1 00:00:02,320 --> 00:00:06,480 Speaker 1: Happy Saturday. In our episode on Goods of the Iron Hand, 2 00:00:06,600 --> 00:00:09,920 Speaker 1: we talked about the state of surgery in fifteen oh 3 00:00:09,960 --> 00:00:12,480 Speaker 1: four when he was injured in battle and had to 4 00:00:12,480 --> 00:00:16,200 Speaker 1: have his hand amputated. We mentioned that when this happened, 5 00:00:16,440 --> 00:00:20,640 Speaker 1: Ambras Pire's work advancing the field of surgery in Europe 6 00:00:20,760 --> 00:00:24,919 Speaker 1: was still decades away, and in our episode on Mpoise Perree, 7 00:00:25,079 --> 00:00:28,120 Speaker 1: which originally came out on May seventeenth, twenty twenty one, 8 00:00:28,600 --> 00:00:32,519 Speaker 1: we talked about how so many other advances happened hundreds 9 00:00:32,520 --> 00:00:36,559 Speaker 1: of years after Pire's groundbreaking work. Our episode on him 10 00:00:36,640 --> 00:00:43,040 Speaker 1: is Today's Saturday Classic, So enjoy. Welcome to Stuff you 11 00:00:43,080 --> 00:00:53,040 Speaker 1: missed in History Class, a production of iHeartRadio. Hello, and 12 00:00:53,159 --> 00:00:57,520 Speaker 1: welcome to the podcast. I'm Holly Frye and I'm Tracy V. Wilson. Oh, 13 00:00:57,560 --> 00:01:02,480 Speaker 1: it's more medical history. So exciting. I've been doing so 14 00:01:02,600 --> 00:01:05,920 Speaker 1: much over the pandemic and we've just had lots of 15 00:01:05,920 --> 00:01:08,120 Speaker 1: medical things come up. But this time we're going to 16 00:01:08,160 --> 00:01:10,840 Speaker 1: talk about early surgery, and I mean very early surgery. 17 00:01:11,000 --> 00:01:13,720 Speaker 1: We're going to talk about Amboise Parrey, who has been 18 00:01:13,760 --> 00:01:16,640 Speaker 1: called everything from the gentle surgeon to the father of 19 00:01:16,680 --> 00:01:19,760 Speaker 1: modern surgery, and he really really did advance the field 20 00:01:19,760 --> 00:01:23,479 Speaker 1: of medicine significantly during his fifty plus years in practice, 21 00:01:24,200 --> 00:01:25,880 Speaker 1: and just for a level set, so you get a 22 00:01:25,920 --> 00:01:29,839 Speaker 1: sense of how ahead of other things we've talked about 23 00:01:29,880 --> 00:01:33,400 Speaker 1: he is. When we recently talked about Jean Baptiste Denis 24 00:01:33,520 --> 00:01:36,880 Speaker 1: in our two parter about the development of blood transfusions, 25 00:01:37,319 --> 00:01:40,240 Speaker 1: those events took place more than one hundred years after 26 00:01:40,280 --> 00:01:43,080 Speaker 1: what we're talking about today. And when we talked about, 27 00:01:43,080 --> 00:01:47,080 Speaker 1: for example, Scottish surgeon Robert Liston, who was famed for 28 00:01:47,160 --> 00:01:51,480 Speaker 1: his speedy amputations, that was three hundred years after Paree. 29 00:01:52,360 --> 00:01:54,520 Speaker 1: And so first though, to set the stage, we have 30 00:01:54,640 --> 00:01:57,320 Speaker 1: to talk a little bit about barber surgeons and some 31 00:01:57,400 --> 00:01:59,360 Speaker 1: of the other stuff that was going on in Europe 32 00:01:59,440 --> 00:02:03,000 Speaker 1: regarding the trade leading up to the sixteenth century, which 33 00:02:03,040 --> 00:02:05,880 Speaker 1: is when Parrey was doing his work, and then we 34 00:02:05,920 --> 00:02:09,440 Speaker 1: will get into Amboise Parrey's story. Yeah, when you sent me, 35 00:02:10,520 --> 00:02:12,079 Speaker 1: when I asked what you were working on this week 36 00:02:12,120 --> 00:02:14,880 Speaker 1: and you told me, I googled it and saw the 37 00:02:14,880 --> 00:02:16,919 Speaker 1: word surgeon and then saw the year and kind of 38 00:02:16,960 --> 00:02:22,000 Speaker 1: went woe. We've talked about some very early surgical history before, 39 00:02:22,080 --> 00:02:25,239 Speaker 1: but this was one that jumped out at me so yes, 40 00:02:25,480 --> 00:02:28,960 Speaker 1: glad you picked it. Yay. So before we get into 41 00:02:29,120 --> 00:02:31,760 Speaker 1: Pare's story, as Holly just said, we need to have 42 00:02:31,800 --> 00:02:35,760 Speaker 1: a little overview of barber surgeons and where they were 43 00:02:35,760 --> 00:02:38,320 Speaker 1: at when he was working in this field. We have 44 00:02:38,440 --> 00:02:42,440 Speaker 1: mentioned barber surgeons before, I don't think we've really talked 45 00:02:42,440 --> 00:02:46,040 Speaker 1: about the origins of barber surgeons and how exactly we 46 00:02:46,120 --> 00:02:48,680 Speaker 1: got to a point that you would hire the same 47 00:02:48,720 --> 00:02:51,919 Speaker 1: person to shave your face as you would to extract 48 00:02:51,919 --> 00:02:56,040 Speaker 1: a tooth or amputate a limb, so wide range of 49 00:02:56,080 --> 00:02:59,959 Speaker 1: job responsibilities. It seems like such a strange grouping today, 50 00:02:59,800 --> 00:03:02,239 Speaker 1: but for a long time it was totally normal. Yeah, 51 00:03:02,280 --> 00:03:05,239 Speaker 1: and we know that specialists in grooming go all the 52 00:03:05,280 --> 00:03:08,440 Speaker 1: way back to ancient Egypt. But there's this question of like, 53 00:03:08,560 --> 00:03:12,440 Speaker 1: when did the cosmetic occupation take on all of these 54 00:03:12,480 --> 00:03:15,560 Speaker 1: other duties. So the answer to that lies in the 55 00:03:15,639 --> 00:03:18,519 Speaker 1: Hippocratic oath. We won't read the whole thing. It is 56 00:03:18,600 --> 00:03:21,600 Speaker 1: quite long. It includes a lot of language about holding 57 00:03:21,720 --> 00:03:23,880 Speaker 1: your teacher in the same regard as your parents, and 58 00:03:23,919 --> 00:03:27,400 Speaker 1: administering healthy diets and all kinds of other things. But 59 00:03:27,440 --> 00:03:30,000 Speaker 1: the section of it that's germane to today's topic is 60 00:03:30,040 --> 00:03:33,360 Speaker 1: this quote, I will not use the knife, not even 61 00:03:33,440 --> 00:03:37,160 Speaker 1: on sufferers from stone, but will withdraw in favor of 62 00:03:37,200 --> 00:03:40,760 Speaker 1: such men as are engaged in this work. So we 63 00:03:40,800 --> 00:03:43,080 Speaker 1: should note two things here, because you also may have 64 00:03:43,120 --> 00:03:46,480 Speaker 1: heard or read a different version of the Hippocratic Oath. First, 65 00:03:46,520 --> 00:03:49,600 Speaker 1: the oath was originally written in Greek, so obviously there 66 00:03:49,600 --> 00:03:52,960 Speaker 1: are translations. Second, there is a modern version that is 67 00:03:53,040 --> 00:03:56,280 Speaker 1: quite different, and you may have heard that one. That one, though, 68 00:03:56,320 --> 00:03:58,920 Speaker 1: was not written until nineteen sixty four, so long long 69 00:03:58,960 --> 00:04:02,400 Speaker 1: after Envois papail time. It was written by Tuft's university 70 00:04:02,440 --> 00:04:08,640 Speaker 1: academic dean of the School of Medicine, Louis Lasagne. That phrase, though, 71 00:04:08,680 --> 00:04:11,680 Speaker 1: about not using the knife on patients, meant that if 72 00:04:11,680 --> 00:04:14,360 Speaker 1: somebody did need surgery, there has to be a different 73 00:04:14,520 --> 00:04:17,720 Speaker 1: profession who could handle it. Physicians could take care of 74 00:04:17,760 --> 00:04:20,840 Speaker 1: their patients in every way that didn't require surgery, but 75 00:04:20,880 --> 00:04:24,000 Speaker 1: then if things reached a point where a knife was involved, 76 00:04:24,240 --> 00:04:26,479 Speaker 1: then the patient needed to be handed off to someone else, 77 00:04:27,080 --> 00:04:31,240 Speaker 1: so a surgeon, or very often a barber surgeon. So 78 00:04:31,440 --> 00:04:35,320 Speaker 1: from their beginnings which had the religious significance of being 79 00:04:35,320 --> 00:04:39,239 Speaker 1: in charge of things like tonsuring clergy barbers, over time 80 00:04:39,400 --> 00:04:43,599 Speaker 1: adopted additional duties as standard for the barber trade. Needs 81 00:04:43,640 --> 00:04:47,479 Speaker 1: like bleeding or tooth extraction were handled by barbers for 82 00:04:47,520 --> 00:04:51,000 Speaker 1: the simple reason that in eleven sixty three, monks, who 83 00:04:51,120 --> 00:04:54,320 Speaker 1: up to that point had been providing services like bloodletting, 84 00:04:54,640 --> 00:04:57,320 Speaker 1: were then forbidden to do so by a papal decree 85 00:04:57,360 --> 00:05:00,760 Speaker 1: issued by Pope Alexander the Third. So at this point 86 00:05:01,000 --> 00:05:03,279 Speaker 1: Pocrates has said that physicians can't do it, and the 87 00:05:03,279 --> 00:05:06,960 Speaker 1: papal decrea said that none of the monks could do 88 00:05:07,000 --> 00:05:12,240 Speaker 1: anything like this. So additionally, actual trained surgeons were pretty 89 00:05:12,240 --> 00:05:15,719 Speaker 1: thin on the ground. So the role of the barber 90 00:05:15,800 --> 00:05:19,520 Speaker 1: continued to expand to include more and more complex procedures, 91 00:05:19,920 --> 00:05:25,240 Speaker 1: until barber surgeon had emerged as a career. Yeah. Basically, basically, 92 00:05:25,279 --> 00:05:29,920 Speaker 1: somebody in Europe's got to do it, yeah, And that's 93 00:05:29,920 --> 00:05:34,440 Speaker 1: where we landed. In London. The Worshipful Company of Barbers, 94 00:05:34,480 --> 00:05:37,360 Speaker 1: which was founded in the early thirteen hundreds and still exists, 95 00:05:37,600 --> 00:05:40,200 Speaker 1: was a guild for the barber profession, and it supported 96 00:05:40,240 --> 00:05:44,240 Speaker 1: this expanding role. But there were also surgeons who were 97 00:05:44,560 --> 00:05:48,799 Speaker 1: just surgeons. They had made their careers specializing in that field. 98 00:05:48,960 --> 00:05:53,960 Speaker 1: So naturally this led to some tension barber surgeons felt 99 00:05:53,960 --> 00:05:56,920 Speaker 1: that they were filling a really vital need for their clientele, 100 00:05:56,960 --> 00:06:01,760 Speaker 1: and they were, But surgeons felt that barbers were beneath them, 101 00:06:01,960 --> 00:06:04,120 Speaker 1: and they didn't have the same skill level because they 102 00:06:04,160 --> 00:06:07,839 Speaker 1: hadn't learned Latin or gone to university, and that these 103 00:06:08,120 --> 00:06:12,440 Speaker 1: combination shops that handled the tasks of multiple professions should 104 00:06:12,440 --> 00:06:15,240 Speaker 1: really just be relegated to the country, where professionals in 105 00:06:15,320 --> 00:06:19,000 Speaker 1: general were a lot more sparse. But most surgeons were 106 00:06:19,000 --> 00:06:22,919 Speaker 1: employed by royal or high ranking households exclusively, so even 107 00:06:23,120 --> 00:06:25,280 Speaker 1: in the city there was still a lot of need 108 00:06:25,440 --> 00:06:27,840 Speaker 1: for somebody who could do all of this stuff. To 109 00:06:27,960 --> 00:06:31,000 Speaker 1: compound matters, a lot of doctors thought that some of 110 00:06:31,080 --> 00:06:34,520 Speaker 1: the tasks that a barber surgeon could perform, like bloodletting, 111 00:06:35,440 --> 00:06:38,920 Speaker 1: was really beneath them. In a nineteen sixty two paper, RS. 112 00:06:39,120 --> 00:06:42,719 Speaker 1: Roberts wrote quote, despite the pretensions of the physicians, it 113 00:06:42,760 --> 00:06:47,680 Speaker 1: was impossible to keep medicine, surgery and pharmacy as separate activities, 114 00:06:48,120 --> 00:06:50,920 Speaker 1: and a more general form of practice which combined all 115 00:06:51,000 --> 00:06:54,600 Speaker 1: that was necessary did develop in London just as quickly 116 00:06:54,680 --> 00:06:58,120 Speaker 1: as the provinces. There was so much strife in London 117 00:06:58,240 --> 00:07:01,080 Speaker 1: over all of this that Henry the Eighth, surgeon Thomas 118 00:07:01,200 --> 00:07:04,279 Speaker 1: Liinaker used his influence with the king to ask that 119 00:07:04,440 --> 00:07:08,840 Speaker 1: some sort of supervisory guidelines be put in place for surgeons. 120 00:07:09,560 --> 00:07:13,160 Speaker 1: Similar requests for medical regulation came from other scholars who 121 00:07:13,160 --> 00:07:15,600 Speaker 1: had the king's ear, and for just about the entirety 122 00:07:15,600 --> 00:07:17,840 Speaker 1: of Henry the Yighth's reign there was this sort of 123 00:07:17,960 --> 00:07:21,320 Speaker 1: constant effort and struggle to get London on par with 124 00:07:21,400 --> 00:07:25,160 Speaker 1: other cities in terms of medical licensing and education. In 125 00:07:25,200 --> 00:07:28,400 Speaker 1: fifteen forty the Company of Barber Surgeons was formed and 126 00:07:28,440 --> 00:07:32,360 Speaker 1: that combined the two professions, although surgeons and barber surgeons 127 00:07:32,400 --> 00:07:36,000 Speaker 1: were still separate things, but under this larger group medical 128 00:07:36,040 --> 00:07:39,840 Speaker 1: care was regulated. In France, the two had joined under 129 00:07:39,960 --> 00:07:44,040 Speaker 1: one guild eighty years earlier, in thirteen eighty three, during 130 00:07:44,080 --> 00:07:46,800 Speaker 1: the reign of Charles the sixth of France, the king's 131 00:07:46,840 --> 00:07:50,200 Speaker 1: first barber and valet was made head of that guild. 132 00:07:50,880 --> 00:07:53,720 Speaker 1: But then Paris had its own complexities and conflicts in 133 00:07:53,760 --> 00:07:57,400 Speaker 1: the medical field. Barber surgeons were sometimes called doctors of 134 00:07:57,440 --> 00:08:00,600 Speaker 1: the short robe, with doctors of the long rowe being 135 00:08:00,680 --> 00:08:03,960 Speaker 1: used to refer to members of the Confraternity of Sant Kame. 136 00:08:05,000 --> 00:08:08,840 Speaker 1: These were theoretically surgeons, although they often had sort of 137 00:08:08,840 --> 00:08:13,040 Speaker 1: a snooty attitude it seems, about performing surgery themselves. These 138 00:08:13,080 --> 00:08:15,520 Speaker 1: doctors of the long robe had a lot of friction 139 00:08:15,640 --> 00:08:19,120 Speaker 1: with the university trained physicians and with the barber surgeons. 140 00:08:20,120 --> 00:08:23,480 Speaker 1: This made Paris a very contentious place to practice medicine 141 00:08:23,840 --> 00:08:28,600 Speaker 1: at all. It's so all of the posturing that goes 142 00:08:28,640 --> 00:08:31,560 Speaker 1: on in the hierarchy of these medical fields is very 143 00:08:31,600 --> 00:08:36,080 Speaker 1: fascinating to me. There was reform to this very problematic 144 00:08:36,120 --> 00:08:39,959 Speaker 1: system just before Envoise Perier was born. The Faculty de 145 00:08:40,080 --> 00:08:43,160 Speaker 1: Midcent decided on a course of action to try to 146 00:08:43,200 --> 00:08:47,680 Speaker 1: alleviate the tension by making barber surgeon a legitimate licensed title. 147 00:08:48,240 --> 00:08:50,679 Speaker 1: That meant the barber surgeons could attend classes at the 148 00:08:50,800 --> 00:08:53,920 Speaker 1: university and they had to take two exams after completing 149 00:08:53,960 --> 00:08:57,680 Speaker 1: their training in order to be licensed. As part of 150 00:08:57,720 --> 00:09:01,360 Speaker 1: this reformation, the existing surgeons could move up in title 151 00:09:01,559 --> 00:09:05,240 Speaker 1: to doctor's region at the faculty. So this ended up 152 00:09:05,280 --> 00:09:09,560 Speaker 1: consolidating these three factions into two, and it elevated both 153 00:09:09,600 --> 00:09:12,760 Speaker 1: barber surgeons and surgeons. And while this did not by 154 00:09:12,800 --> 00:09:16,160 Speaker 1: any means eliminate all of these problems and posturing, it 155 00:09:16,280 --> 00:09:20,360 Speaker 1: definitely did improve things, and m wois Pai was working 156 00:09:20,440 --> 00:09:22,880 Speaker 1: in the medical field right in the middle of this 157 00:09:23,040 --> 00:09:26,360 Speaker 1: unique and sometimes tense culture. We will talk about his 158 00:09:26,440 --> 00:09:28,600 Speaker 1: life and career in just a moment, but first we 159 00:09:28,640 --> 00:09:41,880 Speaker 1: will pause for a quick sponsor break. Amboise Parre was 160 00:09:41,920 --> 00:09:45,200 Speaker 1: born in fifteen oh nine or fifteen ten in Burgerson 161 00:09:45,480 --> 00:09:49,000 Speaker 1: in western France, and his path in medicine was actually 162 00:09:49,040 --> 00:09:52,120 Speaker 1: set fairly early on. Both he and his brother were 163 00:09:52,160 --> 00:09:55,160 Speaker 1: set on educational tracks to become surgeons by their father, 164 00:09:55,640 --> 00:09:58,000 Speaker 1: who was not in the medical field but did well 165 00:09:58,040 --> 00:10:01,199 Speaker 1: for himself as a master carpenter. One of the key 166 00:10:01,280 --> 00:10:05,720 Speaker 1: pieces of education that a surgeon needed was Latin, and 167 00:10:05,800 --> 00:10:09,840 Speaker 1: a working knowledge of Latin was considered vital for that career, 168 00:10:10,000 --> 00:10:13,360 Speaker 1: but and was never quite mastered it. That was even 169 00:10:13,400 --> 00:10:15,320 Speaker 1: though he had been sent to a boarding school that 170 00:10:15,400 --> 00:10:20,640 Speaker 1: was run by a chaplain who could focus on that language. Yeah, 171 00:10:20,800 --> 00:10:24,559 Speaker 1: and there was a lot of very dedicated educational effort 172 00:10:24,640 --> 00:10:26,720 Speaker 1: to getting him to learn Latin, but that was just 173 00:10:26,880 --> 00:10:30,560 Speaker 1: not happening. When he was in his early twenties, Parey 174 00:10:30,720 --> 00:10:33,640 Speaker 1: traveled to Paris to pursue a position as an apprentice. 175 00:10:33,679 --> 00:10:37,280 Speaker 1: Despite his Latin still lacking he did get an apprenticeship 176 00:10:37,280 --> 00:10:39,840 Speaker 1: with a master barber surgeon, so that at that point 177 00:10:39,920 --> 00:10:43,240 Speaker 1: was the only possible path because that Latin requirement was 178 00:10:43,280 --> 00:10:46,720 Speaker 1: not quite as vital for a barber surgeon. He didn't 179 00:10:46,720 --> 00:10:48,600 Speaker 1: really get a whole lot of time with the surgeon 180 00:10:48,640 --> 00:10:51,319 Speaker 1: part of the job, though. He mostly tidied up in 181 00:10:51,360 --> 00:10:54,520 Speaker 1: the shop by sweeping hair, and he was occasionally allowed 182 00:10:54,520 --> 00:10:57,440 Speaker 1: to give beard trims. This was not, we should say, 183 00:10:57,440 --> 00:11:00,400 Speaker 1: because his mentor was particularly cruel. The shop just had 184 00:11:00,480 --> 00:11:04,280 Speaker 1: to be maintained during business hours, so most apprentices faced 185 00:11:04,400 --> 00:11:07,920 Speaker 1: kind of similarly challenging schedules. There just wasn't really a 186 00:11:07,960 --> 00:11:11,679 Speaker 1: way to attend medical lectures because of this, unless they 187 00:11:11,679 --> 00:11:14,440 Speaker 1: were lectures that were given unusually early in the morning 188 00:11:14,960 --> 00:11:18,280 Speaker 1: or late in the evening, so study of the surgery 189 00:11:18,320 --> 00:11:21,800 Speaker 1: side of the job was usually done via late night reading, 190 00:11:22,240 --> 00:11:25,120 Speaker 1: although there were some procedures like leeching that were taught 191 00:11:25,160 --> 00:11:29,439 Speaker 1: their hands on in the shop. Paray accepted this sometimes 192 00:11:29,559 --> 00:11:32,440 Speaker 1: ruling schedule, and he applied himself to get to his 193 00:11:32,520 --> 00:11:36,080 Speaker 1: goal of being accredited as a barber surgeon. But the 194 00:11:36,080 --> 00:11:39,360 Speaker 1: diploma from the master barber was really just the first step. 195 00:11:39,520 --> 00:11:42,400 Speaker 1: The next phase of his education was pretty similar to 196 00:11:42,440 --> 00:11:45,400 Speaker 1: the way a modern medical doctor goes through a residency 197 00:11:45,440 --> 00:11:49,679 Speaker 1: training period. For Pahy, this meant a surgeon trainee position 198 00:11:50,240 --> 00:11:53,520 Speaker 1: at Houtel du de Paills starting in fifteen thirty two 199 00:11:54,480 --> 00:11:57,600 Speaker 1: as an assign. The Houteldieux may one day be its 200 00:11:57,640 --> 00:12:00,960 Speaker 1: own episode. It is the oldest operating hostelspital in the world, 201 00:12:01,200 --> 00:12:03,600 Speaker 1: it still operates, and it has its roots reaching back 202 00:12:03,840 --> 00:12:07,080 Speaker 1: at least eleven hundred years. But for the purposes of 203 00:12:07,200 --> 00:12:10,000 Speaker 1: Mboise Paris story, the key here is that the Hotel 204 00:12:10,080 --> 00:12:12,200 Speaker 1: Dieux had started as a home for the poor of 205 00:12:12,240 --> 00:12:15,920 Speaker 1: Paris that eventually added medical care for the residence to 206 00:12:16,000 --> 00:12:19,520 Speaker 1: its mission, and it had actually become essentially a teaching 207 00:12:19,559 --> 00:12:22,840 Speaker 1: hospital by Parrei's time. There was also sort of a 208 00:12:22,880 --> 00:12:26,760 Speaker 1: weird setup for surgical training because the hospital was run 209 00:12:26,920 --> 00:12:29,640 Speaker 1: by the Church, and the Church looked upon cutting a 210 00:12:29,720 --> 00:12:33,360 Speaker 1: human body as anathema. This meant that any kind of 211 00:12:33,480 --> 00:12:37,760 Speaker 1: actual surgery that mbois Pire was able to perform had 212 00:12:37,760 --> 00:12:41,520 Speaker 1: to be on deceased patients. The hospital was packed, though 213 00:12:41,559 --> 00:12:44,920 Speaker 1: it was often really overcrowded with patients having to share beds, 214 00:12:44,960 --> 00:12:48,440 Speaker 1: so he had plenty to do over the course of 215 00:12:48,520 --> 00:12:52,440 Speaker 1: four years, he provided care to thousands of residents, including 216 00:12:53,000 --> 00:12:56,480 Speaker 1: through a cholera outbreak, and he studied surgery in books 217 00:12:56,520 --> 00:12:59,360 Speaker 1: and by doing autopsies. But even though he had done 218 00:12:59,360 --> 00:13:01,760 Speaker 1: all this hands on training and work to qualify for 219 00:13:01,800 --> 00:13:05,640 Speaker 1: a surgical license, stories go that this lack of Latin 220 00:13:05,800 --> 00:13:08,160 Speaker 1: continued to hold him back. He was not able to 221 00:13:08,200 --> 00:13:11,640 Speaker 1: obtain a license. But really most accounts indicate that it 222 00:13:11,720 --> 00:13:14,360 Speaker 1: wasn't so much the Latin issue. It was that he 223 00:13:14,480 --> 00:13:18,400 Speaker 1: was too poor to take the required certification exam. Yeah, 224 00:13:18,440 --> 00:13:21,720 Speaker 1: the Latin hold back is like a nice story, but 225 00:13:21,800 --> 00:13:24,160 Speaker 1: it really seems more to have been a financial issue. 226 00:13:24,880 --> 00:13:27,280 Speaker 1: Regardless though, of which of those factors was the one 227 00:13:27,320 --> 00:13:30,120 Speaker 1: holding him back, he ended up on another path, and 228 00:13:30,120 --> 00:13:32,800 Speaker 1: that was one that would enable him to practice medicine 229 00:13:32,840 --> 00:13:35,600 Speaker 1: even if he did not have a license, and that 230 00:13:35,760 --> 00:13:38,679 Speaker 1: was as a member of the French military, Parrey was 231 00:13:38,720 --> 00:13:41,040 Speaker 1: able to get a position as the surgeon attending the 232 00:13:41,080 --> 00:13:44,920 Speaker 1: General Martial de Monjan and the impact this role had 233 00:13:45,040 --> 00:13:47,800 Speaker 1: on the way Parrey practiced medicine and consequently a lot 234 00:13:47,800 --> 00:13:50,360 Speaker 1: of other people kind of reminds me a little bit 235 00:13:50,400 --> 00:13:54,000 Speaker 1: of the episode we did about famed chef Augusta Scoffier, 236 00:13:54,160 --> 00:13:57,040 Speaker 1: because if you heard that one and recall it Ascofier 237 00:13:57,120 --> 00:13:59,960 Speaker 1: had learned to improvise really impressive meals for the true 238 00:14:00,280 --> 00:14:03,320 Speaker 1: that he cooked for with minimal supplies during his time 239 00:14:03,360 --> 00:14:06,599 Speaker 1: in the military, and on bois Perree, in kind of 240 00:14:06,600 --> 00:14:10,120 Speaker 1: a similar move, improvised treatment of wounds when his medical 241 00:14:10,160 --> 00:14:13,960 Speaker 1: supplies ran low. Pahia described a key moment in his 242 00:14:14,080 --> 00:14:17,640 Speaker 1: military career during the fifteen thirty seven Siege of Turin, 243 00:14:17,800 --> 00:14:20,040 Speaker 1: when he ran out of the oil that they normally 244 00:14:20,320 --> 00:14:25,320 Speaker 1: boiled to cauterize amputation and gunshot wounds. So the treatment 245 00:14:25,360 --> 00:14:28,040 Speaker 1: that he had always felt was often really damaging and 246 00:14:28,160 --> 00:14:32,280 Speaker 1: risky to the soldiers. So it is very easy to 247 00:14:32,360 --> 00:14:35,160 Speaker 1: the modern ear to immediately hear that whole boiling oil 248 00:14:35,160 --> 00:14:37,800 Speaker 1: thing and think, WHOA, what were they thinking? They're so foolish. 249 00:14:38,320 --> 00:14:41,000 Speaker 1: Keep in mind, though, this is really still pretty early 250 00:14:41,120 --> 00:14:44,800 Speaker 1: in the use of gunpowder artillery in war. There are 251 00:14:44,840 --> 00:14:47,680 Speaker 1: references to artillery on battlefields as early as the mid 252 00:14:47,720 --> 00:14:50,760 Speaker 1: fourteenth century, but in the years between then and when 253 00:14:50,800 --> 00:14:54,240 Speaker 1: Parey was deployed, the use of such weapons had grown 254 00:14:54,280 --> 00:14:57,960 Speaker 1: pretty slowly, and the Italian Wars, which Parey found himself 255 00:14:58,040 --> 00:15:01,400 Speaker 1: part of As France and Spain battled over control of 256 00:15:01,440 --> 00:15:05,520 Speaker 1: Italian territories, were marked by a significant uptick in the 257 00:15:05,560 --> 00:15:09,160 Speaker 1: amount and variety of firearms used, and there was still 258 00:15:09,200 --> 00:15:12,320 Speaker 1: a commonly held belief that there was poison in gunpowder, 259 00:15:12,480 --> 00:15:16,360 Speaker 1: so the oil was thought to somehow counter that. Parree 260 00:15:16,400 --> 00:15:19,320 Speaker 1: listed the weapons of war in his writing as quote 261 00:15:19,440 --> 00:15:29,479 Speaker 1: all sorts of minds, countermines, pots of fire, trains, fiery arrows, lances, crossbows, barrels, 262 00:15:29,960 --> 00:15:34,960 Speaker 1: balls of fire, and all such fiery engines and inventions. 263 00:15:35,480 --> 00:15:38,840 Speaker 1: They are certainly a most miserable and pernicious kind of 264 00:15:38,840 --> 00:15:42,840 Speaker 1: invention by which we often see a thousand unsuspecting men 265 00:15:43,000 --> 00:15:45,520 Speaker 1: blown up with a mine by the force of gunpowder. 266 00:15:46,120 --> 00:15:49,680 Speaker 1: For these modern inventions are such as easily exceed all 267 00:15:49,720 --> 00:15:53,160 Speaker 1: the best appointed and cruel engines, which can be mentioned 268 00:15:53,280 --> 00:15:56,680 Speaker 1: or thought upon in the shape, cruelty, and appearance of 269 00:15:56,720 --> 00:16:00,840 Speaker 1: their operations. Yeah, as many physicians, he had very strong 270 00:16:00,880 --> 00:16:05,360 Speaker 1: opinions about firearms, but his improvisation in this moment and 271 00:16:05,400 --> 00:16:08,600 Speaker 1: its results changed the way he looked at medicine forever, 272 00:16:08,640 --> 00:16:12,320 Speaker 1: and he wrote about it. This is translated, obviously, at last, 273 00:16:12,400 --> 00:16:15,440 Speaker 1: my oil ran short, and I was forced instead thereof 274 00:16:15,480 --> 00:16:18,320 Speaker 1: to apply a digestive made of the yolks of eggs, 275 00:16:18,760 --> 00:16:22,560 Speaker 1: oil of roses, and turpentine. In the night I could 276 00:16:22,560 --> 00:16:26,320 Speaker 1: not sleep in quiet, fearing some default in not cauterizing 277 00:16:26,600 --> 00:16:28,600 Speaker 1: that I should find the sounded to whom I had 278 00:16:28,640 --> 00:16:31,320 Speaker 1: not used the set oil dead from the poison of 279 00:16:31,320 --> 00:16:34,520 Speaker 1: their wounds, which made me rise very early to visit them. 280 00:16:34,560 --> 00:16:38,120 Speaker 1: Where beyond my expectation, I found that those to whom 281 00:16:38,120 --> 00:16:41,160 Speaker 1: I had applied my digestive medica mint had but little pain, 282 00:16:41,600 --> 00:16:45,040 Speaker 1: and their wounds without inflammation or swelling, having rested fairly 283 00:16:45,080 --> 00:16:48,440 Speaker 1: well that night. The others to whom the boiling oil 284 00:16:48,600 --> 00:16:51,800 Speaker 1: was used I found feverish, with great pain and swelling 285 00:16:51,800 --> 00:16:55,600 Speaker 1: about the edges of their wounds. Then I resolved never 286 00:16:55,640 --> 00:17:00,400 Speaker 1: more to burn thus cruelly poor men with gunshot wounds. Clear, 287 00:17:00,720 --> 00:17:05,120 Speaker 1: this was hugely risky. If these soldiers had died because 288 00:17:05,160 --> 00:17:09,480 Speaker 1: of Pire's experimental treatment, not only would he have felt responsible, 289 00:17:09,640 --> 00:17:14,080 Speaker 1: he also probably would have been kicked out of the military. Additionally, 290 00:17:14,119 --> 00:17:16,960 Speaker 1: it would have also likely ended any hope he had 291 00:17:17,119 --> 00:17:20,520 Speaker 1: of being a barber surgeon beyond the battlefield. So it's 292 00:17:20,600 --> 00:17:24,000 Speaker 1: really no surprise that he couldn't sleep, and this discovery 293 00:17:24,080 --> 00:17:27,000 Speaker 1: that an alternate approach to treating wounds, one that did 294 00:17:27,000 --> 00:17:32,240 Speaker 1: not involve pouring boiling oil on already suffering patients, was successful, 295 00:17:32,600 --> 00:17:35,639 Speaker 1: gave Parey a new degree of confidence. He started to 296 00:17:35,680 --> 00:17:39,760 Speaker 1: extol the virtues of observing patients and treating based on 297 00:17:39,800 --> 00:17:42,840 Speaker 1: assessment of the individual, rather than only going by what 298 00:17:42,880 --> 00:17:46,240 Speaker 1: appeared in books as the prescribed method for a particular 299 00:17:46,280 --> 00:17:50,040 Speaker 1: type of injury. He had also decided from that moment 300 00:17:50,080 --> 00:17:52,920 Speaker 1: that he would only use treatments that he truly believed 301 00:17:52,920 --> 00:17:55,240 Speaker 1: to be useful. So in a way, he was making 302 00:17:55,320 --> 00:17:58,199 Speaker 1: a conscious decision to trust his instincts because he had 303 00:17:58,200 --> 00:18:01,400 Speaker 1: always suspected that scalding oil was not the best idea, 304 00:18:01,880 --> 00:18:05,439 Speaker 1: but now he had experiential proof that another approach created 305 00:18:05,480 --> 00:18:08,159 Speaker 1: a far better outcome. Up to the time that he 306 00:18:08,200 --> 00:18:11,800 Speaker 1: became a military medic, Plaret's knowledge about surgery was like 307 00:18:11,920 --> 00:18:14,840 Speaker 1: most medical professionals of the time, based on the writings 308 00:18:14,840 --> 00:18:19,000 Speaker 1: of Galen. Galen moved medical practice forward in a lot 309 00:18:19,000 --> 00:18:23,560 Speaker 1: of ways. He clarified understanding of anatomy, particularly the circulatory 310 00:18:23,600 --> 00:18:27,120 Speaker 1: system and the workings of respiration, and he also did 311 00:18:27,119 --> 00:18:31,119 Speaker 1: a lot of surgeries. He cared for gladiators and accompanied 312 00:18:31,119 --> 00:18:34,199 Speaker 1: Marcus Aurelius into battle to care for the troops, so 313 00:18:34,240 --> 00:18:37,840 Speaker 1: he had plenty of injuries to treat and to learn from. 314 00:18:38,240 --> 00:18:41,320 Speaker 1: But Galen lived in the first century, so a lot 315 00:18:41,359 --> 00:18:44,520 Speaker 1: of his ideas were outdated by the time Parry was working, 316 00:18:44,640 --> 00:18:46,960 Speaker 1: even though he was still a really key part of 317 00:18:47,040 --> 00:18:51,080 Speaker 1: standard medical education. His writing, for example, was based on 318 00:18:51,160 --> 00:18:55,320 Speaker 1: the idea of bodily humors that Hippocrates had developed. Most 319 00:18:55,320 --> 00:18:58,240 Speaker 1: of the early sixteenth century medical profession still had an 320 00:18:58,280 --> 00:19:02,560 Speaker 1: almost dogmatic devotion to following Galen's writings to the letter, 321 00:19:03,280 --> 00:19:06,919 Speaker 1: even though Galen himself wrote about the importance of personal observation. 322 00:19:07,720 --> 00:19:11,000 Speaker 1: Parray continued to elevate the care of wounded soldiers as 323 00:19:11,000 --> 00:19:14,480 Speaker 1: a field medic insurgeon over the course of several military tours, 324 00:19:14,880 --> 00:19:18,280 Speaker 1: and that dedication paid off, although he was encouraged to 325 00:19:18,320 --> 00:19:21,480 Speaker 1: stay in the military because of his usefulness. In fifteen 326 00:19:21,600 --> 00:19:23,840 Speaker 1: forty one he returned to Paris and he was able 327 00:19:23,840 --> 00:19:26,919 Speaker 1: to take the necessary examinations that he needed, and he 328 00:19:27,080 --> 00:19:30,359 Speaker 1: was given the title of Master barber surgeon. He also 329 00:19:30,400 --> 00:19:32,800 Speaker 1: got married after he went home to Paris, and he 330 00:19:32,840 --> 00:19:35,119 Speaker 1: basically set himself up with a house and a shop 331 00:19:35,400 --> 00:19:38,440 Speaker 1: in what is modern day Place de Michele. Pire went 332 00:19:38,480 --> 00:19:41,199 Speaker 1: back to the military in fifteen forty two when he 333 00:19:41,280 --> 00:19:43,960 Speaker 1: was selected by the Grand Lord of Brittany to be 334 00:19:44,040 --> 00:19:47,359 Speaker 1: his surgeon on campaigns. It was during this phase of 335 00:19:47,400 --> 00:19:51,080 Speaker 1: military touring that Piree developed a new technique for dislodging 336 00:19:51,119 --> 00:19:54,879 Speaker 1: bullets from wounds by having the wounded person placed their 337 00:19:54,920 --> 00:19:57,159 Speaker 1: body in the position they had been in when they 338 00:19:57,160 --> 00:19:59,760 Speaker 1: were shot, so that he could more easily track the 339 00:19:59,800 --> 00:20:02,679 Speaker 1: book its trajectory. It seems like such a cool and 340 00:20:02,760 --> 00:20:06,200 Speaker 1: interesting thing, rather than people digging around in wounds, going 341 00:20:06,440 --> 00:20:09,440 Speaker 1: how exactly were you standing? I see it entered here, 342 00:20:09,480 --> 00:20:12,400 Speaker 1: It probably went here. It seems so obvious and yet 343 00:20:12,560 --> 00:20:15,200 Speaker 1: was not standard at all. And one of the reasons 344 00:20:15,200 --> 00:20:19,080 Speaker 1: that we know about amboise Pari's experiences and his refinement 345 00:20:19,119 --> 00:20:22,439 Speaker 1: of surgical techniques is because he wrote numerous books on 346 00:20:22,480 --> 00:20:24,600 Speaker 1: those subjects. And we're going to talk about the beginning 347 00:20:24,680 --> 00:20:26,880 Speaker 1: of his work as an author after we hear from 348 00:20:26,880 --> 00:20:28,720 Speaker 1: some of the sponsors that keep stuff you missed in 349 00:20:28,760 --> 00:20:40,880 Speaker 1: history class going. After he returned to Paris again and 350 00:20:41,080 --> 00:20:42,960 Speaker 1: on the advice of one of the physicians at the 351 00:20:42,960 --> 00:20:46,760 Speaker 1: Faculty de med Saint Amboise started writing about his work, 352 00:20:47,080 --> 00:20:50,480 Speaker 1: and this is where not having learned Latin actually helped 353 00:20:50,520 --> 00:20:54,080 Speaker 1: make him even more well known. He wrote in French 354 00:20:54,280 --> 00:20:57,760 Speaker 1: that was unusual for medical texts, and as a consequence, 355 00:20:58,119 --> 00:21:00,920 Speaker 1: it made them accessible to a far away, wider audience. 356 00:21:01,560 --> 00:21:03,880 Speaker 1: Whereas the use of Latin in the medical field had 357 00:21:03,880 --> 00:21:07,160 Speaker 1: always been a separator between the well educated and the masses, 358 00:21:07,680 --> 00:21:10,919 Speaker 1: Pire's work disregarded that divide, and to some degree it 359 00:21:11,040 --> 00:21:15,800 Speaker 1: democratized medical knowledge. Barber surgeons were no longer left out 360 00:21:15,800 --> 00:21:19,200 Speaker 1: of the conversation. They were reading the exact same text 361 00:21:19,280 --> 00:21:22,639 Speaker 1: as master surgeons. When it came to Paray's work. The 362 00:21:22,760 --> 00:21:26,119 Speaker 1: use of French for his writing also meant that translations 363 00:21:26,160 --> 00:21:30,000 Speaker 1: of his works went into circulation really quickly. Soon there 364 00:21:30,000 --> 00:21:33,800 Speaker 1: were printings of Parre's writings in English, German and Dutch, 365 00:21:33,840 --> 00:21:37,440 Speaker 1: and they spread quickly throughout all of Europe. And because 366 00:21:37,480 --> 00:21:40,800 Speaker 1: of this, his ideas created a true watershed moment in 367 00:21:40,840 --> 00:21:44,879 Speaker 1: medical history where practitioners started re examining some pretty long 368 00:21:44,920 --> 00:21:48,720 Speaker 1: held truths. His first book was published in fifteen forty 369 00:21:48,760 --> 00:21:51,400 Speaker 1: five and it was titled The Method of Treating Wounds 370 00:21:51,400 --> 00:21:55,800 Speaker 1: made by arquebuses and other firearms, darts and such. Also 371 00:21:55,960 --> 00:22:00,639 Speaker 1: combustion made especially by cannon powder. So just as quick aside, 372 00:22:00,640 --> 00:22:03,520 Speaker 1: an arcbus was a long gun, sort of a precursor 373 00:22:03,560 --> 00:22:06,560 Speaker 1: to the musket. And the preface to that book really 374 00:22:06,640 --> 00:22:11,320 Speaker 1: evidences Parre's religious devotion. It is dedicated quote to young 375 00:22:11,359 --> 00:22:15,000 Speaker 1: surgeons of goodwill, and after a few opening lines about 376 00:22:15,000 --> 00:22:17,920 Speaker 1: how he was asked to share his knowledge of treating wounds, 377 00:22:18,000 --> 00:22:21,680 Speaker 1: it reads quote, not presuming in my present capacity being 378 00:22:21,720 --> 00:22:25,000 Speaker 1: able to teach you, for which more instruction would be necessary, 379 00:22:25,480 --> 00:22:28,879 Speaker 1: but to satisfy your desire in part, and also stimulate 380 00:22:29,000 --> 00:22:31,879 Speaker 1: some higher spirit by writing in this way, so we 381 00:22:31,960 --> 00:22:35,359 Speaker 1: can all give it greater attention. Now I ask you 382 00:22:35,480 --> 00:22:38,600 Speaker 1: humbly to take this little book kindly, which, if I 383 00:22:38,680 --> 00:22:41,080 Speaker 1: know you are agreeable, will cause me to do something 384 00:22:41,160 --> 00:22:44,840 Speaker 1: more such as my small mind can undertake. For such, 385 00:22:44,880 --> 00:22:48,040 Speaker 1: I pray the creator, brothers and friends to happily support 386 00:22:48,119 --> 00:22:51,879 Speaker 1: our work by his grace, always increasing our good affections, 387 00:22:51,920 --> 00:22:54,399 Speaker 1: so that something fruitful and useful can come of it, 388 00:22:54,920 --> 00:22:57,439 Speaker 1: to the support of the infirmity of human life, and 389 00:22:57,480 --> 00:22:59,680 Speaker 1: to the honor of the one in whom are hidden 390 00:23:00,160 --> 00:23:03,359 Speaker 1: all the treasures of science. Who is the eternal God. 391 00:23:04,040 --> 00:23:08,000 Speaker 1: This religious reference is also reflected in a phrase that's 392 00:23:08,040 --> 00:23:12,560 Speaker 1: often associated with pay, which is je la pinsaille du 393 00:23:12,680 --> 00:23:16,000 Speaker 1: de gerrie, which is I bandaged him, God cured him 394 00:23:16,640 --> 00:23:19,600 Speaker 1: parey with a lot of course study in his early years, 395 00:23:19,600 --> 00:23:22,440 Speaker 1: You'll remember he did a lot of book learning combined 396 00:23:22,440 --> 00:23:25,840 Speaker 1: with his situational experience on the battlefield. Wrote about the 397 00:23:25,920 --> 00:23:28,760 Speaker 1: various changes to treatments that he had developed while in 398 00:23:28,800 --> 00:23:32,439 Speaker 1: military service, and this of course included his opinion that 399 00:23:32,480 --> 00:23:34,520 Speaker 1: hot oil led to pain that could be avoided in 400 00:23:34,600 --> 00:23:38,280 Speaker 1: amputation situations, and that the oil could actually damage the 401 00:23:38,320 --> 00:23:42,440 Speaker 1: tissue and slow healing. He continually worked to be objective 402 00:23:42,560 --> 00:23:45,879 Speaker 1: about reconsidering old methods of doing things as compared to 403 00:23:45,920 --> 00:23:48,960 Speaker 1: his new ideas. He never presumed that his way was better, 404 00:23:49,520 --> 00:23:53,000 Speaker 1: and he always offered reasoned explanations in situations where he 405 00:23:53,040 --> 00:23:56,400 Speaker 1: felt that surgeons should perhaps update their practice to include 406 00:23:56,400 --> 00:24:00,639 Speaker 1: new techniques. In all of his writings, they're really pervasive 407 00:24:00,760 --> 00:24:03,680 Speaker 1: aspect of it is that he speaks of compassion and 408 00:24:03,800 --> 00:24:07,439 Speaker 1: kindness and remembering that saving lives is worth the effort. 409 00:24:07,920 --> 00:24:10,800 Speaker 1: This isn't necessarily common in medical texts at this time, 410 00:24:10,880 --> 00:24:13,000 Speaker 1: so it was very unusual, and all of this led 411 00:24:13,040 --> 00:24:16,639 Speaker 1: to his nickname in history as the Gentle Surgeon. In 412 00:24:16,680 --> 00:24:19,720 Speaker 1: fifteen fifty he published his second book, which was Brief 413 00:24:19,760 --> 00:24:23,240 Speaker 1: Collection for the Conduct of Anatomy, and once that was out, 414 00:24:23,280 --> 00:24:26,040 Speaker 1: he started editing and updating his first book for release 415 00:24:26,080 --> 00:24:29,840 Speaker 1: as a second edition. Right after that second edition project, 416 00:24:29,880 --> 00:24:33,160 Speaker 1: he was once again attending to soldiers on the battlefield 417 00:24:33,600 --> 00:24:37,720 Speaker 1: with the medics under Vicon de Rohan and Parey is 418 00:24:37,760 --> 00:24:39,919 Speaker 1: said to have gone to great efforts to save a 419 00:24:39,960 --> 00:24:42,560 Speaker 1: soldier who everyone believed was going to die. They had 420 00:24:42,560 --> 00:24:45,280 Speaker 1: actually already dug a grave for him, and that his 421 00:24:45,359 --> 00:24:48,360 Speaker 1: dedication to saving even the lowest ranking of the troops 422 00:24:48,520 --> 00:24:52,359 Speaker 1: gained him great admiration and loyalty among the men. During 423 00:24:52,359 --> 00:24:56,480 Speaker 1: this deployment, pay started to use ligatures to tie off 424 00:24:56,640 --> 00:25:01,440 Speaker 1: vessels during amputations, abandoning the use of hot iron cauterization. 425 00:25:02,440 --> 00:25:05,520 Speaker 1: When the city of Metz was overwhelmed by the forces 426 00:25:05,560 --> 00:25:09,000 Speaker 1: of Emperor Charles the fifth and Bois Parree was snuck 427 00:25:09,040 --> 00:25:11,840 Speaker 1: past the occupation forces so that he could treat trapped 428 00:25:11,840 --> 00:25:15,919 Speaker 1: soldiers there. Because of this and his extraordinary service throughout 429 00:25:15,920 --> 00:25:19,240 Speaker 1: his military assignments. King Henry the Second of France appointed 430 00:25:19,280 --> 00:25:21,920 Speaker 1: him to be one of the king's surgeons. This honor 431 00:25:22,000 --> 00:25:25,360 Speaker 1: came with some strings, though, because after the battles in Ruren, 432 00:25:25,880 --> 00:25:28,359 Speaker 1: Parray had returned home to his practice in Paris in 433 00:25:28,359 --> 00:25:31,439 Speaker 1: fifteen fifty three, only to have the King order him 434 00:25:31,480 --> 00:25:35,440 Speaker 1: almost immediately to another battlefield in Dain, where the situation 435 00:25:35,560 --> 00:25:38,199 Speaker 1: was quite dire and paree were day and night to 436 00:25:38,240 --> 00:25:42,040 Speaker 1: try to treat the overwhelming number of wounded. Things grew 437 00:25:42,080 --> 00:25:45,399 Speaker 1: even more precarious when Parray was taken prisoner along with 438 00:25:45,440 --> 00:25:49,080 Speaker 1: the rest of the French garrison. He disguised himself at 439 00:25:49,080 --> 00:25:51,439 Speaker 1: this point as a low ranking soldier so that his 440 00:25:51,560 --> 00:25:54,520 Speaker 1: identity would not be revealed. At this point, remember, his 441 00:25:54,560 --> 00:25:57,240 Speaker 1: stuff had started to be translated and spread throughout Europe, 442 00:25:57,320 --> 00:25:59,959 Speaker 1: so people knew who he was, and he knew that 443 00:26:00,119 --> 00:26:03,480 Speaker 1: like that could potentially endanger him or cause his captors 444 00:26:03,520 --> 00:26:06,400 Speaker 1: to ask for a very high ransom. But he did 445 00:26:06,480 --> 00:26:09,359 Speaker 1: continue to treat people medically during this time, and he 446 00:26:09,440 --> 00:26:12,960 Speaker 1: actually managed to secure his freedom by treating an enemy 447 00:26:13,000 --> 00:26:15,720 Speaker 1: officer I believe it was for an ulcer on his leg, 448 00:26:16,160 --> 00:26:18,600 Speaker 1: and he returned to King Henry the Second and gave 449 00:26:18,640 --> 00:26:22,280 Speaker 1: his report before once again at least attempting to return 450 00:26:22,280 --> 00:26:26,000 Speaker 1: to his civilian life. In fifteen fifty four, his career 451 00:26:26,040 --> 00:26:28,879 Speaker 1: took another step forward. He was granted the title of 452 00:26:29,040 --> 00:26:32,240 Speaker 1: Master Surgeon, in part because the surgeons of the city 453 00:26:32,320 --> 00:26:35,040 Speaker 1: knew it would make them look good. He became the 454 00:26:35,119 --> 00:26:38,560 Speaker 1: surgeon attending King Francis the Second. Yeah, this is actually 455 00:26:38,960 --> 00:26:42,119 Speaker 1: pretty pivotal, where somebody who came up as a barber 456 00:26:42,160 --> 00:26:47,639 Speaker 1: surgeon suddenly all of the snowdier levels of the medical 457 00:26:47,720 --> 00:26:50,320 Speaker 1: establishment were like, no, no, no, you're one of us. 458 00:26:51,359 --> 00:26:55,480 Speaker 1: You're famous and stuff. He was sent on two more 459 00:26:55,520 --> 00:27:00,000 Speaker 1: military campaigns, at San Quentin and Durlain, and when Charles 460 00:27:00,000 --> 00:27:02,960 Speaker 1: the ninth became King of France, Parrey was once again 461 00:27:02,960 --> 00:27:06,600 Speaker 1: in that monarch service. As the French Wars of Religion began, 462 00:27:06,760 --> 00:27:10,560 Speaker 1: they dominated Parrey's professional life just as other conflicts had, 463 00:27:10,640 --> 00:27:13,360 Speaker 1: because he was ordered to treat soldiers at the request 464 00:27:13,359 --> 00:27:16,119 Speaker 1: of the crown. Although he was sent away from Paris 465 00:27:16,240 --> 00:27:18,960 Speaker 1: less and less often, likely because at this point he 466 00:27:19,040 --> 00:27:22,440 Speaker 1: was getting a bit older. Pirai continued to write, and 467 00:27:22,520 --> 00:27:26,200 Speaker 1: in fifteen sixty four he released a highly illustrated project 468 00:27:26,320 --> 00:27:29,560 Speaker 1: titled Ten Books of surgery with the magazine of the 469 00:27:29,560 --> 00:27:34,080 Speaker 1: instruments necessary for it. He also developed a specialized clamp 470 00:27:34,200 --> 00:27:36,920 Speaker 1: called a beche de crobat, which is a crow's beak 471 00:27:37,200 --> 00:27:39,800 Speaker 1: and that would help hold a vessel closed to keep 472 00:27:39,840 --> 00:27:43,400 Speaker 1: patients from bleeding out. This was used in cases where 473 00:27:43,400 --> 00:27:45,840 Speaker 1: a wound had severed the vessel and the surgeon could 474 00:27:45,920 --> 00:27:49,320 Speaker 1: quickly stem the bleeding with the clamp to improve survival rates. 475 00:27:49,720 --> 00:27:52,560 Speaker 1: He also invented a number of other clamps with similarly 476 00:27:52,680 --> 00:27:55,480 Speaker 1: charming names. The beche de grue in English as the 477 00:27:55,520 --> 00:27:58,840 Speaker 1: crane's beak and another called a duck's beak that's a 478 00:27:58,840 --> 00:28:02,920 Speaker 1: bech decan. We're both developed for bullet extraction. These were 479 00:28:02,960 --> 00:28:06,040 Speaker 1: long and thin, so they could reach deep into the 480 00:28:06,080 --> 00:28:08,720 Speaker 1: tissue to get to a bullet without having to widen 481 00:28:08,760 --> 00:28:12,320 Speaker 1: the entry wound too much. That was an ongoing problem. Again, 482 00:28:12,480 --> 00:28:15,719 Speaker 1: Parray's focus on preserving the tissue and treating the patient 483 00:28:15,760 --> 00:28:21,000 Speaker 1: as gently as possible is driving his innovation. Gentle handling 484 00:28:21,040 --> 00:28:24,360 Speaker 1: of patients and their tissue was just a really important 485 00:28:24,400 --> 00:28:28,480 Speaker 1: part of Pare's writing and work. It was accepted and 486 00:28:28,600 --> 00:28:32,920 Speaker 1: also expected that patients would have incredible pain during surgery. 487 00:28:33,560 --> 00:28:36,600 Speaker 1: If you recall our episode on Scottish surgeon Robert Liston, 488 00:28:36,720 --> 00:28:40,040 Speaker 1: which was in the eighteen hundreds. You may remember that 489 00:28:40,080 --> 00:28:43,760 Speaker 1: he became famous for his speed at surgical procedures and 490 00:28:44,080 --> 00:28:46,440 Speaker 1: was deemed to be a showboater because of it, but 491 00:28:46,560 --> 00:28:49,920 Speaker 1: his real goal with that was to keep the patient's 492 00:28:50,040 --> 00:28:55,120 Speaker 1: pain as brief as possible. Similarly, and was Parrey several 493 00:28:55,160 --> 00:28:58,360 Speaker 1: centuries before that was also trying to be as brief 494 00:28:58,440 --> 00:29:01,280 Speaker 1: as possible with the scalpel and to be as gentle 495 00:29:01,360 --> 00:29:04,400 Speaker 1: as he possibly could in the hopes of minimizing suffering. 496 00:29:05,000 --> 00:29:08,320 Speaker 1: Long before it was customary, and vois Parrey was encouraging 497 00:29:08,360 --> 00:29:12,200 Speaker 1: the medical profession to embrace the idea of pain management 498 00:29:12,240 --> 00:29:15,280 Speaker 1: for patients as well as more comprehensive follow up care 499 00:29:15,320 --> 00:29:18,160 Speaker 1: on the part of the surgeon. So he, like a 500 00:29:18,200 --> 00:29:21,840 Speaker 1: lot of people, dispensed opium for postop recovery. Although this 501 00:29:22,000 --> 00:29:24,720 Speaker 1: wasn't just like a blanket thing to knock people out. 502 00:29:24,760 --> 00:29:27,880 Speaker 1: He was trying to really like carefully determine how much 503 00:29:27,920 --> 00:29:30,200 Speaker 1: they needed to help them with their pain. And at 504 00:29:30,200 --> 00:29:33,240 Speaker 1: a time when surgeons typically kind of performed a procedure 505 00:29:33,240 --> 00:29:35,880 Speaker 1: and then left any after care to physicians and nurses, 506 00:29:36,320 --> 00:29:39,000 Speaker 1: he believed in remaining part of the recovery team for 507 00:29:39,080 --> 00:29:42,440 Speaker 1: the patient after that surgery was completed. When Charles the 508 00:29:42,520 --> 00:29:46,720 Speaker 1: Ninth died in fifteen seventy four, Pare remained the king's surgeon. 509 00:29:46,880 --> 00:29:49,720 Speaker 1: Under the new regent that was Charles's brother, Henry the Third, 510 00:29:50,600 --> 00:29:53,760 Speaker 1: he was also elevated to the position of Valle de Chambre. 511 00:29:54,280 --> 00:29:57,400 Speaker 1: Pare served Henry the Third until the king's assassination in 512 00:29:57,440 --> 00:30:01,360 Speaker 1: fifteen eighty nine. In fifteen seventy five, Parrei published his 513 00:30:01,560 --> 00:30:05,080 Speaker 1: complete Works of Envoise Parier Councilor and Premier Surgeon of 514 00:30:05,120 --> 00:30:08,680 Speaker 1: the King. This volume gathered together all of his writings 515 00:30:08,680 --> 00:30:11,200 Speaker 1: on surgery and medicine into one and it was edited 516 00:30:11,240 --> 00:30:14,000 Speaker 1: and revised as needed, and it was so popular that 517 00:30:14,080 --> 00:30:16,360 Speaker 1: it had multiple edition runs over the course of the 518 00:30:16,360 --> 00:30:20,320 Speaker 1: following century. In sixteen thirty four it was translated into 519 00:30:20,360 --> 00:30:24,000 Speaker 1: English for publication in London. In fifteen eighty five, his 520 00:30:24,200 --> 00:30:27,880 Speaker 1: last book, Apology and Treatise, was released, and this became 521 00:30:27,920 --> 00:30:32,040 Speaker 1: his most famous work. It was part medical discussion, part autobiography. 522 00:30:32,080 --> 00:30:34,960 Speaker 1: It covered his medical career during the fifty years from 523 00:30:35,000 --> 00:30:39,000 Speaker 1: fifteen thirty five until its publication. At its heart it 524 00:30:39,080 --> 00:30:41,880 Speaker 1: was a drama because it was a response to criticism 525 00:30:41,880 --> 00:30:46,200 Speaker 1: from his contemporary, Etienne Gourmalin, who was dean of the 526 00:30:46,240 --> 00:30:50,960 Speaker 1: Faculty to Medicine. Gourmalin's own writing on surgery had never 527 00:30:51,000 --> 00:30:53,840 Speaker 1: been as popular as Parees, and it definitely led to 528 00:30:53,840 --> 00:30:57,280 Speaker 1: some tension. In fifteen eighty one, Gourmalin wrote a book 529 00:30:57,320 --> 00:31:02,520 Speaker 1: about surgical techniques in which he criticized pai is amputation ligatures. Yeah, 530 00:31:02,560 --> 00:31:04,760 Speaker 1: I think it probably ground his gears a little bit, 531 00:31:04,800 --> 00:31:07,880 Speaker 1: that he was a more of a trained and educated 532 00:31:07,920 --> 00:31:10,600 Speaker 1: surgeon and yet no one was listening to him when 533 00:31:10,640 --> 00:31:13,720 Speaker 1: a barber surgeon had gotten famous written books and everyone 534 00:31:13,760 --> 00:31:17,560 Speaker 1: wanted to read them. Apology and Treatise takes on these 535 00:31:17,600 --> 00:31:21,440 Speaker 1: criticisms of Gourmalin's and outlines the many ways in which 536 00:31:21,480 --> 00:31:26,040 Speaker 1: Parey shifted thinking in the medical community throughout his career. Basically, 537 00:31:26,040 --> 00:31:29,200 Speaker 1: he's establishing his street cred and then he kind of 538 00:31:29,200 --> 00:31:33,120 Speaker 1: addresses the actual criticism, and the whole thing is also 539 00:31:33,120 --> 00:31:36,200 Speaker 1: written with the usual careful analysis and logic that he 540 00:31:36,240 --> 00:31:41,000 Speaker 1: became famous for, including detailed case histories that supported his work. 541 00:31:41,360 --> 00:31:44,600 Speaker 1: And this whole thing was a huge humiliation for Gourmelin. 542 00:31:45,560 --> 00:31:49,840 Speaker 1: Just like Gormala shouldn't have been a jerk. Then he 543 00:31:49,920 --> 00:31:55,720 Speaker 1: allegedly wrote a response to it that was written anonymously, 544 00:31:55,760 --> 00:31:59,480 Speaker 1: and it's kind of this like weak, well, you don't 545 00:31:59,480 --> 00:32:02,560 Speaker 1: know of paper that he I can't remember if it 546 00:32:02,600 --> 00:32:04,680 Speaker 1: was written anonymously or if he had one of his 547 00:32:04,760 --> 00:32:07,680 Speaker 1: students publish it under their name. But Gormalin did not 548 00:32:07,960 --> 00:32:13,400 Speaker 1: really get over it, but he was shamed. That sadly 549 00:32:13,440 --> 00:32:16,280 Speaker 1: brings us to the end of m Bois Parey's life. 550 00:32:16,360 --> 00:32:19,800 Speaker 1: He died at home and bed on December twentieth, fifteen ninety, 551 00:32:19,840 --> 00:32:23,400 Speaker 1: at the age of eighty. Yeah. I literally had this 552 00:32:23,440 --> 00:32:25,920 Speaker 1: moment where I was doing the math on the length 553 00:32:25,960 --> 00:32:27,680 Speaker 1: of his career and I was like, wait, he couldn't 554 00:32:27,680 --> 00:32:32,320 Speaker 1: have been practicing myself fifty years. Yes, yeah, fifty years 555 00:32:33,000 --> 00:32:35,760 Speaker 1: at a time when I wonder how many people even 556 00:32:35,840 --> 00:32:39,720 Speaker 1: had any career for fifty years, particularly one that changed 557 00:32:39,760 --> 00:32:43,400 Speaker 1: the way that people practiced medicine. And he undoubtedly, I mean, 558 00:32:43,440 --> 00:32:46,640 Speaker 1: he saved a lot of lives directly himself, but there's 559 00:32:46,680 --> 00:32:49,120 Speaker 1: no real way to measure how many lives were made 560 00:32:49,160 --> 00:32:51,640 Speaker 1: better or saved because other doctors were like, I think 561 00:32:51,680 --> 00:32:58,600 Speaker 1: he's onto something blas Parrey. Thank you for suggesting being gentle. 562 00:33:05,880 --> 00:33:08,720 Speaker 1: Thanks so much for joining us on this Saturday. Since 563 00:33:08,760 --> 00:33:10,800 Speaker 1: this episode is out of the archive, if you heard 564 00:33:10,800 --> 00:33:13,640 Speaker 1: an email address or a Facebook RL or something similar 565 00:33:13,680 --> 00:33:16,560 Speaker 1: over the course of the show, that could be obsolete now. 566 00:33:17,000 --> 00:33:22,760 Speaker 1: Our current email address is History Podcast at iHeartRadio dot com. 567 00:33:23,120 --> 00:33:26,400 Speaker 1: You can find us all over social media at missed Dhistory, 568 00:33:26,760 --> 00:33:29,800 Speaker 1: and you can subscribe to our show on Apple podcasts, 569 00:33:29,800 --> 00:33:33,440 Speaker 1: Google podcasts, the iHeartRadio app, and wherever else you listen 570 00:33:33,440 --> 00:33:38,560 Speaker 1: to podcasts. 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