius burning the candle at midnight coming up with 1120 01:00:05,280 --> 01:00:08,160 Speaker 5: a Eureka moment, or do they come about because you 1121 01:00:08,200 --> 01:00:14,320 Speaker 5: have huge, expensive, highly collaborative scientific projects such as LIGO 1122 01:00:14,680 --> 01:00:21,240 Speaker 5: discovering gravitational waves. Such as the next generation space telescope 1123 01:00:21,240 --> 01:00:24,360 Speaker 5: it's called the James Web Space Telescope, not yet launched, 1124 01:00:24,880 --> 01:00:29,880 Speaker 5: but that will enable us to see galaxies being born 1125 01:00:30,160 --> 01:00:32,400 Speaker 5: in the early universe, as well as a host of 1126 01:00:33,320 --> 01:00:38,280 Speaker 5: other frontier observations that were not possible with previous telescopes. Well, 1127 01:00:38,280 --> 01:00:40,440 Speaker 5: that telescope had to be designed by whole teams of 1128 01:00:40,440 --> 01:00:42,760 Speaker 5: people with questions that they had in mind that they 1129 01:00:42,840 --> 01:00:50,000 Speaker 5: want answered by the new data. So I'm not convinced 1130 01:00:50,880 --> 01:00:53,520 Speaker 5: that we're just waiting for a new smart person to 1131 01:00:53,560 --> 01:00:55,600 Speaker 5: come along and have it all make sense. I think 1132 01:00:55,960 --> 01:01:01,640 Speaker 5: we're waiting for someone to obtain new data that we've 1133 01:01:01,680 --> 01:01:05,120 Speaker 5: never seen before that then forced us into new ideas 1134 01:01:05,120 --> 01:01:09,680 Speaker 5: and understandings of the universe. Maybe there's some new theory 1135 01:01:09,760 --> 01:01:14,480 Speaker 5: that maybe I'm not discounting it, but I can tell 1136 01:01:14,520 --> 01:01:17,960 Speaker 5: you is we're in an era. Look at the Higgs boson, 1137 01:01:18,040 --> 01:01:22,600 Speaker 5: for example, that required the large Hadron collider and thousands 1138 01:01:22,640 --> 01:01:25,680 Speaker 5: of scientists and tens of thousands of engineers who built 1139 01:01:25,680 --> 01:01:29,040 Speaker 5: the thing in the first place. So we're kind of 1140 01:01:29,080 --> 01:01:34,160 Speaker 5: in a collaborative era right now. And so if I 1141 01:01:34,200 --> 01:01:37,280 Speaker 5: were a betting man, I would say that the great 1142 01:01:37,280 --> 01:01:40,800 Speaker 5: discoveries to come will come about from huge collaborations, possibly 1143 01:01:40,840 --> 01:01:46,240 Speaker 5: even international collaborations. Now that doesn't remove the question as 1144 01:01:46,240 --> 01:01:49,560 Speaker 5: to whether there is an Einstein walking among us who 1145 01:01:49,680 --> 01:01:53,360 Speaker 5: happened to have been born into poverty in a developing country, 1146 01:01:53,400 --> 01:01:55,720 Speaker 5: and then we will never know. Well, that would be 1147 01:01:55,720 --> 01:01:59,360 Speaker 5: one of the great tragedies of modern civilization. So I, 1148 01:01:59,400 --> 01:02:03,240 Speaker 5: as an education feel very strongly about what kind of 1149 01:02:03,320 --> 01:02:07,640 Speaker 5: access people of the world should have to knowledge, to learning, 1150 01:02:07,960 --> 01:02:12,640 Speaker 5: to health, to you know, a person should be able 1151 01:02:12,680 --> 01:02:16,000 Speaker 5: to live a day and not have the entire day 1152 01:02:16,040 --> 01:02:20,560 Speaker 5: be preoccupied about whether whether you have food or whether 1153 01:02:20,640 --> 01:02:22,640 Speaker 5: or not you're going to die from a disease that 1154 01:02:22,680 --> 01:02:26,920 Speaker 5: your neighbor just died of. So this is a So 1155 01:02:27,520 --> 01:02:30,640 Speaker 5: I think we should be able to measure our state 1156 01:02:30,680 --> 01:02:34,360 Speaker 5: of our civilization by the extent to which we are 1157 01:02:34,400 --> 01:02:39,120 Speaker 5: in the position to discover another Einstein. Rising up from 1158 01:02:39,720 --> 01:02:44,000 Speaker 5: the midst and and that's so that's one way to 1159 01:02:44,000 --> 01:02:46,040 Speaker 5: get an Einstein. Another one is to wait around until 1160 01:02:46,080 --> 01:02:48,800 Speaker 5: one is born into the right circumstances, right, I'd rather, 1161 01:02:48,920 --> 01:02:51,080 Speaker 5: i'd you know, we've got seven billion people on Earth. 1162 01:02:51,480 --> 01:02:53,840 Speaker 5: Somebody in there's got to be badass enough to help 1163 01:02:53,880 --> 01:02:54,560 Speaker 5: us out. 1164 01:02:54,800 --> 01:02:57,240 Speaker 1: So you, I mean, you brought up your your role 1165 01:02:57,280 --> 01:03:01,240 Speaker 1: as an educator and your world class science popular and explainer. 1166 01:03:01,640 --> 01:03:06,480 Speaker 1: What is it that got you into science as a kid? 1167 01:03:06,480 --> 01:03:08,160 Speaker 5: I was nine years old and it was a first 1168 01:03:08,240 --> 01:03:10,880 Speaker 5: visit to the Hayden Planetarium right here in New York, 1169 01:03:11,440 --> 01:03:14,880 Speaker 5: my local planetarium. I think most big cities have planetariums, 1170 01:03:15,000 --> 01:03:19,560 Speaker 5: even medium sized cities will have a planetarium. And my family, 1171 01:03:19,640 --> 01:03:22,640 Speaker 5: my parents took my brother, my sister, and me to 1172 01:03:23,920 --> 01:03:27,280 Speaker 5: all the cultural institutions of the city every weekend. So 1173 01:03:27,880 --> 01:03:30,360 Speaker 5: one weekend it was the Natural History Museum. Another it 1174 01:03:30,440 --> 01:03:33,200 Speaker 5: was the zoo, another it was the aquarium. We even 1175 01:03:33,280 --> 01:03:36,320 Speaker 5: went to other things that sort of talented grown ups did, 1176 01:03:36,520 --> 01:03:38,600 Speaker 5: like we'd go to a baseball game or the opera 1177 01:03:39,800 --> 01:03:43,960 Speaker 5: or the theater. And that exposure enabled the three of 1178 01:03:44,040 --> 01:03:49,080 Speaker 5: us to see what is possible beyond the traditional you 1179 01:03:49,160 --> 01:03:51,960 Speaker 5: want to be a doctor, lawyer, indian chief. You know, 1180 01:03:52,000 --> 01:03:56,000 Speaker 5: the three traditional options that you're given as a six 1181 01:03:56,080 --> 01:03:58,160 Speaker 5: year old or a seven year old, And so out 1182 01:03:58,200 --> 01:04:01,240 Speaker 5: of that arose my interest in the universe that really 1183 01:04:01,280 --> 01:04:03,280 Speaker 5: got cemented. By by the time I was eleven, I 1184 01:04:03,320 --> 01:04:07,640 Speaker 5: knew that, in fact, I was so convinced that I 1185 01:04:07,680 --> 01:04:10,200 Speaker 5: wanted to do astrophysics that I began to began to 1186 01:04:10,320 --> 01:04:13,320 Speaker 5: question whether whether or not it was in fact the 1187 01:04:13,400 --> 01:04:14,440 Speaker 5: universe that chose me. 1188 01:04:15,280 --> 01:04:18,400 Speaker 1: That's really cool. Well, thank you very much, doctor Tyson. 1189 01:04:18,440 --> 01:04:21,120 Speaker 1: We appreciate you joining us. This was like you just 1190 01:04:21,200 --> 01:04:24,920 Speaker 1: took our big big Bang episode and moved a long 1191 01:04:25,000 --> 01:04:28,800 Speaker 1: light years, so thank you. Oh okay, thank you. 1192 01:04:28,840 --> 01:04:30,800 Speaker 5: And the line year is not actually very far in 1193 01:04:30,880 --> 01:04:33,560 Speaker 5: the scale of the unit, so I feel better if 1194 01:04:33,600 --> 01:04:34,920 Speaker 5: I had taken it along billion. 1195 01:04:35,040 --> 01:04:37,040 Speaker 1: How about how about a PARSEK or something. 1196 01:04:37,880 --> 01:04:40,520 Speaker 5: PARSEK is only three point twenty six light years, so 1197 01:04:40,560 --> 01:04:45,680 Speaker 5: that still won't even all right? You know, PARSK is 1198 01:04:45,720 --> 01:04:47,640 Speaker 5: not even far enough away to get to the nearest 1199 01:04:47,680 --> 01:04:50,440 Speaker 5: star to the Sun. Okay, so you're just in the 1200 01:04:50,440 --> 01:04:51,360 Speaker 5: wrong zone there. 1201 01:04:51,480 --> 01:04:55,080 Speaker 1: Okay, well then how about billions of parsecs? 1202 01:04:55,480 --> 01:04:55,760 Speaker 5: Nice? 1203 01:04:56,960 --> 01:05:01,440 Speaker 1: Thank you very much. What a guy huh job, Yeah. 1204 01:05:01,120 --> 01:05:01,320 Speaker 5: He was. 1205 01:05:01,800 --> 01:05:04,200 Speaker 2: Man, he's just such a cool customer. That's why he 1206 01:05:04,280 --> 01:05:05,000 Speaker 2: is where he is now. 1207 01:05:05,120 --> 01:05:06,800 Speaker 1: Yeah, and if you want to hang out with him, 1208 01:05:07,040 --> 01:05:09,160 Speaker 1: head on over to the Hayden Planetarium. I'm sure he'd 1209 01:05:09,160 --> 01:05:11,640 Speaker 1: be happy to see you. Sure, you can see him 1210 01:05:11,680 --> 01:05:15,520 Speaker 1: on tour. You can see him with Star Talk Live. 1211 01:05:15,560 --> 01:05:17,400 Speaker 1: He's got a podcast for those of you who don't 1212 01:05:17,440 --> 01:05:18,960 Speaker 1: know with our pal Eugene Merman. 1213 01:05:19,160 --> 01:05:22,520 Speaker 2: He was on our TV show. Even he was I. 1214 01:05:22,440 --> 01:05:24,840 Speaker 1: Didn't get a chance to ask him if he remembered that. 1215 01:05:24,880 --> 01:05:25,600 Speaker 2: Sure he didn't. 1216 01:05:25,840 --> 01:05:26,960 Speaker 1: That's why I didn't get a chance. 1217 01:05:27,080 --> 01:05:29,240 Speaker 2: Yeah, that just would have been embarrassing. 1218 01:05:30,280 --> 01:05:32,480 Speaker 1: Well, if you want to know more about the Big Bang, 1219 01:05:32,520 --> 01:05:35,120 Speaker 1: type those words into the search part HowStuffWorks dot Com 1220 01:05:35,160 --> 01:05:37,680 Speaker 1: and they'll bring up some great stuff. And since I 1221 01:05:37,720 --> 01:05:39,440 Speaker 1: said search part's time for listener mail. 1222 01:05:42,120 --> 01:05:48,240 Speaker 2: I'm gonna call this is Russia European nice. Remember that debate? Sure, well, 1223 01:05:48,280 --> 01:05:50,160 Speaker 2: it wasn't so much a debate, we just kind of 1224 01:05:50,160 --> 01:05:54,400 Speaker 2: wondered in the Continents episode, Hey guys, thanks for cracking 1225 01:05:54,400 --> 01:05:56,640 Speaker 2: me up with the show. It's astonishing how many film 1226 01:05:56,680 --> 01:06:00,800 Speaker 2: references you can fit into a geography lesson, Yes, Russia 1227 01:06:00,840 --> 01:06:04,960 Speaker 2: is definitely a European country exclamation point. Historically, it's always 1228 01:06:04,960 --> 01:06:07,640 Speaker 2: been considered a part of Europe. For example, was named 1229 01:06:07,680 --> 01:06:09,919 Speaker 2: as one of the six major European countries in World 1230 01:06:09,920 --> 01:06:12,840 Speaker 2: War One, and the czar was closely related to other 1231 01:06:12,920 --> 01:06:16,640 Speaker 2: royalty in Europe. This is very different from China or India, 1232 01:06:17,040 --> 01:06:20,520 Speaker 2: always much more distant and mysterious to the east. Also 1233 01:06:20,560 --> 01:06:23,240 Speaker 2: considered that maps are very deceptive. Over seventy five percent 1234 01:06:23,800 --> 01:06:27,040 Speaker 2: of Russia's population is on the European side, including every 1235 01:06:27,080 --> 01:06:31,240 Speaker 2: major city from Moscow to Saint Petersburg, from Milan to Mince. 1236 01:06:31,320 --> 01:06:33,360 Speaker 2: I knew you were going to say that very nice. 1237 01:06:33,760 --> 01:06:37,320 Speaker 2: I would have been so disappointed, as you know, most 1238 01:06:37,320 --> 01:06:39,680 Speaker 2: of the land you see to the east is empty 1239 01:06:39,800 --> 01:06:43,479 Speaker 2: and largely uninhabitable, only there to look pretty on a map. 1240 01:06:43,920 --> 01:06:46,640 Speaker 1: Well, I don't know about that, but that's what That's 1241 01:06:46,680 --> 01:06:48,480 Speaker 1: what the little kid the lighter put it there for. 1242 01:06:49,200 --> 01:06:52,600 Speaker 2: So cheers. That is from Timothy, and that was one 1243 01:06:52,640 --> 01:06:53,920 Speaker 2: heck of a science field reference. 1244 01:06:54,080 --> 01:06:56,480 Speaker 1: Timothy or Timothay? Is he Russian? 1245 01:06:56,720 --> 01:06:58,680 Speaker 2: Oh good point, Yeah, it's. 1246 01:06:58,520 --> 01:07:05,280 Speaker 1: Timothey Moscow, who just wrote it using a pseudonym Timothy belontimates. 1247 01:07:05,640 --> 01:07:07,240 Speaker 1: If you want to get in touch with me and 1248 01:07:07,360 --> 01:07:10,480 Speaker 1: Chuck and Jerry. You can tweet to us at sysk podcast. 1249 01:07:10,520 --> 01:07:12,800 Speaker 1: You can join us on Facebook dot com slash stuff 1250 01:07:12,800 --> 01:07:15,400 Speaker 1: you Should Know, and you can send us an email 1251 01:07:15,480 --> 01:07:18,800 Speaker 1: to stuff Podcast at HowStuffWorks dot com. As always, join 1252 01:07:18,880 --> 01:07:20,479 Speaker 1: us at a home on the way stuff you Should 1253 01:07:20,520 --> 01:07:26,600 Speaker 1: Know dot com. 1254 01:07:26,720 --> 01:07:29,240 Speaker 2: For more on this and thousands of other topics, visit 1255 01:07:29,280 --> 01:07:37,640 Speaker 2: HowStuffWorks dot com.