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When you 10 00:00:29,080 --> 00:00:31,120 Speaker 1: pop a piece of cheese into your mouth, you're probably 11 00:00:31,160 --> 00:00:34,199 Speaker 1: not thinking about the environmental impact. But the people in 12 00:00:34,240 --> 00:00:37,360 Speaker 1: the dairy industry are. That's why they're working hard every 13 00:00:37,440 --> 00:00:40,760 Speaker 1: day to find new ways to reduce waste, conserve natural resources, 14 00:00:40,800 --> 00:00:44,360 Speaker 1: and drive down greenhouse gas emissions. How is US Dairy 15 00:00:44,400 --> 00:00:48,520 Speaker 1: tackling greenhouse gases? Many farms use anaerobic digesters to turn 16 00:00:48,560 --> 00:00:53,080 Speaker 1: the methane from manure into renewable energy that can power farms, towns, 17 00:00:53,120 --> 00:00:57,240 Speaker 1: and electric cars. Visit us dairy dot COM's Last Sustainability 18 00:00:57,280 --> 00:00:57,920 Speaker 1: to learn more. 19 00:00:58,600 --> 00:01:01,960 Speaker 2: Our iHeartRadio Music Festival for a Senate Bike Capital one 20 00:01:02,040 --> 00:01:06,119 Speaker 2: coming back to Las Vegas twenty first, a weekend full 21 00:01:06,160 --> 00:01:10,559 Speaker 2: of superstar performances. A sap Rocky makes Sean Camiloka bail 22 00:01:10,800 --> 00:01:15,720 Speaker 2: Tojika Zulia When Stefani Hoosier, Keith Urban, New Kids on 23 00:01:15,800 --> 00:01:21,640 Speaker 2: the Block, Paramore Chaboozi, The Black Crows, The Weekend, Thomas Red, Victoria, Monette, 24 00:01:21,720 --> 00:01:25,039 Speaker 2: Hold Plays, Chris Martin and more, Stream Live Holy on 25 00:01:25,120 --> 00:01:27,800 Speaker 2: Hulu and Get It Gets to Be There at AXS 26 00:01:27,840 --> 00:01:37,880 Speaker 2: dot com. 27 00:01:38,080 --> 00:01:40,440 Speaker 3: Have you ever woken up from a dream, walked around, 28 00:01:40,440 --> 00:01:42,640 Speaker 3: and then realized you're still dreaming? 29 00:01:42,920 --> 00:01:45,919 Speaker 1: Yes, and it's made me wonder like, is reality actually 30 00:01:45,959 --> 00:01:46,680 Speaker 1: part of a dream? 31 00:01:46,800 --> 00:01:48,520 Speaker 4: Like an inception or the matrix? 32 00:01:48,640 --> 00:01:50,440 Speaker 3: How do we know if we are living in a 33 00:01:50,520 --> 00:01:53,640 Speaker 3: dream or even in someone else's dream. 34 00:01:53,600 --> 00:02:04,480 Speaker 4: Or like a low resolution eight bit video game. Hi, 35 00:02:04,760 --> 00:02:07,920 Speaker 4: I'm Daniel and I'm Jorge, and this is Daniel and Jorge. 36 00:02:08,240 --> 00:02:09,560 Speaker 4: Explain the universe. 37 00:02:09,600 --> 00:02:13,720 Speaker 3: Explain the universe, the whole entire universe, all of it. 38 00:02:14,320 --> 00:02:16,560 Speaker 1: Now you might be wondering, who are these guys who 39 00:02:16,560 --> 00:02:18,040 Speaker 1: are going to explain the universe to you? 40 00:02:18,200 --> 00:02:19,280 Speaker 3: Yeah, who are we? Daniel? 41 00:02:19,760 --> 00:02:23,120 Speaker 4: Who are we? Anyway? That's a nat question. Well, I'm 42 00:02:23,240 --> 00:02:24,560 Speaker 4: a particle physicist. 43 00:02:24,600 --> 00:02:27,560 Speaker 1: I do my research at the large Hadron collider in 44 00:02:27,600 --> 00:02:30,400 Speaker 1: Geneva where we smash particles together and try to figure 45 00:02:30,400 --> 00:02:32,280 Speaker 1: out what is the universe made out of? 46 00:02:32,320 --> 00:02:33,359 Speaker 4: And how does this all work? 47 00:02:33,400 --> 00:02:37,160 Speaker 1: And mostly enjoy getting to play with enormous ten billion 48 00:02:37,240 --> 00:02:39,040 Speaker 1: dollar taxpayer funded toys. 49 00:02:39,400 --> 00:02:43,399 Speaker 3: Nice. And I'm a former robotics researcher and now I'm 50 00:02:43,400 --> 00:02:44,560 Speaker 3: a cartoonist. 51 00:02:44,800 --> 00:02:46,160 Speaker 4: And where do you do most of your work? 52 00:02:46,280 --> 00:02:46,480 Speaker 3: Orge? 53 00:02:46,600 --> 00:02:48,240 Speaker 4: Is it a fancy government lab? 54 00:02:48,520 --> 00:02:52,079 Speaker 3: Yes? I do most of my work in my pajamas 55 00:02:52,400 --> 00:02:56,880 Speaker 3: in my garage, usually starting late in the morning. 56 00:02:59,360 --> 00:03:02,239 Speaker 4: And how does it a bodicist end up becoming a cartoonist? 57 00:03:02,600 --> 00:03:04,600 Speaker 3: That is a really great question. And I have to 58 00:03:04,639 --> 00:03:09,520 Speaker 3: tell you that my parents are also very worried about 59 00:03:09,520 --> 00:03:11,720 Speaker 3: that whole career trajectory. 60 00:03:12,639 --> 00:03:15,160 Speaker 1: But no, yeah, they're worried about their investment in your 61 00:03:15,480 --> 00:03:16,120 Speaker 1: in your education. 62 00:03:16,200 --> 00:03:20,600 Speaker 3: There, I think they're just concerned about my financial well being. 63 00:03:21,680 --> 00:03:23,480 Speaker 3: But no, I used to be a I used to 64 00:03:23,560 --> 00:03:25,680 Speaker 3: be I have a PhD in robotics. I used to 65 00:03:26,000 --> 00:03:28,600 Speaker 3: do research on legged robots and robots I could run 66 00:03:28,720 --> 00:03:32,160 Speaker 3: and like jump around. But then at some point I 67 00:03:32,200 --> 00:03:34,440 Speaker 3: started throwing comics and I really like that, and it 68 00:03:34,520 --> 00:03:37,720 Speaker 3: kind of became more popular than my research, and so 69 00:03:37,760 --> 00:03:39,640 Speaker 3: I draw something called PhD. 70 00:03:39,280 --> 00:03:41,760 Speaker 1: Comics, which is how we met because I used to 71 00:03:41,760 --> 00:03:43,480 Speaker 1: be a huge fan of PhD comics. 72 00:03:43,800 --> 00:03:46,160 Speaker 3: Yeah, and I used to be a big fan of 73 00:03:46,760 --> 00:03:51,680 Speaker 3: like the universe, and so until you met, that's kind 74 00:03:51,680 --> 00:03:53,360 Speaker 3: of almost all of the universe now. 75 00:03:54,000 --> 00:03:56,360 Speaker 1: And but the universe is sort of where we overlap, right. 76 00:03:56,840 --> 00:03:59,120 Speaker 1: I do research about the universe, and you try to 77 00:03:59,160 --> 00:04:02,120 Speaker 1: explain the universe in your science communication and all that stuff, 78 00:04:02,120 --> 00:04:04,839 Speaker 1: and so I feel like we have a significant overlap there. 79 00:04:05,000 --> 00:04:07,880 Speaker 3: Yeah. I just really like talking to people who know 80 00:04:08,000 --> 00:04:10,360 Speaker 3: a lot of stuff about something and just kind of 81 00:04:10,480 --> 00:04:11,320 Speaker 3: learning new things. 82 00:04:11,360 --> 00:04:11,560 Speaker 2: You know. 83 00:04:12,160 --> 00:04:14,600 Speaker 3: I always get my mind blow when I talk to 84 00:04:15,160 --> 00:04:19,080 Speaker 3: someone who's a researcher on something, because it's just kind 85 00:04:19,080 --> 00:04:21,680 Speaker 3: of amazing, like, well, how much we don't know about stuff? 86 00:04:21,720 --> 00:04:23,719 Speaker 3: You know, you sort of walk around feeling like, hey, 87 00:04:23,760 --> 00:04:27,279 Speaker 3: we got everything figured out. But I always love finding 88 00:04:27,279 --> 00:04:30,359 Speaker 3: out what people are still like wondering about. 89 00:04:29,960 --> 00:04:32,720 Speaker 1: And I love pretending to know stuff about stuff and 90 00:04:32,839 --> 00:04:33,880 Speaker 1: blowing people's minds. 91 00:04:33,920 --> 00:04:35,760 Speaker 4: So it's a perfect setup, right, Awesome. 92 00:04:36,080 --> 00:04:38,240 Speaker 1: Now, I think that some of these questions are really 93 00:04:38,240 --> 00:04:41,880 Speaker 1: interesting and they're really accessible, and my hope is that 94 00:04:42,160 --> 00:04:44,760 Speaker 1: people out there will be listening to this stuff and think, oh, man, 95 00:04:44,800 --> 00:04:46,640 Speaker 1: I wish I could have done physics in high school, 96 00:04:46,760 --> 00:04:49,800 Speaker 1: or some kid who's listening to it out there it 97 00:04:49,880 --> 00:04:53,760 Speaker 1: gets inspired and thinks about potentially going into physics. Because 98 00:04:53,760 --> 00:04:57,120 Speaker 1: there's a huge number of really deep, fascinating questions that 99 00:04:57,160 --> 00:04:58,120 Speaker 1: we still have to answer. 100 00:04:58,640 --> 00:05:00,560 Speaker 4: Like the topic of today's Podcas asked. 101 00:05:00,480 --> 00:05:06,120 Speaker 3: Yeah, today own the program? Is the universe a simulation? 102 00:05:06,520 --> 00:05:10,000 Speaker 1: The whole universe? I love the size of these questions 103 00:05:10,000 --> 00:05:12,400 Speaker 1: we're asking. Is the whole universe a simulation? 104 00:05:12,640 --> 00:05:13,120 Speaker 4: Awesome? 105 00:05:13,640 --> 00:05:16,880 Speaker 3: Yeah, that's so that's a crazy questions. Basically, the question 106 00:05:17,000 --> 00:05:18,880 Speaker 3: like are we living in the matrix? 107 00:05:19,360 --> 00:05:22,760 Speaker 1: Well, first of all, the matrix is ridiculous because at 108 00:05:22,760 --> 00:05:25,159 Speaker 1: its basic premise it didn't work at all. You know, 109 00:05:25,240 --> 00:05:29,440 Speaker 1: like humans batteries, what I mean, come on, humans consume energy, 110 00:05:29,480 --> 00:05:32,960 Speaker 1: they don't produce energy. So the whole fundamental underlying assumption 111 00:05:33,000 --> 00:05:36,719 Speaker 1: of the matrix boom, toss it out the window. But 112 00:05:36,760 --> 00:05:40,000 Speaker 1: the core idea there that we could be immersed in 113 00:05:40,080 --> 00:05:44,320 Speaker 1: a deeply realistic virtual reality that we're not aware of, right, 114 00:05:44,320 --> 00:05:47,560 Speaker 1: that we think reality, that what we're experiencing is reality, 115 00:05:47,600 --> 00:05:50,600 Speaker 1: when when actually it's something simulated. 116 00:05:50,839 --> 00:05:52,040 Speaker 4: That's the fascinating way. 117 00:05:52,160 --> 00:05:54,360 Speaker 3: Like what we see and what we hear and when 118 00:05:54,360 --> 00:05:58,440 Speaker 3: we touch is not like actually real, is just like 119 00:05:58,520 --> 00:06:02,160 Speaker 3: a computer feeding as these sensations to us. 120 00:06:02,600 --> 00:06:06,120 Speaker 1: Yeah, and only I think recently has this possibility even 121 00:06:06,200 --> 00:06:09,560 Speaker 1: arisen because we do now have virtual reality, right, you 122 00:06:09,600 --> 00:06:13,480 Speaker 1: can't have fairly immersive experiences, and people extrapolate from that. 123 00:06:13,720 --> 00:06:16,200 Speaker 3: It's getting more real and real the simulated things we 124 00:06:16,240 --> 00:06:17,839 Speaker 3: can the things we can simulate. 125 00:06:18,279 --> 00:06:20,920 Speaker 1: Absolutely, I had a virtual reality experience a couple of 126 00:06:20,960 --> 00:06:22,880 Speaker 1: weeks ago. I went to a go kart place with 127 00:06:22,960 --> 00:06:26,120 Speaker 1: my son, and I went into a virtual reality go 128 00:06:26,200 --> 00:06:28,120 Speaker 1: kart racing thing where you sit in a chair and 129 00:06:28,160 --> 00:06:31,480 Speaker 1: the chair shakes when your cart bumps into stuff, and 130 00:06:31,880 --> 00:06:35,240 Speaker 1: it's totally immersive, and you know, every time I was 131 00:06:35,240 --> 00:06:37,159 Speaker 1: about to crash into the wall, which was a lot 132 00:06:37,200 --> 00:06:39,760 Speaker 1: of times, I found myself like throwing my arms up 133 00:06:39,760 --> 00:06:42,600 Speaker 1: to protect myself and ducking and stuff like that because. 134 00:06:42,320 --> 00:06:44,880 Speaker 3: It really felt, it felt realistic. 135 00:06:45,080 --> 00:06:47,600 Speaker 1: It definitely triggered all of my instincts. And absolutely, I 136 00:06:47,640 --> 00:06:50,360 Speaker 1: mean I would have wet myself ahead and peed just beforehand. 137 00:06:51,600 --> 00:06:54,640 Speaker 3: Well, I had a very intense virtual reality experience too 138 00:06:54,680 --> 00:06:57,479 Speaker 3: recently I read the news. 139 00:07:00,320 --> 00:07:04,960 Speaker 1: I hope that because this is crazy. 140 00:07:03,520 --> 00:07:07,719 Speaker 3: Yeah, but yeah, So that's that's the idea, is the 141 00:07:07,839 --> 00:07:11,520 Speaker 3: that's the question. Is the universe a simulation? Like? Is 142 00:07:12,480 --> 00:07:14,920 Speaker 3: is what we see around this real? Or is it? 143 00:07:14,960 --> 00:07:17,840 Speaker 3: Are we like sitting in a vat of liquids floating 144 00:07:17,880 --> 00:07:24,880 Speaker 3: somewhere in some alien beings factory being fed all of 145 00:07:24,920 --> 00:07:29,640 Speaker 3: these sensations and sights and sounds just to kind of 146 00:07:29,720 --> 00:07:30,320 Speaker 3: keep us happy. 147 00:07:30,320 --> 00:07:33,160 Speaker 4: For some reason, you make it sound so sinister. 148 00:07:33,240 --> 00:07:36,160 Speaker 1: Why can't it be like a cozy, warm, cuddly environment 149 00:07:36,200 --> 00:07:39,000 Speaker 1: where we're like nestled in a sunny garden somewhere and 150 00:07:39,040 --> 00:07:42,480 Speaker 1: being fed this beautiful, wonderful universe of simulations. 151 00:07:42,560 --> 00:07:42,720 Speaker 2: Right? 152 00:07:42,960 --> 00:07:45,520 Speaker 1: Does it have to be like we're experiments in some 153 00:07:45,840 --> 00:07:48,840 Speaker 1: you know, we're subjects in some sinister experiment somewhere? 154 00:07:48,920 --> 00:07:51,280 Speaker 3: Well, why else would somebody do that? So let's take 155 00:07:51,320 --> 00:07:54,480 Speaker 3: a step back. So this question has been kind of 156 00:07:54,680 --> 00:07:56,680 Speaker 3: very recently come out. I mean, it's always sort of 157 00:07:56,680 --> 00:07:59,880 Speaker 3: been around in science fiction, but it sort of becomes 158 00:08:00,040 --> 00:08:03,480 Speaker 3: seriously right, like Elon Musk is wondering about it. 159 00:08:03,480 --> 00:08:05,160 Speaker 4: Right, And so we went out in the street. 160 00:08:05,240 --> 00:08:08,240 Speaker 1: We asked people if they thought that they were living 161 00:08:08,240 --> 00:08:11,120 Speaker 1: in a simulation. So think for a moment your self, listener, 162 00:08:11,200 --> 00:08:13,560 Speaker 1: do you think the universe could be a simulation? Here's 163 00:08:13,600 --> 00:08:15,200 Speaker 1: what people on the street had to say. 164 00:08:15,920 --> 00:08:18,240 Speaker 3: Well, like a matrix or something like that. 165 00:08:18,360 --> 00:08:21,040 Speaker 4: It could be, but uh, I doubt it. I doubt it. 166 00:08:21,320 --> 00:08:23,920 Speaker 5: No, But because I don't want to tell myself that 167 00:08:24,080 --> 00:08:24,720 Speaker 5: everything I do. 168 00:08:24,720 --> 00:08:30,280 Speaker 4: Is the simulation. The universe seems so realistic and normal. 169 00:08:30,480 --> 00:08:32,400 Speaker 3: It doesn't seem like that could be possible. 170 00:08:32,720 --> 00:08:35,640 Speaker 1: So most people thought maybe it was a possibility, but 171 00:08:35,880 --> 00:08:39,840 Speaker 1: nobody really firmly believed it. Nobody thought absolutely, I'm convinced. 172 00:08:39,960 --> 00:08:42,000 Speaker 3: Yeah, most people seem very skeptical. 173 00:08:41,880 --> 00:08:43,920 Speaker 1: But a lot of them allowed the possibility. Right, Well, 174 00:08:44,160 --> 00:08:46,040 Speaker 1: you never know, but maybe sort of a thing. 175 00:08:46,480 --> 00:08:49,199 Speaker 3: Yeah, And I have to mean I fall into that camp. 176 00:08:49,280 --> 00:08:52,840 Speaker 3: I'm pretty skeptical about this idea. And I like one 177 00:08:52,880 --> 00:08:55,400 Speaker 3: of the answers that they said, which is like, I 178 00:08:55,440 --> 00:08:58,280 Speaker 3: don't know if that's possible. Everything seemed really realistic. 179 00:08:58,559 --> 00:09:01,640 Speaker 1: Yeah, that's a nice argument, And it's just because the 180 00:09:01,720 --> 00:09:04,760 Speaker 1: universe around you feel so detailed. I mean, you look 181 00:09:04,760 --> 00:09:07,960 Speaker 1: at the tiniest little water droplets and the lights sparkling 182 00:09:08,000 --> 00:09:10,840 Speaker 1: off of it. It seems like an impossible problem to 183 00:09:10,920 --> 00:09:15,720 Speaker 1: write a simulation that it's this realistic. It seems impossible, right, Yeah, 184 00:09:15,760 --> 00:09:18,240 Speaker 1: But I don't know if that that's really very persuasive argument, 185 00:09:18,280 --> 00:09:21,080 Speaker 1: because computers are getting faster and faster. If you just 186 00:09:21,120 --> 00:09:23,560 Speaker 1: extrapolate from what we can do now to what we 187 00:09:23,600 --> 00:09:25,360 Speaker 1: can do in twenty years. I mean, look at how 188 00:09:25,480 --> 00:09:29,360 Speaker 1: video games have improved from like Super Mario to super 189 00:09:29,400 --> 00:09:32,960 Speaker 1: realistic racing games now. It's incredible how much more realistic they. 190 00:09:32,840 --> 00:09:37,760 Speaker 3: Are, from like Pong to like, yeah, like World of Warcraft. 191 00:09:37,840 --> 00:09:39,040 Speaker 3: There's so realistic now. 192 00:09:39,360 --> 00:09:42,320 Speaker 1: Absolutely, So I don't really think the it's impossible argument 193 00:09:42,400 --> 00:09:45,880 Speaker 1: is very strong also because you have to imagine if 194 00:09:45,880 --> 00:09:48,720 Speaker 1: somebody is running our universe as a simulation, who knows 195 00:09:48,720 --> 00:09:52,640 Speaker 1: what kind of computational powers they have, right, And if 196 00:09:52,679 --> 00:09:56,480 Speaker 1: they are their universe, the one that our universe is 197 00:09:56,520 --> 00:09:59,280 Speaker 1: running as a simulation inside of doesn't have to follow 198 00:09:59,320 --> 00:10:00,880 Speaker 1: the same laws is our universe. 199 00:10:00,960 --> 00:10:01,200 Speaker 4: Right. 200 00:10:01,280 --> 00:10:04,040 Speaker 1: If we're in a video game inside somebody else's universe, 201 00:10:04,160 --> 00:10:06,760 Speaker 1: our video game can have rules that don't exist outside 202 00:10:06,800 --> 00:10:07,440 Speaker 1: the video game. 203 00:10:07,520 --> 00:10:11,679 Speaker 3: Right, So they like F equals M or general relativity 204 00:10:11,679 --> 00:10:14,560 Speaker 3: that could have been something they just made up because 205 00:10:14,600 --> 00:10:17,840 Speaker 3: they thought they would be fun or interesting, you know, 206 00:10:17,920 --> 00:10:21,600 Speaker 3: like like we like we create video games with crazy 207 00:10:21,720 --> 00:10:24,600 Speaker 3: physical rules. You know, Mario can jump half of the screen, 208 00:10:24,720 --> 00:10:28,120 Speaker 3: he can jump twenty feet up in the air, So 209 00:10:28,240 --> 00:10:31,160 Speaker 3: maybe that's that's what our physical laws are. They're just 210 00:10:31,240 --> 00:10:33,560 Speaker 3: kind of like, hey, let's make this fun universe where 211 00:10:33,640 --> 00:10:35,760 Speaker 3: F equals maa. Is that kind of the idea? 212 00:10:35,840 --> 00:10:38,480 Speaker 1: That's exactly right? Yeah, that's exactly right. And I think 213 00:10:38,679 --> 00:10:41,640 Speaker 1: that's partially the origin of this idea. You know, what 214 00:10:41,800 --> 00:10:44,520 Speaker 1: is physics doing? Ask yourself that physics is trying to 215 00:10:44,520 --> 00:10:47,840 Speaker 1: figure out what are the rules of this universe? Right, 216 00:10:48,280 --> 00:10:52,040 Speaker 1: what are the underlying code that runs this universe? And 217 00:10:52,160 --> 00:10:54,880 Speaker 1: so now that we actually have pretty powerful computer programs, 218 00:10:55,040 --> 00:10:57,600 Speaker 1: people wonder, well, if you were in a computer program 219 00:10:57,920 --> 00:10:59,840 Speaker 1: and you were trying to figure out what the rules 220 00:10:59,880 --> 00:11:03,440 Speaker 1: are that simulated universe were, you'd essentially be trying to 221 00:11:03,600 --> 00:11:07,240 Speaker 1: understand what was the physics coded into that universe. 222 00:11:07,440 --> 00:11:08,320 Speaker 3: You would be a physicist. 223 00:11:08,360 --> 00:11:11,240 Speaker 1: So in some sense, yeah, you'd be a physicist exactly. 224 00:11:11,240 --> 00:11:14,440 Speaker 1: Physicists are trying to reverse engineer the source code of 225 00:11:14,480 --> 00:11:17,360 Speaker 1: the universe, right, regardless of whether you believe the universe 226 00:11:17,440 --> 00:11:20,400 Speaker 1: is real or a simulation it does seem to follow 227 00:11:20,480 --> 00:11:23,400 Speaker 1: some rules, right, So first, it's amazing that we can 228 00:11:23,440 --> 00:11:24,240 Speaker 1: even discover those. 229 00:11:24,760 --> 00:11:26,439 Speaker 3: So it's kind of like when you first play Super 230 00:11:26,480 --> 00:11:29,760 Speaker 3: Mario or something and you're just jumping around, moving around, 231 00:11:29,760 --> 00:11:32,679 Speaker 3: trying to figure out how Mari moves. You're essentially like 232 00:11:32,760 --> 00:11:35,520 Speaker 3: being a physicist in that world. 233 00:11:35,960 --> 00:11:38,600 Speaker 1: Right, that's exactly right. Everybody who plays a video game 234 00:11:38,600 --> 00:11:41,200 Speaker 1: for the first time is being That's. 235 00:11:41,120 --> 00:11:44,600 Speaker 3: Exactly everybody who plays video games. 236 00:11:46,960 --> 00:11:47,400 Speaker 4: That's right. 237 00:11:47,440 --> 00:11:50,040 Speaker 1: That you just gave a whole generation of listeners or 238 00:11:50,040 --> 00:11:52,440 Speaker 1: reason to stop doing their physics homework and turn on their. 239 00:11:52,400 --> 00:11:55,160 Speaker 3: Video Yes, thank you for the pac is only valued 240 00:11:55,240 --> 00:11:56,439 Speaker 3: inside the video game. 241 00:11:57,440 --> 00:11:59,679 Speaker 4: That's right. But you know, I think that there's a 242 00:11:59,760 --> 00:12:01,240 Speaker 4: now curiosity there. Right. 243 00:12:01,440 --> 00:12:03,880 Speaker 1: The reason video games are fun is because you get 244 00:12:03,880 --> 00:12:05,960 Speaker 1: to explore a new world and figure out it's rules 245 00:12:05,960 --> 00:12:08,880 Speaker 1: and learn to master it. Also, the best science fiction 246 00:12:09,000 --> 00:12:11,840 Speaker 1: is the same way. The best science fiction, you're thrown 247 00:12:11,920 --> 00:12:14,880 Speaker 1: into a fictional universe and the rules could be different. 248 00:12:15,160 --> 00:12:17,319 Speaker 4: Usually they are, and you have to figure them out. 249 00:12:17,360 --> 00:12:19,800 Speaker 1: You know, bad science fiction they tell you in boring 250 00:12:19,920 --> 00:12:22,679 Speaker 1: narration overtones exactly how things work, but in good science 251 00:12:22,720 --> 00:12:24,160 Speaker 1: fiction you have to puzzle it. 252 00:12:24,160 --> 00:12:24,800 Speaker 4: Out for yourself. 253 00:12:24,800 --> 00:12:26,880 Speaker 1: You have to deduce what the history is and what 254 00:12:26,920 --> 00:12:29,400 Speaker 1: the rules are and how things work in this fictional universe. 255 00:12:29,400 --> 00:12:31,559 Speaker 3: You have to be like an explorer, like an experimenter. 256 00:12:31,880 --> 00:12:32,320 Speaker 4: Yeah. 257 00:12:32,520 --> 00:12:34,719 Speaker 1: I love how we're describing physicists of these like off 258 00:12:34,800 --> 00:12:36,360 Speaker 1: on God explorers. 259 00:12:37,960 --> 00:12:40,880 Speaker 3: As couch potatoes to play video games. That's that's basically 260 00:12:42,920 --> 00:12:47,080 Speaker 3: not that different from you a belt couch potatoes. Well, 261 00:12:47,120 --> 00:12:49,439 Speaker 3: you know, I find it really interesting that you so 262 00:12:49,520 --> 00:12:52,840 Speaker 3: you're a serious physicist. I mean, like, you know, you 263 00:12:52,840 --> 00:12:56,199 Speaker 3: you're like a professor, and you you've you don't sort 264 00:12:56,200 --> 00:12:58,560 Speaker 3: of scoff at this idea immediately, you know, like I 265 00:12:58,600 --> 00:13:00,640 Speaker 3: feel like it's a crazy idea, but it's like something 266 00:13:00,679 --> 00:13:06,400 Speaker 3: physicists actually sort of say are forced to say, yeah, 267 00:13:06,440 --> 00:13:07,200 Speaker 3: it's possible. 268 00:13:07,559 --> 00:13:07,719 Speaker 4: Right. 269 00:13:07,760 --> 00:13:10,120 Speaker 1: Well, I think part of the job of being a physicist, 270 00:13:10,160 --> 00:13:13,440 Speaker 1: and I would take exception to being called too serious seriously, 271 00:13:14,520 --> 00:13:16,520 Speaker 1: part of the job of being a physicist is being 272 00:13:16,559 --> 00:13:19,360 Speaker 1: prepared for making mind blowing discoveries. 273 00:13:19,400 --> 00:13:19,600 Speaker 4: You know. 274 00:13:19,840 --> 00:13:22,319 Speaker 1: I think best kind of physics discoveries are the ones 275 00:13:22,360 --> 00:13:25,400 Speaker 1: that completely change your view of the universe, you know, 276 00:13:25,440 --> 00:13:28,520 Speaker 1: the discover where you discover the universe works really differently 277 00:13:28,520 --> 00:13:30,880 Speaker 1: from the way you thought it did, and so you 278 00:13:31,040 --> 00:13:33,120 Speaker 1: have to be open to crazy new ideas if you 279 00:13:33,160 --> 00:13:35,880 Speaker 1: even have a chance to make a crazy discovery. 280 00:13:36,360 --> 00:13:39,479 Speaker 3: I guess by serious physicists, I mean an employed physicist. 281 00:13:40,480 --> 00:13:43,240 Speaker 1: That's right, I still have a job that makes me 282 00:13:43,280 --> 00:13:44,000 Speaker 1: a physicist. 283 00:13:44,440 --> 00:13:46,839 Speaker 3: On that note, let's take a quick break. 284 00:13:51,440 --> 00:13:54,439 Speaker 1: With big wireless providers. 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That's I mean, that's basically what a simulation. 340 00:16:51,960 --> 00:16:55,600 Speaker 1: Is, right, right, But is the universe like a simulation 341 00:16:55,800 --> 00:16:58,000 Speaker 1: or is a simulation like the universe? 342 00:16:58,280 --> 00:16:58,840 Speaker 4: I mean we. 343 00:16:58,800 --> 00:17:06,120 Speaker 3: Can I know, or as a Cannery says, whoa, I mean. 344 00:17:06,160 --> 00:17:10,280 Speaker 1: We invented simulations in order to model example universes, right, 345 00:17:10,320 --> 00:17:13,440 Speaker 1: We said, what would happen if the universe was like this? Well, 346 00:17:13,520 --> 00:17:16,159 Speaker 1: let's see, and then we build a little simulation and 347 00:17:16,160 --> 00:17:19,160 Speaker 1: we test it out. So simulations are built to mirror 348 00:17:19,200 --> 00:17:24,040 Speaker 1: the universe on purpose, and we code in the rules 349 00:17:24,119 --> 00:17:27,160 Speaker 1: of the universe in that simulation because we think there 350 00:17:27,160 --> 00:17:28,680 Speaker 1: are rules of the universe, And we could have a 351 00:17:28,720 --> 00:17:32,639 Speaker 1: whole other conversation about, like why does the universe have rules? 352 00:17:33,040 --> 00:17:36,200 Speaker 1: Why do those rules seem to be fairly constant, and 353 00:17:36,280 --> 00:17:38,760 Speaker 1: why can we discover them and express them in terms 354 00:17:38,800 --> 00:17:43,040 Speaker 1: of mathematics like enormous philosophy questions we haven't even scratched 355 00:17:43,040 --> 00:17:46,280 Speaker 1: the surface of. And I really like thinking about, like 356 00:17:46,440 --> 00:17:50,600 Speaker 1: what is the computer of the universe? Except for a moment, 357 00:17:50,800 --> 00:17:53,320 Speaker 1: the universe follows some laws, real or simulation. 358 00:17:53,800 --> 00:17:56,160 Speaker 3: Right, they're like imprinted in the way things are. 359 00:17:56,480 --> 00:18:01,760 Speaker 1: Yeah, they're set somewhere, right, they're fixed somehow those laws enacted. Like, 360 00:18:02,040 --> 00:18:05,439 Speaker 1: when a particle bounces off of another particle, how is 361 00:18:05,440 --> 00:18:09,119 Speaker 1: that calculation done? You know what determines what is going 362 00:18:09,160 --> 00:18:09,560 Speaker 1: to happen? 363 00:18:09,600 --> 00:18:09,840 Speaker 4: There? 364 00:18:10,240 --> 00:18:13,280 Speaker 1: It takes no time, right, it's instantaneous. Right, there's no 365 00:18:13,880 --> 00:18:17,639 Speaker 1: lag or delay in our universe. That says, oh you know, no, 366 00:18:17,680 --> 00:18:20,439 Speaker 1: there's no spinning ball of death when something complicated happens, right, 367 00:18:20,480 --> 00:18:25,120 Speaker 1: no matter how complicated it is, the calculation is done instantly. 368 00:18:25,480 --> 00:18:28,840 Speaker 3: Like, how does that little particle know to follow the rules? 369 00:18:29,119 --> 00:18:31,760 Speaker 4: That's right, that's right, it's just it's just done. 370 00:18:32,160 --> 00:18:35,199 Speaker 3: Yeah, And like what what is there to enforce those rules? Right? 371 00:18:35,240 --> 00:18:36,720 Speaker 3: If a particle is like, yeah, I'm not going to 372 00:18:36,760 --> 00:18:37,600 Speaker 3: follow the rules. 373 00:18:38,000 --> 00:18:40,199 Speaker 1: I like how you try to give attitude to everyone 374 00:18:40,200 --> 00:18:42,320 Speaker 1: that personalities? 375 00:18:42,880 --> 00:18:46,520 Speaker 3: Yeah, maybe that's why I got fired from my robotics 376 00:18:46,600 --> 00:18:53,080 Speaker 3: to it. Yeah, Like what's what what enforces the laws 377 00:18:53,080 --> 00:18:56,200 Speaker 3: of physics in our universe? Right? Like that's right. 378 00:18:56,240 --> 00:18:59,040 Speaker 1: Well, if you if you like the simulation model, right, 379 00:18:59,359 --> 00:19:02,720 Speaker 1: then remember that inside the simulation the rules are followed, 380 00:19:02,960 --> 00:19:06,439 Speaker 1: but the calculations are done outside the simulation. Right, if 381 00:19:06,480 --> 00:19:08,840 Speaker 1: we build a simulated universe, right, you and meed sit 382 00:19:08,880 --> 00:19:11,680 Speaker 1: down to side one day, build a little mini universe 383 00:19:11,680 --> 00:19:15,760 Speaker 1: in which cartoonists and roboticists are kings or something, and 384 00:19:16,040 --> 00:19:17,919 Speaker 1: we can set the rules of that universe. But the 385 00:19:17,960 --> 00:19:21,560 Speaker 1: calculations for that universe are not done inside that universe. 386 00:19:21,600 --> 00:19:24,960 Speaker 1: They're done in our universe, right in our computers. 387 00:19:25,160 --> 00:19:27,680 Speaker 3: Like in a simulation or a video game, you would say, all, right, 388 00:19:27,720 --> 00:19:30,120 Speaker 3: here's a mass of Mario, and this is the force 389 00:19:30,160 --> 00:19:33,080 Speaker 3: that's being applied to Mario. Therefore he should be accelerating. 390 00:19:33,480 --> 00:19:35,399 Speaker 3: You crunch the numbers and you say he should be 391 00:19:35,800 --> 00:19:38,560 Speaker 3: accelerating this much, right, And then you apply that to 392 00:19:38,600 --> 00:19:39,160 Speaker 3: the video games. 393 00:19:39,160 --> 00:19:42,000 Speaker 1: Say we're in universe zero, right, and we're simulating universe one, 394 00:19:42,560 --> 00:19:45,000 Speaker 1: and then as you said, things that happen in universe 395 00:19:45,040 --> 00:19:49,119 Speaker 1: one are calculated in universe zero, right right side of 396 00:19:49,160 --> 00:19:52,360 Speaker 1: our universe. That's the thing I find compelling about this 397 00:19:52,480 --> 00:19:54,919 Speaker 1: is the universe of simulation question, because it touches on 398 00:19:54,960 --> 00:19:58,520 Speaker 1: that question, where are the calculations done for our universe 399 00:19:58,680 --> 00:20:02,199 Speaker 1: universe zero? Is there a universe minus one with some 400 00:20:02,359 --> 00:20:06,240 Speaker 1: giant computer that's doing these calculations blindingly fast or is 401 00:20:06,240 --> 00:20:07,639 Speaker 1: it just magically done? 402 00:20:11,520 --> 00:20:14,040 Speaker 3: So, like if if we're in a simulation and everyone 403 00:20:14,080 --> 00:20:17,640 Speaker 3: listening to this is in a simulation. What is computing 404 00:20:17,960 --> 00:20:22,760 Speaker 3: the calculations in the upper universe, in the outside universe. 405 00:20:22,440 --> 00:20:23,760 Speaker 4: That's right? What is that computer? 406 00:20:23,920 --> 00:20:25,879 Speaker 1: Like it doesn't have to follow the same rules as 407 00:20:25,920 --> 00:20:28,960 Speaker 1: our universe, And how is it possibly doing all these 408 00:20:29,000 --> 00:20:33,200 Speaker 1: calculations to describe our universe? And this is a question 409 00:20:33,280 --> 00:20:35,520 Speaker 1: that's fair to ask, even if the universe is real, 410 00:20:35,560 --> 00:20:37,439 Speaker 1: even if it's not a simulation, you have to wonder, 411 00:20:37,840 --> 00:20:41,879 Speaker 1: how is this done? How is this how's this universe run? 412 00:20:42,400 --> 00:20:43,440 Speaker 1: I think that's a really fine. 413 00:20:43,240 --> 00:20:44,680 Speaker 3: Way, But it does it doesn't go away. That's the 414 00:20:44,720 --> 00:20:47,080 Speaker 3: interesting thing. It's like, even if we are a simulation, 415 00:20:47,520 --> 00:20:51,040 Speaker 3: then you still have to answer the question about the aliens' universe, 416 00:20:51,119 --> 00:20:54,400 Speaker 3: you know, like how does it work for them? 417 00:20:54,760 --> 00:20:59,280 Speaker 1: Yeah, that's right. It's an endlessly recursive question. And you 418 00:20:59,320 --> 00:21:01,760 Speaker 1: can always ask are we in the simulation or not? 419 00:21:01,960 --> 00:21:04,359 Speaker 1: And you know, basic things that we assume, like the 420 00:21:04,440 --> 00:21:07,240 Speaker 1: universe has rules, those rules don't change with time. 421 00:21:07,720 --> 00:21:09,680 Speaker 4: That could be different in other. 422 00:21:09,520 --> 00:21:13,160 Speaker 1: Simulations or in the you know, this the universe that's 423 00:21:13,240 --> 00:21:15,359 Speaker 1: running our simulation, that could be different. It could be 424 00:21:15,400 --> 00:21:18,480 Speaker 1: that in their universe the laws of physics change with time. 425 00:21:18,520 --> 00:21:21,680 Speaker 1: The speed of light is variable with time, all sorts 426 00:21:21,680 --> 00:21:22,280 Speaker 1: of other stuff. 427 00:21:22,320 --> 00:21:24,440 Speaker 3: So they were like, hey, let's have some fun. Let's 428 00:21:24,480 --> 00:21:27,639 Speaker 3: create a video game where the rules don't change. 429 00:21:27,840 --> 00:21:30,840 Speaker 1: Yeah, for example, I mean, that's just one hypothetical, not 430 00:21:30,880 --> 00:21:34,840 Speaker 1: one that I believe, but just it's a possibility. And 431 00:21:35,160 --> 00:21:38,639 Speaker 1: that touches on other really fascinating stuff like, say you 432 00:21:38,720 --> 00:21:41,480 Speaker 1: have some calculation you want to do. It's really complicated. 433 00:21:41,520 --> 00:21:44,640 Speaker 1: It would take out one of our computers a billion years, right, 434 00:21:45,680 --> 00:21:49,760 Speaker 1: if you can arrange our universe in such a way 435 00:21:49,840 --> 00:21:53,480 Speaker 1: so that it does that calculation for you. Well, our 436 00:21:53,600 --> 00:21:56,479 Speaker 1: universe appears to be able to do these calculations instantly, right, 437 00:21:57,680 --> 00:21:59,760 Speaker 1: So you might be thinking, well, that's absurd. Well let 438 00:21:59,760 --> 00:22:02,480 Speaker 1: me give a concrete example. Say you have a ball 439 00:22:02,520 --> 00:22:05,199 Speaker 1: that has like ten to ten atoms in it, and 440 00:22:05,240 --> 00:22:07,840 Speaker 1: you want to understand how it drops right, how. 441 00:22:07,760 --> 00:22:08,880 Speaker 4: It falls right? 442 00:22:08,920 --> 00:22:11,119 Speaker 1: Well, you could either do that calculation, which would take 443 00:22:11,160 --> 00:22:14,000 Speaker 1: you a billion years, or you could actually just drop 444 00:22:14,040 --> 00:22:14,439 Speaker 1: a ball. 445 00:22:14,880 --> 00:22:18,400 Speaker 4: Right. So in that sense, we can use our universe 446 00:22:18,960 --> 00:22:20,200 Speaker 4: as a computer. 447 00:22:20,240 --> 00:22:22,679 Speaker 3: If what you wanted to know was something that was 448 00:22:22,720 --> 00:22:24,120 Speaker 3: going to happen naturally in our. 449 00:22:24,080 --> 00:22:28,520 Speaker 1: Universe exactly, And that is what experimental physics is is 450 00:22:28,680 --> 00:22:33,639 Speaker 1: arranging physical systems to do instantaneous calculations of things we 451 00:22:33,680 --> 00:22:34,880 Speaker 1: otherwise couldn't figure out. 452 00:22:35,000 --> 00:22:35,200 Speaker 4: Right. 453 00:22:35,600 --> 00:22:37,800 Speaker 3: For example, Oh, I kind of said it in a 454 00:22:37,840 --> 00:22:40,480 Speaker 3: derisive way. Can I say that as like, that's a 455 00:22:40,480 --> 00:22:43,120 Speaker 3: silly idea, But you're saying it's the basis of your 456 00:22:43,280 --> 00:22:44,520 Speaker 3: entire research field. 457 00:22:45,400 --> 00:22:47,760 Speaker 4: That's right, that's what QUI experimental physics. 458 00:22:47,800 --> 00:22:50,280 Speaker 1: That's why we do experimental physics because the universe is 459 00:22:50,320 --> 00:22:53,639 Speaker 1: faster at calculating this stuff than we are. Sometimes in 460 00:22:53,640 --> 00:22:56,800 Speaker 1: particle physics, we don't know how to do a calculation like, well, 461 00:22:56,800 --> 00:22:58,639 Speaker 1: what happens when this and this hits that? 462 00:22:58,720 --> 00:22:59,919 Speaker 4: Well we can't calculate it. 463 00:23:00,040 --> 00:23:02,840 Speaker 1: Well, let's just go measure it, right, because the universe 464 00:23:02,880 --> 00:23:04,280 Speaker 1: can do the calculation without us. 465 00:23:04,280 --> 00:23:07,199 Speaker 3: If you had access to a miraculous computer, you wouldn't 466 00:23:07,240 --> 00:23:10,560 Speaker 3: need to do experiments because you could just simulate every 467 00:23:10,560 --> 00:23:14,000 Speaker 3: possibility in this magical computer and you would know the answer. 468 00:23:14,840 --> 00:23:16,960 Speaker 4: That's right, and the universe is that computer. 469 00:23:17,400 --> 00:23:18,919 Speaker 3: Oh that's that's wild. 470 00:23:20,040 --> 00:23:23,040 Speaker 1: Yeah, but you know it's it's not infinitely configurable, like 471 00:23:23,119 --> 00:23:25,320 Speaker 1: on your simulation that you write on your laptop. 472 00:23:25,600 --> 00:23:26,600 Speaker 4: You can control everything. 473 00:23:26,600 --> 00:23:28,440 Speaker 1: You can do everything you want in the case of 474 00:23:28,480 --> 00:23:32,560 Speaker 1: the universe, we can't necessarily do any arbitrary calculation because 475 00:23:32,840 --> 00:23:34,840 Speaker 1: you can't arrange the universe to do it for you. Like, 476 00:23:34,840 --> 00:23:37,200 Speaker 1: if you want to just know what's going the weather 477 00:23:37,280 --> 00:23:40,040 Speaker 1: going to be like tomorrow in Australia, that's a really 478 00:23:40,040 --> 00:23:42,760 Speaker 1: hard calculation. How would we set that up? Well, we 479 00:23:43,000 --> 00:23:46,000 Speaker 1: have an Earth, right, and we'd run it forward for 480 00:23:46,040 --> 00:23:48,959 Speaker 1: a day, But you wouldn't have the answer in advance, right, 481 00:23:49,000 --> 00:23:51,560 Speaker 1: you'd have the answer tomorrow when it's tomorrow in Australia. 482 00:23:52,080 --> 00:23:55,080 Speaker 1: So I'm not saying that the universe is a perfect 483 00:23:55,160 --> 00:23:57,200 Speaker 1: infinite computer that we can use to answer any question. 484 00:23:57,280 --> 00:23:59,240 Speaker 3: I'm saying that's kind of the model. 485 00:23:59,480 --> 00:24:03,359 Speaker 4: Yeah, yeah, exactly. On that note, let's take a quick break. 486 00:24:08,040 --> 00:24:09,840 Speaker 1: When you pop a piece of cheese into your mouth, 487 00:24:09,960 --> 00:24:13,080 Speaker 1: or enjoy a rich spoonful of Greek yogurt, you're probably 488 00:24:13,160 --> 00:24:17,160 Speaker 1: not thinking about the environmental impact of each and every bite. 489 00:24:17,200 --> 00:24:19,840 Speaker 1: But the people in the dairy industry are US. Dairy 490 00:24:19,880 --> 00:24:24,159 Speaker 1: has set themselves some ambitious sustainability goals, including being greenhouse 491 00:24:24,200 --> 00:24:26,760 Speaker 1: gas neutral by twenty to fifty. That's why they're working 492 00:24:26,800 --> 00:24:29,120 Speaker 1: hard every day to find new ways to reduce waste, 493 00:24:29,200 --> 00:24:33,440 Speaker 1: conserve natural resources, and drive down greenhouse gas emissions. Take water, 494 00:24:33,480 --> 00:24:36,560 Speaker 1: for example, most dairy farms reuse water up to four 495 00:24:36,640 --> 00:24:40,080 Speaker 1: times the same water cools the milk, cleans equipment, washes 496 00:24:40,119 --> 00:24:42,920 Speaker 1: the barn, and irrigates the crops. How is US dairy 497 00:24:42,960 --> 00:24:46,720 Speaker 1: tackling greenhouse gases? Many farms use anaerobic digestors that turn 498 00:24:46,760 --> 00:24:50,639 Speaker 1: the methane from maneuver into renewable energy that can power farms, towns, 499 00:24:50,680 --> 00:24:52,760 Speaker 1: and electric cars. So the next time you grab a 500 00:24:52,800 --> 00:24:54,800 Speaker 1: slice of pizza or lick an ice cream cone, know 501 00:24:54,880 --> 00:24:57,560 Speaker 1: that dairy farmers and processors around the country are using 502 00:24:57,600 --> 00:25:01,119 Speaker 1: the latest practices and innovations to divide the nutrient dense 503 00:25:01,200 --> 00:25:03,920 Speaker 1: dairy products we love with less of an impact. 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I created this for my own 520 00:26:21,359 --> 00:26:24,240 Speaker 6: children and it's now a favorite among thousands of families. 521 00:26:24,760 --> 00:26:28,320 Speaker 6: Kids love the vivid imagery, scriptures and sound effects, while 522 00:26:28,359 --> 00:26:31,840 Speaker 6: parents appreciate the apply section for meaningful conversations. We have 523 00:26:32,040 --> 00:26:35,639 Speaker 6: hundreds and hundreds of beautiful episodes that bring the Bible 524 00:26:35,680 --> 00:26:39,280 Speaker 6: to life when you simply press play. It's a sound 525 00:26:39,400 --> 00:26:42,760 Speaker 6: and practical resource that walks alongside you as you teach 526 00:26:42,800 --> 00:26:46,359 Speaker 6: your kids. We want kids to see how incredible God's 527 00:26:46,400 --> 00:26:50,080 Speaker 6: word is in an engaging and memorable way with Kids 528 00:26:50,160 --> 00:26:54,399 Speaker 6: Bible Stories Podcast. Listen to Kids Bible Stories Podcast on 529 00:26:54,440 --> 00:26:58,400 Speaker 6: the iHeartRadio app, Apple Podcasts, or wherever you get your podcasts. 530 00:27:04,960 --> 00:27:09,320 Speaker 3: Well, I find it really fascinating that physicists have come 531 00:27:09,400 --> 00:27:12,280 Speaker 3: up with ways to maybe check to see if we 532 00:27:12,320 --> 00:27:15,280 Speaker 3: are in a simulated universe. Right, Like, there's actually there 533 00:27:15,359 --> 00:27:18,520 Speaker 3: might be experiments we could do to test whether we 534 00:27:18,640 --> 00:27:21,560 Speaker 3: are neo in the matrix or not exactly. 535 00:27:21,600 --> 00:27:24,560 Speaker 1: And that's step two, right. Step one is have crazy idea. 536 00:27:24,840 --> 00:27:28,000 Speaker 1: Step two is how could we test this idea? 537 00:27:28,160 --> 00:27:33,000 Speaker 3: Step two, get money for the crazy idea. 538 00:27:31,960 --> 00:27:36,760 Speaker 1: Apply for grant funding for crazy idea. It's pretty hard 539 00:27:36,760 --> 00:27:38,760 Speaker 1: because you have to make some assumptions about how that 540 00:27:38,800 --> 00:27:44,919 Speaker 1: simulation is done right, and those assumptions are just guesses really, 541 00:27:45,320 --> 00:27:47,280 Speaker 1: but that's fine. Like a lot of times in science, 542 00:27:47,520 --> 00:27:49,199 Speaker 1: we don't know how to approach a problem, so we 543 00:27:49,320 --> 00:27:51,640 Speaker 1: just make a bunch of guesses so that we can 544 00:27:51,800 --> 00:27:54,480 Speaker 1: at least try to answer the question. And then maybe 545 00:27:54,600 --> 00:27:58,440 Speaker 1: later we reevaluate those guesses and try to widen the 546 00:27:58,520 --> 00:28:01,160 Speaker 1: scope or whatever, but just so we can it's somewhere, right. 547 00:28:01,440 --> 00:28:03,960 Speaker 3: Well, what are some of these ways that physicists think 548 00:28:04,000 --> 00:28:06,560 Speaker 3: that maybe we could figure out if we're in a simulation. 549 00:28:06,960 --> 00:28:08,680 Speaker 1: Well, one way is to look for things that move 550 00:28:08,880 --> 00:28:11,840 Speaker 1: super duper fast, And the reason is that if we 551 00:28:11,840 --> 00:28:13,919 Speaker 1: were to simulate a universe, the way we would do 552 00:28:13,960 --> 00:28:17,280 Speaker 1: it is to slice space up into huge cubes and 553 00:28:17,320 --> 00:28:20,240 Speaker 1: simulate each cube. Because you can't simulate the whole universe 554 00:28:20,280 --> 00:28:22,280 Speaker 1: at once. You'd want like a bank of computers. 555 00:28:22,359 --> 00:28:24,600 Speaker 3: You would only simulate the parts that are sort of 556 00:28:24,600 --> 00:28:26,840 Speaker 3: relevant to the video game players. 557 00:28:26,760 --> 00:28:27,240 Speaker 4: That's right. 558 00:28:27,280 --> 00:28:28,960 Speaker 1: And also you would want to have a bunch of 559 00:28:29,000 --> 00:28:31,680 Speaker 1: computers working in parallel. You wouldn't want a single computer 560 00:28:32,119 --> 00:28:34,440 Speaker 1: operating on the whole universe. You just want to slice 561 00:28:34,480 --> 00:28:37,760 Speaker 1: it up and say this cube light year cube of 562 00:28:37,800 --> 00:28:39,800 Speaker 1: space is handled by this computer, and this light year 563 00:28:39,840 --> 00:28:42,520 Speaker 1: cube handled that by that computer, and when things cross 564 00:28:42,560 --> 00:28:44,640 Speaker 1: the boundaries they have to talk to each other. But 565 00:28:44,720 --> 00:28:47,040 Speaker 1: that's the way we simulate. For example, you know an 566 00:28:47,080 --> 00:28:50,160 Speaker 1: ice cube forming. You have a bunch of calculations of 567 00:28:50,200 --> 00:28:52,840 Speaker 1: these water molecules, but you do them in little cubes 568 00:28:53,640 --> 00:28:56,160 Speaker 1: and then you interface them. And so people think, what 569 00:28:56,320 --> 00:28:59,959 Speaker 1: happens when something is going super fast through the universe. 570 00:29:00,040 --> 00:29:02,600 Speaker 1: It could cross a bunch of these cubes really quickly, 571 00:29:02,640 --> 00:29:06,440 Speaker 1: and that would be difficult for this simulation to do correctly, 572 00:29:06,880 --> 00:29:09,160 Speaker 1: and so we'd have to look for little glitches like. 573 00:29:09,080 --> 00:29:12,360 Speaker 3: That, like you would have to look for cases that 574 00:29:12,440 --> 00:29:15,760 Speaker 3: are really kind of pushing the limits of the computer 575 00:29:15,840 --> 00:29:19,120 Speaker 3: that's simulating us potentially to see if there are any 576 00:29:19,320 --> 00:29:21,880 Speaker 3: like like if the simulation breaks. 577 00:29:21,600 --> 00:29:24,720 Speaker 1: Them out exactly, and that's you put it exactly right. 578 00:29:24,720 --> 00:29:27,600 Speaker 1: But we have to assume we know something about what's 579 00:29:27,680 --> 00:29:30,520 Speaker 1: hard for those kind of universe simulators, right, which is 580 00:29:30,600 --> 00:29:33,960 Speaker 1: like so presumptuous to even know. But if what's hard 581 00:29:33,960 --> 00:29:36,200 Speaker 1: for the universe simulators is the same thing as what's 582 00:29:36,200 --> 00:29:39,640 Speaker 1: hard for us when we simulate little mini universes, then 583 00:29:39,960 --> 00:29:42,040 Speaker 1: one thing that's hard is things that crow that go 584 00:29:42,200 --> 00:29:44,840 Speaker 1: really fast. And so there are things out there in 585 00:29:44,840 --> 00:29:49,160 Speaker 1: spaces that zoom around super quickly and that can potentially 586 00:29:49,200 --> 00:29:50,040 Speaker 1: give us clues. 587 00:29:50,240 --> 00:29:52,080 Speaker 3: So we have to assume that a it's hard to 588 00:29:52,120 --> 00:29:54,480 Speaker 3: simulate the entire universe at the same time, so we 589 00:29:54,520 --> 00:29:56,840 Speaker 3: have to break it up, and b we have to 590 00:29:56,840 --> 00:30:01,840 Speaker 3: assume that things going really really re fast across these 591 00:30:01,880 --> 00:30:06,560 Speaker 3: different chunks of the universe. That's a hard problem, that's right. 592 00:30:06,600 --> 00:30:09,040 Speaker 1: And so one thing we look at are super fast 593 00:30:09,080 --> 00:30:13,440 Speaker 1: cosmic rays. Cosmic grains are just particles in space zooming around, 594 00:30:13,560 --> 00:30:15,760 Speaker 1: and it's a whole other interesting mystery about why those 595 00:30:15,760 --> 00:30:18,000 Speaker 1: particles are there and why they're going so fast. But 596 00:30:18,000 --> 00:30:23,040 Speaker 1: they're going incredibly fast, like ridiculously fast, much faster than 597 00:30:23,080 --> 00:30:25,959 Speaker 1: particles we make here on Earth, even at our fancy 598 00:30:26,040 --> 00:30:29,240 Speaker 1: ten billion dollar accelerators, And those are going so fast 599 00:30:29,240 --> 00:30:31,760 Speaker 1: that they might reveal these glitches. So if we look 600 00:30:31,840 --> 00:30:34,280 Speaker 1: to see if those particles are coming at the same 601 00:30:34,360 --> 00:30:36,680 Speaker 1: rate in every direction and this kind of stuff, we 602 00:30:36,760 --> 00:30:38,680 Speaker 1: might be able to get hints that there might be 603 00:30:38,720 --> 00:30:40,080 Speaker 1: little glitches in the simulation. 604 00:30:40,440 --> 00:30:43,080 Speaker 3: Cool. So are there any other ideas for testing this? 605 00:30:43,160 --> 00:30:45,080 Speaker 1: I don't think there are any ideas that have much 606 00:30:45,120 --> 00:30:48,520 Speaker 1: widespread support. I mean, we're already talking about crazy theories here, 607 00:30:48,960 --> 00:30:51,280 Speaker 1: but I mean an idea I have is communicate with 608 00:30:51,320 --> 00:30:54,440 Speaker 1: the simulators, right, Like, let's send the message, you know. 609 00:30:54,440 --> 00:30:58,320 Speaker 3: Like like the beach, like I know what's going on. 610 00:30:58,600 --> 00:31:02,400 Speaker 1: We figured it out, right, Like, say you are running 611 00:31:02,400 --> 00:31:05,440 Speaker 1: a simulation of a universe, right, and you don't tell 612 00:31:05,560 --> 00:31:08,520 Speaker 1: the beings inside that universe that it's a simulation because 613 00:31:08,520 --> 00:31:11,800 Speaker 1: that would spoil your experiment somehow. Right, Well, if they 614 00:31:11,840 --> 00:31:14,200 Speaker 1: discover it, then you kind of want to know and 615 00:31:14,400 --> 00:31:17,000 Speaker 1: maybe you'd be interested in talking to them, right, So 616 00:31:17,280 --> 00:31:19,440 Speaker 1: I think let's try to send a message, you know, 617 00:31:19,520 --> 00:31:20,400 Speaker 1: let's write something on it. 618 00:31:20,440 --> 00:31:23,000 Speaker 4: It's the equivalent of running SOS on the beach or something. 619 00:31:23,040 --> 00:31:26,960 Speaker 3: But they would know, we know, because they're overseeing our universe. 620 00:31:27,080 --> 00:31:29,760 Speaker 3: They would know that we're actually bluffing. We say, haha, 621 00:31:29,800 --> 00:31:32,600 Speaker 3: we found out, and they'd be like, no, you didn't. 622 00:31:34,000 --> 00:31:36,120 Speaker 3: They haven't talked to us so far. Why would they 623 00:31:36,160 --> 00:31:37,800 Speaker 3: start now we started bluffing. 624 00:31:38,200 --> 00:31:39,640 Speaker 4: M that's a good point. 625 00:31:39,680 --> 00:31:42,160 Speaker 1: But you're assuming we are bluffing, right, What if we sincerely, 626 00:31:42,320 --> 00:31:45,520 Speaker 1: honestly believe that the universe is a simulation? You're right, 627 00:31:45,560 --> 00:31:47,240 Speaker 1: we don't have any evidence for it, so we can't. 628 00:31:47,560 --> 00:31:50,480 Speaker 1: So we can't scientifically sincerely believe that. 629 00:31:50,800 --> 00:31:52,640 Speaker 3: Well, I think the biggest sign that we're in a 630 00:31:52,680 --> 00:31:56,760 Speaker 3: simulation is the fact that Ken Reeves has an age today. 631 00:31:58,560 --> 00:32:02,000 Speaker 4: Surely that the glitch in the matrix right there? 632 00:32:02,680 --> 00:32:10,680 Speaker 3: The matrix? Yeah, Well, what would it be like to 633 00:32:10,720 --> 00:32:13,320 Speaker 3: be in a simulation? Like? What implications would that? 634 00:32:13,400 --> 00:32:14,640 Speaker 4: It might be just like this? 635 00:32:15,080 --> 00:32:16,280 Speaker 3: It might not be any different? 636 00:32:16,520 --> 00:32:18,120 Speaker 1: Yeah, I mean, if we are in a simulation, then 637 00:32:18,120 --> 00:32:19,800 Speaker 1: we already know the answer. What's it like to be 638 00:32:19,800 --> 00:32:22,760 Speaker 1: in a simulation? But you probably meant something else. You 639 00:32:22,800 --> 00:32:25,120 Speaker 1: probably meant like like, do you mean simula? 640 00:32:25,640 --> 00:32:29,840 Speaker 3: Mind? Oh? I see, Like are we simulated? Mind? Like, 641 00:32:30,000 --> 00:32:34,400 Speaker 3: maybe we're not humans in a vat in a warehouse, 642 00:32:34,400 --> 00:32:37,320 Speaker 3: in an alien warehouse. Maybe we're like actually like pieces 643 00:32:37,320 --> 00:32:39,600 Speaker 3: of coating, like artificial. 644 00:32:41,120 --> 00:32:43,200 Speaker 4: Maybe you are mar oh my god. 645 00:32:43,440 --> 00:32:46,400 Speaker 3: So like maybe we're like the fodder in a video game. 646 00:32:46,440 --> 00:32:50,200 Speaker 3: We're like the mushrooms in Super Mario. You know, we're 647 00:32:50,280 --> 00:32:53,400 Speaker 3: just here for that? Are we're programming? Right? 648 00:32:54,520 --> 00:32:56,640 Speaker 1: Right's sort of two levels there, right, Like one level 649 00:32:56,800 --> 00:32:59,760 Speaker 1: is you are a brain, and your brain exists in 650 00:32:59,760 --> 00:33:04,040 Speaker 1: the universe, but you're being fed information about a fake universe, right, 651 00:33:04,080 --> 00:33:06,040 Speaker 1: But your brain exists in the real universe. That's sort 652 00:33:06,040 --> 00:33:09,400 Speaker 1: of level one. Level two is you don't exist in 653 00:33:09,440 --> 00:33:13,240 Speaker 1: the real universe at all except in that simulation, right, 654 00:33:13,280 --> 00:33:16,520 Speaker 1: a piece of code that describes a virtual person, Right, 655 00:33:16,600 --> 00:33:18,680 Speaker 1: you could just exist in that simulation. 656 00:33:19,120 --> 00:33:21,480 Speaker 3: And so the question is like basically that are we real? 657 00:33:21,600 --> 00:33:24,320 Speaker 3: Are we conscious? Are we actually something? Or are we 658 00:33:24,480 --> 00:33:25,840 Speaker 3: like completely fake? 659 00:33:26,240 --> 00:33:26,360 Speaker 2: Or? 660 00:33:27,080 --> 00:33:27,200 Speaker 4: Right? 661 00:33:27,280 --> 00:33:30,680 Speaker 1: Which is right now an open question in philosophy, Like say, 662 00:33:30,720 --> 00:33:35,840 Speaker 1: for example, I could perfectly simulate Hoorge's brain and Hoz's body, right, Yeah, 663 00:33:35,880 --> 00:33:37,400 Speaker 1: and I had that inside a computer and it's a 664 00:33:37,440 --> 00:33:40,840 Speaker 1: completely faithful reproduction, right, and just like you, it spent 665 00:33:40,880 --> 00:33:42,800 Speaker 1: most of its day in pajamas and taking naps in 666 00:33:42,840 --> 00:33:43,840 Speaker 1: the afternoon, right. 667 00:33:44,240 --> 00:33:45,000 Speaker 4: Totally accurate. 668 00:33:45,440 --> 00:33:49,719 Speaker 1: The question is would that orge feel anything, would it 669 00:33:49,840 --> 00:33:51,920 Speaker 1: be aware, would it be self conscious? 670 00:33:52,280 --> 00:33:55,800 Speaker 3: Right? Because really we're sort of computer ourselves, right, Like 671 00:33:56,040 --> 00:33:58,800 Speaker 3: if we are real, we're just a bunch of like neurons, 672 00:33:58,880 --> 00:34:02,240 Speaker 3: which are really just like little computers. We're just a 673 00:34:02,280 --> 00:34:06,440 Speaker 3: massive computer in our brain. So maybe may there's no difference. 674 00:34:06,520 --> 00:34:09,480 Speaker 1: Maybe there's no difference, right, exactly. Maybe the thing that 675 00:34:09,560 --> 00:34:13,279 Speaker 1: makes us us is just the arrangement of these bits, right, 676 00:34:13,400 --> 00:34:17,600 Speaker 1: just the information stored in the physical computer that is 677 00:34:17,640 --> 00:34:19,200 Speaker 1: me or the physical computer. 678 00:34:18,880 --> 00:34:21,040 Speaker 4: That is you. That's a little hard to grasp. 679 00:34:21,080 --> 00:34:23,520 Speaker 1: It's a little hard to feel comfortable with thinking I 680 00:34:23,560 --> 00:34:27,279 Speaker 1: am just this representation, right, because that means that you 681 00:34:27,280 --> 00:34:30,560 Speaker 1: could translate me into a totally different representation, right, bits 682 00:34:30,600 --> 00:34:33,080 Speaker 1: inside a computer which are also a physical system. Right, 683 00:34:33,120 --> 00:34:36,040 Speaker 1: a computer is a physical system with switches and bits 684 00:34:36,080 --> 00:34:38,719 Speaker 1: and stuff, and that that could be somehow equivalent to me. 685 00:34:39,280 --> 00:34:41,680 Speaker 1: The problem is I don't think we could ever know. 686 00:34:42,200 --> 00:34:44,399 Speaker 1: And what I mean by that is, say I have 687 00:34:44,520 --> 00:34:47,400 Speaker 1: a computer simulation which is a perfect reproduction of Jorge. 688 00:34:47,520 --> 00:34:47,680 Speaker 4: Right. 689 00:34:48,200 --> 00:34:50,480 Speaker 3: I mean not that I'm not perfect already, but. 690 00:34:52,520 --> 00:34:54,200 Speaker 4: I'm not saying I wouldn't make a few tweaks. 691 00:34:55,640 --> 00:34:57,200 Speaker 3: You would to make a few tweaks. 692 00:34:57,719 --> 00:35:01,000 Speaker 1: Oh, but say we had this simulated version of Poorge 693 00:35:01,280 --> 00:35:03,840 Speaker 1: and we asked it, are you real? Well, if I 694 00:35:03,880 --> 00:35:06,279 Speaker 1: ask you if you're real, you'll say yes. So if 695 00:35:06,280 --> 00:35:09,200 Speaker 1: the simulation is a perfect reproduction of you, it will 696 00:35:09,239 --> 00:35:10,319 Speaker 1: also say it's real. 697 00:35:10,480 --> 00:35:10,640 Speaker 3: Right. 698 00:35:10,680 --> 00:35:12,359 Speaker 4: How do we distinguish between something that. 699 00:35:12,400 --> 00:35:16,160 Speaker 1: Says it's real, seems real, but isn't actually aware? 700 00:35:16,800 --> 00:35:18,240 Speaker 4: Wow, we can't. 701 00:35:18,320 --> 00:35:20,680 Speaker 1: That's a that's a topic of known as a philosophical 702 00:35:20,800 --> 00:35:23,040 Speaker 1: zombie in philosophy circles. 703 00:35:23,120 --> 00:35:25,960 Speaker 3: Yeah, well, the whole reason we're talking about this is 704 00:35:26,000 --> 00:35:30,399 Speaker 3: basically is that the computers are getting so advanced now 705 00:35:30,440 --> 00:35:34,440 Speaker 3: that it's actually kind of a possibility A and B. 706 00:35:34,920 --> 00:35:40,120 Speaker 3: Physicists can't categorically say no, that's impossible, and so that's 707 00:35:40,120 --> 00:35:41,120 Speaker 3: why we're talking about it. 708 00:35:41,160 --> 00:35:43,160 Speaker 4: That's right, And there are even some people that make 709 00:35:43,200 --> 00:35:44,040 Speaker 4: the argument that. 710 00:35:44,040 --> 00:35:46,919 Speaker 3: It's likely, okay likely. Some people even say that it's 711 00:35:47,640 --> 00:35:50,959 Speaker 3: not just like a crazy idea that's not impossible. It's 712 00:35:51,080 --> 00:35:54,680 Speaker 3: like there's there's strong evidence for it. 713 00:35:55,080 --> 00:35:57,839 Speaker 1: Not strong evidence, but here's the argument. You can judge 714 00:35:57,840 --> 00:36:00,520 Speaker 1: for yourself how strong it is. The idea goes like this, 715 00:36:00,600 --> 00:36:03,760 Speaker 1: say this is one real universe, and inside that real universe, 716 00:36:04,040 --> 00:36:08,520 Speaker 1: somebody invents a simulated universe. Inside that simulated universe, somebody 717 00:36:08,560 --> 00:36:11,359 Speaker 1: invents a simulated universe. So now imagine a whole set 718 00:36:11,400 --> 00:36:14,880 Speaker 1: of nested universes, right, each of which is very realistic 719 00:36:14,920 --> 00:36:17,319 Speaker 1: and high fidelity and has beings in it to feel 720 00:36:17,320 --> 00:36:20,040 Speaker 1: alive and love and hate and all this kind of stuff. 721 00:36:21,080 --> 00:36:24,400 Speaker 1: Then if there are this whole nested set of universes 722 00:36:24,400 --> 00:36:27,400 Speaker 1: and only one is real, then what is the probability 723 00:36:27,480 --> 00:36:31,520 Speaker 1: that ours is that real one? So they argue that, 724 00:36:31,640 --> 00:36:34,759 Speaker 1: therefore the probability that our universe is real is small. Right, 725 00:36:34,800 --> 00:36:37,360 Speaker 1: It turns the question on its head, is universe of 726 00:36:37,400 --> 00:36:39,560 Speaker 1: simulation to is the universe real? 727 00:36:40,040 --> 00:36:41,600 Speaker 4: And it suggests that that's unlikely. 728 00:36:41,840 --> 00:36:47,239 Speaker 3: Oh, meaning that it is possible to simulate a universe. Therefore, 729 00:36:48,000 --> 00:36:53,160 Speaker 3: in the infinity of time and space, what's the likelihood 730 00:36:53,280 --> 00:37:00,759 Speaker 3: that we are real not a simulation. It's like non zero. 731 00:37:00,719 --> 00:37:01,480 Speaker 4: Yeah, exactly. 732 00:37:01,480 --> 00:37:03,919 Speaker 1: It's like if you're in an infinite crowd and only 733 00:37:04,000 --> 00:37:05,960 Speaker 1: one person is real and everybody else is fake. 734 00:37:06,000 --> 00:37:09,480 Speaker 4: What are the chances that you're the real one? Pretty small? Wow. 735 00:37:10,239 --> 00:37:10,960 Speaker 4: I think that's not. 736 00:37:10,920 --> 00:37:13,759 Speaker 1: A very strong argument because it makes a lot of assumptions. 737 00:37:13,800 --> 00:37:17,480 Speaker 1: You know, it assumes that universes will always simulate another universe, 738 00:37:17,520 --> 00:37:19,960 Speaker 1: and those universes would be high fidelity, and that all 739 00:37:19,960 --> 00:37:23,280 Speaker 1: of them would be like ours and that kind of stuff. 740 00:37:23,719 --> 00:37:26,520 Speaker 1: But you know, it does have that cosmic context. I 741 00:37:26,640 --> 00:37:29,000 Speaker 1: like the sense, the fact that it reminds us that 742 00:37:29,040 --> 00:37:31,400 Speaker 1: we don't really know where we are and what the 743 00:37:31,440 --> 00:37:34,560 Speaker 1: context is, and that as important as we think we are, 744 00:37:34,600 --> 00:37:37,040 Speaker 1: sometimes it could just be that we are super Mario 745 00:37:37,080 --> 00:37:39,279 Speaker 1: brothers bouncing around inside a video game. 746 00:37:39,600 --> 00:37:41,480 Speaker 4: That's I think a useful reminder. 747 00:37:41,520 --> 00:37:46,000 Speaker 3: I've always identified more with Legi, to be honest, because 748 00:37:46,040 --> 00:37:49,640 Speaker 3: he's the taller one. I think he's a Yeah, he's 749 00:37:49,680 --> 00:37:51,279 Speaker 3: just kind of the cooler, the cooler brother. 750 00:37:53,040 --> 00:37:55,400 Speaker 1: He doesn't care about getting all the spotlight right, He's 751 00:37:55,440 --> 00:37:55,839 Speaker 1: over that. 752 00:37:55,880 --> 00:37:56,440 Speaker 4: He's above it. 753 00:37:57,000 --> 00:38:01,600 Speaker 3: Well, whether we are in a simulation or not, it's 754 00:38:01,640 --> 00:38:04,439 Speaker 3: really fun to kind of question the nature of the universe. 755 00:38:04,160 --> 00:38:08,560 Speaker 1: Right absolutely, And it's only in asking these crazy questions 756 00:38:08,760 --> 00:38:11,400 Speaker 1: that we're going to make crazy discoveries. Right, the universe 757 00:38:11,480 --> 00:38:13,919 Speaker 1: might not be a simulation, but in thinking about ways 758 00:38:13,920 --> 00:38:16,200 Speaker 1: to test it, we might discover other weird stuff that 759 00:38:16,560 --> 00:38:19,280 Speaker 1: gives us another crazy idea, and that one might actually 760 00:38:19,320 --> 00:38:21,600 Speaker 1: be true. So this is we're all physicists in the 761 00:38:21,640 --> 00:38:23,960 Speaker 1: sense that we'd like to all think about big questions 762 00:38:24,000 --> 00:38:24,760 Speaker 1: about the universe. 763 00:38:25,080 --> 00:38:26,959 Speaker 3: So you're trying to break the video game, that's when 764 00:38:26,960 --> 00:38:29,480 Speaker 3: you discover the hitting easter eggs. 765 00:38:29,680 --> 00:38:32,120 Speaker 1: That's right, the easter eggs of the universe. That's where 766 00:38:32,120 --> 00:38:32,759 Speaker 1: we're all hoping for. 767 00:38:35,920 --> 00:38:38,680 Speaker 3: Cool. Well, I hope you guys are keeping it real 768 00:38:38,760 --> 00:38:40,719 Speaker 3: out there, and I enjoyed this discussion. 769 00:38:40,880 --> 00:38:43,560 Speaker 4: I hope you're keeping it simulated and have a great day. 770 00:38:43,719 --> 00:38:45,160 Speaker 3: Yeah, until next time. 771 00:39:18,880 --> 00:39:20,880 Speaker 4: When you pop a piece of cheese into your mouth. 772 00:39:20,640 --> 00:39:23,920 Speaker 1: You're probably not thinking about the environmental impact, but the 773 00:39:23,960 --> 00:39:26,840 Speaker 1: people in the dairy industry are. That's why they're working 774 00:39:26,880 --> 00:39:29,520 Speaker 1: hard every day to find new ways to reduce waste, 775 00:39:29,600 --> 00:39:33,719 Speaker 1: conserve natural resources, and drive down greenhouse gas emissions. How 776 00:39:33,800 --> 00:39:37,719 Speaker 1: is us dairy tackling greenhouse gases? Many farms use anaerobic 777 00:39:37,760 --> 00:39:41,480 Speaker 1: digestors to turn the methane from manure into renewable energy. 778 00:39:41,560 --> 00:39:45,319 Speaker 1: That can power farms, towns, and electric cars. Visit us 779 00:39:45,400 --> 00:39:48,200 Speaker 1: Dairy dot COM's Last Sustainability to learn more. 780 00:39:48,760 --> 00:39:52,120 Speaker 2: Our iHeartRadio Music Festival for the Senate I Capital One 781 00:39:52,200 --> 00:39:56,279 Speaker 2: Coming Back to Las Vegas twenty first, a weekend full 782 00:39:56,320 --> 00:40:00,359 Speaker 2: of superstar performances. These A Rocky Big Shun You Look 783 00:40:00,360 --> 00:40:07,839 Speaker 2: At baiji Ul Keith, Urban, New Kids on the Block, Paramore, Shaboozy, 784 00:40:08,200 --> 00:40:12,360 Speaker 2: Black Crows, The Weekend, Thomas Red, Victoria Monett, Old Place, 785 00:40:12,440 --> 00:40:15,759 Speaker 2: Chris Martin and more. Stream Live Holy on Hulu and 786 00:40:15,800 --> 00:40:19,800 Speaker 2: get it it is to be there at AXS dot com. 787 00:40:19,960 --> 00:40:20,160 Speaker 1: Hi. 788 00:40:20,239 --> 00:40:23,880 Speaker 7: I'm David Eagleman from the podcast Inner Cosmos, which recently 789 00:40:23,960 --> 00:40:26,680 Speaker 7: hit the number one science podcast in America. I mean 790 00:40:26,760 --> 00:40:30,480 Speaker 7: neuroscientists at Stanford and I've spent my career exploring the 791 00:40:30,560 --> 00:40:33,840 Speaker 7: three pound universe in our heads. Join me weekly to 792 00:40:33,960 --> 00:40:35,960 Speaker 7: explore the relationship. 793 00:40:35,239 --> 00:40:37,040 Speaker 3: Between your brain and your life. 794 00:40:37,280 --> 00:40:40,320 Speaker 7: Because the more we know about what's running under the hood, 795 00:40:40,600 --> 00:40:44,160 Speaker 7: better we can steer our lives. Listen to Inner Cosmos 796 00:40:44,200 --> 00:40:47,560 Speaker 7: with David Eagleman on the iHeartRadio app, Apple Podcasts or 797 00:40:47,600 --> 00:40:49,239 Speaker 7: wherever you get your podcasts.