1 00:00:08,440 --> 00:00:12,680 Speaker 1: Hey, Daniel, what's the most creative depiction of aliens you've 2 00:00:12,720 --> 00:00:17,200 Speaker 1: ever read in sci fi? Good question, Well, I really 3 00:00:17,280 --> 00:00:21,599 Speaker 1: like Greg Egan's living computer in his novel Diaspora. I'd 4 00:00:21,640 --> 00:00:23,400 Speaker 1: say more, but I don't want to spoil it for 5 00:00:23,440 --> 00:00:25,360 Speaker 1: everyone who hasn't read it yet. I'm gonna have to 6 00:00:25,440 --> 00:00:29,240 Speaker 1: check that out. Okay, So, what's the least creative alien 7 00:00:29,280 --> 00:00:35,120 Speaker 1: you've ever encountered? Probably a tie between Superman and Star Trek. Oh. Yeah. 8 00:00:35,280 --> 00:00:38,440 Speaker 1: Not a fan of the humanoid aliens. No, it feels 9 00:00:38,440 --> 00:00:42,360 Speaker 1: so self serving and parochial. It's like imagining that everyone 10 00:00:42,440 --> 00:00:44,720 Speaker 1: out there in the world eats the same food that 11 00:00:44,800 --> 00:00:47,920 Speaker 1: you and your family. Do you mean everyone eating a 12 00:00:48,080 --> 00:00:51,520 Speaker 1: pure diet of cheese whiz and Dorita's. I can see 13 00:00:51,520 --> 00:00:54,400 Speaker 1: how that would be a problem, exactly. I'd rather live 14 00:00:54,480 --> 00:00:57,720 Speaker 1: in an exciting world where the aliens eat even weirder 15 00:00:57,760 --> 00:01:00,000 Speaker 1: food than cheese whiz. Well, I just hope their food 16 00:01:00,080 --> 00:01:02,760 Speaker 1: it is good. Put enough hot sauce or cheese waves 17 00:01:02,800 --> 00:01:21,240 Speaker 1: on anything, it probably tastes good. Hi. I'm Daniel. I'm 18 00:01:21,240 --> 00:01:25,160 Speaker 1: a particle physicist, and I'm the co host of this podcast. 19 00:01:25,319 --> 00:01:28,679 Speaker 1: Daniel and Jorge explain the universe in which we talk 20 00:01:28,760 --> 00:01:31,640 Speaker 1: about all the crazy and amazing things out there in 21 00:01:31,680 --> 00:01:34,679 Speaker 1: the universe, everything we seek to understand, and everything that 22 00:01:34,760 --> 00:01:38,000 Speaker 1: we have figured out, everything from the insides of neutron 23 00:01:38,080 --> 00:01:40,959 Speaker 1: stars to the tin these little particles to the various 24 00:01:41,040 --> 00:01:44,880 Speaker 1: forms of alien life. My usual co host, Orgy cham 25 00:01:44,880 --> 00:01:47,760 Speaker 1: the Cartoonist, isn't here today, but I'm very happy to 26 00:01:47,840 --> 00:01:51,720 Speaker 1: welcome back our returning guest host, Katie Golden. Katie, welcome 27 00:01:51,760 --> 00:01:54,000 Speaker 1: back to the program. It's a pleasure to be here. 28 00:01:54,320 --> 00:01:58,240 Speaker 1: It's always a good time. I'm especially excited about today's episode. Yeah, 29 00:01:58,280 --> 00:02:01,640 Speaker 1: welcome back. Remind the viewers about your area of expertise 30 00:02:01,760 --> 00:02:04,280 Speaker 1: and the other fun podcast that you do. Yeah. So, 31 00:02:04,320 --> 00:02:07,920 Speaker 1: I'm Katie Golden. I host a podcast called Creature Feature 32 00:02:08,080 --> 00:02:11,320 Speaker 1: where I talk about all the weird and wild animals 33 00:02:11,320 --> 00:02:15,680 Speaker 1: in the world, their behavior, their lives, their evolutionary history, 34 00:02:15,720 --> 00:02:18,480 Speaker 1: and how they relate to humans. And what is the 35 00:02:18,560 --> 00:02:21,919 Speaker 1: weirdest animal that you guys have talked about on your podcast? Oh, 36 00:02:21,960 --> 00:02:26,120 Speaker 1: that's a good question. I think my eternal favorite is 37 00:02:26,240 --> 00:02:29,560 Speaker 1: the tartar grade, which your listeners have probably heard about. 38 00:02:29,600 --> 00:02:33,960 Speaker 1: It's that tiny micro organism that is in fact an animal, 39 00:02:34,600 --> 00:02:38,519 Speaker 1: and it looks like a cute little multi legged bear, 40 00:02:39,280 --> 00:02:43,000 Speaker 1: and it is about the size of like the tip 41 00:02:43,200 --> 00:02:48,600 Speaker 1: of an eyelash. And it can survive radiation, It can 42 00:02:48,639 --> 00:02:52,800 Speaker 1: survive the vacuum of space. It can survive extreme heat 43 00:02:52,880 --> 00:02:57,800 Speaker 1: and cold, and it can go into suspended animation for 44 00:02:58,160 --> 00:03:02,720 Speaker 1: years and years, maybe even centuries, and then become revived 45 00:03:02,800 --> 00:03:05,400 Speaker 1: once you rehydrate it. And aren't there some of those 46 00:03:05,440 --> 00:03:09,120 Speaker 1: on the moon, like right now? Potentially right we had 47 00:03:09,200 --> 00:03:13,880 Speaker 1: some of those as experiments on something, right and then 48 00:03:13,960 --> 00:03:17,480 Speaker 1: like that may have collided with the Moon at some point. Yeah, 49 00:03:17,560 --> 00:03:19,680 Speaker 1: I think that is really land or had Tarte grades 50 00:03:19,680 --> 00:03:22,440 Speaker 1: on it, and it didn't land so gently on the Moon. 51 00:03:22,840 --> 00:03:24,720 Speaker 1: So next time we go up there, we may find 52 00:03:24,760 --> 00:03:28,920 Speaker 1: a massive tart degrade civilization, just little tiny tartar grades 53 00:03:29,000 --> 00:03:32,840 Speaker 1: with little tiny tartar grade cars going to tartar grade work. 54 00:03:33,240 --> 00:03:35,720 Speaker 1: Maybe they have their own cheese whiz factory. Well, bringing 55 00:03:35,760 --> 00:03:38,760 Speaker 1: it all together, Can Tarte grades eat cheese whiz? I 56 00:03:38,800 --> 00:03:43,160 Speaker 1: don't know. They typically live on moss and eat little 57 00:03:43,200 --> 00:03:46,120 Speaker 1: tiny micro organisms on moss, but I'm sure if you 58 00:03:46,200 --> 00:03:49,360 Speaker 1: gave it some cheese whiz, it wouldn't complain. Well, my 59 00:03:49,400 --> 00:03:51,720 Speaker 1: goal on today's podcast, Katie, is to ask you a 60 00:03:51,720 --> 00:03:55,040 Speaker 1: bunch of biology questions nobody has ever asked anybody before 61 00:03:55,200 --> 00:03:57,920 Speaker 1: like that one. Well, I'm excited and I'm sure I 62 00:03:57,920 --> 00:04:02,280 Speaker 1: could answer all of them perfectly. And on today's podcast, 63 00:04:02,320 --> 00:04:05,120 Speaker 1: we are going to be exploring the outer bounds of 64 00:04:05,200 --> 00:04:09,000 Speaker 1: what is possible when it comes to life and alien life. 65 00:04:09,160 --> 00:04:11,120 Speaker 1: On this podcast, we like to think about all the 66 00:04:11,240 --> 00:04:15,200 Speaker 1: craziest ideas. We'd like to cast off the shackles of 67 00:04:15,240 --> 00:04:18,840 Speaker 1: our preconceptions and imagine what life might be like out 68 00:04:18,880 --> 00:04:21,560 Speaker 1: there in the universe, because it's one of the deepest 69 00:04:21,640 --> 00:04:25,400 Speaker 1: questions of modern science. Are we alone in the universe? 70 00:04:25,839 --> 00:04:28,880 Speaker 1: Is Earth the only place that hosts life in this 71 00:04:29,160 --> 00:04:33,400 Speaker 1: entire glittering cosmos? Or is it teeming with life, absolutely 72 00:04:33,480 --> 00:04:37,839 Speaker 1: festooned and infiltrated with microbes and animals and crazy stuff 73 00:04:37,880 --> 00:04:40,160 Speaker 1: out there? I for one of hoping that the universe 74 00:04:40,200 --> 00:04:42,640 Speaker 1: has filled with all sorts of creative stuff, because I 75 00:04:42,720 --> 00:04:46,560 Speaker 1: love the surprises that science offers. We're always discovering weird 76 00:04:46,640 --> 00:04:49,359 Speaker 1: new things around the corner and under a rock, and 77 00:04:49,400 --> 00:04:52,000 Speaker 1: I'm looking forward to seeing weird stuff out there. So 78 00:04:52,120 --> 00:04:54,919 Speaker 1: what's your personal opinion, Katie, Do you think life is 79 00:04:55,040 --> 00:04:58,800 Speaker 1: common in the universe and everywhere, or very rare and special. 80 00:04:58,960 --> 00:05:03,640 Speaker 1: I think probably is able to find niches in the universe. 81 00:05:03,720 --> 00:05:07,080 Speaker 1: So while I don't, I think given the size of 82 00:05:07,120 --> 00:05:13,279 Speaker 1: the universe, I'm sure it's found relatively frequently because of 83 00:05:13,279 --> 00:05:16,160 Speaker 1: how big the universe is. But I think the space 84 00:05:16,279 --> 00:05:19,600 Speaker 1: between where you find that life is probably rather vast. 85 00:05:20,200 --> 00:05:23,880 Speaker 1: So when you think about Earth and these most inhospitable 86 00:05:24,000 --> 00:05:27,880 Speaker 1: environments like the deep sea, where you wouldn't expect anything 87 00:05:27,960 --> 00:05:31,480 Speaker 1: to survive because it's cold and dark, you actually do 88 00:05:31,680 --> 00:05:37,159 Speaker 1: find pockets of vibrant life near these thermal vents where 89 00:05:37,200 --> 00:05:41,599 Speaker 1: they are all clustered around these little niches where life 90 00:05:41,640 --> 00:05:44,400 Speaker 1: can survive. And that's how I would imagine the universe, 91 00:05:44,440 --> 00:05:48,560 Speaker 1: where you find a little niche that life could possibly 92 00:05:48,600 --> 00:05:51,560 Speaker 1: be in, and I think it would become filled with something, 93 00:05:51,760 --> 00:05:55,400 Speaker 1: maybe cheese, with aliens. But isn't there an implicit assumption 94 00:05:55,480 --> 00:05:58,919 Speaker 1: there that you're making that you're looking for life like 95 00:05:59,240 --> 00:06:02,159 Speaker 1: life on Earth when you're saying the universe is vast, 96 00:06:02,200 --> 00:06:04,560 Speaker 1: And I think the implicit argument there is that there 97 00:06:04,640 --> 00:06:08,200 Speaker 1: must be other Earth life places, places where life like 98 00:06:08,520 --> 00:06:11,840 Speaker 1: ours can flourish. What do you think of the possibility 99 00:06:11,839 --> 00:06:15,080 Speaker 1: that life could be like vastly different, like completely mind 100 00:06:15,160 --> 00:06:19,400 Speaker 1: bogglingly surprisingly different, more creative even than our best science 101 00:06:19,440 --> 00:06:22,960 Speaker 1: fiction authors could concoct. I really think there's something to that, 102 00:06:23,080 --> 00:06:27,240 Speaker 1: because even when you look at life on Earth, you 103 00:06:27,320 --> 00:06:30,680 Speaker 1: find things that completely break the mold of what we 104 00:06:30,760 --> 00:06:37,000 Speaker 1: think life should be. There's this micro organism that is 105 00:06:37,040 --> 00:06:42,000 Speaker 1: actually a parasite of salmon. And as far as we 106 00:06:42,440 --> 00:06:45,240 Speaker 1: have understood, all life has to be able to have 107 00:06:45,480 --> 00:06:49,359 Speaker 1: a metabolism, be able to process a t P in 108 00:06:49,480 --> 00:06:53,800 Speaker 1: order to live. But it's called this like tapioca parasite 109 00:06:53,839 --> 00:06:55,920 Speaker 1: because when you open up the fish, it actually kind 110 00:06:55,960 --> 00:06:58,839 Speaker 1: of looks like tapioca, which is gross. But these little 111 00:06:58,920 --> 00:07:03,960 Speaker 1: tiny they almost look like little sperms. Are these Nigerians 112 00:07:04,279 --> 00:07:08,560 Speaker 1: that have lost the ability to have a metabolism, so 113 00:07:08,600 --> 00:07:12,200 Speaker 1: they literally have no metabolism. It doesn't seem like they 114 00:07:12,200 --> 00:07:16,040 Speaker 1: should be alive, and yet they're somehow able to directly 115 00:07:16,200 --> 00:07:20,440 Speaker 1: steal a t P from their host, the salmon. So 116 00:07:20,600 --> 00:07:23,840 Speaker 1: even on Earth we find things that we like all 117 00:07:23,880 --> 00:07:27,640 Speaker 1: the time we previously thought could not exist in any way. 118 00:07:27,640 --> 00:07:30,960 Speaker 1: It defies our concept of what life is. It even 119 00:07:30,960 --> 00:07:34,520 Speaker 1: defies how we define life. And so I think in 120 00:07:34,560 --> 00:07:40,240 Speaker 1: the universe there's definitely life out there that maybe wouldn't pass. 121 00:07:40,280 --> 00:07:42,800 Speaker 1: Like if you took a high school biology class where 122 00:07:42,800 --> 00:07:45,320 Speaker 1: it's like, what is life? You know, Well, it can reproduce, 123 00:07:45,360 --> 00:07:48,000 Speaker 1: it can eat, you know, it can grow, blah blah blah. 124 00:07:48,240 --> 00:07:51,280 Speaker 1: If you expand that definition to something like, well, what 125 00:07:51,360 --> 00:07:54,880 Speaker 1: about something that's conscious or you know, is the kind 126 00:07:54,920 --> 00:07:58,400 Speaker 1: of eternal argument about well, is a virus a life form? 127 00:07:58,480 --> 00:08:01,520 Speaker 1: You know? Or is this organic virus a life form? Well? 128 00:08:01,560 --> 00:08:05,200 Speaker 1: Then is a computer virus a life form? I think 129 00:08:05,280 --> 00:08:09,840 Speaker 1: that once we open our minds to other definitions of life, 130 00:08:09,920 --> 00:08:13,080 Speaker 1: than that opens up way more possibilities in the universe. 131 00:08:13,280 --> 00:08:16,520 Speaker 1: I totally agree, and I'm excited to be surprised by 132 00:08:16,560 --> 00:08:19,280 Speaker 1: where life is found and what forms it takes. But 133 00:08:19,320 --> 00:08:20,920 Speaker 1: it's going to require us to be a little bit 134 00:08:20,960 --> 00:08:23,680 Speaker 1: creative in advance, because if we're gonna look for life, 135 00:08:23,880 --> 00:08:26,800 Speaker 1: that we gotta know sort of what we are looking for. 136 00:08:27,040 --> 00:08:29,320 Speaker 1: It's very difficult to keep your mind open to like 137 00:08:29,640 --> 00:08:33,400 Speaker 1: every possibility. We don't necessarily know what this life is 138 00:08:33,440 --> 00:08:35,280 Speaker 1: made out of. I mean, think about, like from a 139 00:08:35,320 --> 00:08:38,360 Speaker 1: particle physics point of view, how much about our world 140 00:08:38,480 --> 00:08:41,880 Speaker 1: around us here on Earth is invisible to us. We're 141 00:08:41,920 --> 00:08:44,920 Speaker 1: being cascaded and bombarded by neutrinos all the time. We 142 00:08:44,960 --> 00:08:47,720 Speaker 1: are surrounded by dark matter and dark energy, things we 143 00:08:47,720 --> 00:08:50,160 Speaker 1: didn't know about because we didn't know to look for them. 144 00:08:50,240 --> 00:08:53,120 Speaker 1: It seems to me entirely possible that there are forms 145 00:08:53,160 --> 00:08:56,040 Speaker 1: of life out their processes which satisfy all the requirements, 146 00:08:56,080 --> 00:08:58,480 Speaker 1: but we just haven't imagined them, so we don't know 147 00:08:58,559 --> 00:09:01,320 Speaker 1: how to look for them. Things on vast scales, things 148 00:09:01,400 --> 00:09:04,600 Speaker 1: in inhospitable places, things that would just blow our minds. 149 00:09:05,040 --> 00:09:07,600 Speaker 1: And so on today's podcast, we're going to try to 150 00:09:07,679 --> 00:09:11,360 Speaker 1: do some of that creative mind stretching to imagine if 151 00:09:11,480 --> 00:09:15,800 Speaker 1: life could live in the weirdest, most inhospitable, most surprising 152 00:09:16,080 --> 00:09:19,440 Speaker 1: of corners of the universe. So today's episode we'll be 153 00:09:19,480 --> 00:09:30,520 Speaker 1: asking can life exist inside a black hole? That's a 154 00:09:30,559 --> 00:09:33,800 Speaker 1: tough one. My immediate response is like, well no, but 155 00:09:33,880 --> 00:09:37,760 Speaker 1: then when you think about it, maybe yeah, right exactly. 156 00:09:37,920 --> 00:09:40,439 Speaker 1: I want to push everybody to think about what does 157 00:09:40,520 --> 00:09:42,800 Speaker 1: life even mean and how do we know it couldn't 158 00:09:42,800 --> 00:09:45,599 Speaker 1: exist inside a black hole? What if the universe is 159 00:09:45,640 --> 00:09:48,400 Speaker 1: filled with black holes that are all filled with life 160 00:09:48,400 --> 00:09:50,880 Speaker 1: and we are the only non black hole life in 161 00:09:50,920 --> 00:09:53,520 Speaker 1: the universe. That sounds like a cool science fiction novel. 162 00:09:53,640 --> 00:09:55,680 Speaker 1: Does that mean we were the aliens the whole time? 163 00:09:55,760 --> 00:10:00,320 Speaker 1: Then you're just waiting for that twist, right, it means 164 00:10:00,360 --> 00:10:02,320 Speaker 1: you're the alien and this whole thing is like the 165 00:10:02,360 --> 00:10:05,880 Speaker 1: Truman Show where we're all watching you. Whoa are we 166 00:10:05,960 --> 00:10:09,360 Speaker 1: just on the inside a Petrie dish on a giant 167 00:10:09,800 --> 00:10:14,280 Speaker 1: like aliens lap table. If so, I hope they feed 168 00:10:14,360 --> 00:10:17,280 Speaker 1: us the more cheese wiz. So here's what people had 169 00:10:17,360 --> 00:10:21,360 Speaker 1: to say when they were asked can life exist inside 170 00:10:21,360 --> 00:10:24,040 Speaker 1: a black hole? So? If you'd like to volunteer and 171 00:10:24,120 --> 00:10:28,480 Speaker 1: answer weird, funny, bizarre physics questions with no ability to 172 00:10:28,520 --> 00:10:31,800 Speaker 1: do any background reading at Alogist on the Spot, please 173 00:10:31,920 --> 00:10:35,520 Speaker 1: write to me two questions at Daniel and Jorge dot com. 174 00:10:35,640 --> 00:10:38,880 Speaker 1: Trust me, it's fun. I'm gonna go with no based 175 00:10:38,920 --> 00:10:42,480 Speaker 1: on the fact that any life going into the black 176 00:10:42,480 --> 00:10:46,480 Speaker 1: hole will get ripped, apart, spaghettified, and destroyed. So unless 177 00:10:46,480 --> 00:10:48,840 Speaker 1: there's something crazy going on once you get to the 178 00:10:48,920 --> 00:10:51,000 Speaker 1: center of that black hole where it's connected to a 179 00:10:51,000 --> 00:10:53,480 Speaker 1: white hole in some other universe or something crazy like that, 180 00:10:53,600 --> 00:10:57,040 Speaker 1: then I'm gonna say no, I think the gravitational forces still, 181 00:10:57,080 --> 00:10:59,959 Speaker 1: it's the similarity would be too strong for life to pursue. 182 00:11:00,760 --> 00:11:03,719 Speaker 1: So a life inside the Black Code would be rather 183 00:11:03,800 --> 00:11:06,160 Speaker 1: short one. The life would be only short for that 184 00:11:06,280 --> 00:11:10,720 Speaker 1: being that is experiencing those forces, right, A lot more 185 00:11:10,760 --> 00:11:13,680 Speaker 1: time would have passed for anyone outside the Black Code 186 00:11:13,720 --> 00:11:20,120 Speaker 1: in the meantime. And well, I don't think so. But 187 00:11:20,920 --> 00:11:25,199 Speaker 1: I heard people saying it is possible, it is possible 188 00:11:25,240 --> 00:11:30,240 Speaker 1: to be even a different universe enough, but I don't 189 00:11:30,240 --> 00:11:34,120 Speaker 1: think so. Yes, I think so, but I don't think 190 00:11:34,960 --> 00:11:39,320 Speaker 1: it would last very long. Like once you crossed the 191 00:11:39,559 --> 00:11:42,320 Speaker 1: event horizon. I guess you could say you're inside the 192 00:11:42,360 --> 00:11:45,760 Speaker 1: black hole, but I don't think that's where you want 193 00:11:45,800 --> 00:11:49,720 Speaker 1: to be. I was just watching the Isaac Asthmos Memorial debate, 194 00:11:49,760 --> 00:11:53,080 Speaker 1: for they were discussing what is life from both the 195 00:11:53,080 --> 00:11:58,800 Speaker 1: philosophical standpoint and scientific standpoint. I'd say, as we know it, no, 196 00:11:59,240 --> 00:12:02,640 Speaker 1: but I suppose if you redefine life, anything is possible. 197 00:12:02,679 --> 00:12:06,840 Speaker 1: But a strong doubts anything could do anything. I doubt 198 00:12:06,880 --> 00:12:10,840 Speaker 1: things exist inside a black hole, absolutely not. That's nuts, 199 00:12:10,880 --> 00:12:14,400 Speaker 1: that's crazy. That would never work. It would all be 200 00:12:14,600 --> 00:12:19,120 Speaker 1: squished completely. I know that if you go anywhere near 201 00:12:19,360 --> 00:12:23,160 Speaker 1: a black hole, you get spaghettified and kind of pulled out. 202 00:12:23,400 --> 00:12:25,440 Speaker 1: You know, your atoms end up kind of getting pulled 203 00:12:25,440 --> 00:12:28,280 Speaker 1: into a long string. So I can't imagine that anything 204 00:12:28,320 --> 00:12:31,280 Speaker 1: would survive in a black hole. My first thought is no, 205 00:12:32,240 --> 00:12:37,760 Speaker 1: because of just the sheer heat and intensity of the 206 00:12:37,840 --> 00:12:41,600 Speaker 1: accretion disk and everything leading into a black hole. I 207 00:12:41,640 --> 00:12:44,400 Speaker 1: would think that the inside of a black hole is 208 00:12:44,440 --> 00:12:48,560 Speaker 1: just a continuation thereof because the event horizon is just 209 00:12:48,600 --> 00:12:51,800 Speaker 1: basically the point at which light can't escape, So we 210 00:12:51,840 --> 00:12:56,320 Speaker 1: can't really know information wise what's going on after that point. 211 00:12:57,200 --> 00:13:01,520 Speaker 1: But my intuition, even though a lot of things in 212 00:13:01,559 --> 00:13:06,920 Speaker 1: astrophysics and microphysics is not intuitive, is that everything would 213 00:13:06,960 --> 00:13:11,520 Speaker 1: just destroy and imploding on self and just continue to 214 00:13:11,559 --> 00:13:14,240 Speaker 1: do so as it got smaller and smaller. Um. So 215 00:13:14,320 --> 00:13:18,200 Speaker 1: I don't think that life could survive or evolve in 216 00:13:18,240 --> 00:13:21,600 Speaker 1: that kind of environment. No. Wow, So a lot of 217 00:13:21,600 --> 00:13:24,360 Speaker 1: people seem to agree with your initial reaction, Katie. There's 218 00:13:24,440 --> 00:13:27,760 Speaker 1: not a lot of hope here for life inside black holes. Yeah. 219 00:13:27,760 --> 00:13:32,040 Speaker 1: They all seem pretty afraid of the spaghettification process, which 220 00:13:32,200 --> 00:13:35,040 Speaker 1: is understandable. You know, if I think about getting turned 221 00:13:35,080 --> 00:13:40,280 Speaker 1: into spaghetti. I feel that's not very survivable. But we're 222 00:13:40,320 --> 00:13:43,640 Speaker 1: not just talking about my life, Like, there could be 223 00:13:44,040 --> 00:13:48,679 Speaker 1: some kind of life that enjoys being spaghetti. Right, So 224 00:13:48,760 --> 00:13:51,280 Speaker 1: you're saying when you come home after a long day, 225 00:13:51,360 --> 00:13:53,040 Speaker 1: you know, like, ah, man, I want to relax in 226 00:13:53,080 --> 00:13:56,720 Speaker 1: the couch and get turned into spaghetti. I mean, maybe 227 00:13:56,760 --> 00:13:59,360 Speaker 1: a little bit. But I think that's good of you too, 228 00:13:59,360 --> 00:14:01,520 Speaker 1: you know, a mad gen that maybe there is some 229 00:14:01,640 --> 00:14:04,040 Speaker 1: kind of life out there for which that is a 230 00:14:04,120 --> 00:14:09,480 Speaker 1: pleasant evening. Exactly, Yeah, just kick back and linguini a bit, 231 00:14:10,840 --> 00:14:13,400 Speaker 1: maybe spaghetti shaped life. Right, What would happen if you 232 00:14:13,440 --> 00:14:17,320 Speaker 1: tossed spaghetti into a black hole? M hmm, then you'd 233 00:14:17,320 --> 00:14:21,640 Speaker 1: get like a rotini. I'm not sure I know neither 234 00:14:21,800 --> 00:14:26,120 Speaker 1: enough about pasta's or physics to answer that. All right, 235 00:14:26,160 --> 00:14:27,880 Speaker 1: you're gonna have to learn some more pasta words if 236 00:14:27,880 --> 00:14:31,800 Speaker 1: you're moving Italy. So our listeners are pretty skeptical that 237 00:14:31,880 --> 00:14:35,440 Speaker 1: it is possible to live inside a black hole or 238 00:14:35,480 --> 00:14:38,280 Speaker 1: I think some of these answers are about surviving entry 239 00:14:38,280 --> 00:14:40,200 Speaker 1: into a black hole. But I was thinking more about 240 00:14:40,240 --> 00:14:43,440 Speaker 1: life evolving and being inside a black hole for life 241 00:14:43,520 --> 00:14:48,760 Speaker 1: its entire existence. Yeah, exactly, So I feel that when 242 00:14:48,800 --> 00:14:51,760 Speaker 1: we think about life, like we were talking about earlier, 243 00:14:51,840 --> 00:14:54,920 Speaker 1: we think about aliens that are vaguely human shaped or 244 00:14:54,960 --> 00:14:58,880 Speaker 1: maybe like an octopus shape, but it's essentially following the 245 00:14:58,960 --> 00:15:02,800 Speaker 1: mold of something on Earth, whether it's a humanoid from 246 00:15:02,840 --> 00:15:06,760 Speaker 1: Star Trek or you know, the little like Brian shrimp 247 00:15:07,280 --> 00:15:11,320 Speaker 1: aliens from Alien, the face hugger, which is basically, if 248 00:15:11,320 --> 00:15:13,720 Speaker 1: you don't know, it, just a scaled up Brian shrimp. 249 00:15:13,920 --> 00:15:16,560 Speaker 1: Are you saying that those things are real? Well, if 250 00:15:16,600 --> 00:15:18,840 Speaker 1: you look at a Brian shrimp or a sea monkey, 251 00:15:19,080 --> 00:15:23,280 Speaker 1: it looks pretty much exactly like the face huggers from Alien. 252 00:15:23,440 --> 00:15:26,600 Speaker 1: But they don't actually hug faces, do they. Well, they do, 253 00:15:26,680 --> 00:15:31,240 Speaker 1: but it's cute because they're so small. So many things 254 00:15:31,320 --> 00:15:34,520 Speaker 1: that are cute would be terrifying if they were larger, right, 255 00:15:34,560 --> 00:15:37,160 Speaker 1: you know, take for example, your housecat. Your housecat pretty 256 00:15:37,160 --> 00:15:41,400 Speaker 1: cute because it's not a mountain lion otherwise totally terrifying, 257 00:15:41,720 --> 00:15:45,280 Speaker 1: exactly the same personality. Yes, although if you scale that 258 00:15:45,440 --> 00:15:48,440 Speaker 1: my dog, the only scary part would be the amount 259 00:15:48,480 --> 00:15:51,800 Speaker 1: of slobber you'd have to endure. You might need like 260 00:15:51,800 --> 00:15:56,120 Speaker 1: scuba equipment or something. All right, well, maybe we should 261 00:15:56,160 --> 00:15:59,960 Speaker 1: remind people what is dangerous about living inside a black hole. 262 00:16:00,080 --> 00:16:04,000 Speaker 1: What sort of hurdles life would have to overcome if 263 00:16:04,040 --> 00:16:06,920 Speaker 1: it did want to survive inside a black hole. Yeah, 264 00:16:06,920 --> 00:16:10,480 Speaker 1: because doesn't it kind of rip you to a little 265 00:16:10,520 --> 00:16:13,120 Speaker 1: shreds in some sort of way. Yeah, So I think 266 00:16:13,160 --> 00:16:15,880 Speaker 1: there are two major things you have to worry about 267 00:16:16,200 --> 00:16:18,120 Speaker 1: if you're going to live inside a black hole. But 268 00:16:18,200 --> 00:16:20,360 Speaker 1: first let's remind ourselves, like what a black hole is. 269 00:16:20,400 --> 00:16:23,760 Speaker 1: But the basic physics is here. Remember that a black hole, 270 00:16:23,960 --> 00:16:26,920 Speaker 1: though famous for being something that just like sucks everything in, 271 00:16:27,360 --> 00:16:31,400 Speaker 1: is really just a compact object, and objects with mass, 272 00:16:31,480 --> 00:16:34,440 Speaker 1: like everything in the universe, have gravity. So a black 273 00:16:34,480 --> 00:16:37,400 Speaker 1: hole isn't like a big suction hole in space or 274 00:16:37,400 --> 00:16:40,120 Speaker 1: a big vacuum cleaner. It pulls on everything just because 275 00:16:40,120 --> 00:16:42,360 Speaker 1: it has gravity the same way you do, the same 276 00:16:42,400 --> 00:16:44,680 Speaker 1: way the Earth does, the same way the Sun does. 277 00:16:45,080 --> 00:16:47,840 Speaker 1: That doesn't necessarily mean that everything is going to fall 278 00:16:47,880 --> 00:16:50,640 Speaker 1: into a black hole. For example, you could orbit a 279 00:16:50,640 --> 00:16:53,520 Speaker 1: black hole just the same way you orbit the Sun. Right, 280 00:16:53,560 --> 00:16:55,880 Speaker 1: the Sun is pulling on you with its gravity, but 281 00:16:55,920 --> 00:16:58,720 Speaker 1: we are not plummeting into the Sun to our fiery 282 00:16:58,800 --> 00:17:02,320 Speaker 1: deaths because we have a speed to orbit the Sun instead. 283 00:17:02,680 --> 00:17:06,080 Speaker 1: So black hole does have a very strong gravitational field, 284 00:17:06,200 --> 00:17:09,000 Speaker 1: but it's not so powerful that it's going to overcome everything, 285 00:17:09,119 --> 00:17:13,199 Speaker 1: at least outside the event horizon. There is this boundary, 286 00:17:13,320 --> 00:17:15,879 Speaker 1: this event horizon we call it. If you get close 287 00:17:16,040 --> 00:17:18,000 Speaker 1: enough to the black hole, if you've happen to pass 288 00:17:18,080 --> 00:17:21,199 Speaker 1: through this event horizon, then you can never escape, and 289 00:17:21,359 --> 00:17:24,280 Speaker 1: every path in front of you eventually leads to the 290 00:17:24,359 --> 00:17:27,560 Speaker 1: singularity at the heart of the black hole. But remember 291 00:17:27,560 --> 00:17:30,080 Speaker 1: that black holes are just made out of normal stuff. 292 00:17:30,280 --> 00:17:33,840 Speaker 1: They're not weird in that way. They're just really compact objects, 293 00:17:33,960 --> 00:17:36,119 Speaker 1: which allows you to get sort of like closer to 294 00:17:36,160 --> 00:17:39,480 Speaker 1: the source of gravity than you would otherwise. So if 295 00:17:39,560 --> 00:17:42,240 Speaker 1: that really intense gravity, that is what you have to 296 00:17:42,240 --> 00:17:45,719 Speaker 1: worry about. And so there's sort of two different categories 297 00:17:45,720 --> 00:17:48,080 Speaker 1: of things to worry about there. One is what you're mentioning, 298 00:17:48,119 --> 00:17:51,879 Speaker 1: Katie getting turned into spaghetti or linguini or maybe angel 299 00:17:51,920 --> 00:17:55,360 Speaker 1: hair pasta. And that's because of these things called tidal forces. 300 00:17:55,560 --> 00:17:58,080 Speaker 1: Tile forces come up when you're not like a point 301 00:17:58,119 --> 00:18:00,600 Speaker 1: particle and you have like a physical ext it so 302 00:18:00,640 --> 00:18:03,080 Speaker 1: that one part of you could be closer to the 303 00:18:03,119 --> 00:18:06,919 Speaker 1: black hole than the other part because gravity gets stronger 304 00:18:06,960 --> 00:18:09,280 Speaker 1: as you get closer than the black hole is gonna 305 00:18:09,280 --> 00:18:11,720 Speaker 1: be pulling on the part of you that's closer harder 306 00:18:11,760 --> 00:18:13,880 Speaker 1: than it's pulling on the part of you that's further away, 307 00:18:14,280 --> 00:18:17,280 Speaker 1: and so in effect, it's sort of tugging you apart. Basically, 308 00:18:17,320 --> 00:18:19,280 Speaker 1: it's like it's trying to pull your head off all 309 00:18:19,280 --> 00:18:22,919 Speaker 1: the time. So if I jack knife into a black 310 00:18:22,960 --> 00:18:27,920 Speaker 1: hole and like head first in a perfectly executed dive 311 00:18:28,000 --> 00:18:30,679 Speaker 1: with my hands like right in front of me, and 312 00:18:30,720 --> 00:18:34,040 Speaker 1: it's just it's just a beautiful swan like dive, which 313 00:18:34,080 --> 00:18:37,520 Speaker 1: I've never achieved in real life, So my hands are 314 00:18:37,520 --> 00:18:41,719 Speaker 1: going to start to get pulled much faster than my feet, 315 00:18:42,520 --> 00:18:47,720 Speaker 1: and that the difference between that can be quite radical, 316 00:18:48,240 --> 00:18:51,800 Speaker 1: even in a short amount of distance. Right Exactly, the 317 00:18:51,840 --> 00:18:54,680 Speaker 1: strength of the tidal forces depends on the difference in 318 00:18:54,720 --> 00:18:57,280 Speaker 1: the forces at your feet and at your head. So 319 00:18:57,320 --> 00:19:00,480 Speaker 1: this only happens when the gravitational field is changing quickly. 320 00:19:00,800 --> 00:19:02,639 Speaker 1: If it was the same gravity at your feet in 321 00:19:02,640 --> 00:19:04,880 Speaker 1: your head, then you wouldn't feel anything. And so that's 322 00:19:04,920 --> 00:19:08,280 Speaker 1: why this happens only very close to very massive objects, 323 00:19:08,280 --> 00:19:12,120 Speaker 1: where the gravitational fields dependence on the distance is changing 324 00:19:12,280 --> 00:19:15,560 Speaker 1: very strongly. For example, this does happen on the surface 325 00:19:15,640 --> 00:19:18,280 Speaker 1: of the Earth. If you stand on the Earth, then 326 00:19:18,320 --> 00:19:20,880 Speaker 1: the Earth is pulling on your feet harder than it's 327 00:19:20,880 --> 00:19:23,200 Speaker 1: pulling on your head, and so it is literally trying 328 00:19:23,240 --> 00:19:26,480 Speaker 1: to decapitate you. But the difference in those forces is very, 329 00:19:26,600 --> 00:19:31,920 Speaker 1: very small. I couldn't trust Earth. I never heard about 330 00:19:31,920 --> 00:19:35,160 Speaker 1: that conspiracy theory the Earth is trying to decapitate us. 331 00:19:35,200 --> 00:19:37,240 Speaker 1: But I bet if I type that into Google, there's 332 00:19:37,280 --> 00:19:40,320 Speaker 1: some group of folks out there promulgating that conspiracy theory, 333 00:19:40,800 --> 00:19:42,760 Speaker 1: and now they're gonna find out they were right the 334 00:19:42,800 --> 00:19:46,600 Speaker 1: whole time. The Earth is trying to decapitate you. But 335 00:19:46,720 --> 00:19:50,120 Speaker 1: of course your neck is strong enough to overcome that, 336 00:19:50,160 --> 00:19:53,000 Speaker 1: because the tidal forces here on Earth are not that strong. 337 00:19:53,280 --> 00:19:56,439 Speaker 1: The difference in gravity from being like the radiucy the 338 00:19:56,480 --> 00:19:59,320 Speaker 1: Earth or the rates the Earth plus two meters is 339 00:19:59,440 --> 00:20:02,040 Speaker 1: very small hole, whereas if you get close to a 340 00:20:02,080 --> 00:20:04,439 Speaker 1: black hole, and this is why black holes are more dangerous, 341 00:20:04,480 --> 00:20:07,960 Speaker 1: because all their masses concentrated and is one dense spot, 342 00:20:08,040 --> 00:20:10,480 Speaker 1: so you can get close to them, then the difference 343 00:20:10,480 --> 00:20:13,560 Speaker 1: in the forces between your feet and your head become 344 00:20:13,880 --> 00:20:15,919 Speaker 1: much much larger. You know, you can't do that with 345 00:20:15,960 --> 00:20:18,080 Speaker 1: the Earth because if you dug a hole into the 346 00:20:18,119 --> 00:20:20,040 Speaker 1: Earth and try to get close to the center, then 347 00:20:20,080 --> 00:20:23,479 Speaker 1: you'd be actually losing gravitational power. The force of gravity 348 00:20:23,560 --> 00:20:25,600 Speaker 1: gets smaller as you get closer to the center of 349 00:20:25,600 --> 00:20:27,480 Speaker 1: the Earth because so much of the Earth is now 350 00:20:27,720 --> 00:20:30,240 Speaker 1: further out than you are where the black hole. It's 351 00:20:30,280 --> 00:20:33,320 Speaker 1: all concentrated in that one center spot. So as you 352 00:20:33,359 --> 00:20:36,280 Speaker 1: get closer, it gets more intense and the curvature gets 353 00:20:36,359 --> 00:20:38,840 Speaker 1: higher and the tidal forces tear you apart. So that's 354 00:20:38,880 --> 00:20:41,720 Speaker 1: definitely something to worry about when we're talking about like 355 00:20:42,119 --> 00:20:46,840 Speaker 1: the compact object in the center of a black hole, 356 00:20:47,280 --> 00:20:51,000 Speaker 1: Like how big is it? Are there different sizes of 357 00:20:51,040 --> 00:20:53,680 Speaker 1: these compact objects, and like how dense is it? Like 358 00:20:53,720 --> 00:20:55,960 Speaker 1: if you wanted to pick up the center of a 359 00:20:56,000 --> 00:20:58,760 Speaker 1: black hole, like how heavy would that be? Wow? What 360 00:20:58,960 --> 00:21:00,679 Speaker 1: is just like casually to us out one of the 361 00:21:00,720 --> 00:21:04,520 Speaker 1: deepest questions in physics, We just really don't know. You know, 362 00:21:04,640 --> 00:21:07,760 Speaker 1: we can calculate the size of the event horizon based 363 00:21:07,800 --> 00:21:11,000 Speaker 1: on the gravitational constant and the mass of something. We 364 00:21:11,040 --> 00:21:13,560 Speaker 1: can figure out the radiacy the event horizon, the point 365 00:21:13,600 --> 00:21:16,800 Speaker 1: of no return, but we don't know what's inside the 366 00:21:16,800 --> 00:21:19,480 Speaker 1: black hole. We don't know is there a singularity the 367 00:21:19,480 --> 00:21:22,520 Speaker 1: center where all of the mass is concentrated into a 368 00:21:22,720 --> 00:21:26,240 Speaker 1: zero volume point, even though that makes absolutely no sense, 369 00:21:26,440 --> 00:21:29,159 Speaker 1: Or has quantum mechanics interfered in some way and fuzz 370 00:21:29,240 --> 00:21:30,600 Speaker 1: that out a little bit, so we've got like a 371 00:21:30,640 --> 00:21:33,359 Speaker 1: little bit of a fuzzy singularity, or is it something 372 00:21:33,400 --> 00:21:36,119 Speaker 1: totally different we haven't imagined. The problem is that we 373 00:21:36,200 --> 00:21:38,639 Speaker 1: don't have a theory of quantum gravity, so we just 374 00:21:38,920 --> 00:21:41,920 Speaker 1: really don't know what's going on inside the black hole. 375 00:21:42,119 --> 00:21:44,240 Speaker 1: I bet it's that baseball I threw out of my 376 00:21:44,320 --> 00:21:47,080 Speaker 1: yard and my parents said, got stuck in the neighbor's yard. 377 00:21:47,119 --> 00:21:50,159 Speaker 1: But I'm pretty sure it made it to space. That 378 00:21:50,359 --> 00:21:52,920 Speaker 1: and all the unpaired socks I have. The other one 379 00:21:53,000 --> 00:21:56,359 Speaker 1: is definitely in a black hole somewhere exactly. Yes. But 380 00:21:56,440 --> 00:21:59,240 Speaker 1: this is the other problem about being inside the black hole. 381 00:21:59,480 --> 00:22:03,440 Speaker 1: Say you somehow survives spaghettification and get inside a black hole, 382 00:22:03,760 --> 00:22:06,080 Speaker 1: then you might wonder, like, how could life evolve or 383 00:22:06,119 --> 00:22:08,680 Speaker 1: survive inside the black hole? Because won't it just fall 384 00:22:08,720 --> 00:22:12,440 Speaker 1: towards the center? And it's true that in most black holes, 385 00:22:12,480 --> 00:22:16,199 Speaker 1: every path leads towards the singularity at the center. That is, 386 00:22:16,359 --> 00:22:18,840 Speaker 1: if you assume what general relativity is telling us that 387 00:22:18,880 --> 00:22:21,000 Speaker 1: there is a singularity. So let's just put sort of 388 00:22:21,200 --> 00:22:25,360 Speaker 1: quantum mechanics on pause and consider only the general relativistic 389 00:22:25,440 --> 00:22:28,480 Speaker 1: view of what's inside a black hole. This infinitely dense 390 00:22:28,600 --> 00:22:32,359 Speaker 1: dot at the center. In normal black holes, then space 391 00:22:32,520 --> 00:22:36,080 Speaker 1: is pointed towards there. The gravitational force is so strong 392 00:22:36,119 --> 00:22:39,600 Speaker 1: that everything will just end up being squished into the singularity. 393 00:22:40,000 --> 00:22:42,960 Speaker 1: And we don't think that life can survive in the singularity. 394 00:22:43,080 --> 00:22:46,320 Speaker 1: So that's definitely a problem that life inside black holes 395 00:22:46,359 --> 00:22:48,879 Speaker 1: would have to overcome. Right, So, if you're like a 396 00:22:48,960 --> 00:22:52,199 Speaker 1: spaghetti alien, you're like, hey, I'm fine being spaghetti. But 397 00:22:52,320 --> 00:22:56,399 Speaker 1: then once you get towards the center, you're no longer spaghetti. 398 00:22:56,480 --> 00:23:01,800 Speaker 1: You're like the world's tiniest njoki or the most compact yoki. 399 00:23:01,840 --> 00:23:03,760 Speaker 1: I guess we don't know the size of the center 400 00:23:03,760 --> 00:23:05,840 Speaker 1: of the black hole, but you get turned into like 401 00:23:06,880 --> 00:23:10,440 Speaker 1: the most dense ball of yoki you've ever had, which 402 00:23:10,680 --> 00:23:13,200 Speaker 1: I'm not a big fan of dense yoki. So what's 403 00:23:13,240 --> 00:23:15,760 Speaker 1: the smallest piece of pasta you can name Katie's or zo. 404 00:23:16,160 --> 00:23:18,880 Speaker 1: Can you get smaller than or zo? Yeah, that would 405 00:23:18,880 --> 00:23:21,480 Speaker 1: probably be it. It must be like an or Zini 406 00:23:21,640 --> 00:23:23,840 Speaker 1: or something right, like a mini or zoo. That's what 407 00:23:24,000 --> 00:23:28,800 Speaker 1: causes black holes. Thanks Sidi. Al Right, well, Italian listeners 408 00:23:28,800 --> 00:23:31,280 Speaker 1: out there, tell us what the smallest piece of pasta 409 00:23:31,320 --> 00:23:33,760 Speaker 1: with an official name is. Please write to us and 410 00:23:33,880 --> 00:23:36,560 Speaker 1: educate us. And while you're thinking about that, why don't 411 00:23:36,560 --> 00:23:39,359 Speaker 1: we take a quick break, and then when we get back, 412 00:23:39,480 --> 00:23:43,960 Speaker 1: we're going to talk about how maybe maybe we could 413 00:23:44,000 --> 00:24:00,520 Speaker 1: survive being little pasta inside of a black hole. And 414 00:24:00,680 --> 00:24:04,119 Speaker 1: we are back, and we got the bad news first, 415 00:24:04,160 --> 00:24:07,840 Speaker 1: which is that it seems pretty gnarly inside of a 416 00:24:07,880 --> 00:24:12,040 Speaker 1: black hole. If we aren't turned into spaghetti first, then 417 00:24:12,119 --> 00:24:17,280 Speaker 1: we're turned into the most densely compact or zoe in 418 00:24:17,480 --> 00:24:22,160 Speaker 1: the universe. Obviously, probably a human couldn't do this, but 419 00:24:22,440 --> 00:24:28,640 Speaker 1: could anything avoid this very I guess pasta oriented demise. Well, 420 00:24:28,680 --> 00:24:30,560 Speaker 1: it turns out you just have to be a little 421 00:24:30,560 --> 00:24:33,800 Speaker 1: bit picky about the kind of black hole that you 422 00:24:33,880 --> 00:24:38,600 Speaker 1: choose to base your civilization in. Location. Location, location, Yes, 423 00:24:38,680 --> 00:24:42,240 Speaker 1: absolutely inside. Turns out size is key, just like in 424 00:24:42,320 --> 00:24:44,639 Speaker 1: every real estate market. So the first question is the 425 00:24:44,720 --> 00:24:47,960 Speaker 1: one about title forces. Right, could you live inside a 426 00:24:48,000 --> 00:24:50,280 Speaker 1: black hole, or even enter a black hole or come 427 00:24:50,359 --> 00:24:54,240 Speaker 1: near a black hole without getting shredded by the title forces? 428 00:24:54,280 --> 00:24:57,160 Speaker 1: So remember that the strength of the title forces depends 429 00:24:57,200 --> 00:25:00,199 Speaker 1: on how close you are to the center of the 430 00:25:00,280 --> 00:25:02,800 Speaker 1: black hole. As you get close to the center, the 431 00:25:02,880 --> 00:25:06,119 Speaker 1: gravitational field starts to grow very quickly, and it's that 432 00:25:06,320 --> 00:25:09,160 Speaker 1: difference in the strength of the gravitational fields from your 433 00:25:09,200 --> 00:25:11,840 Speaker 1: head to your feet that kills you. So what you 434 00:25:11,880 --> 00:25:14,120 Speaker 1: want to do is be far away from the center 435 00:25:14,160 --> 00:25:15,840 Speaker 1: of the black hole, all right, So how do you 436 00:25:16,000 --> 00:25:18,480 Speaker 1: enter a black hole but be far away from its center? 437 00:25:18,760 --> 00:25:21,800 Speaker 1: The key is to make the black hole super duper massive, 438 00:25:22,240 --> 00:25:25,040 Speaker 1: because the size of the black hole actually grows pretty 439 00:25:25,119 --> 00:25:28,160 Speaker 1: quickly with mass. It's actually linear. So if you get, 440 00:25:28,200 --> 00:25:31,960 Speaker 1: for example, a super massive black hole, one that has 441 00:25:32,000 --> 00:25:35,720 Speaker 1: like thousands or millions of times the mass of the Sun, 442 00:25:36,359 --> 00:25:38,359 Speaker 1: then it's so big that the edge of the event 443 00:25:38,400 --> 00:25:41,159 Speaker 1: horizon is really really far from the center of the 444 00:25:41,200 --> 00:25:44,359 Speaker 1: black hole, and the tidal forces will actually not tear 445 00:25:44,400 --> 00:25:47,359 Speaker 1: you apart. You could enter the black hole without being 446 00:25:47,400 --> 00:25:50,840 Speaker 1: torn to pieces, so you're actually want even though it 447 00:25:51,040 --> 00:25:56,000 Speaker 1: sounds more dangerous. The bigger black holes are less deadly 448 00:25:56,720 --> 00:25:59,320 Speaker 1: than the smaller ones. Yes, the bigger black holes are 449 00:25:59,400 --> 00:26:02,520 Speaker 1: less deadly as long as you stay near the outskirts 450 00:26:02,640 --> 00:26:06,800 Speaker 1: right at their core, near their singularity. They're much more powerful. 451 00:26:06,840 --> 00:26:08,800 Speaker 1: Of course, they're much more dangerous because they have much 452 00:26:08,840 --> 00:26:12,480 Speaker 1: more mass. But you can slip over the edge of 453 00:26:12,520 --> 00:26:15,520 Speaker 1: a big black hole without being subject to these title 454 00:26:15,560 --> 00:26:18,359 Speaker 1: forces that could tear you to pieces. Actually sat down 455 00:26:18,440 --> 00:26:21,280 Speaker 1: and did this calculation because I didn't believe it at first, 456 00:26:21,600 --> 00:26:24,240 Speaker 1: But it's true. If you assume that the human body 457 00:26:24,560 --> 00:26:27,080 Speaker 1: can survive a certain amount of force before it's like 458 00:26:27,200 --> 00:26:32,280 Speaker 1: torn to pieces, that's a big assumption. I also know, 459 00:26:32,480 --> 00:26:35,600 Speaker 1: assume that everybody can survive the same title forces, even 460 00:26:35,600 --> 00:26:37,560 Speaker 1: though I'm sure like the rock, you know, you could 461 00:26:37,560 --> 00:26:39,600 Speaker 1: toss him into any size black hole and he'd come 462 00:26:39,640 --> 00:26:42,080 Speaker 1: out smiling you. Now, this has just to do with, like, 463 00:26:42,160 --> 00:26:44,680 Speaker 1: you know, the strength of the human body. Actually, cat 464 00:26:44,800 --> 00:26:46,800 Speaker 1: let me ask you, as a biologist, which part of 465 00:26:46,800 --> 00:26:49,200 Speaker 1: the body you think is like most essential for holding 466 00:26:49,240 --> 00:26:52,160 Speaker 1: us together. We're talking about like muscle strength, or like 467 00:26:52,359 --> 00:26:55,280 Speaker 1: our bones, or what is it that's keeping our heads 468 00:26:55,320 --> 00:26:57,920 Speaker 1: on top of our necks. Anyway, it's kind of hard 469 00:26:57,960 --> 00:27:01,359 Speaker 1: to separate everything out right, because when you start to 470 00:27:01,520 --> 00:27:06,679 Speaker 1: lose cohesion with any kind of part of your system, 471 00:27:06,720 --> 00:27:10,440 Speaker 1: it will cause total catastrophic failure. So even if your 472 00:27:10,840 --> 00:27:14,720 Speaker 1: skeleton is sticking together, but your muscles become detached from 473 00:27:14,760 --> 00:27:18,199 Speaker 1: your skeleton and your organs inside your guts start to 474 00:27:18,240 --> 00:27:21,879 Speaker 1: slash around and turn into uh, sort of putting, and 475 00:27:22,040 --> 00:27:24,439 Speaker 1: I don't actually it's like, I know sort of what 476 00:27:24,600 --> 00:27:28,160 Speaker 1: happens if you stick a human body down into highly 477 00:27:28,400 --> 00:27:30,600 Speaker 1: dense p s I s. So, like if you go 478 00:27:30,680 --> 00:27:33,800 Speaker 1: to the bottom of the ocean, you actually have a 479 00:27:33,840 --> 00:27:38,200 Speaker 1: catastrophic failure of the body because of how it forces 480 00:27:38,720 --> 00:27:45,040 Speaker 1: your organs to basically become a an organ salad inside 481 00:27:45,080 --> 00:27:49,840 Speaker 1: of your abdominal cavity. And so even though your body 482 00:27:49,880 --> 00:27:53,199 Speaker 1: doesn't necessarily tear apart when you go down, like you 483 00:27:53,280 --> 00:27:56,439 Speaker 1: may not like see on the outside that the body 484 00:27:56,560 --> 00:28:00,359 Speaker 1: is being destroyed. On the inside, you're having some troll bowls. 485 00:28:00,760 --> 00:28:02,560 Speaker 1: Organ salad is the kind of thing you see on 486 00:28:02,600 --> 00:28:05,600 Speaker 1: a menu and never order. So I feel like in 487 00:28:05,720 --> 00:28:09,120 Speaker 1: sort of an opposite situation because that's when you're getting condensed, right, 488 00:28:09,240 --> 00:28:13,200 Speaker 1: So in the spaghettification process, you're getting stretched out, So 489 00:28:13,240 --> 00:28:16,560 Speaker 1: I guess you know, the body could potentially not be 490 00:28:16,720 --> 00:28:20,400 Speaker 1: torn apart, at least on the outside, but on the inside, 491 00:28:20,760 --> 00:28:24,760 Speaker 1: if your organs are sort of getting spaghetti ified too much, 492 00:28:24,840 --> 00:28:28,000 Speaker 1: you might still not survive. So you're saying that my 493 00:28:28,040 --> 00:28:31,920 Speaker 1: calculation might be optimistic that even if you don't get 494 00:28:31,960 --> 00:28:33,960 Speaker 1: torn to pieces, it might not be good for your 495 00:28:34,000 --> 00:28:37,000 Speaker 1: long term health. The insurance companies would probably reject you 496 00:28:37,040 --> 00:28:39,600 Speaker 1: if they know that you've been inside a black hole. Yeah, 497 00:28:39,680 --> 00:28:44,760 Speaker 1: let's say we're a helmet on all of your organs, 498 00:28:44,760 --> 00:28:47,600 Speaker 1: the whole body helmet. Yeah, an organ helmet. All your 499 00:28:47,680 --> 00:28:49,960 Speaker 1: kidney needs its own little helmet, and your liver need 500 00:28:50,000 --> 00:28:53,520 Speaker 1: its own little helmet. But that's the lesson that we 501 00:28:53,640 --> 00:28:57,920 Speaker 1: could imagine things surviving inside a black hole and not 502 00:28:58,000 --> 00:29:00,400 Speaker 1: being torn to pieces as long as they have enough strength. 503 00:29:00,520 --> 00:29:05,000 Speaker 1: It doesn't actually require ridiculous superhuman strength in order to 504 00:29:05,040 --> 00:29:07,720 Speaker 1: stay cohesive and stay in one piece. So we can't 505 00:29:07,760 --> 00:29:10,200 Speaker 1: imagine that kind of scenario. Even if we're not talking 506 00:29:10,200 --> 00:29:13,600 Speaker 1: about humans, right, I wouldn't recommend sending any humans in well, 507 00:29:13,680 --> 00:29:16,600 Speaker 1: just as I said, like, a human body can't survive 508 00:29:16,960 --> 00:29:20,640 Speaker 1: the ocean floor, but there are plenty of animals that 509 00:29:20,800 --> 00:29:25,640 Speaker 1: can and they've actually specifically adapted to surviving the deep ocean, 510 00:29:25,680 --> 00:29:28,760 Speaker 1: like fish who have replaced all of the air in 511 00:29:28,800 --> 00:29:32,320 Speaker 1: their body with liquid. So like fish normally have a 512 00:29:32,360 --> 00:29:35,720 Speaker 1: swim bladder that's full of air, and instead these deep 513 00:29:35,720 --> 00:29:37,840 Speaker 1: sea fish have swim bladders that are full of an 514 00:29:37,880 --> 00:29:42,120 Speaker 1: oily substance, so that they don't, you know, have their 515 00:29:42,280 --> 00:29:45,800 Speaker 1: organs crushed by the depths of the ocean so that 516 00:29:45,840 --> 00:29:48,600 Speaker 1: they are less compressible. Is that the idea, yes, because 517 00:29:48,680 --> 00:29:52,880 Speaker 1: liquids are less compressible than air, and so similarly, when 518 00:29:53,280 --> 00:29:56,880 Speaker 1: whales dive deep, they actually allow all the air to 519 00:29:57,040 --> 00:30:00,840 Speaker 1: be expelled from their lungs, which are compressive bowl so 520 00:30:00,920 --> 00:30:05,200 Speaker 1: that their lungs actually do survive being collapsed and reopened. 521 00:30:05,240 --> 00:30:07,240 Speaker 1: And so if they tried to hold the air in 522 00:30:07,320 --> 00:30:10,400 Speaker 1: their lungs when they're diving, rather than allowing the lungs 523 00:30:10,440 --> 00:30:13,040 Speaker 1: to collapse, it would crush their lungs and it would 524 00:30:13,160 --> 00:30:17,800 Speaker 1: also cause problems upon resurfacing with the bends. So like 525 00:30:17,840 --> 00:30:21,000 Speaker 1: there are these adaptations we see in like the crushing 526 00:30:21,080 --> 00:30:24,680 Speaker 1: depths of the ocean that allows animals to survive, And 527 00:30:24,720 --> 00:30:29,240 Speaker 1: so I could imagine that there are definitely evolutionary traits 528 00:30:29,280 --> 00:30:33,160 Speaker 1: that alien life of some kind could have to survive 529 00:30:33,280 --> 00:30:37,080 Speaker 1: being spaghettified or stretched out. Yeah, and we can imagine 530 00:30:37,120 --> 00:30:40,400 Speaker 1: even simpler scenarios where you evolve on like a super 531 00:30:40,440 --> 00:30:43,480 Speaker 1: Earth or mini Neptune, some planet with a much stronger 532 00:30:43,520 --> 00:30:46,360 Speaker 1: gravitational pull. You just have to have a tougher body 533 00:30:46,400 --> 00:30:48,760 Speaker 1: to live in that environment. So I think it's certainly 534 00:30:48,840 --> 00:30:51,640 Speaker 1: in the realm of possible, in the realm and the imaginable, 535 00:30:51,720 --> 00:30:54,160 Speaker 1: to have aliens that could survive, that had the tensile 536 00:30:54,240 --> 00:30:57,520 Speaker 1: strength to survive the tidal forces inside at least close 537 00:30:57,560 --> 00:31:01,160 Speaker 1: to the edge, but inside of really massive black hole. Right, 538 00:31:01,160 --> 00:31:05,360 Speaker 1: And sometimes toughness doesn't necessarily mean hard and rigid, but 539 00:31:05,640 --> 00:31:08,200 Speaker 1: soft and flexible so that it can be squished and 540 00:31:08,280 --> 00:31:13,160 Speaker 1: stretched and still survive, like slinky life, right, Like slinky 541 00:31:13,240 --> 00:31:15,960 Speaker 1: life or gumby alien. That sounds good. But then, of 542 00:31:16,000 --> 00:31:18,240 Speaker 1: course the other question is how do you stay near 543 00:31:18,240 --> 00:31:20,280 Speaker 1: the edge? If you enter a black hole and you 544 00:31:20,320 --> 00:31:23,640 Speaker 1: can only survive the title forces far away from the 545 00:31:23,680 --> 00:31:26,640 Speaker 1: central singularity, then you need to avoid falling into the 546 00:31:26,680 --> 00:31:29,520 Speaker 1: central singularity. And of course our impression is that once 547 00:31:29,560 --> 00:31:32,520 Speaker 1: you enter a black hole, your fate is sealed. You 548 00:31:32,560 --> 00:31:35,800 Speaker 1: will fall towards the center. No matter what, everything you 549 00:31:35,840 --> 00:31:41,400 Speaker 1: do just hastens your demise. So enjoy it while it left. Yeah, 550 00:31:41,480 --> 00:31:44,080 Speaker 1: so you know, get on, enjoy the ride. But you know, 551 00:31:44,120 --> 00:31:47,640 Speaker 1: it turns out that there are other kinds of black holes. 552 00:31:47,960 --> 00:31:50,600 Speaker 1: So this is another case of like, pick your black 553 00:31:50,600 --> 00:31:53,360 Speaker 1: hole carefully, because the kind that we typically talk about 554 00:31:53,640 --> 00:31:56,400 Speaker 1: is the simplest form of a black hole, a black 555 00:31:56,440 --> 00:31:59,960 Speaker 1: hole that isn't spinning and doesn't have any electric charge. 556 00:32:00,200 --> 00:32:02,800 Speaker 1: Now you might also know that there are only three 557 00:32:02,840 --> 00:32:05,280 Speaker 1: things that you can know about a black hole from 558 00:32:05,280 --> 00:32:07,320 Speaker 1: the outside. And you can know its mass because you 559 00:32:07,320 --> 00:32:10,360 Speaker 1: can feel the strength of its gravity even without going inside. 560 00:32:10,640 --> 00:32:13,520 Speaker 1: You can know its electric charge because again you can 561 00:32:13,560 --> 00:32:16,400 Speaker 1: feel like whether it has an electromagnetic field, and you 562 00:32:16,400 --> 00:32:19,440 Speaker 1: could also know whether it's spinning. Those are the three 563 00:32:19,640 --> 00:32:22,520 Speaker 1: characteristics of a black hole. Everything else about a black 564 00:32:22,520 --> 00:32:24,880 Speaker 1: hole is totally cloaked from you. You can't tell if 565 00:32:24,880 --> 00:32:27,960 Speaker 1: the black hole was made out of sandwiches or apples 566 00:32:28,240 --> 00:32:31,880 Speaker 1: or lava or demised stars. You can't know anything about 567 00:32:31,880 --> 00:32:35,160 Speaker 1: the configuration of the stuff inside the black hole. All right, 568 00:32:35,200 --> 00:32:39,520 Speaker 1: So we've got spinning black holes, electrified black holes. This 569 00:32:39,600 --> 00:32:43,160 Speaker 1: doesn't seem like this would help with life. Well, let's 570 00:32:43,160 --> 00:32:45,720 Speaker 1: first talk about the spinning one. We actually to show 571 00:32:45,800 --> 00:32:49,360 Speaker 1: recently about frame dragging. There's a really important concept in 572 00:32:49,440 --> 00:32:52,840 Speaker 1: general relativity which I don't think gets enough attention, which 573 00:32:52,880 --> 00:32:57,480 Speaker 1: is that the spin of an object changes its gravitational field. 574 00:32:57,920 --> 00:33:00,080 Speaker 1: This is sort of weird and unusual because the an 575 00:33:00,200 --> 00:33:03,280 Speaker 1: to Newton, it shouldn't like, if you are in orbit 576 00:33:03,320 --> 00:33:06,560 Speaker 1: around the Earth, you are feeling the earth gravitational pull. 577 00:33:06,760 --> 00:33:08,920 Speaker 1: That just depends on the mass of the Earth and 578 00:33:08,960 --> 00:33:11,040 Speaker 1: the fact that it's a sphere. Whether the Earth is 579 00:33:11,120 --> 00:33:15,480 Speaker 1: spinning doesn't change its gravitational pull, according to Newton, because 580 00:33:15,480 --> 00:33:18,880 Speaker 1: that doesn't change the actual configuration of where stuff is 581 00:33:18,920 --> 00:33:20,960 Speaker 1: on the Earth. If the Earth was a perfect sphere 582 00:33:21,160 --> 00:33:23,480 Speaker 1: and you spun it halfway around, it still looks like 583 00:33:23,520 --> 00:33:25,959 Speaker 1: a perfect sphere. You get the same gravity. So Isaac 584 00:33:25,960 --> 00:33:29,200 Speaker 1: Newton says that the gravity of something doesn't depend at 585 00:33:29,240 --> 00:33:32,400 Speaker 1: all on its spin. But we all know by now 586 00:33:32,760 --> 00:33:35,280 Speaker 1: Newton was wrong. I mean, he was mostly right, but 587 00:33:35,400 --> 00:33:40,560 Speaker 1: basically he was wrong. He got the fundamental or go 588 00:33:40,640 --> 00:33:43,720 Speaker 1: have a fig Newton Newton, and one of the really 589 00:33:43,760 --> 00:33:47,600 Speaker 1: interesting consequences of general relativity is that a spinning object 590 00:33:47,680 --> 00:33:52,080 Speaker 1: has a different gravitational field than an object that's not spinning. 591 00:33:52,240 --> 00:33:55,960 Speaker 1: There's a few different effects, frame dragging and this geodetic effect. 592 00:33:56,160 --> 00:33:58,600 Speaker 1: But you can tell whether an object is spinning because 593 00:33:58,600 --> 00:34:02,560 Speaker 1: it changes its gravitational pull. If you're spinning faster, do 594 00:34:02,600 --> 00:34:05,560 Speaker 1: you have more gravity? It depends exactly what you mean 595 00:34:05,600 --> 00:34:08,880 Speaker 1: by spinning faster. If you take some of the gravitational 596 00:34:09,000 --> 00:34:11,400 Speaker 1: energy and you convert it to spin, then you actually 597 00:34:11,400 --> 00:34:14,759 Speaker 1: have less gravitational energy. And that's actually one way you 598 00:34:14,840 --> 00:34:16,920 Speaker 1: might be able to take a part a black hole. 599 00:34:17,320 --> 00:34:19,760 Speaker 1: If you took some of the energy of the black 600 00:34:19,760 --> 00:34:23,359 Speaker 1: hole and you turned it into spin, then it reduces 601 00:34:23,400 --> 00:34:26,160 Speaker 1: the gravitational energy of the black hole. And that's this 602 00:34:26,200 --> 00:34:29,320 Speaker 1: idea of like peeling away the event horizon and revealing 603 00:34:29,520 --> 00:34:33,200 Speaker 1: the naked singularity within, which would be pretty awesome, the 604 00:34:33,320 --> 00:34:37,839 Speaker 1: ultimate yo yo trick. That would be super cool. I 605 00:34:37,880 --> 00:34:40,360 Speaker 1: want to see a singularity in real life. Oh my gosh, 606 00:34:40,480 --> 00:34:42,200 Speaker 1: I want to know what that looks like. But the 607 00:34:42,239 --> 00:34:44,719 Speaker 1: other idea is to take a black hole that will 608 00:34:44,840 --> 00:34:47,480 Speaker 1: exists and give it some spin, you know, you like, 609 00:34:47,600 --> 00:34:50,560 Speaker 1: drop stuff in it that has some angular momentum, and 610 00:34:50,600 --> 00:34:52,400 Speaker 1: then it adds to the spin of the black hole, 611 00:34:52,560 --> 00:34:55,520 Speaker 1: and that actually really will change the gravitational field of 612 00:34:55,520 --> 00:34:59,280 Speaker 1: the black hole, so that now not every path necessarily 613 00:34:59,360 --> 00:35:01,719 Speaker 1: leads to where's the center of the black hole. That's 614 00:35:01,760 --> 00:35:04,800 Speaker 1: because the gravitational field doesn't just get stronger when you 615 00:35:04,840 --> 00:35:08,719 Speaker 1: add ankle momentum, it actually adds a spin to the object. 616 00:35:09,120 --> 00:35:11,759 Speaker 1: Like they did this crazy experiment is gravity Probe B 617 00:35:12,120 --> 00:35:15,000 Speaker 1: where they have a gyroscope orbiting the Earth and they 618 00:35:15,040 --> 00:35:17,440 Speaker 1: saw that because the Earth is spinning, it gives a 619 00:35:17,440 --> 00:35:20,279 Speaker 1: little twist to those gyroscopes. So you can measure this 620 00:35:20,360 --> 00:35:24,040 Speaker 1: like gravitational twist that happens when an object is spinning, 621 00:35:24,120 --> 00:35:26,920 Speaker 1: and that will change the object trajectory. So instead of 622 00:35:26,960 --> 00:35:30,600 Speaker 1: going straight towards your doom at the singularity of a 623 00:35:30,640 --> 00:35:34,279 Speaker 1: black hole, like you'd be twirling towards them, you'd be 624 00:35:34,320 --> 00:35:36,880 Speaker 1: twirling towards your doom as you eat cheese whiz. But 625 00:35:36,960 --> 00:35:40,440 Speaker 1: also it turns out that if the black hole is spinning, 626 00:35:40,680 --> 00:35:43,480 Speaker 1: then the shape of the gravitational potential is quite different, 627 00:35:43,800 --> 00:35:46,800 Speaker 1: and there are stable orbits. There are ways that you 628 00:35:46,840 --> 00:35:50,200 Speaker 1: can exist inside a black hole and just repeat your 629 00:35:50,200 --> 00:35:53,960 Speaker 1: path and never fall towards the event horizon. Well, you 630 00:35:54,040 --> 00:35:57,680 Speaker 1: mean never as an infinite amount of time or just 631 00:35:58,280 --> 00:36:00,719 Speaker 1: over large amounts of time, because I would think there'd 632 00:36:00,760 --> 00:36:04,319 Speaker 1: be some change over a long enough period of time. Right, Yeah, 633 00:36:04,400 --> 00:36:07,480 Speaker 1: nobody can guarantee anything for infinity, but in a simple 634 00:36:07,560 --> 00:36:10,400 Speaker 1: model where you don't like bump into anything else or 635 00:36:10,480 --> 00:36:13,160 Speaker 1: lose any of your speed, then yeah, this orbit can 636 00:36:13,160 --> 00:36:15,440 Speaker 1: be stable, the same way the Earth's orbit is in 637 00:36:15,640 --> 00:36:18,880 Speaker 1: principle stable, though in practice it's you know, slowly losing 638 00:36:18,960 --> 00:36:22,040 Speaker 1: velocity as it bumps into rocks or you know, passes 639 00:36:22,080 --> 00:36:24,880 Speaker 1: through clouds of gas or whatever. So the Earth eventually 640 00:36:24,880 --> 00:36:26,960 Speaker 1: could fall into the Sun. So you can't say that 641 00:36:27,000 --> 00:36:31,280 Speaker 1: it's like infinitely stable, but definitely on like cosmological time scales, 642 00:36:31,320 --> 00:36:34,120 Speaker 1: it's stable. So here we're talking about a calculation somebody 643 00:36:34,160 --> 00:36:37,920 Speaker 1: did assuming that this particle doesn't lose any more energy. 644 00:36:38,200 --> 00:36:41,120 Speaker 1: There is a path, actually, there are several paths inside 645 00:36:41,120 --> 00:36:45,320 Speaker 1: a black hole that never intersect the singularity. That's so interesting. 646 00:36:45,400 --> 00:36:49,959 Speaker 1: So you could just be a little spaghetti alien sort 647 00:36:49,960 --> 00:36:53,799 Speaker 1: of peacefully orbiting certain death. Yeah, but these are not 648 00:36:53,880 --> 00:36:56,440 Speaker 1: like simple orbits. It's not like the Earth going around 649 00:36:56,440 --> 00:36:58,600 Speaker 1: the Sun where it moves in a circle. These paths 650 00:36:58,600 --> 00:37:02,160 Speaker 1: are kind of crazy. They go closer to the singularity 651 00:37:02,200 --> 00:37:04,440 Speaker 1: and they zoom back out and you're further out. Some 652 00:37:04,480 --> 00:37:06,120 Speaker 1: of them are like figure eights, and some of them 653 00:37:06,160 --> 00:37:09,120 Speaker 1: have like really weird crazy flower patterns. So this would 654 00:37:09,120 --> 00:37:12,000 Speaker 1: be quite a crazy environment for life to survive in. 655 00:37:12,239 --> 00:37:14,320 Speaker 1: You know, it wouldn't be like a very simple scenario, 656 00:37:14,680 --> 00:37:19,239 Speaker 1: so you'd have to be sort of improvisational spaghetti up 657 00:37:19,239 --> 00:37:23,440 Speaker 1: for anything. Yes, and the orbits you've gotta be able 658 00:37:23,480 --> 00:37:26,160 Speaker 1: to stick to any while you get thrown again. So 659 00:37:26,200 --> 00:37:29,080 Speaker 1: that's one variety of black holes, these spinning black holes. 660 00:37:29,280 --> 00:37:31,120 Speaker 1: The other thing you can do to black holes you 661 00:37:31,120 --> 00:37:33,720 Speaker 1: can give it electric charge, because you know, electric charge 662 00:37:33,760 --> 00:37:36,239 Speaker 1: is conserved in this universe. So for example, if you 663 00:37:36,320 --> 00:37:38,560 Speaker 1: drop a bunch of electrons into a black hole that 664 00:37:38,640 --> 00:37:42,160 Speaker 1: was otherwise neutral, then it becomes charged trying to that 665 00:37:42,280 --> 00:37:45,160 Speaker 1: charge can't just disappear, and you can measure the charge 666 00:37:45,200 --> 00:37:48,359 Speaker 1: from the outside. But also that charge changes again the 667 00:37:48,400 --> 00:37:51,239 Speaker 1: shape of the potential you feel when you're inside. Like 668 00:37:51,320 --> 00:37:53,680 Speaker 1: if you have a positive charge and the singularity is 669 00:37:53,680 --> 00:37:56,879 Speaker 1: a positive charge, there's gonna be some repulsive force there, 670 00:37:57,200 --> 00:38:00,160 Speaker 1: so the total potential is going to be different than 671 00:38:00,200 --> 00:38:03,000 Speaker 1: if it was just as a gravitational singularity. And again 672 00:38:03,040 --> 00:38:07,680 Speaker 1: people have found stable orbits inside charged, non spinning black 673 00:38:07,719 --> 00:38:13,759 Speaker 1: holes that potentially could last forever. Oh wow, So basically, 674 00:38:13,800 --> 00:38:16,800 Speaker 1: if I put a bunch of like magnets on myself, 675 00:38:17,080 --> 00:38:19,880 Speaker 1: electrified magnets, I could survive the black holes. That what 676 00:38:19,920 --> 00:38:24,040 Speaker 1: you say, you actually got electrified the black hole itself first, right, 677 00:38:24,080 --> 00:38:26,799 Speaker 1: That's key. You gotta get that thing spinning and get 678 00:38:26,800 --> 00:38:29,439 Speaker 1: it charged up. So the lesson is that, like a 679 00:38:29,480 --> 00:38:33,920 Speaker 1: totally vanilla black hole with no spin and no charge, unsurvivable. 680 00:38:34,080 --> 00:38:37,120 Speaker 1: You fall into that thing, You're getting sucked towards the center. Eventually, 681 00:38:37,280 --> 00:38:41,440 Speaker 1: there's no hope for you, just like people. But if 682 00:38:41,480 --> 00:38:43,680 Speaker 1: you get a more interesting variety of black hole, one 683 00:38:43,719 --> 00:38:46,800 Speaker 1: with charge or with spin, or maybe even with both, 684 00:38:47,040 --> 00:38:49,879 Speaker 1: then there are stable orbits. There are paths you could 685 00:38:49,920 --> 00:38:53,960 Speaker 1: be on forever without ever falling into the singularity. All right, well, 686 00:38:53,960 --> 00:38:57,520 Speaker 1: I'm convinced I think I can do it. I'm putting 687 00:38:57,520 --> 00:39:01,160 Speaker 1: on my Space boots. But before I hop into this 688 00:39:01,239 --> 00:39:04,080 Speaker 1: black hole after super charging it, why don't we take 689 00:39:04,080 --> 00:39:06,720 Speaker 1: a quick break and I'll see if you have anything 690 00:39:06,719 --> 00:39:08,759 Speaker 1: to say that could stop me from jumping in a 691 00:39:08,760 --> 00:39:24,920 Speaker 1: black hole. Probably not all right, And we are back, 692 00:39:24,960 --> 00:39:29,000 Speaker 1: and we just talked about a couple of mitigating factors 693 00:39:29,040 --> 00:39:33,920 Speaker 1: that could help something survive a black hole, maybe not 694 00:39:34,080 --> 00:39:37,080 Speaker 1: a human. Never say never when it comes to black holes. 695 00:39:37,120 --> 00:39:40,839 Speaker 1: So if we have a spinning black hole where we 696 00:39:41,320 --> 00:39:44,120 Speaker 1: get a little bit of a twisty twirl emotion so 697 00:39:44,160 --> 00:39:48,880 Speaker 1: that we maybe can orbit the singularity rather than become 698 00:39:48,960 --> 00:39:52,960 Speaker 1: one with the singularity, or a charge to the black 699 00:39:52,960 --> 00:39:57,640 Speaker 1: hole where it's actually repelling you sort of like magnets, 700 00:39:57,760 --> 00:40:00,239 Speaker 1: you know, like away from it, so that you aren't 701 00:40:00,280 --> 00:40:04,560 Speaker 1: immediately sucked in. Maybe you could have some kind of, 702 00:40:05,080 --> 00:40:08,200 Speaker 1: you know, friendly relationship with this black hole. So does 703 00:40:08,239 --> 00:40:10,319 Speaker 1: that mean that we're going to look inside a black 704 00:40:10,320 --> 00:40:12,200 Speaker 1: hole for the first time and see a bunch of 705 00:40:12,560 --> 00:40:16,319 Speaker 1: grinning little spaghetti aliens? Perhaps, right. I don't think it 706 00:40:16,400 --> 00:40:19,000 Speaker 1: means that anybody should jump into a black hole, because 707 00:40:19,040 --> 00:40:21,480 Speaker 1: I think if you've evolved for life on a normal 708 00:40:21,480 --> 00:40:23,759 Speaker 1: planet or anywhere else in the universe, you'll find the 709 00:40:23,880 --> 00:40:27,359 Speaker 1: environment inside a black hole to be very unfriendly. You're 710 00:40:27,400 --> 00:40:31,480 Speaker 1: just saying that for legal reasons, aren't you. Nobody tries it. 711 00:40:32,040 --> 00:40:34,359 Speaker 1: My lawyer is standing behind me, whispering in my ear 712 00:40:34,600 --> 00:40:36,880 Speaker 1: we're really exposed here, Daniel. No, we don't want to 713 00:40:36,960 --> 00:40:40,040 Speaker 1: encounter the naked singularity of legal problems. So don't jump 714 00:40:40,080 --> 00:40:42,000 Speaker 1: into a black hole. Or if you do, you know, 715 00:40:42,160 --> 00:40:44,400 Speaker 1: take a camera with you and let me know what happens. 716 00:40:44,520 --> 00:40:47,439 Speaker 1: But I wouldn't recommend it. And I'm not imagining that 717 00:40:47,520 --> 00:40:50,680 Speaker 1: life could transition into a black hole. But I'm wondering 718 00:40:50,760 --> 00:40:52,960 Speaker 1: if it's possible for life to be created, for life 719 00:40:52,960 --> 00:40:56,719 Speaker 1: to begin and survive inside a black hole where it 720 00:40:56,920 --> 00:41:00,320 Speaker 1: is adapted, right to let that process of evolutions find 721 00:41:00,320 --> 00:41:03,880 Speaker 1: a solution to life inside a black hole? Yeah, because 722 00:41:04,080 --> 00:41:08,040 Speaker 1: if you are a life form that starts in a 723 00:41:08,080 --> 00:41:11,719 Speaker 1: certain environment, you're much more likely to be able to 724 00:41:12,160 --> 00:41:17,440 Speaker 1: evolve characteristics that helps you continue to live in that environment. Yeah. 725 00:41:17,719 --> 00:41:20,319 Speaker 1: So let's imagine, for example, not just we have like 726 00:41:20,400 --> 00:41:23,680 Speaker 1: some poor human with magnets taped to their chest tossed 727 00:41:23,719 --> 00:41:26,760 Speaker 1: into a black hole, but imagine, for example, like a planet. 728 00:41:27,160 --> 00:41:30,239 Speaker 1: You could have a large mass on the very edge 729 00:41:30,360 --> 00:41:33,600 Speaker 1: of a super massive black hole, strong enough to not 730 00:41:33,719 --> 00:41:37,080 Speaker 1: be torn apart by its tidal forces, and in some 731 00:41:37,160 --> 00:41:40,359 Speaker 1: sort of stable orbit. A big planet like that might 732 00:41:40,440 --> 00:41:44,799 Speaker 1: have the resources in the organic precursors to life, necessary 733 00:41:44,880 --> 00:41:48,719 Speaker 1: for things to get started. So we're orbiting our Sun 734 00:41:49,120 --> 00:41:51,760 Speaker 1: and we look outside and it's a nice sunny day. 735 00:41:51,960 --> 00:41:55,920 Speaker 1: But there could be a planet orbiting the Singularity inside 736 00:41:55,920 --> 00:41:59,040 Speaker 1: of a black hole, and they look outside and see 737 00:41:59,040 --> 00:42:02,439 Speaker 1: what just a bunch of crazy magic going. They see 738 00:42:02,480 --> 00:42:04,480 Speaker 1: a bunch of spaghetti. Right, space is just filled with 739 00:42:04,520 --> 00:42:06,440 Speaker 1: spaghetti for them. Now, what do you see if you're 740 00:42:06,480 --> 00:42:09,799 Speaker 1: inside a black hole? It's cool. You can actually see things. 741 00:42:09,840 --> 00:42:12,800 Speaker 1: You can actually see the entire universe if you're inside 742 00:42:12,800 --> 00:42:15,920 Speaker 1: a black hole because light can still enter the black 743 00:42:15,920 --> 00:42:18,480 Speaker 1: hole and can still reach you. Right if you are 744 00:42:18,520 --> 00:42:21,640 Speaker 1: not falling towards the Singularity, then light from the outside 745 00:42:21,719 --> 00:42:24,239 Speaker 1: universe can come into the black hole and can reach you. 746 00:42:24,320 --> 00:42:27,200 Speaker 1: So you can still see stars and galaxies, and you 747 00:42:27,200 --> 00:42:29,759 Speaker 1: can do astronomy and all of that stuff, so you 748 00:42:29,760 --> 00:42:32,000 Speaker 1: can still see the universe. Now, most of the sky 749 00:42:32,280 --> 00:42:34,440 Speaker 1: is black. Most of the sky is sort of in 750 00:42:34,480 --> 00:42:37,759 Speaker 1: the direction of the Singularity, and from that direction you 751 00:42:37,760 --> 00:42:40,520 Speaker 1: get no light. So the sky would be totally black 752 00:42:40,560 --> 00:42:43,640 Speaker 1: except for a tiny little circle through which you can 753 00:42:43,680 --> 00:42:46,640 Speaker 1: see out every direction from the black hole. You can 754 00:42:46,680 --> 00:42:49,120 Speaker 1: even see like out the other side of the black 755 00:42:49,120 --> 00:42:51,799 Speaker 1: hole because light would bend all the way around the 756 00:42:51,800 --> 00:42:54,719 Speaker 1: black hole and into this little effective tube and come 757 00:42:54,760 --> 00:42:57,200 Speaker 1: to you. So you have like a little periscope into 758 00:42:57,239 --> 00:42:59,560 Speaker 1: the rest of the universe. Wow, I knew. I felt 759 00:42:59,560 --> 00:43:02,960 Speaker 1: like I was watched all the time those dang aliens 760 00:43:02,960 --> 00:43:05,279 Speaker 1: inside the black hole. But that wouldn't be enough to 761 00:43:05,280 --> 00:43:08,360 Speaker 1: support life, right, Like starlight probably doesn't have enough energy 762 00:43:08,480 --> 00:43:10,759 Speaker 1: to kick start life. But I mean, you tell me, 763 00:43:10,840 --> 00:43:13,279 Speaker 1: doesn't life I think, at least as we know, it 764 00:43:13,360 --> 00:43:16,479 Speaker 1: requires some form of energy. Yeah, I mean I would 765 00:43:16,600 --> 00:43:20,839 Speaker 1: think even if we get creative about what life is, 766 00:43:22,040 --> 00:43:26,319 Speaker 1: anything would require some kind of energy to maintain a 767 00:43:26,520 --> 00:43:30,959 Speaker 1: stable enough pattern to be life. Right, So I would 768 00:43:30,960 --> 00:43:33,680 Speaker 1: think it would need some kind of energy and not 769 00:43:33,760 --> 00:43:38,000 Speaker 1: just this little tiny pinhole into the light of the universe. Right. 770 00:43:38,040 --> 00:43:39,400 Speaker 1: And I know that we said we were going to 771 00:43:39,480 --> 00:43:42,160 Speaker 1: try to think about crazy ways life could be, and 772 00:43:42,520 --> 00:43:45,040 Speaker 1: you know, listeners out there feel free to be creative. 773 00:43:45,320 --> 00:43:48,279 Speaker 1: But it's hard to imagine life in any way that 774 00:43:48,440 --> 00:43:51,680 Speaker 1: isn't like violating entropy locally. You know, that isn't locally 775 00:43:51,800 --> 00:43:55,080 Speaker 1: decreasing its entropy, and so that costs energy, and so 776 00:43:55,120 --> 00:43:57,680 Speaker 1: there has to be some energy budget otherwise we're just 777 00:43:57,719 --> 00:43:59,759 Speaker 1: blowing up the whole definition of life, which you know, 778 00:43:59,880 --> 00:44:02,160 Speaker 1: I'm happy to do, but I don't have any great 779 00:44:02,200 --> 00:44:04,239 Speaker 1: ideas for how that would work. So now we need 780 00:44:04,320 --> 00:44:07,520 Speaker 1: to figure out, like, how does the black hole planet 781 00:44:07,640 --> 00:44:09,800 Speaker 1: have a source of energy if all we're getting is 782 00:44:09,880 --> 00:44:12,839 Speaker 1: a pinprick of light from distant stars. Well, of course 783 00:44:12,880 --> 00:44:15,600 Speaker 1: a black hole is a very powerful source of energy. 784 00:44:15,680 --> 00:44:18,640 Speaker 1: And we talked about the tidal forces at play that's 785 00:44:18,680 --> 00:44:21,600 Speaker 1: gonna be trying to tear apart this planet. That actually 786 00:44:21,719 --> 00:44:25,440 Speaker 1: is a positive because these tidal forces are tugging on 787 00:44:25,480 --> 00:44:30,600 Speaker 1: this planet, causing internal friction which turns into heat. For example, 788 00:44:30,880 --> 00:44:33,839 Speaker 1: lots of the moons around Jupiter are hot on the 789 00:44:33,920 --> 00:44:38,160 Speaker 1: inside because Jupiter is tugging on them. And for example 790 00:44:38,200 --> 00:44:41,400 Speaker 1: Io and these other planets that might have like subsurface 791 00:44:41,480 --> 00:44:45,719 Speaker 1: life or subsurface oceans, those are kept warm just by 792 00:44:45,840 --> 00:44:49,239 Speaker 1: Jupiter's gravity, just by those same tidal forces that we 793 00:44:49,239 --> 00:44:51,560 Speaker 1: were talking about needing to survive, they might actually be 794 00:44:51,680 --> 00:44:55,280 Speaker 1: critical for survival. So you could have a hot core 795 00:44:56,040 --> 00:44:58,920 Speaker 1: in this black hole planet because it's getting tugged on 796 00:44:59,160 --> 00:45:03,239 Speaker 1: by the singularity. Yeah, you could have even no atmosphere necessarily, 797 00:45:03,239 --> 00:45:05,680 Speaker 1: you could have everything be underground, you could have a 798 00:45:05,719 --> 00:45:08,480 Speaker 1: hot core and there could definitely be a source of 799 00:45:08,600 --> 00:45:11,000 Speaker 1: energy there. And I guess you could have like life 800 00:45:11,040 --> 00:45:13,719 Speaker 1: form underground, or maybe there'd be a thin atmosphere or 801 00:45:13,760 --> 00:45:16,719 Speaker 1: forms on the surface. But there's definitely a source of 802 00:45:16,760 --> 00:45:21,480 Speaker 1: accessible energy in a planet near any massive object, because 803 00:45:21,520 --> 00:45:24,080 Speaker 1: those tidle forces will keep it hot on the inside. 804 00:45:24,480 --> 00:45:26,719 Speaker 1: And you know, the Earth for examples, also subject to 805 00:45:26,719 --> 00:45:29,680 Speaker 1: tidal forces. The Moon is squeezing the Earth, but it's 806 00:45:29,719 --> 00:45:32,960 Speaker 1: tidal forces. They're weak enough that they don't really distort 807 00:45:33,040 --> 00:45:35,120 Speaker 1: the shape of the Earth very much. Of course, they 808 00:45:35,120 --> 00:45:37,839 Speaker 1: only affect the oceans. Yeah, stay in your lane, Moon, 809 00:45:38,800 --> 00:45:41,360 Speaker 1: and the Sun has tidal forces on the Earth, but 810 00:45:41,440 --> 00:45:43,920 Speaker 1: we're far enough away that those tidal forces are not 811 00:45:44,120 --> 00:45:46,960 Speaker 1: very strong, and the Earth is tough enough to survive 812 00:45:47,120 --> 00:45:50,560 Speaker 1: the Sun's squeezing. But for a small object close to 813 00:45:50,600 --> 00:45:54,200 Speaker 1: a really massive object, these tidle forces are totally significant. 814 00:45:54,320 --> 00:45:56,719 Speaker 1: They're very important, and so that could be a real 815 00:45:56,800 --> 00:46:00,600 Speaker 1: source of energy for this weird kind of life for talking. Yeah, 816 00:46:00,640 --> 00:46:03,400 Speaker 1: that is really interesting. I mean, like the idea that 817 00:46:03,440 --> 00:46:07,280 Speaker 1: you can squeeze something so hard like it causes heat. 818 00:46:07,480 --> 00:46:09,520 Speaker 1: Like I know, there's like the type of welding. I 819 00:46:09,520 --> 00:46:12,440 Speaker 1: think when they just like press something really hard against 820 00:46:12,520 --> 00:46:15,319 Speaker 1: something else and that pressure is so high that it 821 00:46:15,400 --> 00:46:19,160 Speaker 1: actually causes the metal to melt, which is really interesting. 822 00:46:19,640 --> 00:46:21,759 Speaker 1: Or take like a cold piece of dough out of 823 00:46:21,800 --> 00:46:25,239 Speaker 1: the fridge and misogyn and need it and it warms up. Right, 824 00:46:25,280 --> 00:46:28,320 Speaker 1: You are working energy into it, You're creating internal friction 825 00:46:28,680 --> 00:46:31,560 Speaker 1: and that heats it up. It always comes back to spaghetti, 826 00:46:31,640 --> 00:46:35,040 Speaker 1: doesn't it. It's all about food when you record your 827 00:46:35,040 --> 00:46:38,239 Speaker 1: podcast a lunchtime. So I think what that means is, 828 00:46:38,320 --> 00:46:42,160 Speaker 1: assuming general relativity is correct about what's going on inside 829 00:46:42,160 --> 00:46:45,120 Speaker 1: a black hole, that you can get to the inside 830 00:46:45,160 --> 00:46:47,640 Speaker 1: of the black hole without being pulled apart by the 831 00:46:47,680 --> 00:46:50,239 Speaker 1: tidal forces. If the black hole is large enough, you 832 00:46:50,280 --> 00:46:53,359 Speaker 1: can get a stable orbit inside the black hole, if 833 00:46:53,360 --> 00:46:56,920 Speaker 1: the black hole singularity is spinning or charged, and you 834 00:46:56,960 --> 00:47:00,680 Speaker 1: can use the gravitational energy of that singularity to heat 835 00:47:00,719 --> 00:47:02,600 Speaker 1: your planet. So what do you think, Katie, do you 836 00:47:02,600 --> 00:47:05,040 Speaker 1: think life could evolve on a planet like that? I 837 00:47:05,080 --> 00:47:07,359 Speaker 1: really think it could. I mean, we know that on 838 00:47:07,480 --> 00:47:11,440 Speaker 1: Earth we have these very niche life forms, and in fact, 839 00:47:12,040 --> 00:47:15,759 Speaker 1: the start of life itself seems to have occurred in 840 00:47:15,800 --> 00:47:19,839 Speaker 1: a very potentially hostile environment. Even though we had all 841 00:47:19,880 --> 00:47:24,600 Speaker 1: of the chemical reagents to form life, there was so 842 00:47:24,680 --> 00:47:28,080 Speaker 1: much chaos in the Earth's oceans that it is a 843 00:47:28,120 --> 00:47:33,399 Speaker 1: mystery how can organized life exists, you know, spontaneously, like 844 00:47:33,440 --> 00:47:35,759 Speaker 1: what you were saying, like you need to somehow fight 845 00:47:36,080 --> 00:47:39,080 Speaker 1: entropy a little bit in order to, as we know it, 846 00:47:39,320 --> 00:47:42,280 Speaker 1: have some form of life. But because it did happen 847 00:47:42,320 --> 00:47:45,600 Speaker 1: on Earth, I could imagine on a planet at least 848 00:47:45,600 --> 00:47:48,839 Speaker 1: if you have some kind of energy source that yeah, 849 00:47:48,920 --> 00:47:52,040 Speaker 1: I mean some form of life, even non carbon based life, 850 00:47:52,080 --> 00:47:56,200 Speaker 1: even life that we don't really think of typically, could 851 00:47:56,200 --> 00:47:59,920 Speaker 1: certainly form And start a podcast and ask the question, 852 00:48:00,000 --> 00:48:03,399 Speaker 1: and could life evolve on a planet not in our 853 00:48:03,440 --> 00:48:06,520 Speaker 1: wonderful black hole out there, in that weird little pinhole 854 00:48:06,680 --> 00:48:09,160 Speaker 1: of the universe. How could they all fit in there? 855 00:48:10,239 --> 00:48:12,359 Speaker 1: You know, that's a really interesting point because as they're 856 00:48:12,400 --> 00:48:14,880 Speaker 1: looking out in the universe, they're going to see the 857 00:48:15,000 --> 00:48:19,480 Speaker 1: universe looking really, really old. Because another effect that happens 858 00:48:19,480 --> 00:48:23,120 Speaker 1: when you go near a really heavy object is time dilation. 859 00:48:23,520 --> 00:48:26,080 Speaker 1: If you're closed to a massive object, like the center 860 00:48:26,080 --> 00:48:29,399 Speaker 1: of a black hole, then time moves slowly for you 861 00:48:29,480 --> 00:48:33,560 Speaker 1: because there's this gravitational time dilation. This is different from 862 00:48:33,560 --> 00:48:36,040 Speaker 1: how time goes slow when you're moving really really fast. 863 00:48:36,360 --> 00:48:39,880 Speaker 1: That's relative velocity time dilation. This is just due to 864 00:48:39,960 --> 00:48:43,280 Speaker 1: the curvature of space. Where in space is really curved, 865 00:48:43,440 --> 00:48:46,200 Speaker 1: time moves slow. So if you toss something into a 866 00:48:46,200 --> 00:48:49,640 Speaker 1: black hole, you'll see it's clocks running really slowly, and 867 00:48:49,680 --> 00:48:52,680 Speaker 1: it will see your clocks running really really fast because 868 00:48:52,680 --> 00:48:54,880 Speaker 1: you will have less curvature than it. So if you 869 00:48:54,960 --> 00:48:57,440 Speaker 1: toss something into a black hole, then you'll see it 870 00:48:57,520 --> 00:49:00,120 Speaker 1: sort of like freeze and go really slow. And if 871 00:49:00,120 --> 00:49:02,600 Speaker 1: you jump into a black hole, you'll look out into 872 00:49:02,640 --> 00:49:04,239 Speaker 1: the rest of the universe and you'll see the rest 873 00:49:04,280 --> 00:49:07,400 Speaker 1: of the universe going really fast. So another question is like, 874 00:49:07,520 --> 00:49:10,400 Speaker 1: has there been enough time on this time slowed down, 875 00:49:10,440 --> 00:49:13,520 Speaker 1: almost frozen world for life to evolve. It might be 876 00:49:13,600 --> 00:49:16,600 Speaker 1: that life can evolve on these black hole planets. It 877 00:49:16,760 --> 00:49:20,000 Speaker 1: just hasn't yet because the universe is too young and 878 00:49:20,040 --> 00:49:24,600 Speaker 1: time is almost frozen inside these black holes. But to them, 879 00:49:24,680 --> 00:49:27,120 Speaker 1: we would just be really old, and so they'd be 880 00:49:27,160 --> 00:49:30,000 Speaker 1: listening to this podcast and it would be old news 881 00:49:30,200 --> 00:49:35,839 Speaker 1: far after, long after we've died or been turned into robots. Yeah, exactly, 882 00:49:36,239 --> 00:49:38,320 Speaker 1: And so they will already know the answer to this question, 883 00:49:38,320 --> 00:49:39,880 Speaker 1: so I wish they could shoot it back to us 884 00:49:39,920 --> 00:49:42,200 Speaker 1: and just put us out of our misery. But that 885 00:49:42,360 --> 00:49:46,839 Speaker 1: is interesting because of these time differences, right, I mean, 886 00:49:46,920 --> 00:49:49,400 Speaker 1: even in terms of like having two planets that are 887 00:49:49,480 --> 00:49:52,520 Speaker 1: so far apart from each other, litt alone planet that's 888 00:49:52,600 --> 00:49:55,920 Speaker 1: inside of a black hole where time has slowed down, 889 00:49:56,880 --> 00:50:00,680 Speaker 1: we may never necessarily cross paths, and it might be 890 00:50:00,800 --> 00:50:04,120 Speaker 1: hard to sort of high five each other different life 891 00:50:04,160 --> 00:50:07,600 Speaker 1: forms at a perfect point in time where we both 892 00:50:07,600 --> 00:50:10,640 Speaker 1: exist at the same time. But that doesn't mean that 893 00:50:10,680 --> 00:50:14,360 Speaker 1: they won't or didn't or couldn't exist, I know, but 894 00:50:14,400 --> 00:50:17,360 Speaker 1: that would be still and satisfying to know that life 895 00:50:17,400 --> 00:50:19,640 Speaker 1: does exist out there but we could never see it, 896 00:50:19,680 --> 00:50:22,000 Speaker 1: I mean inside a black hole, outside a black hole. 897 00:50:22,239 --> 00:50:25,319 Speaker 1: The outcome that terrifies me the most is that there 898 00:50:25,440 --> 00:50:27,600 Speaker 1: is life out there, but we never know about it 899 00:50:27,600 --> 00:50:30,320 Speaker 1: because it's so distant or distant in time, or we 900 00:50:30,480 --> 00:50:33,400 Speaker 1: just you know, unlucky about where we are in the universe. 901 00:50:33,760 --> 00:50:35,880 Speaker 1: To me, I want to know the answer to this question, 902 00:50:35,920 --> 00:50:38,839 Speaker 1: and I like to believe that some humans someday will 903 00:50:38,880 --> 00:50:41,239 Speaker 1: know the answer, and so for the answer to be 904 00:50:41,320 --> 00:50:43,960 Speaker 1: out there, to exist in reality, but for humans to 905 00:50:44,080 --> 00:50:46,839 Speaker 1: never know it. I just can't even take that idea. Well, 906 00:50:46,880 --> 00:50:50,960 Speaker 1: maybe some life form will invent a podcast that transcends 907 00:50:51,000 --> 00:50:54,520 Speaker 1: space time and then we do find out about each other, 908 00:50:55,640 --> 00:50:58,720 Speaker 1: and then it all just descends into silly podcasts about 909 00:50:58,840 --> 00:51:01,560 Speaker 1: movies and animals and stuff. So the answer to every 910 00:51:01,560 --> 00:51:04,120 Speaker 1: problem is a podcast. Why did the dog poop on 911 00:51:04,120 --> 00:51:10,200 Speaker 1: the floor? I don't know. Maybe should listen to my podcasts. Alright, 912 00:51:10,239 --> 00:51:12,920 Speaker 1: So thank you very much for taking this crazy journey 913 00:51:12,960 --> 00:51:15,600 Speaker 1: with us into the black hole to imagine what life 914 00:51:15,680 --> 00:51:18,279 Speaker 1: might be like, how life may have even evolved and 915 00:51:18,360 --> 00:51:21,360 Speaker 1: exist right now inside a black hole listening to this 916 00:51:21,520 --> 00:51:25,640 Speaker 1: billions of years old podcast episode imagining what it's life 917 00:51:25,760 --> 00:51:29,359 Speaker 1: is like high future spaghetti aliens inside of a black hole, 918 00:51:29,680 --> 00:51:32,680 Speaker 1: hanging tin as we say, because we have ten digits, 919 00:51:32,719 --> 00:51:35,000 Speaker 1: I'm sure you have like billions of digits, but you know, 920 00:51:35,760 --> 00:51:38,360 Speaker 1: so think about those spaghetti aliens. Chew on that for 921 00:51:38,360 --> 00:51:40,680 Speaker 1: a while, Go have a tasty lunch, and thank you 922 00:51:40,760 --> 00:51:43,280 Speaker 1: very much for joining us on today's episode of Daniel 923 00:51:43,280 --> 00:51:45,640 Speaker 1: and Jorge Explain the Universe to be here. Thanks for 924 00:51:45,680 --> 00:51:56,120 Speaker 1: having me, alright, tune in next time. Thanks for listening. 925 00:51:56,200 --> 00:51:58,920 Speaker 1: And remember that Daniel and Jorge explained The universe is 926 00:51:58,960 --> 00:52:02,480 Speaker 1: a production of heart Radio. Or more podcast from my 927 00:52:02,640 --> 00:52:06,200 Speaker 1: heart Radio, visit the I heart Radio, Apple Apple Podcasts, 928 00:52:06,320 --> 00:52:10,600 Speaker 1: or wherever you listen to your favorite shows. H