1
00:00:00,680 --> 00:00:06,520
Speaker 1: Blood drinkers, night walkers, children of the night. Why hunt

2
00:00:06,559 --> 00:00:09,159
Speaker 1: for scraps in the shadows when you can feast in

3
00:00:09,320 --> 00:00:14,160
Speaker 1: style at New York City's hottest, trendiest vampire night clown

4
00:00:16,200 --> 00:00:18,919
Speaker 1: doors open at midnight and we let in only the

5
00:00:19,000 --> 00:00:25,840
Speaker 1: juiciest mortal party goers who appease your diabolical thirst. Yes,

6
00:00:25,920 --> 00:00:30,760
Speaker 1: we offer seductive lounges, blood bath dance floors, and people

7
00:00:31,080 --> 00:00:34,680
Speaker 1: dancing in cages. So many people dancing in cages, we

8
00:00:34,680 --> 00:00:36,159
Speaker 1: don't even know how to give them out. They just

9
00:00:36,360 --> 00:00:41,360
Speaker 1: keep dancing. And unlike typical vampire nightclubs, we separate the

10
00:00:41,400 --> 00:00:46,240
Speaker 1: herd by blood type for your convenience. At Blute, you

11
00:00:46,280 --> 00:00:49,479
Speaker 1: will feast in the certainty that all human partiers and

12
00:00:49,600 --> 00:00:52,000
Speaker 1: our medievalist to prove thrown room are Type A B

13
00:00:53,159 --> 00:00:56,080
Speaker 1: and our foam dance party room runs on type old

14
00:00:56,200 --> 00:01:03,960
Speaker 1: negative exclusively guarantee. So don'tly blood chance club flood. Look

15
00:01:03,960 --> 00:01:05,600
Speaker 1: for us on Vampire You help, and don't forget to

16
00:01:05,640 --> 00:01:10,520
Speaker 1: leave a review. Welcome to Stuff to Blow Your Mind,

17
00:01:10,560 --> 00:01:20,319
Speaker 1: a production of I Heart Radios How Stuff Works. Hey you,

18
00:01:20,319 --> 00:01:22,080
Speaker 1: Welcome to Stuff to Blow your Mind. My name is

19
00:01:22,160 --> 00:01:25,360
Speaker 1: Robert Lamb and I'm Joe McCormick. Hey, it's still October.

20
00:01:25,560 --> 00:01:29,000
Speaker 1: That means we're partying. That's right. It's Halloween, and Halloween

21
00:01:29,040 --> 00:01:32,959
Speaker 1: means blood. It also means vampires. As I think everyone

22
00:01:32,959 --> 00:01:35,959
Speaker 1: probably got the idea from from the title this episode

23
00:01:36,000 --> 00:01:38,880
Speaker 1: and from the cold open that we just inflicted upon you.

24
00:01:38,880 --> 00:01:41,120
Speaker 1: You know, what I was just wondering is whether in

25
00:01:41,200 --> 00:01:44,760
Speaker 1: the month of October people actually, like in the industry,

26
00:01:44,800 --> 00:01:47,480
Speaker 1: you can see a spike in demand for Caro syrup

27
00:01:47,600 --> 00:01:50,200
Speaker 1: or general you know, corn syrup products and and red

28
00:01:50,240 --> 00:01:53,880
Speaker 1: food coloring, is the demand for fake blood enough to

29
00:01:53,960 --> 00:01:57,720
Speaker 1: make a dent in an otherwise massive agricultural or industrial

30
00:01:57,760 --> 00:01:59,680
Speaker 1: food product. Well, I mean it depends. I mean a

31
00:01:59,680 --> 00:02:02,600
Speaker 1: lot of po're just gonna buy a bottle of fake blood.

32
00:02:02,600 --> 00:02:04,360
Speaker 1: They're not going to bother to mix their own. I

33
00:02:04,360 --> 00:02:06,640
Speaker 1: guess that's true. You know, I bet mixing your own

34
00:02:06,680 --> 00:02:08,840
Speaker 1: is cheaper though. Oh I'm sure it is. But not

35
00:02:08,919 --> 00:02:11,240
Speaker 1: everybody has the skill to create a you know, a

36
00:02:11,280 --> 00:02:15,440
Speaker 1: good batch of Kensington gore. Uh. I remember when I

37
00:02:15,480 --> 00:02:17,160
Speaker 1: was a kid, I was trying to make fake blood

38
00:02:17,160 --> 00:02:19,639
Speaker 1: and I did it by mixing red food coloring with water.

39
00:02:20,200 --> 00:02:23,400
Speaker 1: And that was how I discovered that blood is thick. Yeah,

40
00:02:23,440 --> 00:02:25,320
Speaker 1: I mean, it's far better just to shoot it all

41
00:02:25,320 --> 00:02:28,560
Speaker 1: in black and white and use chocolate syrup. But even

42
00:02:28,560 --> 00:02:31,120
Speaker 1: that gets a little little little pricy, I imagine, And

43
00:02:31,160 --> 00:02:33,720
Speaker 1: also it's gonna know, just attract a bunch of ants.

44
00:02:34,400 --> 00:02:37,440
Speaker 1: But yeah, when you think Halloween, you think monsters, you

45
00:02:37,440 --> 00:02:40,200
Speaker 1: think vampires, and of course you think blood. Now, blood

46
00:02:40,200 --> 00:02:42,160
Speaker 1: hasn't really changed in the course of human history, but

47
00:02:42,200 --> 00:02:46,600
Speaker 1: our understanding of blood has. Blood Letting used to be

48
00:02:46,639 --> 00:02:50,760
Speaker 1: a lot more common, right, yeah. Uh, and sometimes sometimes

49
00:02:50,880 --> 00:02:54,160
Speaker 1: vampire tails change to reflect some of the new ideas

50
00:02:54,240 --> 00:02:56,720
Speaker 1: regarding blood. Oh yeah, Like I'm sure you can see

51
00:02:56,800 --> 00:02:59,919
Speaker 1: vampire lore being affected by, say that the four humor

52
00:03:00,240 --> 00:03:02,520
Speaker 1: theory when that was in vogue, like the idea you

53
00:03:02,520 --> 00:03:05,520
Speaker 1: could have a sanguine personality that might be caused by

54
00:03:05,520 --> 00:03:07,800
Speaker 1: an excess of blood in the body. I'm sure that

55
00:03:07,800 --> 00:03:11,040
Speaker 1: that makes them specially juicy targets for vampires or something

56
00:03:11,080 --> 00:03:12,640
Speaker 1: that you're gonna mean, there's like there are there are

57
00:03:12,639 --> 00:03:15,240
Speaker 1: four different vampires for each of the humors, right, oh right,

58
00:03:15,320 --> 00:03:17,600
Speaker 1: so you get the black bile vampire and the worst

59
00:03:17,680 --> 00:03:22,440
Speaker 1: kind of vampire to be because it's so bitter. So yeah,

60
00:03:22,520 --> 00:03:25,520
Speaker 1: the ideas of what blood is may change, But of

61
00:03:25,560 --> 00:03:28,240
Speaker 1: course there's first of all, the simple notion that blood

62
00:03:28,360 --> 00:03:32,359
Speaker 1: is food. Various human cultures include the consumption of animal

63
00:03:32,400 --> 00:03:35,120
Speaker 1: blood in one form or another in their cuisine. Blood

64
00:03:35,120 --> 00:03:38,880
Speaker 1: sausage is one example of that. Blood tofu and in

65
00:03:39,200 --> 00:03:42,120
Speaker 1: certain Chinese cuisines is another example. Never heard of this

66
00:03:42,280 --> 00:03:46,480
Speaker 1: blood tofu? Yeah, look aout made from blood? Blood? Okay? Uh?

67
00:03:46,560 --> 00:03:49,200
Speaker 1: And then there's the idea of blood is this is

68
00:03:49,320 --> 00:03:52,520
Speaker 1: a fluid that contains our vital life force. Right, this

69
00:03:52,640 --> 00:03:55,360
Speaker 1: is a classic of the vampire trope. Uh. And then

70
00:03:55,440 --> 00:03:58,400
Speaker 1: naturally we do need blood to survive. But traditions have

71
00:03:59,280 --> 00:04:01,880
Speaker 1: you know, tend to go above and beyond biological fact

72
00:04:01,920 --> 00:04:04,480
Speaker 1: and stressing this. Oh yeah, the blood takes on a

73
00:04:04,560 --> 00:04:08,280
Speaker 1: kind of magical essence. It's the you know, the ecore

74
00:04:08,520 --> 00:04:11,880
Speaker 1: of the human. Uh, there is I think you can

75
00:04:11,920 --> 00:04:15,920
Speaker 1: see this often when there is emphasis on monsters and

76
00:04:15,960 --> 00:04:19,359
Speaker 1: other creatures having differently colored blood than humans do. Like

77
00:04:19,400 --> 00:04:22,640
Speaker 1: their blood isn't red, it's green, and that shows that

78
00:04:22,680 --> 00:04:25,520
Speaker 1: there's some different there's some kind of different essence to them.

79
00:04:25,920 --> 00:04:28,839
Speaker 1: And then there's also all kinds of beliefs about um,

80
00:04:28,880 --> 00:04:31,919
Speaker 1: you know that your affinity for your family is based

81
00:04:31,960 --> 00:04:35,400
Speaker 1: on the metaphor that you share blood, which is funny

82
00:04:35,400 --> 00:04:38,599
Speaker 1: because you might not necessarily share physical characteristics of blood.

83
00:04:38,600 --> 00:04:40,600
Speaker 1: You might not have the same blood type as either

84
00:04:40,640 --> 00:04:43,479
Speaker 1: one of your parents. But there's this idea that you're

85
00:04:43,600 --> 00:04:46,200
Speaker 1: bound by blood and that I think that takes on

86
00:04:46,240 --> 00:04:49,200
Speaker 1: a more kind of a magical kind of quality in

87
00:04:49,200 --> 00:04:52,600
Speaker 1: people's minds. Yeah, this idea that there's this bloodline flowing

88
00:04:52,640 --> 00:04:56,000
Speaker 1: through the centuries. Um. I do have to say, I

89
00:04:56,080 --> 00:04:59,479
Speaker 1: love a creative blood color, and some in a monster

90
00:04:59,800 --> 00:05:02,880
Speaker 1: or so certainly in like a Star Trek Alien type

91
00:05:02,880 --> 00:05:05,520
Speaker 1: of scenario, if there's only so many colors, like what

92
00:05:05,640 --> 00:05:08,000
Speaker 1: you mean, like purple blood or what? Oh yeah, wasn't

93
00:05:08,000 --> 00:05:11,080
Speaker 1: it Star Trek the Undiscovered country where the Klingons had

94
00:05:11,400 --> 00:05:14,279
Speaker 1: had pink blood like looks like pepto bismal. Oh. I

95
00:05:14,279 --> 00:05:16,919
Speaker 1: always chalks that up too bad early c G I,

96
00:05:17,560 --> 00:05:19,520
Speaker 1: because they're in their blood c G I, And that

97
00:05:19,560 --> 00:05:21,799
Speaker 1: movie is like really early c G I floating around

98
00:05:21,800 --> 00:05:24,640
Speaker 1: in the zero G environment after the AA it is

99
00:05:24,760 --> 00:05:28,159
Speaker 1: really impressive. Well, it looks terrible now, but that movie

100
00:05:28,160 --> 00:05:29,600
Speaker 1: still holds up. Is one of the better of the

101
00:05:29,600 --> 00:05:32,760
Speaker 1: Star Trek movies. Now, in modern times, you'll often encounter

102
00:05:32,839 --> 00:05:36,800
Speaker 1: vampire stories that invoke blood banks and and uh and

103
00:05:36,920 --> 00:05:41,400
Speaker 1: blood drives sometimes uh and sometimes you'll even see recognition

104
00:05:41,440 --> 00:05:45,080
Speaker 1: of blood types, and generally this amounts to which blood

105
00:05:45,080 --> 00:05:49,520
Speaker 1: of vampire finds most tasty interesting. I don't think I'm

106
00:05:49,640 --> 00:05:51,640
Speaker 1: very familiar with it. Well. I am familiar with, of course,

107
00:05:51,680 --> 00:05:54,279
Speaker 1: blood banks and blood drives, because I remember when I

108
00:05:54,320 --> 00:05:55,880
Speaker 1: was a kid and my family would go to the

109
00:05:55,920 --> 00:05:58,159
Speaker 1: beach and we get Sci Fi channel on the TV.

110
00:05:58,400 --> 00:06:01,440
Speaker 1: I'd watch that show Forever Night, which is about a

111
00:06:01,440 --> 00:06:04,640
Speaker 1: good guy vampire who is also a cop, and he

112
00:06:04,720 --> 00:06:08,560
Speaker 1: keeps a refrigerator full of like blood bank style blood bags.

113
00:06:08,720 --> 00:06:10,839
Speaker 1: I guess he drinks those in order to not have

114
00:06:10,920 --> 00:06:13,560
Speaker 1: to kill people because he's good. Oh man, Forever Night.

115
00:06:13,600 --> 00:06:15,560
Speaker 1: I never watched Forever Night, but it's one of those

116
00:06:15,760 --> 00:06:18,760
Speaker 1: Canadian series where a lot of times I'll watch another

117
00:06:18,800 --> 00:06:20,760
Speaker 1: Canadian series and I'll look it up and it's like, oh,

118
00:06:20,839 --> 00:06:22,960
Speaker 1: this person is from Forever Night. Forever Night is the

119
00:06:23,360 --> 00:06:27,040
Speaker 1: like the beating heart at the center of Canadian drama

120
00:06:27,120 --> 00:06:29,560
Speaker 1: from that period of time. Yeah, I mean I never

121
00:06:29,600 --> 00:06:31,640
Speaker 1: saw that much of it, but in the episodes I

122
00:06:31,720 --> 00:06:33,960
Speaker 1: saw because he's a good guy. He doesn't drink from

123
00:06:34,000 --> 00:06:37,880
Speaker 1: next he drinks from bags. There's um there's a Tales

124
00:06:37,920 --> 00:06:42,440
Speaker 1: from the Crypto episode that called the Reluctant Vampire that

125
00:06:42,560 --> 00:06:48,240
Speaker 1: started Malcolm McDowell as as the titular Reluctant Vampire and

126
00:06:48,279 --> 00:06:50,359
Speaker 1: also had just an all star cast. Of course, like

127
00:06:50,400 --> 00:06:55,920
Speaker 1: all those episodes, just an embarrassment of riches generally squandered

128
00:06:56,120 --> 00:06:59,240
Speaker 1: on some sort of in a sappy, bad taste kind

129
00:06:59,240 --> 00:07:01,200
Speaker 1: of plot. But this was this episodes pretty good. But

130
00:07:01,279 --> 00:07:03,839
Speaker 1: in that one he's depending on a blood bank as well.

131
00:07:04,160 --> 00:07:08,839
Speaker 1: But then occasionally like meeting real live hosts to prey upon,

132
00:07:08,960 --> 00:07:11,160
Speaker 1: and he ends up asking them a lot of questions about,

133
00:07:11,400 --> 00:07:13,720
Speaker 1: you know, if they had dental surgery recently, that sort

134
00:07:13,720 --> 00:07:16,160
Speaker 1: of thing. But but he he never asked them about

135
00:07:16,320 --> 00:07:19,120
Speaker 1: their actual blood type, dental surgery. Wait, like he fears

136
00:07:19,120 --> 00:07:21,520
Speaker 1: the amalgam in their teeth or something like they might

137
00:07:21,520 --> 00:07:23,880
Speaker 1: have silver and if he just needs to have a

138
00:07:23,880 --> 00:07:28,200
Speaker 1: good you know, pacent you know, biomedical history before he

139
00:07:28,480 --> 00:07:31,880
Speaker 1: uses them as his prey. Fair enough, now, of course,

140
00:07:31,920 --> 00:07:36,040
Speaker 1: the the HBO series True Blood features vampires that have

141
00:07:36,120 --> 00:07:39,360
Speaker 1: a clear preference when it comes to blood type and

142
00:07:39,400 --> 00:07:42,680
Speaker 1: they use the synthetic blood product that's labeled and bottled

143
00:07:42,880 --> 00:07:46,400
Speaker 1: called true Blood, which is in the show available in

144
00:07:46,400 --> 00:07:49,840
Speaker 1: in different types, so you can get your oh negative

145
00:07:50,760 --> 00:07:53,000
Speaker 1: true blood bottle you if you prefer a B, they

146
00:07:53,000 --> 00:07:54,880
Speaker 1: have a B as well. Oh so all the I

147
00:07:54,960 --> 00:07:57,240
Speaker 1: haven't seen true Blood, but all these vampires are of

148
00:07:57,280 --> 00:08:00,160
Speaker 1: the Forever Night type where they don't drink from p all.

149
00:08:00,200 --> 00:08:02,760
Speaker 1: They drink from bags they're supposed to because it's basically

150
00:08:02,800 --> 00:08:06,520
Speaker 1: like vampires are out amongst us, uh, and we're living

151
00:08:06,520 --> 00:08:09,480
Speaker 1: alongside each other. They have kind of their separate government.

152
00:08:09,480 --> 00:08:11,840
Speaker 1: We have ours, and there's like a treaty that says

153
00:08:12,160 --> 00:08:15,640
Speaker 1: they're only going to drink their synthetic blood products or

154
00:08:15,920 --> 00:08:19,280
Speaker 1: you know, consenting adult humans that wish to have their

155
00:08:19,280 --> 00:08:23,360
Speaker 1: blood drained that sort of thing. Okay, it's kind of

156
00:08:23,360 --> 00:08:25,440
Speaker 1: a mixed bag, but it it also has a wonderful

157
00:08:25,480 --> 00:08:28,760
Speaker 1: cast and Dennis O'Hare in particular was a real standout

158
00:08:28,760 --> 00:08:32,320
Speaker 1: playing this character who was the King of Mississippi. Stephen

159
00:08:32,400 --> 00:08:34,640
Speaker 1: Root also showed up at one point and it was great.

160
00:08:34,720 --> 00:08:39,080
Speaker 1: Steven Roots wonderful. Yeah. Um, there's another movie at this

161
00:08:39,120 --> 00:08:41,480
Speaker 1: time that I ran across that was interesting that invokes

162
00:08:41,520 --> 00:08:46,800
Speaker 1: blood Types nine the Return of Doctor X. No. I

163
00:08:46,800 --> 00:08:48,720
Speaker 1: I was not even familiar with this at all because

164
00:08:48,760 --> 00:08:54,600
Speaker 1: it stars Humphrey Bogart as an evil doctor yeah, who's

165
00:08:54,640 --> 00:08:56,880
Speaker 1: been brought back to life because this is a sequel,

166
00:08:57,160 --> 00:08:58,679
Speaker 1: uh in this in this movie is brought back to

167
00:08:58,720 --> 00:09:01,600
Speaker 1: life with synthetic blood, and he has to find TYPO

168
00:09:01,760 --> 00:09:04,280
Speaker 1: victims and drain their blood and use it in order

169
00:09:04,280 --> 00:09:08,360
Speaker 1: to stay alive because his syn synthetic blood cannot replenish itself.

170
00:09:09,440 --> 00:09:12,920
Speaker 1: This was a few years before The Maltese Falcon and Casablanca.

171
00:09:13,120 --> 00:09:16,440
Speaker 1: In case anyone's wondering, you know, I like, I really

172
00:09:16,440 --> 00:09:19,040
Speaker 1: like Humphrey Bogart as a villain type character, or at

173
00:09:19,080 --> 00:09:21,640
Speaker 1: least as a very dark and troubled character, as opposed

174
00:09:21,640 --> 00:09:23,440
Speaker 1: to well, I don't know. You might say that he

175
00:09:23,480 --> 00:09:27,160
Speaker 1: has shades of villainousness in his detective stories and in Casablanca,

176
00:09:27,160 --> 00:09:30,440
Speaker 1: but in movies like a Lonely Place, or he plays

177
00:09:30,480 --> 00:09:33,679
Speaker 1: this like scary, abusive creep or in Treasure of the

178
00:09:33,720 --> 00:09:36,079
Speaker 1: Sierra Mare. I guess you could say also, I think

179
00:09:36,120 --> 00:09:38,560
Speaker 1: Bogart actually makes a great villain, and I wish you

180
00:09:38,559 --> 00:09:40,440
Speaker 1: had seen him as a villain more often. So I

181
00:09:40,440 --> 00:09:43,080
Speaker 1: want to see this. Yeah, and now, of course Dr

182
00:09:43,240 --> 00:09:45,839
Speaker 1: X is no typical vampire. Generally, the you know, the

183
00:09:46,040 --> 00:09:49,440
Speaker 1: models very much parasitic in nature. Perhaps a vampire can

184
00:09:49,480 --> 00:09:53,320
Speaker 1: taste the difference amid blood types in the same manner

185
00:09:53,360 --> 00:09:56,080
Speaker 1: that a wine connoisseur can taste things in the wine

186
00:09:56,080 --> 00:09:58,079
Speaker 1: that others can't, or at least can, you know, claims

187
00:09:58,120 --> 00:10:01,360
Speaker 1: to have that ability. I love you. You've got some

188
00:10:01,400 --> 00:10:04,240
Speaker 1: skepticism about the smell, yea. I want to come back

189
00:10:04,240 --> 00:10:06,880
Speaker 1: to it at some point because I feel like there

190
00:10:06,920 --> 00:10:08,720
Speaker 1: was an old episode of the show where we we

191
00:10:08,800 --> 00:10:10,840
Speaker 1: looked at one of these studies that was a real

192
00:10:11,080 --> 00:10:13,080
Speaker 1: um don't I mean, I don't even know that what

193
00:10:13,120 --> 00:10:14,760
Speaker 1: extended was a true study was just kind of a

194
00:10:14,800 --> 00:10:18,720
Speaker 1: guy who got your exercise with wine experts, like tricking

195
00:10:18,720 --> 00:10:21,720
Speaker 1: them into saying one wine was another and and and

196
00:10:21,760 --> 00:10:25,559
Speaker 1: so forth. But I think there's I'd like to to

197
00:10:25,800 --> 00:10:28,640
Speaker 1: give the topic due diligence sometime and really get into

198
00:10:28,720 --> 00:10:30,960
Speaker 1: like because sometimes the you know, the idea of priming

199
00:10:31,040 --> 00:10:33,080
Speaker 1: and you know, bringing in some of prior knowledge to

200
00:10:33,160 --> 00:10:36,000
Speaker 1: your experience of the wine. Uh, you see people talk

201
00:10:36,040 --> 00:10:38,200
Speaker 1: about that is if that's a you know, a negative,

202
00:10:38,520 --> 00:10:40,280
Speaker 1: you know, But I mean that's part of your appreciation

203
00:10:40,320 --> 00:10:42,960
Speaker 1: of any kind of food product or or certainly a

204
00:10:43,000 --> 00:10:46,000
Speaker 1: wine is knowing where it came from and making connections,

205
00:10:46,000 --> 00:10:49,760
Speaker 1: and if some of the connections or maybe partially imagined

206
00:10:49,880 --> 00:10:52,400
Speaker 1: or exaggerated based on your prior knowledge. I don't think

207
00:10:52,400 --> 00:10:55,080
Speaker 1: that's necessarily a bad thing at all. Have you been

208
00:10:55,080 --> 00:10:57,960
Speaker 1: to any of these places that do wine style tasting

209
00:10:57,960 --> 00:11:01,960
Speaker 1: notes but for oysters, Um, yes, I have. I'm all

210
00:11:02,000 --> 00:11:04,320
Speaker 1: in on that. When I have the oyster, I'm like, yes,

211
00:11:04,480 --> 00:11:07,319
Speaker 1: I take yes, that's right, salted melon. Yeah, I mean

212
00:11:07,400 --> 00:11:09,920
Speaker 1: the cases like that, they're providing me with this the

213
00:11:10,040 --> 00:11:15,000
Speaker 1: specific terminology and descriptive language that I don't have, uh,

214
00:11:15,040 --> 00:11:17,960
Speaker 1: you know, regarding oysters or or certainly wine or what

215
00:11:18,040 --> 00:11:19,959
Speaker 1: have you. And again and then I can I can

216
00:11:20,000 --> 00:11:22,959
Speaker 1: look for those things in my my taste sensation that

217
00:11:23,000 --> 00:11:25,280
Speaker 1: I'm experiencing right now. Once they give you the words

218
00:11:25,320 --> 00:11:27,000
Speaker 1: for it, you can kind of find it in the

219
00:11:28,280 --> 00:11:32,559
Speaker 1: sensation void With With most cases of fictional vampires, though, yeah,

220
00:11:32,600 --> 00:11:35,240
Speaker 1: they're I think we can we can assume that, yeah,

221
00:11:35,240 --> 00:11:38,360
Speaker 1: maybe they could taste some sort of difference in the

222
00:11:38,400 --> 00:11:42,600
Speaker 1: blood type. You know, they're essentially parasitic. They're they're digesting

223
00:11:42,600 --> 00:11:44,959
Speaker 1: the blood now, and since they're digesting the blood, you

224
00:11:45,000 --> 00:11:47,760
Speaker 1: know it's not gonna matter, um you know what kind

225
00:11:47,840 --> 00:11:50,680
Speaker 1: of what type of blood it is, because they're digestive

226
00:11:50,679 --> 00:11:53,080
Speaker 1: system is going to break down all those troublesome proteins.

227
00:11:54,000 --> 00:11:56,520
Speaker 1: But then again, I don't think I've ever seen outside

228
00:11:56,520 --> 00:11:59,040
Speaker 1: of doctor X here, I don't think I've encountered a

229
00:11:59,120 --> 00:12:04,720
Speaker 1: vampire or vampire like creation that can only use one

230
00:12:04,760 --> 00:12:08,559
Speaker 1: particular blood type. Well, if you imagine vampire physiology a

231
00:12:08,559 --> 00:12:11,040
Speaker 1: little bit different, like you're saying that they just use

232
00:12:11,080 --> 00:12:13,640
Speaker 1: a normal style digestive system, break it down for the

233
00:12:13,720 --> 00:12:16,360
Speaker 1: nutrition in it. What if it's that the vampire drinks

234
00:12:16,360 --> 00:12:18,640
Speaker 1: blood in order to have blood, So like when the

235
00:12:18,720 --> 00:12:22,360
Speaker 1: vampire drinks blood, they're essentially getting a blood transfusion. In

236
00:12:22,400 --> 00:12:25,360
Speaker 1: that case, maybe the vampire would need, in fact to

237
00:12:25,480 --> 00:12:28,120
Speaker 1: have a compatibility test for the right kind of blood

238
00:12:28,120 --> 00:12:30,320
Speaker 1: because drinking the wrong kind of blood could give them

239
00:12:30,360 --> 00:12:33,439
Speaker 1: an immune response. Yeah, that would I think that could

240
00:12:33,480 --> 00:12:35,880
Speaker 1: make sense because it also would would line up with

241
00:12:35,920 --> 00:12:39,760
Speaker 1: some of these descriptions from folklore where they would dig

242
00:12:39,840 --> 00:12:42,240
Speaker 1: up the body of the vampire and it would be

243
00:12:42,320 --> 00:12:46,280
Speaker 1: just just just thick and bloated with blood, like every

244
00:12:46,440 --> 00:12:48,560
Speaker 1: you know, all its entire all of its flesh is

245
00:12:48,640 --> 00:12:51,800
Speaker 1: just just completely ballooned up with the stuff. You know,

246
00:12:52,400 --> 00:12:56,360
Speaker 1: you're saying that's the swelling of the allergic reaction. Yeah, maybe,

247
00:12:56,360 --> 00:12:58,959
Speaker 1: so maybe that's the that's the explanation. Well, maybe we

248
00:12:59,000 --> 00:13:01,720
Speaker 1: should get into how blood types actually work, because I

249
00:13:01,840 --> 00:13:04,280
Speaker 1: realized not too long ago that this is something I

250
00:13:04,280 --> 00:13:06,280
Speaker 1: should know, and I actually didn't, so I had to

251
00:13:06,440 --> 00:13:08,800
Speaker 1: go and read up about it. Yeah, it's it's easy

252
00:13:08,880 --> 00:13:11,480
Speaker 1: to go through life without knowing the explanation for it,

253
00:13:11,520 --> 00:13:14,080
Speaker 1: and just and hopefully just knowing what your blood type is,

254
00:13:14,120 --> 00:13:17,800
Speaker 1: but not necessarily what that means. Right, Well, should we

255
00:13:17,840 --> 00:13:19,680
Speaker 1: take a break first and then come back and talk

256
00:13:19,720 --> 00:13:25,840
Speaker 1: about the blood type basics. Let's do it. Thank thank alright,

257
00:13:25,880 --> 00:13:28,720
Speaker 1: we're back, all right. So, if you know your blood type,

258
00:13:28,760 --> 00:13:31,440
Speaker 1: or if you've seen blood types listed before, you generally

259
00:13:31,559 --> 00:13:35,000
Speaker 1: will have seen a letter followed by a plus or

260
00:13:35,040 --> 00:13:37,600
Speaker 1: minus sign and that letter is probably going to be

261
00:13:37,640 --> 00:13:42,400
Speaker 1: A or B or a B or Oh. But so okay,

262
00:13:42,440 --> 00:13:44,679
Speaker 1: you know they're at least several different types of blood,

263
00:13:44,720 --> 00:13:46,720
Speaker 1: but you might not know what they do. In fact,

264
00:13:46,840 --> 00:13:50,080
Speaker 1: there are actually many different blood type families. I think

265
00:13:50,080 --> 00:13:52,800
Speaker 1: the known number of human blood group systems is now

266
00:13:52,920 --> 00:13:55,800
Speaker 1: somewhere in the forties. So there are tons of different

267
00:13:55,800 --> 00:13:59,640
Speaker 1: ways of classifying and grouping blood. But the most common

268
00:13:59,800 --> 00:14:04,280
Speaker 1: and most important blood group types to discuss are the A, B,

269
00:14:04,480 --> 00:14:07,719
Speaker 1: O blood group system and what's known as the R

270
00:14:07,920 --> 00:14:10,640
Speaker 1: H factor. Now you've heard of these before, but what

271
00:14:10,679 --> 00:14:15,240
Speaker 1: do they mean? Simply put, blood type refers to which

272
00:14:15,360 --> 00:14:19,240
Speaker 1: category of antigens you will find on the outside of

273
00:14:19,320 --> 00:14:22,720
Speaker 1: your red blood cells, and that in turn determines how

274
00:14:22,800 --> 00:14:26,640
Speaker 1: your body's immune system responds to different types of blood

275
00:14:26,680 --> 00:14:29,600
Speaker 1: from other donors because of the antigens on the outside

276
00:14:29,600 --> 00:14:32,480
Speaker 1: of their red blood cells, and also how other people's

277
00:14:32,480 --> 00:14:35,200
Speaker 1: bodies would respond to your blood if you if given

278
00:14:35,200 --> 00:14:37,680
Speaker 1: a transfusion from you. By the way, Joe, before we

279
00:14:37,680 --> 00:14:40,440
Speaker 1: go any any further, what is your blood type? I

280
00:14:40,520 --> 00:14:43,720
Speaker 1: almost answered, but then I stopped. Should I reveal my

281
00:14:43,800 --> 00:14:46,720
Speaker 1: blood type on air? I wonder? I'm getting flashes of

282
00:14:46,760 --> 00:14:49,880
Speaker 1: some future like cyber scenario where I regret sharing this

283
00:14:49,960 --> 00:14:54,080
Speaker 1: information publicly. Well, I can't think of a way people

284
00:14:54,120 --> 00:14:56,400
Speaker 1: would use it against us. I can think of a

285
00:14:56,400 --> 00:15:00,240
Speaker 1: way Facebook will use it against us. Okay, Well, don't

286
00:15:00,240 --> 00:15:01,920
Speaker 1: have to reveal if you don't want to. You want

287
00:15:01,960 --> 00:15:04,200
Speaker 1: to reveal yours, Well, I mean, I don't mind saying

288
00:15:04,200 --> 00:15:07,480
Speaker 1: that I'm I'm typo negatives. Oh nice, just like the

289
00:15:08,080 --> 00:15:11,600
Speaker 1: goth industrial band of the same name. Well, you also

290
00:15:11,680 --> 00:15:14,520
Speaker 1: have a rare and important blood group, as we'll discuss

291
00:15:14,600 --> 00:15:16,960
Speaker 1: as we go on. Yes, and we'll we'll just consider

292
00:15:17,120 --> 00:15:20,960
Speaker 1: Joe's blood type to be of what blood type enigma

293
00:15:21,080 --> 00:15:24,120
Speaker 1: will we'll lead into the listeners to imagine what it

294
00:15:24,200 --> 00:15:27,640
Speaker 1: might be blood type question mark equal sign Yes, okay.

295
00:15:27,640 --> 00:15:30,400
Speaker 1: So red blood cells, we know they serve the function

296
00:15:30,480 --> 00:15:33,640
Speaker 1: of traveling through the body and transporting oxygen molecules to

297
00:15:33,720 --> 00:15:37,200
Speaker 1: body tissues, and they also carry away carbon dioxide. And

298
00:15:37,240 --> 00:15:39,720
Speaker 1: so the outsides of the red blood cells in your

299
00:15:39,720 --> 00:15:43,040
Speaker 1: body will have these little molecules on the outside of

300
00:15:43,160 --> 00:15:46,840
Speaker 1: these structures made of molecules, uh that on on the

301
00:15:46,880 --> 00:15:50,960
Speaker 1: top layers of these structures consist of various types of

302
00:15:51,120 --> 00:15:54,560
Speaker 1: antigens that the and of course, an antigen is just

303
00:15:54,920 --> 00:15:58,320
Speaker 1: something that your body's immune system can recognize as a

304
00:15:58,400 --> 00:16:01,680
Speaker 1: threat and react to. And so your red blood cells

305
00:16:01,720 --> 00:16:07,320
Speaker 1: can have either a antigens, be antigens both or neither.

306
00:16:07,840 --> 00:16:11,160
Speaker 1: If your red blood cells just have A antigens, just

307
00:16:11,280 --> 00:16:13,720
Speaker 1: these A antigen molecules on the outer layer, you have

308
00:16:13,760 --> 00:16:17,320
Speaker 1: blood type A. If you have just BE antigens, you

309
00:16:17,360 --> 00:16:20,640
Speaker 1: have blood type B. If you have both your blood

310
00:16:20,640 --> 00:16:23,320
Speaker 1: type A B, and if you have neither, you are

311
00:16:23,360 --> 00:16:26,240
Speaker 1: blood type Oh all right, I think that's pretty straightforward.

312
00:16:26,360 --> 00:16:29,000
Speaker 1: So really, yeah, they're they're like two critters at play here.

313
00:16:29,080 --> 00:16:32,080
Speaker 1: You can have either one, both, or neither. Now, of course,

314
00:16:32,120 --> 00:16:34,800
Speaker 1: blood types are genetically inherited. You get them from your

315
00:16:34,800 --> 00:16:38,360
Speaker 1: biological parents, but your a bio blood type is based

316
00:16:38,400 --> 00:16:41,920
Speaker 1: on interactions between a number of dominant and recessive genes.

317
00:16:42,280 --> 00:16:44,920
Speaker 1: So the correlation between your parents blood types and your

318
00:16:44,920 --> 00:16:47,480
Speaker 1: own blood type can be kind of confusing. It can,

319
00:16:47,560 --> 00:16:50,720
Speaker 1: for example, happen that your blood type might be different

320
00:16:50,800 --> 00:16:53,200
Speaker 1: from both of your parents blood types because of a

321
00:16:53,240 --> 00:16:57,080
Speaker 1: dominant recessive interaction. Um. But if you want to work

322
00:16:57,120 --> 00:17:00,440
Speaker 1: it out, you can look up inheritance matrices for blood

323
00:17:00,480 --> 00:17:02,760
Speaker 1: type online. These are easy to find, right, Or you

324
00:17:02,760 --> 00:17:05,320
Speaker 1: can just do like most families do and just put

325
00:17:05,320 --> 00:17:07,320
Speaker 1: your blood in a petri dish and just go around

326
00:17:07,320 --> 00:17:09,120
Speaker 1: in a circle and put a hot wiring a bit.

327
00:17:10,800 --> 00:17:12,680
Speaker 1: That way, he can find out whose family and who's

328
00:17:12,720 --> 00:17:16,840
Speaker 1: definitely not well. It's funny how how close that that

329
00:17:16,960 --> 00:17:19,080
Speaker 1: scene in the thing is to some of the early

330
00:17:19,200 --> 00:17:21,480
Speaker 1: tests that were done to figure out what was going

331
00:17:21,520 --> 00:17:24,320
Speaker 1: on with blood types. Get into that in a minute. Um,

332
00:17:24,680 --> 00:17:27,359
Speaker 1: So again, why does it matter which type of blood

333
00:17:27,359 --> 00:17:30,000
Speaker 1: you have if you're going to receive a blood transfusion. Well, again,

334
00:17:30,000 --> 00:17:33,000
Speaker 1: it's because of your immune system. So within your body,

335
00:17:33,080 --> 00:17:36,080
Speaker 1: you've got in your blood plasma, you have white blood cells,

336
00:17:36,119 --> 00:17:38,440
Speaker 1: and you've got antibodies that were kind of like defense

337
00:17:38,560 --> 00:17:42,959
Speaker 1: drones latching on to certain types of antigens that they

338
00:17:43,080 --> 00:17:45,480
Speaker 1: encounter things in your body that seem like they might

339
00:17:45,800 --> 00:17:48,959
Speaker 1: be some bit of dangerous foreign material in the blood.

340
00:17:49,440 --> 00:17:51,680
Speaker 1: And of course the main thing you'd be worried about,

341
00:17:51,680 --> 00:17:54,639
Speaker 1: there are some kinds of germs. Right now, generally we

342
00:17:54,720 --> 00:17:58,520
Speaker 1: don't have antibodies that will attack our own red blood cells.

343
00:17:58,680 --> 00:18:00,840
Speaker 1: So if you have blood type A, meaning you've got

344
00:18:00,880 --> 00:18:03,639
Speaker 1: these A antigens on the outside of your red blood cells,

345
00:18:04,160 --> 00:18:08,600
Speaker 1: your immune system will not attack A antigens because you

346
00:18:08,640 --> 00:18:11,479
Speaker 1: know you need to not attack them. They're they're going

347
00:18:11,520 --> 00:18:14,640
Speaker 1: to be abundant throughout you. But it probably will attack

348
00:18:15,040 --> 00:18:18,920
Speaker 1: BE antigens and vice versa. So generally your immune system

349
00:18:18,960 --> 00:18:22,760
Speaker 1: will attack whichever of these little molecules on the outside

350
00:18:22,800 --> 00:18:26,320
Speaker 1: of red blood cells you don't naturally have. So it

351
00:18:26,320 --> 00:18:28,560
Speaker 1: works out like this. If you have type A blood,

352
00:18:28,800 --> 00:18:31,959
Speaker 1: your immune system will attack BE antigens. If you have

353
00:18:32,040 --> 00:18:35,760
Speaker 1: type B blood, your immune system will attack A antigens.

354
00:18:36,080 --> 00:18:39,320
Speaker 1: If you have type A B blood, you have both antigens,

355
00:18:39,320 --> 00:18:42,119
Speaker 1: so your immune system will attack neither of them. If

356
00:18:42,160 --> 00:18:45,239
Speaker 1: you have type O blood, you have neither antigens, so

357
00:18:45,280 --> 00:18:49,160
Speaker 1: your immune system will attack both. Following so far, yeah,

358
00:18:49,160 --> 00:18:51,040
Speaker 1: I think I think it's pretty straightforward for everybody. So

359
00:18:51,080 --> 00:18:54,760
Speaker 1: it's basically you know the starbillied sneeches, except a little

360
00:18:54,760 --> 00:18:58,760
Speaker 1: more complicated, like like you know three or four different

361
00:18:58,800 --> 00:19:01,800
Speaker 1: tribes of sneeches, right. I mean this means that when

362
00:19:01,840 --> 00:19:04,560
Speaker 1: you donate or receive a blood transfusion, you don't always

363
00:19:04,600 --> 00:19:08,240
Speaker 1: just need to match the same type between donor and recipient.

364
00:19:08,560 --> 00:19:11,880
Speaker 1: There are these inherent asymmetries and who can receive what

365
00:19:11,960 --> 00:19:15,399
Speaker 1: types of blood. For example, if you have a B blood,

366
00:19:15,440 --> 00:19:18,240
Speaker 1: you can receive blood from any other type. You can

367
00:19:18,240 --> 00:19:20,640
Speaker 1: receive A blood, you can receive B blood, you can

368
00:19:20,680 --> 00:19:23,800
Speaker 1: receive A B blood or OH blood. It doesn't matter

369
00:19:23,920 --> 00:19:27,199
Speaker 1: because you don't in your blood plasma have antibodies to

370
00:19:27,240 --> 00:19:29,959
Speaker 1: attack any of those other types of red blood cells.

371
00:19:30,000 --> 00:19:33,600
Speaker 1: And for this reason, type A B is the universal

372
00:19:33,720 --> 00:19:37,639
Speaker 1: recipient class. But if you donate A B blood, that

373
00:19:37,680 --> 00:19:40,359
Speaker 1: blood can only go to a recipient who is also

374
00:19:40,480 --> 00:19:43,159
Speaker 1: a BE because that recipient otherwise is going to have

375
00:19:44,119 --> 00:19:47,560
Speaker 1: immune system reaction to one of one or both of

376
00:19:47,600 --> 00:19:50,399
Speaker 1: those antigens on the outside of those cells. Now, on

377
00:19:50,440 --> 00:19:53,040
Speaker 1: the flip side, type OH blood, which has neither A

378
00:19:53,240 --> 00:19:56,679
Speaker 1: nor BE antigens, is the universal donor class. You can

379
00:19:56,760 --> 00:19:59,680
Speaker 1: give type OH blood to people with A B, A B,

380
00:20:00,160 --> 00:20:02,359
Speaker 1: or OH and it will usually be fine. Now I

381
00:20:02,359 --> 00:20:04,840
Speaker 1: think we should say that these donor you know, these

382
00:20:04,840 --> 00:20:07,879
Speaker 1: donor safety statements are for most cases, these are like,

383
00:20:07,960 --> 00:20:10,000
Speaker 1: on average, they'll be better. They're always kind of like

384
00:20:10,040 --> 00:20:13,720
Speaker 1: anomalous reactions people can have to any type of protonation,

385
00:20:13,920 --> 00:20:16,360
Speaker 1: and and and and that also gets into the fact

386
00:20:16,440 --> 00:20:20,680
Speaker 1: that all things being equal, an exact match is always preferred,

387
00:20:21,119 --> 00:20:24,000
Speaker 1: but certainly in an emergency. Uh, that's when you see

388
00:20:24,000 --> 00:20:27,000
Speaker 1: cases where where you know the universal donor can come

389
00:20:27,040 --> 00:20:30,159
Speaker 1: in exactly. And that's a one reason A common practice

390
00:20:30,200 --> 00:20:33,119
Speaker 1: in modern hospitals and clinics today is to collect blood

391
00:20:33,240 --> 00:20:36,240
Speaker 1: from a patient in advance of a preplanned surgery or

392
00:20:36,280 --> 00:20:39,359
Speaker 1: procedure in which a transfusion might be necessary. So if

393
00:20:39,359 --> 00:20:42,400
Speaker 1: you're going in for surgery these days, they'll usually take

394
00:20:42,480 --> 00:20:44,879
Speaker 1: some of your blood, you know, the day before, the

395
00:20:44,920 --> 00:20:48,480
Speaker 1: week before the surgery, and that way, if you suddenly

396
00:20:48,520 --> 00:20:51,800
Speaker 1: need a transfusion, if there's some emergency during the procedure,

397
00:20:52,080 --> 00:20:55,240
Speaker 1: you can receive your own blood, decreasing the chance of

398
00:20:55,280 --> 00:20:58,920
Speaker 1: an immune immune reaction or any other compatibility issue. It's

399
00:20:58,920 --> 00:21:02,919
Speaker 1: not that you're octor is of secret vampire right and

400
00:21:03,040 --> 00:21:05,760
Speaker 1: just needs a taste before things get going right. But

401
00:21:05,800 --> 00:21:08,240
Speaker 1: there may be times when somebody needs a blood transfusion

402
00:21:08,320 --> 00:21:10,760
Speaker 1: and there's none of their own blood on hand to

403
00:21:10,800 --> 00:21:13,520
Speaker 1: give them, so they need blood from a bank, they

404
00:21:13,560 --> 00:21:16,600
Speaker 1: need blood from a donor, from a reserve of pre

405
00:21:16,800 --> 00:21:20,560
Speaker 1: stored blood. That's they're waiting for somebody who needs it now.

406
00:21:20,560 --> 00:21:22,359
Speaker 1: We should also say, on top of the A B

407
00:21:22,560 --> 00:21:25,680
Speaker 1: O system, there's also the r H factor, which is

408
00:21:25,720 --> 00:21:28,119
Speaker 1: just yet another type of thing that you would find

409
00:21:28,160 --> 00:21:30,600
Speaker 1: on the outside of red blood cells. This time it's

410
00:21:30,640 --> 00:21:35,359
Speaker 1: a protein UH that's known as the recess factor r

411
00:21:35,520 --> 00:21:38,000
Speaker 1: H factor after the recess monkeys from which it was

412
00:21:38,040 --> 00:21:41,679
Speaker 1: originally studied and isolated. Uh, and it works sort of

413
00:21:41,680 --> 00:21:44,000
Speaker 1: the same way. Basically, there are only two options with

414
00:21:44,040 --> 00:21:47,520
Speaker 1: the RH factor factor. Either you have these proteins, meaning

415
00:21:47,520 --> 00:21:49,800
Speaker 1: your r H positive, or you don't have them, meaning

416
00:21:49,840 --> 00:21:53,080
Speaker 1: you'r RH negative. And the RH factor is noted with

417
00:21:53,119 --> 00:21:55,320
Speaker 1: a plus or a minus sign after your A B

418
00:21:55,480 --> 00:21:58,479
Speaker 1: O type. So the true universal donor is actually not

419
00:21:58,560 --> 00:22:01,600
Speaker 1: just blood type OH, but blood type O negative, and

420
00:22:01,680 --> 00:22:04,720
Speaker 1: the universal recipient is not just type A B but

421
00:22:04,840 --> 00:22:08,240
Speaker 1: type A B positive. Now that's the simplified version, but

422
00:22:08,280 --> 00:22:11,439
Speaker 1: it also gets more complicated because the blood donor and

423
00:22:11,480 --> 00:22:14,560
Speaker 1: recipient compatibility is very based on whether you're talking about

424
00:22:14,600 --> 00:22:17,520
Speaker 1: like red blood cells versus plasma. Like your red blood

425
00:22:17,600 --> 00:22:20,680
Speaker 1: cells contain the antigens for your blood type, but your

426
00:22:20,720 --> 00:22:24,840
Speaker 1: plasma will contain the antibodies or potential immune response correlated

427
00:22:24,880 --> 00:22:27,199
Speaker 1: to your blood type. So most of what we've been

428
00:22:27,240 --> 00:22:29,119
Speaker 1: talking about so far has been for the red blood

429
00:22:29,160 --> 00:22:33,240
Speaker 1: cells that would be donated or received. But yeah, so again,

430
00:22:33,440 --> 00:22:35,480
Speaker 1: so you mentioned your type of negative. You are the

431
00:22:35,600 --> 00:22:40,399
Speaker 1: universal donor, Robert, You're you're you're kind of human gold. Well,

432
00:22:40,800 --> 00:22:42,520
Speaker 1: I do have to stress it. I think that is

433
00:22:42,800 --> 00:22:45,199
Speaker 1: we have to be careful about overstating that, not that

434
00:22:45,240 --> 00:22:47,440
Speaker 1: I'm gold, because obviously I don't want people to harvest

435
00:22:47,520 --> 00:22:50,560
Speaker 1: my blood without my consent. I do try and give

436
00:22:50,640 --> 00:22:53,320
Speaker 1: give blood, um, you know, a lot when whenever there's

437
00:22:53,359 --> 00:22:55,720
Speaker 1: a blood drive and I'm allowed, you know, to do so.

438
00:22:56,400 --> 00:22:59,439
Speaker 1: But but but also nobody out there who is like

439
00:22:59,520 --> 00:23:02,159
Speaker 1: a B needs to to feel like, oh, well, my

440
00:23:02,160 --> 00:23:03,959
Speaker 1: blood is not as valuable. I'm gonna sit this one

441
00:23:04,000 --> 00:23:06,040
Speaker 1: out like they don't really need my blood because I'm

442
00:23:06,040 --> 00:23:08,000
Speaker 1: not a negative. Like, No, your blood is still really

443
00:23:08,040 --> 00:23:10,520
Speaker 1: important because again, all things being equal, they're going to

444
00:23:10,600 --> 00:23:13,920
Speaker 1: try and do as as close of a match as possible. Yeah,

445
00:23:14,160 --> 00:23:17,359
Speaker 1: that's totally right. All all blood is valuable, All all

446
00:23:17,400 --> 00:23:21,320
Speaker 1: blood is beautiful, and maybe all blood is delicious? Uh?

447
00:23:21,560 --> 00:23:23,679
Speaker 1: Should we? So let's let's talk a little bit about that.

448
00:23:23,760 --> 00:23:27,400
Speaker 1: The blood serum clumping test we mentioned earlier. Now, the

449
00:23:27,440 --> 00:23:33,080
Speaker 1: Austrian immunologist and pathologist Carl land Steiner, who I keep

450
00:23:33,160 --> 00:23:37,080
Speaker 1: accidentally calling land striders, stop me if I do get

451
00:23:37,440 --> 00:23:41,960
Speaker 1: get dark crystal brain. But Carl Landsteiner, uh, he discovered

452
00:23:42,000 --> 00:23:45,080
Speaker 1: the primary a bio blood groups around the year's nineteen

453
00:23:45,160 --> 00:23:49,000
Speaker 1: hundred or nineteen o one, and at the time, doctors

454
00:23:49,080 --> 00:23:53,240
Speaker 1: knew that blood transfusions could be very dangerous, could kill patients,

455
00:23:53,240 --> 00:23:57,439
Speaker 1: They caused adverse reactions and the recipient um and you know,

456
00:23:57,560 --> 00:24:00,520
Speaker 1: up until around this time that it was a good

457
00:24:00,520 --> 00:24:03,640
Speaker 1: reason why blood transfusion wasn't done much. It was considered

458
00:24:03,720 --> 00:24:07,199
Speaker 1: sort of a risky, experimental kind of thing, not not

459
00:24:07,280 --> 00:24:10,439
Speaker 1: like a standard medical intervention. Yeah, I realized I probably

460
00:24:10,440 --> 00:24:12,439
Speaker 1: bring this show up every time we talked about the

461
00:24:12,480 --> 00:24:17,720
Speaker 1: history um of of of surgery. But the the excellent

462
00:24:17,760 --> 00:24:22,199
Speaker 1: cinemax series from Soderberg the Nick there's one scene in

463
00:24:22,240 --> 00:24:25,000
Speaker 1: which they attempt a blood transfusion um to save a

464
00:24:25,000 --> 00:24:29,920
Speaker 1: patient and the patients is just killed on the operating table. Yeah,

465
00:24:29,960 --> 00:24:32,160
Speaker 1: I mean, yeah, that would have been a reality at

466
00:24:32,200 --> 00:24:36,080
Speaker 1: this time. Like if you so, there were surgeons who

467
00:24:36,080 --> 00:24:39,439
Speaker 1: tried to experiment with blood transfusions because patients died all

468
00:24:39,480 --> 00:24:41,960
Speaker 1: the time for from blood loss, and so you know,

469
00:24:42,000 --> 00:24:43,840
Speaker 1: if you could find a way to get blood into

470
00:24:43,840 --> 00:24:46,040
Speaker 1: them to save their life, that would be great, And

471
00:24:46,359 --> 00:24:49,840
Speaker 1: sometimes it worked, but a lot of times it didn't,

472
00:24:50,200 --> 00:24:52,720
Speaker 1: and it if it didn't work, there were chances it

473
00:24:52,760 --> 00:24:56,159
Speaker 1: could go catastrophically bad and could kill you. Yeah, but

474
00:24:56,400 --> 00:24:58,480
Speaker 1: they think they begin to realize, yeah, there's some there's

475
00:24:58,480 --> 00:25:01,000
Speaker 1: some code in the blood, there's some there's something here.

476
00:25:01,320 --> 00:25:04,000
Speaker 1: There's a reason that it works sometimes but not other times.

477
00:25:04,480 --> 00:25:06,800
Speaker 1: We just have to figure out what that is. Yeah. Now,

478
00:25:07,040 --> 00:25:09,480
Speaker 1: one of the things that doctors of the time observed

479
00:25:09,600 --> 00:25:12,320
Speaker 1: is that you could see this if you just mixed

480
00:25:12,359 --> 00:25:16,600
Speaker 1: together blood samples from different patients in uh in, in

481
00:25:16,720 --> 00:25:20,280
Speaker 1: dishes or in tubes. Sometimes when you mix together blood

482
00:25:20,280 --> 00:25:22,800
Speaker 1: samples from different patients, you would get what was known

483
00:25:22,840 --> 00:25:25,520
Speaker 1: as a glutination, which is where the red blood cells

484
00:25:25,520 --> 00:25:28,520
Speaker 1: I'll start to clump together. That's not good if that

485
00:25:28,560 --> 00:25:32,399
Speaker 1: happens inside your body. Right, So it's clearly that's a

486
00:25:32,480 --> 00:25:35,160
Speaker 1: major thing that must be happening in these cases where

487
00:25:35,240 --> 00:25:38,280
Speaker 1: you give humans a blood transfusion and it goes really wrong.

488
00:25:39,119 --> 00:25:41,720
Speaker 1: And yet while we knew these negative reactions could happen,

489
00:25:41,760 --> 00:25:44,800
Speaker 1: we didn't know exactly why. And land Steiner comes in here.

490
00:25:44,920 --> 00:25:48,920
Speaker 1: He figures out that this adverse reaction to donated blood

491
00:25:49,000 --> 00:25:52,720
Speaker 1: was because the recipient's immune system in the plasma is

492
00:25:52,760 --> 00:25:56,359
Speaker 1: attacking the new blood cells like they were germs, and

493
00:25:56,440 --> 00:25:59,520
Speaker 1: land Steiner figured out that these immune reactions were correlated

494
00:25:59,560 --> 00:26:03,280
Speaker 1: to four are categories of antigen profiles in red blood cells,

495
00:26:03,600 --> 00:26:07,000
Speaker 1: which now from from which we've now derived the first

496
00:26:07,040 --> 00:26:09,199
Speaker 1: he discovered the A group, the B group in the

497
00:26:09,240 --> 00:26:11,240
Speaker 1: O group, and then a little bit later he discovered

498
00:26:11,280 --> 00:26:14,600
Speaker 1: the A B group also. But as I mentioned earlier,

499
00:26:14,800 --> 00:26:18,159
Speaker 1: there are these other blood factors, and Lensteiner discovered several

500
00:26:18,200 --> 00:26:20,560
Speaker 1: of those as well, such as like m in and

501
00:26:20,680 --> 00:26:23,800
Speaker 1: P factors, And he was also involved in research decades

502
00:26:23,920 --> 00:26:27,960
Speaker 1: later that led to the discovery of the RH factor. Again,

503
00:26:28,000 --> 00:26:30,119
Speaker 1: that's like the plus and the minus sign. After you

504
00:26:30,160 --> 00:26:32,000
Speaker 1: see the most common blood types in the A B

505
00:26:32,160 --> 00:26:35,080
Speaker 1: group or the A B O group. Uh. And Lnsteiner

506
00:26:35,119 --> 00:26:37,600
Speaker 1: eventually won the Nobel Prize for his research, which was

507
00:26:37,720 --> 00:26:41,520
Speaker 1: essential to making blood transfusions safe and commonplace. So this

508
00:26:41,600 --> 00:26:44,920
Speaker 1: was like very important work in the history of medicine. Yeah,

509
00:26:44,920 --> 00:26:48,240
Speaker 1: I mean, this is one of those technical surgical technologies,

510
00:26:48,280 --> 00:26:53,399
Speaker 1: medical technologies that it's hard to imagine, like modern medical

511
00:26:53,440 --> 00:26:58,200
Speaker 1: science without the ability to give blood transfusions. Right. Um,

512
00:26:58,280 --> 00:27:01,000
Speaker 1: But there still is an underlying history here, something that

513
00:27:01,040 --> 00:27:04,840
Speaker 1: we haven't fully solved yet. Why do we have different

514
00:27:04,880 --> 00:27:09,520
Speaker 1: blood types. Like what evolutionary pressures, if any, brought about

515
00:27:09,640 --> 00:27:13,640
Speaker 1: these different uh, these different antigen structures on the outside

516
00:27:13,640 --> 00:27:16,199
Speaker 1: of red blood cells. This is still to some extent

517
00:27:16,280 --> 00:27:19,719
Speaker 1: and unsolved mystery and human evolution, but I think, at

518
00:27:19,760 --> 00:27:22,720
Speaker 1: least as far as I've read, there are some indications

519
00:27:22,800 --> 00:27:25,560
Speaker 1: that the evolved differences in blood types may have something

520
00:27:25,600 --> 00:27:29,120
Speaker 1: to do with different pressures related to immune response and

521
00:27:29,440 --> 00:27:33,480
Speaker 1: protection against disease. Yeah, that's that's that's what I'm getting

522
00:27:33,480 --> 00:27:36,720
Speaker 1: from from from the information I was looking at here. Um,

523
00:27:37,160 --> 00:27:40,200
Speaker 1: So let's get into this the idea that in a sense,

524
00:27:40,240 --> 00:27:42,760
Speaker 1: there are powers in the blood or or more specifically,

525
00:27:42,800 --> 00:27:45,360
Speaker 1: I guess that that different blood types bring with them

526
00:27:45,520 --> 00:27:50,400
Speaker 1: different uh immune strengths and in some cases perhaps immune weaknesses.

527
00:27:50,880 --> 00:27:52,639
Speaker 1: And you know, this is a very common thing to

528
00:27:52,680 --> 00:27:55,480
Speaker 1: find in human evolution. A lot of times you see

529
00:27:56,440 --> 00:28:00,360
Speaker 1: different population groups with slight differences and you want or why,

530
00:28:00,400 --> 00:28:04,000
Speaker 1: And it's because of some local parasite that people's ancestors

531
00:28:04,040 --> 00:28:07,960
Speaker 1: evolved to u to resist. And so let's let's talk

532
00:28:08,000 --> 00:28:12,760
Speaker 1: about parasites here. The real blood drinkers, the real dangerous vampires,

533
00:28:13,080 --> 00:28:17,520
Speaker 1: uh not count Dracula, but the but the mosquitoes that

534
00:28:17,680 --> 00:28:20,920
Speaker 1: drink human blood, that hunts for our blood and spread

535
00:28:21,280 --> 00:28:24,560
Speaker 1: a host of deadly diseases in the process, the real vampires. Yes,

536
00:28:25,240 --> 00:28:27,479
Speaker 1: so you know you may have heard before, you may

537
00:28:27,520 --> 00:28:31,480
Speaker 1: have read this before, that mosquitoes prefer typo blood. I

538
00:28:31,480 --> 00:28:33,760
Speaker 1: don't know if I had heard that, But once you

539
00:28:33,760 --> 00:28:38,080
Speaker 1: start looking for it, you see it all over the place. Uh.

540
00:28:38,080 --> 00:28:39,880
Speaker 1: And more than that, you probably read it in any

541
00:28:39,960 --> 00:28:43,360
Speaker 1: number of articles in in very trustworthy publications. Uh. And

542
00:28:43,400 --> 00:28:46,719
Speaker 1: it's it's been widely reported. Yeah, that people with TYPEO

543
00:28:47,040 --> 00:28:49,920
Speaker 1: are bitten twice as often as people with Type A,

544
00:28:49,920 --> 00:28:53,640
Speaker 1: while Type BEE falls somewhere in between. Okay, so wait,

545
00:28:53,880 --> 00:28:57,240
Speaker 1: you get bitten a lot by mosquitoes. I mean I do.

546
00:28:57,400 --> 00:29:00,760
Speaker 1: I was been numerous times yesterday actually who researching this

547
00:29:00,760 --> 00:29:02,400
Speaker 1: because I was working out on the porch and then

548
00:29:02,400 --> 00:29:05,320
Speaker 1: it grilled in the afternoon, and I was thinking like, well,

549
00:29:05,600 --> 00:29:08,360
Speaker 1: you know, I surely get attacked by them a lot.

550
00:29:08,440 --> 00:29:11,040
Speaker 1: But then that proves it. But yeah, that's hardly proved.

551
00:29:11,080 --> 00:29:14,360
Speaker 1: That's just like if any time you're bit my mosquito,

552
00:29:14,880 --> 00:29:17,640
Speaker 1: fed upon my mosquito, you know that's that's one time

553
00:29:17,640 --> 00:29:21,280
Speaker 1: too many, right, So, uh, A lot of these articles,

554
00:29:21,280 --> 00:29:23,200
Speaker 1: though there they end up pointing to a two thousand

555
00:29:23,240 --> 00:29:27,240
Speaker 1: and four study from the Journal of Medicine Etymology from

556
00:29:27,280 --> 00:29:32,080
Speaker 1: two thousand four from Cheray at All, which found that quote,

557
00:29:32,120 --> 00:29:37,000
Speaker 1: blood group OH subjects attracted more UH mosquitoes than other

558
00:29:37,040 --> 00:29:40,560
Speaker 1: blood groups BE A, B, and A. But we're significantly

559
00:29:40,600 --> 00:29:44,160
Speaker 1: more attractive than blood group A subjects in sixty four

560
00:29:44,240 --> 00:29:48,560
Speaker 1: human landing tests. So, um, yeah, this one's this. This

561
00:29:48,600 --> 00:29:50,120
Speaker 1: one is cited a lot. I'll come back to that

562
00:29:50,160 --> 00:29:51,920
Speaker 1: in a second, but I want to point out that

563
00:29:52,400 --> 00:29:56,480
Speaker 1: the Smithsonian magazine has an article about about this, and

564
00:29:56,560 --> 00:29:58,880
Speaker 1: they point out that, you know, based on genes, about

565
00:29:59,760 --> 00:30:03,160
Speaker 1: P will secrete a chemical signal that broadcasts their blood type,

566
00:30:03,440 --> 00:30:06,520
Speaker 1: about fifteen percent do not, and mosquitoes are apparently more

567
00:30:06,560 --> 00:30:11,040
Speaker 1: attracted to secret ors. Now. To be clear, though, there

568
00:30:11,040 --> 00:30:13,360
Speaker 1: are plenty of other factors here at well that play

569
00:30:13,360 --> 00:30:17,360
Speaker 1: into whether mosquitoes will swarm to you. They don't care

570
00:30:17,400 --> 00:30:21,200
Speaker 1: about gender, hair color, or pigmentation, but they can be

571
00:30:21,240 --> 00:30:24,000
Speaker 1: attracted by the big one. One of the big ones

572
00:30:24,040 --> 00:30:28,760
Speaker 1: is carbon dioxide. Sweat. High body temperature is a big one. UH.

573
00:30:28,800 --> 00:30:34,240
Speaker 1: Certain skin bacteria, ethanol excretion, and sweat due to beer consumption, yeah,

574
00:30:34,560 --> 00:30:37,560
Speaker 1: pregnancy apparently as a factor, but that seems to come

575
00:30:37,560 --> 00:30:40,320
Speaker 1: down to just carbon dioxide and warmth, like increased carbon

576
00:30:40,360 --> 00:30:44,800
Speaker 1: dioxide and warmth, and then also dark clothing, which that's

577
00:30:44,840 --> 00:30:47,760
Speaker 1: one that matches up. I found with my experience killing

578
00:30:47,760 --> 00:30:51,600
Speaker 1: mosquitoes is that they'll be attracted to dark things I'm wearing.

579
00:30:52,040 --> 00:30:54,600
Speaker 1: And then if I'm killing them, say in a bungalow,

580
00:30:54,720 --> 00:30:56,200
Speaker 1: they're going to go to the dark corners of the

581
00:30:56,240 --> 00:30:58,160
Speaker 1: bungalow to try and get away from me. Well, I

582
00:30:58,200 --> 00:31:00,960
Speaker 1: wonder if it's because out on a warm day, dark

583
00:31:01,160 --> 00:31:05,680
Speaker 1: clothing gets hotter. Yeah, that's true. They're attracted to heat. Yeah, again,

584
00:31:05,720 --> 00:31:07,840
Speaker 1: heats one of the big ones. Now, the notion that

585
00:31:07,880 --> 00:31:11,440
Speaker 1: mosquitoes prefer type of blood did not hold up for long.

586
00:31:11,520 --> 00:31:16,040
Speaker 1: The study was was criticized for statistical problems. Uh. Joseph

587
00:31:16,080 --> 00:31:20,480
Speaker 1: conelan technical adviser of the American Mosquito Control Association, has

588
00:31:20,520 --> 00:31:24,040
Speaker 1: dismissed this as a as as as not being that

589
00:31:24,040 --> 00:31:25,840
Speaker 1: that big of a factor or not being a factor

590
00:31:26,160 --> 00:31:29,240
Speaker 1: at all. But but you still see it decided quite

591
00:31:29,240 --> 00:31:31,320
Speaker 1: a bit. But as far as I can tell, uh,

592
00:31:32,160 --> 00:31:35,400
Speaker 1: based on the research here, I don't think blood type

593
00:31:35,480 --> 00:31:38,240
Speaker 1: really plays into whether or not a mosquito is going

594
00:31:38,280 --> 00:31:40,920
Speaker 1: to feast on your blood, or certainly it's not. It's

595
00:31:41,040 --> 00:31:43,560
Speaker 1: it's it's not going to compare to the other factors

596
00:31:43,840 --> 00:31:47,280
Speaker 1: that are going to dictate whether or not you're going

597
00:31:47,320 --> 00:31:50,400
Speaker 1: to be fed upon. Now, on the other hand, there

598
00:31:50,440 --> 00:31:52,800
Speaker 1: does seem to be evidence that people with type OH

599
00:31:52,840 --> 00:31:55,800
Speaker 1: blood are protected from the most severe forms of malaria.

600
00:31:56,440 --> 00:31:59,440
Speaker 1: According to a two thousand fifteen Swedish study, a protein

601
00:31:59,560 --> 00:32:04,320
Speaker 1: sucree did by malarial parasites only bonds weekly with type

602
00:32:04,320 --> 00:32:08,880
Speaker 1: O blood cells, but bonds strongly to A As a result,

603
00:32:08,960 --> 00:32:12,480
Speaker 1: type of blood is more prominent in malaria plague regions.

604
00:32:12,800 --> 00:32:17,320
Speaker 1: The researchers from the Caroline Esca Institute point out that

605
00:32:17,440 --> 00:32:20,959
Speaker 1: roughly half of Nigeria's population has type of blood. And

606
00:32:21,000 --> 00:32:22,720
Speaker 1: by the way, this is UH. This is how it

607
00:32:22,760 --> 00:32:25,479
Speaker 1: breaks down. In the United States. According to the Red Cross,

608
00:32:26,000 --> 00:32:30,160
Speaker 1: UH OH positive blood, you'll find UH forty seven percent

609
00:32:30,320 --> 00:32:34,080
Speaker 1: among African Americans, thirty nine percent among Asians, thirty seven

610
00:32:34,080 --> 00:32:38,959
Speaker 1: percent among Caucasians, fifty among Latino Americans, and then OH

611
00:32:39,080 --> 00:32:42,959
Speaker 1: negative four percent among African Americans, one percent among Asians,

612
00:32:43,160 --> 00:32:47,400
Speaker 1: eight percent among Caucasians, and four percent among Latino Americans,

613
00:32:47,440 --> 00:32:51,440
Speaker 1: So having type O blood with the positive rh factor

614
00:32:51,520 --> 00:32:55,560
Speaker 1: is much more common. Yes, yeah, and and certainly you

615
00:32:55,600 --> 00:32:58,960
Speaker 1: see like in the the the American the African American

616
00:32:59,040 --> 00:33:04,200
Speaker 1: population used, do see that significantly higher um rate of

617
00:33:04,200 --> 00:33:07,280
Speaker 1: O positive blood likewise with Latino American blood as well.

618
00:33:07,680 --> 00:33:10,600
Speaker 1: So I think these are some of the key statistics

619
00:33:10,600 --> 00:33:12,920
Speaker 1: that people are focusing in on when they're making a

620
00:33:13,000 --> 00:33:17,280
Speaker 1: case for uh, you know, the blood type having this uh,

621
00:33:17,440 --> 00:33:20,760
Speaker 1: this immune factor. You know that this is the reason

622
00:33:20,800 --> 00:33:24,440
Speaker 1: you find these different blood types and different human populations

623
00:33:24,480 --> 00:33:27,280
Speaker 1: the result of your more recent ancestors being exposed to

624
00:33:27,320 --> 00:33:30,560
Speaker 1: more malaria risk. Ye. Now, on the other hand, people

625
00:33:30,560 --> 00:33:34,280
Speaker 1: with type OH blood tend to become more severely ill

626
00:33:34,360 --> 00:33:37,600
Speaker 1: from cholera compared to other blood types, and according to

627
00:33:37,640 --> 00:33:40,160
Speaker 1: a two thousand sixteen study from the Washington University School

628
00:33:40,200 --> 00:33:42,400
Speaker 1: of Medicine, it maybe due to the way that blood

629
00:33:42,480 --> 00:33:48,200
Speaker 1: type influences how strongly cholera toxin activates intestinal cells, leading

630
00:33:48,200 --> 00:33:51,040
Speaker 1: to diarrhea. Oh. Yeah, I was also reading about some

631
00:33:51,400 --> 00:33:54,480
Speaker 1: evidence that there may be different responses to norovirus having

632
00:33:54,520 --> 00:33:56,440
Speaker 1: to do with blood types. Well that, yeah, that would

633
00:33:56,480 --> 00:34:00,200
Speaker 1: make sense too. Um. I've also seen A A B

634
00:34:00,400 --> 00:34:02,920
Speaker 1: and A by link to higher risk for coronary heart disease,

635
00:34:02,960 --> 00:34:06,959
Speaker 1: but I didn't. I didn't look into that U super closely.

636
00:34:07,000 --> 00:34:10,120
Speaker 1: I'm not sure how much of that is really ironed out,

637
00:34:10,400 --> 00:34:13,240
Speaker 1: or or to what extent is correlation. I think type

638
00:34:13,280 --> 00:34:16,959
Speaker 1: A blood is associated with greater risks for some types

639
00:34:17,000 --> 00:34:20,160
Speaker 1: of cancers. Now, of course, as we stressed already, one

640
00:34:20,200 --> 00:34:22,600
Speaker 1: of the most important aspects of type of blood remains

641
00:34:22,640 --> 00:34:25,760
Speaker 1: that it is a universal donor, meaning that an emergence

642
00:34:25,760 --> 00:34:27,880
Speaker 1: in an emergency, it can be used with the lowest

643
00:34:27,960 --> 00:34:30,600
Speaker 1: risk of series reactions for all blood types. And so

644
00:34:30,640 --> 00:34:33,000
Speaker 1: as you might imagine, it would be ideal to be

645
00:34:33,040 --> 00:34:36,320
Speaker 1: able to transform any blood type into a universal donor,

646
00:34:36,520 --> 00:34:39,920
Speaker 1: right uh. And I suppose our vampires would would very

647
00:34:40,000 --> 00:34:42,879
Speaker 1: much like that as well, if they indeed prefer um

648
00:34:43,120 --> 00:34:46,600
Speaker 1: oh oh negative and no positive blood. And one of

649
00:34:46,640 --> 00:34:48,960
Speaker 1: the ways that this could be achieved is by using

650
00:34:49,000 --> 00:34:53,000
Speaker 1: bacteria enzymes to clip away sugars that give red blood

651
00:34:53,040 --> 00:34:57,160
Speaker 1: cells their type, but it's ultimately not a very effective method.

652
00:34:57,520 --> 00:34:59,880
Speaker 1: But recently this year, in fact, researchers at the University

653
00:34:59,880 --> 00:35:02,279
Speaker 1: of British Columbia found two types of enzymes in the

654
00:35:02,360 --> 00:35:06,520
Speaker 1: human gut biome that that can transform blood types essentially

655
00:35:06,600 --> 00:35:10,760
Speaker 1: into O UH into O type blood. One converts the

656
00:35:10,800 --> 00:35:14,719
Speaker 1: antigen to an amine and the other removes the antigen completely.

657
00:35:16,040 --> 00:35:18,040
Speaker 1: But a lot of work remains to be done in

658
00:35:18,080 --> 00:35:20,880
Speaker 1: this area before anything like a human test uh this

659
00:35:20,920 --> 00:35:24,080
Speaker 1: would be possible. But it does show how we could

660
00:35:24,200 --> 00:35:25,600
Speaker 1: very well come to a you know, a day in

661
00:35:25,600 --> 00:35:29,319
Speaker 1: the future where when you give blood that blood is

662
00:35:29,360 --> 00:35:32,080
Speaker 1: then can then be altered so that it can be

663
00:35:32,600 --> 00:35:35,719
Speaker 1: more broadly used. Now, we alluded to this earlier, but

664
00:35:35,840 --> 00:35:40,239
Speaker 1: there are also tons of just edge cases where things

665
00:35:40,280 --> 00:35:43,160
Speaker 1: get more interesting and more complicated than the blood type

666
00:35:43,160 --> 00:35:45,279
Speaker 1: groups we've been talking about so far. Like there is

667
00:35:45,719 --> 00:35:48,839
Speaker 1: what's known I think is like the Bombay blood type

668
00:35:48,880 --> 00:35:53,880
Speaker 1: group where uh, this is a relatively isolated phenomenon but um,

669
00:35:54,239 --> 00:35:56,759
Speaker 1: but people who are not type A, B, A B

670
00:35:57,120 --> 00:35:59,600
Speaker 1: or OH and can only receive blood from each other.

671
00:36:00,040 --> 00:36:01,400
Speaker 1: All right, on that note, we're going to take a

672
00:36:01,480 --> 00:36:03,960
Speaker 1: quick break, but when we come back, we're going to

673
00:36:04,000 --> 00:36:11,319
Speaker 1: get into some blood myths than all right, we're back.

674
00:36:11,719 --> 00:36:13,959
Speaker 1: So you know, we started off this episode talking about

675
00:36:14,000 --> 00:36:17,080
Speaker 1: vampires drinking blood, and we touched on the idea of

676
00:36:17,200 --> 00:36:20,960
Speaker 1: vampires being sort of like wine connoisseurs. So what if

677
00:36:21,000 --> 00:36:25,480
Speaker 1: you had an elder nos Ferato style vampire holding up

678
00:36:25,520 --> 00:36:29,000
Speaker 1: a goblet of blood and you know, sniffs it, SIPs it,

679
00:36:29,200 --> 00:36:33,160
Speaker 1: and then starts just uh, you know, ranting about and

680
00:36:33,280 --> 00:36:35,399
Speaker 1: raving about how oh you can tell that this one,

681
00:36:35,480 --> 00:36:37,680
Speaker 1: this one came from a hunter, one came from a

682
00:36:38,000 --> 00:36:42,359
Speaker 1: you know, a fierce lover. Uh, and I could taste it.

683
00:36:42,480 --> 00:36:46,320
Speaker 1: This has notes of big mac, notes of barbecue sauce.

684
00:36:48,200 --> 00:36:53,800
Speaker 1: But getting into this idea though, that that blood could

685
00:36:53,840 --> 00:36:57,319
Speaker 1: in any way inform the vampire about the personality of

686
00:36:57,360 --> 00:37:00,400
Speaker 1: the individual that it came from. Uh, you know, that

687
00:37:00,400 --> 00:37:03,399
Speaker 1: would seem to get into uh into supernatural aspects about

688
00:37:03,440 --> 00:37:06,440
Speaker 1: blood for sure. And yet well we also see this

689
00:37:06,560 --> 00:37:10,719
Speaker 1: idea of you know, moving among the living in our

690
00:37:10,880 --> 00:37:14,920
Speaker 1: real world. Uh, this idea that personality is somehow tied

691
00:37:14,960 --> 00:37:18,000
Speaker 1: to blood type. Yeah, it's a somewhat popular form of

692
00:37:18,120 --> 00:37:22,320
Speaker 1: personality assessment in Japan these days that's based on blood types.

693
00:37:22,640 --> 00:37:26,920
Speaker 1: So in some Japanese magazines and TV shows and stuff,

694
00:37:27,120 --> 00:37:31,719
Speaker 1: you'll find what are essentially blood type horoscopes. Or for

695
00:37:32,400 --> 00:37:36,319
Speaker 1: how about this blood type relationship compatibility charts, Like if

696
00:37:36,360 --> 00:37:38,480
Speaker 1: you know, you to figure out if you've met the

697
00:37:38,520 --> 00:37:41,240
Speaker 1: person who's right for you, look up their blood type

698
00:37:41,239 --> 00:37:44,359
Speaker 1: on this chart and see how it correlates with yours. Uh.

699
00:37:44,400 --> 00:37:46,680
Speaker 1: And this is all predicated on the belief that blood

700
00:37:46,719 --> 00:37:50,160
Speaker 1: types concern more than just the proteins and antibodies and

701
00:37:50,200 --> 00:37:53,239
Speaker 1: stuff in your blood, but that they actually determine important

702
00:37:53,280 --> 00:37:56,440
Speaker 1: aspects of your personality, much like the zodiac signs in

703
00:37:56,480 --> 00:38:01,440
Speaker 1: Western astrology. Um. And though I think some Western characterizations

704
00:38:01,480 --> 00:38:05,120
Speaker 1: of this folk belief maybe overstating its importance in modern

705
00:38:05,200 --> 00:38:09,480
Speaker 1: Japanese culture, the popularity of books in Japan giving life

706
00:38:09,480 --> 00:38:12,279
Speaker 1: advice based on blood type indicates that this is at

707
00:38:12,360 --> 00:38:15,960
Speaker 1: least a somewhat or pretty popular belief. I guess it's

708
00:38:15,960 --> 00:38:17,880
Speaker 1: always hard, Like I was trying to find a survey

709
00:38:17,960 --> 00:38:19,960
Speaker 1: that had good numbers on this, but I couldn't find

710
00:38:20,000 --> 00:38:23,239
Speaker 1: anything that was very well sourced in English. But I

711
00:38:23,280 --> 00:38:25,759
Speaker 1: guess it's always kind of hard to determine things like

712
00:38:25,800 --> 00:38:28,439
Speaker 1: this anyway, because even if you ask people like, well,

713
00:38:28,480 --> 00:38:32,200
Speaker 1: do you believe in uh, you know, astrology and the

714
00:38:32,320 --> 00:38:35,680
Speaker 1: zodiac signs predicting your personality, or do you believe in

715
00:38:35,680 --> 00:38:38,840
Speaker 1: blood types predicting personality? I always kind of wonder what

716
00:38:38,920 --> 00:38:41,600
Speaker 1: stuff like this, like, to what extent do people really

717
00:38:41,719 --> 00:38:44,080
Speaker 1: believe in it? Like with astrology, I think there are

718
00:38:44,120 --> 00:38:47,160
Speaker 1: a lot of people who do it, who participate in it,

719
00:38:47,239 --> 00:38:50,600
Speaker 1: who are who sort of believe in it, maybe half ironically,

720
00:38:50,760 --> 00:38:52,880
Speaker 1: but but they wouldn't say, take the advice of an

721
00:38:52,920 --> 00:38:56,200
Speaker 1: astrologer over the advice of their doctor. Yeah. We we

722
00:38:56,239 --> 00:38:57,960
Speaker 1: got into this a little bit when we talked about

723
00:38:58,160 --> 00:39:01,240
Speaker 1: the Chinese zodiac on a past episode of the show

724
00:39:01,760 --> 00:39:04,440
Speaker 1: UH with with some of like the birth rate spikes

725
00:39:04,520 --> 00:39:07,040
Speaker 1: in one sees in the auspicious year of the Dragon,

726
00:39:07,480 --> 00:39:10,279
Speaker 1: and I remember some of the author's writing on this,

727
00:39:10,520 --> 00:39:13,399
Speaker 1: we're pointing to not you know, not a situation where

728
00:39:13,400 --> 00:39:16,759
Speaker 1: we had like a bunch of really hardcore um you know,

729
00:39:16,880 --> 00:39:20,560
Speaker 1: Chinese zodiac enthusiast in these Chinese communities outside of Maitland, China,

730
00:39:20,600 --> 00:39:24,640
Speaker 1: where the the where the research was conducted. But rather

731
00:39:24,880 --> 00:39:28,000
Speaker 1: it was the idea that you had the younger UH

732
00:39:28,120 --> 00:39:32,600
Speaker 1: individuals with more of a casual acquaintance, more casual knowledge

733
00:39:32,760 --> 00:39:34,680
Speaker 1: of the zodiac. They were just kind of, you know,

734
00:39:34,719 --> 00:39:37,239
Speaker 1: they're trying to make a big life decision and they

735
00:39:37,360 --> 00:39:39,520
Speaker 1: there's a lot of information coming at you and you're

736
00:39:39,520 --> 00:39:42,080
Speaker 1: probably getting second and third opinions and maybe get that

737
00:39:42,120 --> 00:39:45,880
Speaker 1: fourth opinion from the zodiac, and all things being equal,

738
00:39:45,920 --> 00:39:48,439
Speaker 1: maybe you give into that right that you can kind

739
00:39:48,440 --> 00:39:51,319
Speaker 1: of that you can kind of engage with it and

740
00:39:51,440 --> 00:39:54,319
Speaker 1: kind of let it partially guides you, even if you're

741
00:39:54,320 --> 00:39:57,480
Speaker 1: not a die hard believer, or even maybe if you

742
00:39:57,480 --> 00:40:00,879
Speaker 1: wouldn't even admit to believing. I don't know, I do

743
00:40:00,960 --> 00:40:02,480
Speaker 1: not think by the way, I mean we should go

744
00:40:02,520 --> 00:40:04,560
Speaker 1: ahead and say this, there is any good evidence that

745
00:40:04,640 --> 00:40:09,560
Speaker 1: personality traits are strongly or even moderately correlated with blood types.

746
00:40:09,840 --> 00:40:13,960
Speaker 1: There may be a small number of extremely weak correlations,

747
00:40:14,000 --> 00:40:16,920
Speaker 1: but even that seems uncertain. I was just looking at

748
00:40:16,960 --> 00:40:21,400
Speaker 1: one study by Kingo Nawata called no Relationship between blood

749
00:40:21,440 --> 00:40:24,600
Speaker 1: type and personality evidence from a large scale Evidence from

750
00:40:24,680 --> 00:40:27,520
Speaker 1: large scale surveys in Japan and the US in the

751
00:40:27,600 --> 00:40:30,840
Speaker 1: Japanese Journal of Psychology in two thousand and fourteen. The

752
00:40:30,880 --> 00:40:34,440
Speaker 1: author here writes that the relationship between personality and the

753
00:40:34,520 --> 00:40:37,759
Speaker 1: A B O blood type is popular in Japan, but

754
00:40:37,960 --> 00:40:41,640
Speaker 1: there has previously been no empirical substantiation for the belief,

755
00:40:42,120 --> 00:40:45,239
Speaker 1: and so this study is a secondary analysis of data

756
00:40:45,280 --> 00:40:48,920
Speaker 1: collected from more than ten thousand American and Japanese subjects

757
00:40:48,920 --> 00:40:51,000
Speaker 1: in the years two thousand four and two thousand five,

758
00:40:51,600 --> 00:40:55,839
Speaker 1: and of sixty eight personality traits or items assessed, there

759
00:40:55,960 --> 00:40:59,640
Speaker 1: was no significant difference between blood group types for sixty

760
00:40:59,680 --> 00:41:02,840
Speaker 1: five of those sixty eight traits, and I guess small

761
00:41:02,920 --> 00:41:05,719
Speaker 1: effects observed for the other three, which could still turn

762
00:41:05,760 --> 00:41:08,640
Speaker 1: out to be errors. So basically, at best, the author

763
00:41:08,680 --> 00:41:12,200
Speaker 1: rights quote blood type explained less than zero point three

764
00:41:12,239 --> 00:41:15,960
Speaker 1: percent of total variants and personality. These results showed the

765
00:41:16,000 --> 00:41:19,320
Speaker 1: non relevance of blood type for personality. So the bottom

766
00:41:19,400 --> 00:41:22,000
Speaker 1: line is that the relationship between blood type and personality

767
00:41:22,080 --> 00:41:24,960
Speaker 1: seems to be somewhere within the range of extremely weak

768
00:41:25,040 --> 00:41:28,880
Speaker 1: to nonexistent. And yet you will find plenty of popular

769
00:41:28,960 --> 00:41:32,080
Speaker 1: books on this subject. You'll find websites that offer you

770
00:41:32,080 --> 00:41:35,320
Speaker 1: know guides. I found stuff even in English. I guess

771
00:41:35,480 --> 00:41:38,960
Speaker 1: uh for helping people get acquainted with Japanese culture and

772
00:41:39,040 --> 00:41:42,600
Speaker 1: showing you know stuff about like blood type compatibility between

773
00:41:42,600 --> 00:41:45,480
Speaker 1: different personalities. I guess we'll refer to that more in

774
00:41:45,520 --> 00:41:48,040
Speaker 1: a minute. But apparently much of the interest in blood

775
00:41:48,040 --> 00:41:52,040
Speaker 1: type personality stuff comes from a series of books beginning

776
00:41:52,040 --> 00:41:55,160
Speaker 1: in the nineteen seventies by a Japanese journalist and named

777
00:41:55,280 --> 00:41:58,440
Speaker 1: Massa Hico Nomi. And this was not a guy with

778
00:41:58,480 --> 00:42:00,920
Speaker 1: any scientific credentials, by the way, But there are a

779
00:42:00,920 --> 00:42:03,920
Speaker 1: ton of books by different authors on this subject. Apparently

780
00:42:04,000 --> 00:42:06,319
Speaker 1: up until the present day, this remains sort of a

781
00:42:06,360 --> 00:42:10,239
Speaker 1: popular genre of life advice, you know, when it comes

782
00:42:10,239 --> 00:42:13,759
Speaker 1: to things like life advice and and and ultimately some

783
00:42:13,800 --> 00:42:17,000
Speaker 1: of the more supernatural, uh, you know, things we turned

784
00:42:17,040 --> 00:42:20,200
Speaker 1: to be at a you know, astrology or something else. Uh.

785
00:42:20,200 --> 00:42:21,400
Speaker 1: I think you know a lot of it is just

786
00:42:21,480 --> 00:42:24,040
Speaker 1: coming from this idea that you know, people, I think,

787
00:42:24,040 --> 00:42:26,040
Speaker 1: you know, you just feel paralyzed by choice. You need

788
00:42:26,120 --> 00:42:28,960
Speaker 1: something to guide you should be at the stars or

789
00:42:29,000 --> 00:42:31,960
Speaker 1: the secrets in your blood or whatever is being you know,

790
00:42:32,000 --> 00:42:34,279
Speaker 1: related to you. And uh and yeah, I mean I

791
00:42:34,320 --> 00:42:36,319
Speaker 1: understand that it can feel it can feel liberating to

792
00:42:36,360 --> 00:42:39,040
Speaker 1: have have something tell you you know, what you should do,

793
00:42:39,440 --> 00:42:41,520
Speaker 1: or to just sort of back up some sort of

794
00:42:41,640 --> 00:42:45,560
Speaker 1: core belief about yourself. I think there's another thing at

795
00:42:45,560 --> 00:42:48,120
Speaker 1: work here that lines up perfectly with that, and I'll

796
00:42:48,120 --> 00:42:50,120
Speaker 1: come back to it in just a minute. But I

797
00:42:50,160 --> 00:42:52,880
Speaker 1: wanted to look specifically, like, well, what are the blood

798
00:42:52,880 --> 00:42:55,600
Speaker 1: types believed to be correlated with like, if you believe

799
00:42:55,640 --> 00:42:58,400
Speaker 1: in this, what what does it tell you about yourself? Uh?

800
00:42:58,480 --> 00:43:02,240
Speaker 1: It seems complicated, somewhat variable, Like I was finding different

801
00:43:02,239 --> 00:43:05,520
Speaker 1: descriptions of the blood type personalities that didn't seem to

802
00:43:05,560 --> 00:43:07,759
Speaker 1: exactly match up with each other. Though I find this

803
00:43:07,840 --> 00:43:10,239
Speaker 1: is the same thing when I look at personality assessments

804
00:43:10,360 --> 00:43:13,960
Speaker 1: due to the due to the zodiac signs and astrology. Um.

805
00:43:14,000 --> 00:43:17,279
Speaker 1: But according to a BBC article I was reading by

806
00:43:17,360 --> 00:43:20,680
Speaker 1: Ruth Evans on the subject, UH just gives a list

807
00:43:20,719 --> 00:43:24,160
Speaker 1: of examples. Quote. According to popular belief in Japan, type

808
00:43:24,200 --> 00:43:29,360
Speaker 1: a's are sensitive, perfectionists and good team players, but over anxious.

809
00:43:29,800 --> 00:43:33,600
Speaker 1: Type OH is our curious and generous but stubborn. A

810
00:43:33,760 --> 00:43:37,280
Speaker 1: B is our art but mysterious and unpredictable, and Type

811
00:43:37,280 --> 00:43:42,360
Speaker 1: B is our cheerful but eccentric, individualistic and selfish. Um.

812
00:43:42,640 --> 00:43:46,600
Speaker 1: And also to add to that, roughly forty of people

813
00:43:46,600 --> 00:43:50,040
Speaker 1: in Japan are type A, about thirty percenter, Type OH,

814
00:43:50,080 --> 00:43:52,920
Speaker 1: about twenty percenter Type B, and about ten percent or

815
00:43:53,000 --> 00:43:56,400
Speaker 1: Type A B. I also found a chart for blood

816
00:43:56,440 --> 00:44:00,520
Speaker 1: types with positive traits and negative traits core related here

817
00:44:00,880 --> 00:44:03,920
Speaker 1: from a website called Tofugu, which I think is like

818
00:44:03,960 --> 00:44:06,759
Speaker 1: a it's an English language website for people who want

819
00:44:06,800 --> 00:44:10,480
Speaker 1: to uh maybe travel to Japan and learn about Japanese culture,

820
00:44:10,520 --> 00:44:12,719
Speaker 1: and it's sharing a bunch of stuff here. Like it

821
00:44:12,800 --> 00:44:16,200
Speaker 1: says that people with blood type A, uh, they're positive

822
00:44:16,200 --> 00:44:18,520
Speaker 1: traits are that they're earnest and their neat, but they're

823
00:44:18,560 --> 00:44:21,719
Speaker 1: negative traits are that they are stubborn and they're anxious.

824
00:44:22,400 --> 00:44:24,719
Speaker 1: People with blood type oh, here you go, Robert. You

825
00:44:24,760 --> 00:44:27,759
Speaker 1: are easy going and you've got leadership ability. Well, I

826
00:44:27,760 --> 00:44:30,040
Speaker 1: think I have one of those things, not the second one.

827
00:44:31,160 --> 00:44:34,759
Speaker 1: But you're also insensitive and unpunctual. I think I'm very

828
00:44:34,760 --> 00:44:39,160
Speaker 1: sensitive and I'm semipunctual. So yeah, I don't think that

829
00:44:39,239 --> 00:44:41,719
Speaker 1: lines up with me at all. But it also says, uh,

830
00:44:41,920 --> 00:44:44,840
Speaker 1: type B here is supposed to be passionate and creative,

831
00:44:44,880 --> 00:44:48,600
Speaker 1: but also selfish and uncooperative, and type A B is

832
00:44:48,640 --> 00:44:53,520
Speaker 1: talented and composed but eccentric and two faced. To that

833
00:44:53,560 --> 00:44:56,399
Speaker 1: sounds really negative now, but but then again, we also

834
00:44:56,480 --> 00:44:59,160
Speaker 1: have to look at the ratio, at least the presented

835
00:44:59,239 --> 00:45:03,560
Speaker 1: ratio that one finds in Japan. So this probably becomes

836
00:45:03,600 --> 00:45:06,759
Speaker 1: a situation where if you have blood types occurring at

837
00:45:06,800 --> 00:45:10,920
Speaker 1: certain percentages within a given culture. Then you can also

838
00:45:11,040 --> 00:45:14,040
Speaker 1: match that up with social norms in a given culture.

839
00:45:14,520 --> 00:45:17,799
Speaker 1: And since a B is amounting to just ten percent here,

840
00:45:18,120 --> 00:45:19,719
Speaker 1: then yeah, you can go ahead and say that those

841
00:45:19,760 --> 00:45:22,480
Speaker 1: are the eccentric in the two faced people for such

842
00:45:22,480 --> 00:45:25,880
Speaker 1: a small section of society anyway, they're the artsy weirdos.

843
00:45:26,000 --> 00:45:28,000
Speaker 1: And and so you might think, well, okay with that

844
00:45:28,040 --> 00:45:30,160
Speaker 1: more or less lines up. So the thing that I

845
00:45:30,280 --> 00:45:33,600
Speaker 1: detect in this UH pretty much exactly the same way

846
00:45:33,719 --> 00:45:37,279
Speaker 1: that I detected in UH in astrology generally, is that

847
00:45:37,640 --> 00:45:41,160
Speaker 1: there's a good bit of the Fror effect to work here. Now,

848
00:45:41,200 --> 00:45:43,600
Speaker 1: we did a whole episode about the Fror effect a

849
00:45:43,600 --> 00:45:46,720
Speaker 1: few years back, and I remember very thinking, very fondly

850
00:45:46,760 --> 00:45:48,120
Speaker 1: of that one. I think that was a lot of fun.

851
00:45:48,680 --> 00:45:51,760
Speaker 1: But in short, this is a psychological phenomenon in which

852
00:45:52,200 --> 00:45:56,759
Speaker 1: people have the tendency to interpret vague general assessments and

853
00:45:56,840 --> 00:46:03,120
Speaker 1: predictions as specific and high the accurate statements about themselves. Right,

854
00:46:03,200 --> 00:46:06,040
Speaker 1: So you can say something that would apply to almost

855
00:46:06,160 --> 00:46:08,799
Speaker 1: anybody saying, like, you know, oh, it turns out people

856
00:46:08,840 --> 00:46:12,759
Speaker 1: with your blood type are it can be sometimes insensitive,

857
00:46:12,800 --> 00:46:16,279
Speaker 1: but also are passionate about whatever you know, like give

858
00:46:16,280 --> 00:46:21,319
Speaker 1: a list of characteristics and everybody will just say, yeah, yeah,

859
00:46:21,360 --> 00:46:24,759
Speaker 1: that's me. But how do they know so much about me? Uh?

860
00:46:24,800 --> 00:46:28,040
Speaker 1: This was demonstrated in this original experiment by this American

861
00:46:28,080 --> 00:46:31,520
Speaker 1: psychologist named Bertram for when he had his students take

862
00:46:31,520 --> 00:46:34,360
Speaker 1: a personality test and then he later handed back the

863
00:46:34,440 --> 00:46:37,840
Speaker 1: quote results of their test and asked the students to

864
00:46:37,960 --> 00:46:41,600
Speaker 1: rate how specific and accurate the characterizations from the results

865
00:46:41,640 --> 00:46:44,640
Speaker 1: were to them individually, And for the most part, the

866
00:46:44,680 --> 00:46:47,680
Speaker 1: students were like, wow, yes, this is really describing me.

867
00:46:48,120 --> 00:46:51,480
Speaker 1: In fact, four had handed back the exact same personality

868
00:46:51,520 --> 00:46:54,400
Speaker 1: assessments to every student in the class, and there was

869
00:46:54,480 --> 00:46:56,840
Speaker 1: no correlation between their answers on the test and the

870
00:46:56,840 --> 00:47:00,000
Speaker 1: results they got. Obviously this probably led to lots of

871
00:47:00,080 --> 00:47:03,279
Speaker 1: nervous laughter, but I think this certainly rings true. I mean,

872
00:47:03,280 --> 00:47:07,000
Speaker 1: people are so hungry for personality tests and stuff. We

873
00:47:07,000 --> 00:47:11,640
Speaker 1: we have a natural eagerness to interpret vague general statements

874
00:47:11,640 --> 00:47:15,640
Speaker 1: as applying specifically to us in particular and being like, yoh,

875
00:47:15,760 --> 00:47:18,120
Speaker 1: yeah that is me. They got me. Yeah, I mean,

876
00:47:18,280 --> 00:47:20,960
Speaker 1: and probably more so than ever with the you know,

877
00:47:21,000 --> 00:47:23,120
Speaker 1: the sort of online live so many of us lead,

878
00:47:23,160 --> 00:47:28,320
Speaker 1: you know, we want without actual personal interaction with someone.

879
00:47:28,400 --> 00:47:30,719
Speaker 1: We want, we want something to tell us, some sort

880
00:47:30,760 --> 00:47:33,919
Speaker 1: of feedback mechanism. And so then when you're told, oh, well,

881
00:47:34,120 --> 00:47:36,920
Speaker 1: your negative traits are that you're insensitive and your unpunctual,

882
00:47:37,080 --> 00:47:39,239
Speaker 1: you may be inclined into instead of saying, oh, well,

883
00:47:39,280 --> 00:47:43,239
Speaker 1: I'm actually sensitive, you know, um screwed off, you're gonna say, well, wait,

884
00:47:43,480 --> 00:47:46,799
Speaker 1: in what ways am I insensitive? Like there's one right there,

885
00:47:46,840 --> 00:47:49,080
Speaker 1: I just remembered one. That sort of thing. And that's

886
00:47:49,120 --> 00:47:52,919
Speaker 1: exactly what bertram for said. So he was assessing these

887
00:47:52,960 --> 00:47:55,640
Speaker 1: results he found and he said, you know, what's going

888
00:47:55,680 --> 00:47:58,360
Speaker 1: on here he thinks is a combination of what he

889
00:47:58,400 --> 00:48:02,239
Speaker 1: calls universal validity and subjective validation, or I think he

890
00:48:02,320 --> 00:48:05,560
Speaker 1: called it personal validation, but more recent research calls it

891
00:48:05,640 --> 00:48:09,279
Speaker 1: subjective validation. And basically this means that, as for rights,

892
00:48:09,360 --> 00:48:14,120
Speaker 1: the universal validity trade is that quote, virtually every psychological

893
00:48:14,160 --> 00:48:18,440
Speaker 1: trait can be observed in some degree in everyone. So

894
00:48:18,560 --> 00:48:21,760
Speaker 1: like any psychological statement you could make, you can find

895
00:48:21,920 --> 00:48:25,799
Speaker 1: examples in your own autobiography for which it's true. One

896
00:48:25,840 --> 00:48:28,160
Speaker 1: of one of my my favorite examples of this. And

897
00:48:28,320 --> 00:48:30,920
Speaker 1: I feel like, I mean, I'm certainly guilty of this

898
00:48:31,000 --> 00:48:36,520
Speaker 1: as well. The misuse of the word sociopath u um,

899
00:48:36,520 --> 00:48:39,640
Speaker 1: and when we've discussed sociopaths and psychopaths and what these

900
00:48:39,760 --> 00:48:42,200
Speaker 1: terms actually mean on the show before. But in a

901
00:48:42,280 --> 00:48:45,560
Speaker 1: general sense, there is a tendency to just throw the

902
00:48:45,600 --> 00:48:48,920
Speaker 1: word around at other people, but also at your own self.

903
00:48:48,960 --> 00:48:50,440
Speaker 1: We are like, oh, my goodness, and I and my

904
00:48:50,680 --> 00:48:54,120
Speaker 1: sociopath was was I acting like a sociopath the other

905
00:48:54,200 --> 00:48:56,319
Speaker 1: day when I did this or the other? Uh? You know,

906
00:48:56,400 --> 00:48:59,000
Speaker 1: we we have this tendency to lean into those terms

907
00:48:59,560 --> 00:49:03,960
Speaker 1: for you know, either regarding ourselves or to mold our

908
00:49:04,000 --> 00:49:07,160
Speaker 1: perceptions of other people to fit them. A sociopath is

909
00:49:07,200 --> 00:49:10,680
Speaker 1: somebody who behaves like a sociopath most or all of

910
00:49:10,719 --> 00:49:13,040
Speaker 1: the time, as opposed to you who behave like a

911
00:49:13,080 --> 00:49:17,840
Speaker 1: sociopath only some of the time a time. Yeah. Um.

912
00:49:17,880 --> 00:49:20,080
Speaker 1: But the other thing, he says, that's paired with this,

913
00:49:20,160 --> 00:49:23,480
Speaker 1: so every psychological trait you find to some degree in

914
00:49:23,560 --> 00:49:25,880
Speaker 1: almost everybody. But then he says, on top of that,

915
00:49:25,880 --> 00:49:29,080
Speaker 1: there's subjective validation, which is that this is what you

916
00:49:29,120 --> 00:49:31,200
Speaker 1: were just alluding to when you search through your own

917
00:49:31,200 --> 00:49:35,040
Speaker 1: autobiography and your mental picture of yourself to judge whether

918
00:49:35,080 --> 00:49:38,120
Speaker 1: a personality statement applies to you, You've been a huge

919
00:49:38,320 --> 00:49:40,880
Speaker 1: number of memories and instances to draw from and no

920
00:49:41,040 --> 00:49:45,200
Speaker 1: real way of judging whether a personality assessment statement applies

921
00:49:45,239 --> 00:49:47,759
Speaker 1: better to you than it does to other people. So

922
00:49:48,000 --> 00:49:50,279
Speaker 1: imagine if I tell you, because of your blood type,

923
00:49:50,280 --> 00:49:53,080
Speaker 1: you have a tendency to be generous but also stubborn.

924
00:49:53,920 --> 00:49:57,719
Speaker 1: Because of universal validity, almost anybody can think of examples

925
00:49:57,719 --> 00:50:00,200
Speaker 1: of times when they were both generous and stuff burn

926
00:50:00,920 --> 00:50:05,120
Speaker 1: And because of subjective validation, you'll have lots of opportunities

927
00:50:05,160 --> 00:50:08,200
Speaker 1: in your memories to find examples of yourself displaying both

928
00:50:08,239 --> 00:50:11,440
Speaker 1: of these traits, as well as difficulty judging whether you

929
00:50:11,480 --> 00:50:14,920
Speaker 1: actually display those traits more or less than other people do.

930
00:50:15,480 --> 00:50:17,840
Speaker 1: I mean, because you know more about yourself than you

931
00:50:17,880 --> 00:50:20,480
Speaker 1: know about all other people, you'll probably just have the

932
00:50:20,480 --> 00:50:24,560
Speaker 1: tendency to find more examples of any trait within yourself

933
00:50:24,600 --> 00:50:27,080
Speaker 1: than you would normally see in others. But I think,

934
00:50:27,200 --> 00:50:30,680
Speaker 1: especially if the traits are flattering. I think. But it

935
00:50:30,760 --> 00:50:33,120
Speaker 1: also drives home just how if if an individual is

936
00:50:33,160 --> 00:50:37,000
Speaker 1: given to narcissism, how easy it is to feed that narcissism,

937
00:50:37,000 --> 00:50:40,480
Speaker 1: And likewise, if one is given to self deprecation or

938
00:50:40,520 --> 00:50:43,480
Speaker 1: just outright depression, Like there's always going to be plenty

939
00:50:43,480 --> 00:50:46,319
Speaker 1: of stuff to feed that as well. Yeah, totally. But

940
00:50:46,440 --> 00:50:48,560
Speaker 1: one aspect that I think is interesting about the blood

941
00:50:48,560 --> 00:50:53,080
Speaker 1: type personality myth in particular as opposed to say Western

942
00:50:53,080 --> 00:50:56,600
Speaker 1: astrology or the zodiac signs, is that it seems a

943
00:50:56,640 --> 00:51:01,000
Speaker 1: little more biologically plausible, Like it's something about real genetic

944
00:51:01,000 --> 00:51:03,600
Speaker 1: traits within the body. If blood type is a heritable

945
00:51:03,640 --> 00:51:07,120
Speaker 1: biological trait, which it is, why couldn't certain aspects of

946
00:51:07,160 --> 00:51:11,640
Speaker 1: personality be biologically inherited in some correlated way? Like the

947
00:51:11,719 --> 00:51:16,399
Speaker 1: idea isn't inherently implausible, it just doesn't seem to be true. Yeah,

948
00:51:16,480 --> 00:51:18,480
Speaker 1: I mean it's it's it's leaning into the idea of

949
00:51:18,520 --> 00:51:22,600
Speaker 1: the mind body connection, which is it is a reality.

950
00:51:22,760 --> 00:51:25,799
Speaker 1: But but that doesn't mean that every invocation of the

951
00:51:25,800 --> 00:51:30,239
Speaker 1: mind body connection is is scientifically authentic. Sure, well, I

952
00:51:30,239 --> 00:51:34,000
Speaker 1: mean there are some there's evidence of some correlation between

953
00:51:34,120 --> 00:51:38,279
Speaker 1: mammalian gut flora and personality traits. So uh so, like,

954
00:51:38,360 --> 00:51:40,840
Speaker 1: if that could be going on, why couldn't blood type

955
00:51:40,920 --> 00:51:44,799
Speaker 1: be correlated with personality traits. It's not that it's impossible,

956
00:51:44,800 --> 00:51:47,200
Speaker 1: it just does not seem to be the case. Now,

957
00:51:47,239 --> 00:51:50,840
Speaker 1: another area that one will sometimes find some life advice

958
00:51:51,280 --> 00:51:54,800
Speaker 1: tied up with blood type is in the domain of diet.

959
00:51:55,239 --> 00:51:58,360
Speaker 1: Oh boy, yep. It's been argued that different blood types

960
00:51:58,400 --> 00:52:02,160
Speaker 1: benefit from different diets, and idea was popularized in the

961
00:52:02,160 --> 00:52:05,040
Speaker 1: book Eat Right for Your Type, written by natural path

962
00:52:05,280 --> 00:52:10,720
Speaker 1: Peter di Atamo. So basically it draws on this idea

963
00:52:10,800 --> 00:52:14,839
Speaker 1: that like each blood type is kind of it kind

964
00:52:14,840 --> 00:52:19,560
Speaker 1: of ties you to a specific archetype of of ancient

965
00:52:19,640 --> 00:52:24,040
Speaker 1: human identity, which which is not true, right right, not

966
00:52:24,080 --> 00:52:27,600
Speaker 1: true like our our blood types evolutionarily are traced back

967
00:52:27,640 --> 00:52:31,359
Speaker 1: to our like ape like ancestors, that they go back

968
00:52:31,440 --> 00:52:34,879
Speaker 1: that far. It's not it's not from like what profession

969
00:52:34,960 --> 00:52:38,040
Speaker 1: your great great grandparents have, right, So like, for instance,

970
00:52:38,040 --> 00:52:41,359
Speaker 1: it's it's presented that type a's are agrarians and they

971
00:52:41,400 --> 00:52:46,120
Speaker 1: need an agrarian diet that's essentially devoid of meat. Bees

972
00:52:46,280 --> 00:52:48,560
Speaker 1: are no bads who can eat meat but need to

973
00:52:48,560 --> 00:52:53,080
Speaker 1: avoid wheat, corn, lentils, etcetera. A bees are enigmas and

974
00:52:53,120 --> 00:52:56,520
Speaker 1: they just have to avoid kidney, beans, corn, beef, and chicken.

975
00:52:56,840 --> 00:53:00,720
Speaker 1: And meanwhile, typos are hunters and basically need to halio diet,

976
00:53:00,800 --> 00:53:03,800
Speaker 1: so limited grains lagoons and dairy but less of protein,

977
00:53:04,880 --> 00:53:09,080
Speaker 1: so that would make me a hunter. Uh. But but

978
00:53:09,120 --> 00:53:11,920
Speaker 1: then again, okay, so you know, one might say, well, okay,

979
00:53:11,960 --> 00:53:15,279
Speaker 1: maybe with without leaning as much on this idea of

980
00:53:15,320 --> 00:53:18,319
Speaker 1: you know, these archetypes, but maybe there is still something

981
00:53:18,360 --> 00:53:20,560
Speaker 1: to it, because again, our blood is our body. It's

982
00:53:20,560 --> 00:53:22,960
Speaker 1: part of our body, it's part of our system. Perhaps

983
00:53:22,960 --> 00:53:26,080
Speaker 1: there is some connection between different blood types and different

984
00:53:26,120 --> 00:53:29,480
Speaker 1: dietary requirements. Sure could be the case it, but it

985
00:53:29,640 --> 00:53:32,319
Speaker 1: again does not seem to actually be the case. Right.

986
00:53:32,480 --> 00:53:35,120
Speaker 1: So there there are, as far as I can tell,

987
00:53:35,239 --> 00:53:39,440
Speaker 1: no studies that that back this up. Uh. There has

988
00:53:39,600 --> 00:53:41,960
Speaker 1: there's been at least one study that has set out

989
00:53:41,960 --> 00:53:45,239
Speaker 1: to debunk it. Uh. Two thousand fourteen study came out

990
00:53:45,239 --> 00:53:47,640
Speaker 1: of the University of Toronto. They found that blood type

991
00:53:47,640 --> 00:53:49,200
Speaker 1: had nothing to do with it, but rather, you know,

992
00:53:49,239 --> 00:53:52,400
Speaker 1: it comes down to sticking to a reasonable vegetarian and

993
00:53:52,560 --> 00:53:56,160
Speaker 1: low carb diet. Now, it's only a study of one thousand,

994
00:53:56,200 --> 00:53:59,920
Speaker 1: four hundred study participants, but then again, there's not a

995
00:54:00,000 --> 00:54:02,120
Speaker 1: lot of research out there. This is one of the

996
00:54:02,760 --> 00:54:06,720
Speaker 1: studies that does exist, and it certainly argues that there's

997
00:54:06,800 --> 00:54:09,520
Speaker 1: there's nothing to this idea that diet needs to line

998
00:54:09,600 --> 00:54:12,799
Speaker 1: up with your blood type. Yeah, and the basis of

999
00:54:12,840 --> 00:54:15,360
Speaker 1: it on the idea of like humans as certain types

1000
00:54:15,440 --> 00:54:18,879
Speaker 1: of like natural professions and your blood that again, that's

1001
00:54:19,040 --> 00:54:22,080
Speaker 1: the basis is wrong. Yeah. Now on on the other hand,

1002
00:54:22,120 --> 00:54:25,120
Speaker 1: it's often pointed out that, you know, many people probably

1003
00:54:25,160 --> 00:54:28,880
Speaker 1: picked up this book, followed the dietary advice that was included,

1004
00:54:29,280 --> 00:54:32,799
Speaker 1: and uh, experienced improvements in their health. Uh. And a

1005
00:54:32,800 --> 00:54:34,799
Speaker 1: part of that comes down to the fact that if you're,

1006
00:54:35,239 --> 00:54:36,920
Speaker 1: if if you do not have any kind of a

1007
00:54:36,960 --> 00:54:40,160
Speaker 1: managed diet at all, if you're perhaps eating poorly, and

1008
00:54:40,200 --> 00:54:44,400
Speaker 1: then you start, you know, eating a largely vegetarian diet

1009
00:54:45,120 --> 00:54:48,200
Speaker 1: based on your blood type, you're still going to you're

1010
00:54:48,239 --> 00:54:50,440
Speaker 1: gonna see a shift in your overall health because now

1011
00:54:50,480 --> 00:54:54,480
Speaker 1: you were following a diet, you're probably following a healthier diet.

1012
00:54:54,520 --> 00:54:57,400
Speaker 1: Now you might be using it. You might be employing

1013
00:54:57,440 --> 00:55:01,279
Speaker 1: this diet for a reason that is not scientificallyvalidated. But

1014
00:55:01,560 --> 00:55:03,360
Speaker 1: the idea that you could cut down on carbs and

1015
00:55:03,400 --> 00:55:06,920
Speaker 1: eat more vegetables and improve your health, well, that's that's nothing.

1016
00:55:07,400 --> 00:55:09,960
Speaker 1: There's no superstition there. Yeah. I think I was reading

1017
00:55:10,000 --> 00:55:12,920
Speaker 1: one article that said that some research on this just

1018
00:55:12,960 --> 00:55:16,320
Speaker 1: found that everybody should follow the blood type a diet

1019
00:55:16,400 --> 00:55:18,360
Speaker 1: or whatever, like it didn't have anything to do with

1020
00:55:18,360 --> 00:55:20,800
Speaker 1: blood type. Is just that, like some of these diets

1021
00:55:21,160 --> 00:55:23,520
Speaker 1: are going to be better than others. Yeah, but but

1022
00:55:23,600 --> 00:55:25,399
Speaker 1: again we come back to the fact that we can

1023
00:55:25,480 --> 00:55:28,680
Speaker 1: you can definitely see why this idea is appealing. Like,

1024
00:55:28,719 --> 00:55:30,960
Speaker 1: there is this idea that there is a there's essentially

1025
00:55:30,960 --> 00:55:33,000
Speaker 1: a code in your blood, there's a secret language in

1026
00:55:33,000 --> 00:55:36,319
Speaker 1: your blood. And now that we know that language, we can,

1027
00:55:36,560 --> 00:55:39,080
Speaker 1: you know, we can better prepare for our personality, for

1028
00:55:39,120 --> 00:55:42,880
Speaker 1: our we can better choose a diet based on this information.

1029
00:55:42,960 --> 00:55:45,880
Speaker 1: But it's not really the case. I think the idea

1030
00:55:45,920 --> 00:55:48,960
Speaker 1: of diets tailored to an individual person and not not

1031
00:55:49,040 --> 00:55:51,480
Speaker 1: just the same diet for everybody. That there is something

1032
00:55:51,520 --> 00:55:54,600
Speaker 1: to that, but again, not that it has anything to

1033
00:55:54,680 --> 00:55:56,800
Speaker 1: do with blood type, right. I mean you're gonna have

1034
00:55:56,800 --> 00:55:58,200
Speaker 1: a host of issues there too. I mean people are

1035
00:55:58,200 --> 00:56:00,719
Speaker 1: gonna have different allergies of slay that are going to

1036
00:56:00,760 --> 00:56:03,760
Speaker 1: come into play. Um uh, you know, which is again

1037
00:56:03,800 --> 00:56:06,520
Speaker 1: just comes down to the complexity of our our our

1038
00:56:06,560 --> 00:56:09,359
Speaker 1: immune systems for the most part. But imagine this were

1039
00:56:09,440 --> 00:56:12,200
Speaker 1: true and impart with what you were talking about earlier

1040
00:56:12,200 --> 00:56:16,320
Speaker 1: about technologies to change blood types. This would be leading

1041
00:56:16,360 --> 00:56:18,640
Speaker 1: obviously to a future where everybody is trying to get

1042
00:56:18,680 --> 00:56:22,000
Speaker 1: the Would it be cosmetic surgery, the elective surgery to

1043
00:56:22,160 --> 00:56:25,200
Speaker 1: transform their blood into the pastry group? Tho oh, yeah,

1044
00:56:25,320 --> 00:56:27,440
Speaker 1: well that would be a step beyond even what because

1045
00:56:27,440 --> 00:56:29,319
Speaker 1: I believe the research I was looking at was talking

1046
00:56:29,320 --> 00:56:33,000
Speaker 1: about changing blood after it has been removed. But but

1047
00:56:33,040 --> 00:56:34,759
Speaker 1: then again, as long as we're you know, cranking the

1048
00:56:34,800 --> 00:56:38,600
Speaker 1: time machine forwards, I imagine, I imagine somebody is probably

1049
00:56:38,600 --> 00:56:40,799
Speaker 1: speculated on a time when you could you could make

1050
00:56:40,840 --> 00:56:44,320
Speaker 1: those alterations to a human being as well. Though I

1051
00:56:44,320 --> 00:56:46,680
Speaker 1: guess it'd be easier to change the blood, right, I mean,

1052
00:56:46,960 --> 00:56:49,319
Speaker 1: I guess. I don't know. How would you want it?

1053
00:56:49,360 --> 00:56:52,160
Speaker 1: If you were doing you're sending a crew out to

1054
00:56:52,239 --> 00:56:56,279
Speaker 1: another planet on a lengthy space uh journey. Would you

1055
00:56:56,280 --> 00:56:58,200
Speaker 1: want everybody to have the same blood type? Would you

1056
00:56:58,200 --> 00:57:01,160
Speaker 1: want an array of blood types? My guess is that

1057
00:57:01,200 --> 00:57:04,080
Speaker 1: blood types would be a fairly low priority when selecting

1058
00:57:04,120 --> 00:57:07,359
Speaker 1: the crew. Sorry, that's a boring answer, unless you're going

1059
00:57:07,400 --> 00:57:10,760
Speaker 1: to the Planet of the Vampires. Oh what a great movie,

1060
00:57:10,880 --> 00:57:12,640
Speaker 1: in which case it could become a factor. Though I

1061
00:57:12,680 --> 00:57:14,880
Speaker 1: don't remember did that film actually have vampires in it

1062
00:57:14,960 --> 00:57:18,680
Speaker 1: or were they more zombies. There's sort of vampires. Yeah, yeah,

1063
00:57:18,760 --> 00:57:21,600
Speaker 1: it had these uh, these spirits inhabit. Oh man, what

1064
00:57:21,680 --> 00:57:24,320
Speaker 1: a great movie. That movie's got killer costs to costumes

1065
00:57:24,360 --> 00:57:27,440
Speaker 1: are the main thing. I remember. Now you can watch

1066
00:57:27,480 --> 00:57:30,040
Speaker 1: the movie on mute and it's almost as good. Is

1067
00:57:30,080 --> 00:57:34,000
Speaker 1: that Mario Baba? Yeah? I think. Actually we just watched

1068
00:57:34,040 --> 00:57:37,760
Speaker 1: another Mario Bava movie last night. Yeah, we watched Black Sunday.

1069
00:57:38,080 --> 00:57:40,200
Speaker 1: You know that one. I know of it. I've seen

1070
00:57:40,640 --> 00:57:42,800
Speaker 1: it's got that very distinctive cover art, but I've never

1071
00:57:42,800 --> 00:57:45,440
Speaker 1: seen it. Oh, you should see it sometimes nineteen sixty.

1072
00:57:45,480 --> 00:57:49,880
Speaker 1: It's black and white, super creepy, very u unusual to

1073
00:57:49,920 --> 00:57:52,920
Speaker 1: see a black and white movie from as early as

1074
00:57:52,960 --> 00:57:55,640
Speaker 1: it was. That's as gruesome and gory as it is,

1075
00:57:56,360 --> 00:57:59,200
Speaker 1: but in a good way. I would say pretty big

1076
00:57:59,200 --> 00:58:02,760
Speaker 1: thumbs up to Black Sunday. It's it's creepy and also funny.

1077
00:58:04,040 --> 00:58:06,720
Speaker 1: It's got a It's got this great professor character who

1078
00:58:06,760 --> 00:58:10,000
Speaker 1: just goes about smashing things, Like goes into an old

1079
00:58:10,080 --> 00:58:12,680
Speaker 1: ruin and there's a wind blowing through some organ pipes

1080
00:58:12,720 --> 00:58:15,000
Speaker 1: and he just smashes them with his cane and he

1081
00:58:15,160 --> 00:58:19,200
Speaker 1: smashes a tombstone. Well, speaking of smashing tombstones, I think

1082
00:58:19,200 --> 00:58:21,880
Speaker 1: it's time to close this episode out. Okay, Uh so,

1083
00:58:22,240 --> 00:58:24,160
Speaker 1: I'm really it's also kind of surprised that we were

1084
00:58:24,200 --> 00:58:27,760
Speaker 1: able to do a vampire episode. Every time we do

1085
00:58:27,800 --> 00:58:30,680
Speaker 1: a vampire themed episode, I feel like, like, that's it.

1086
00:58:31,000 --> 00:58:34,000
Speaker 1: We've exhausted the vampire possibility and there's nothing else we

1087
00:58:34,040 --> 00:58:37,200
Speaker 1: can cover that's even vampire flavored. I really enjoyed our

1088
00:58:37,320 --> 00:58:41,080
Speaker 1: vampire Clinic episodes last year. Those were good. Yeah. Yeah,

1089
00:58:41,080 --> 00:58:44,520
Speaker 1: I mean every time we we we dip back in

1090
00:58:44,560 --> 00:58:47,960
Speaker 1: to the vampire content, it's always it's always rewarding. But

1091
00:58:48,200 --> 00:58:50,560
Speaker 1: this one kind of took me by surprise. Uh. It

1092
00:58:50,640 --> 00:58:52,960
Speaker 1: was suggested that we do something on blood types, and

1093
00:58:52,960 --> 00:58:54,760
Speaker 1: then I'm like, oh, it's got to be vampire them

1094
00:58:55,240 --> 00:58:58,680
Speaker 1: and here we are. Wait, who suggested it? My wife

1095
00:58:58,760 --> 00:59:02,360
Speaker 1: suggested it? Oh okay, yeah she was. I was like,

1096
00:59:02,480 --> 00:59:04,040
Speaker 1: I don't know where we're gonna record next week. We

1097
00:59:04,120 --> 00:59:06,440
Speaker 1: we gotta pick one of these Halloween topics and she

1098
00:59:06,560 --> 00:59:08,880
Speaker 1: was like, oh, we should do blood types and I like, well, yeah,

1099
00:59:08,920 --> 00:59:14,520
Speaker 1: that's that's true blood vampires, Halloween. It's perfect fit. And

1100
00:59:14,600 --> 00:59:17,320
Speaker 1: so there you have it. Obviously, we'd love to hear

1101
00:59:17,320 --> 00:59:19,720
Speaker 1: from everybody out there, because you all have blood. You

1102
00:59:19,760 --> 00:59:23,000
Speaker 1: all have experience with your blood, thoughts about your blood.

1103
00:59:23,040 --> 00:59:27,160
Speaker 1: Perhaps you have exposure to um, blood type based diets,

1104
00:59:27,200 --> 00:59:31,440
Speaker 1: a blood type based personality tests. You've all bathed in

1105
00:59:31,480 --> 00:59:34,320
Speaker 1: blood at some point and and and in doing so

1106
00:59:34,440 --> 00:59:37,400
Speaker 1: noted the like the weird coagulations of the blood right

1107
00:59:37,400 --> 00:59:41,080
Speaker 1: and you realize, oh, they mixed. I requested, specifically requested

1108
00:59:41,240 --> 00:59:44,840
Speaker 1: on all a B bath and they gave me a

1109
00:59:44,840 --> 00:59:46,080
Speaker 1: little bit of A and a little bit of B.

1110
00:59:46,240 --> 00:59:48,840
Speaker 1: It's not the same thing, people, It's not the same thing.

1111
00:59:49,440 --> 00:59:53,360
Speaker 1: A vampire can tell uh. Also, maybe you've had a

1112
00:59:53,360 --> 00:59:56,640
Speaker 1: blood transfusion, you'd like to tell us about that as well.

1113
00:59:57,320 --> 00:59:59,800
Speaker 1: As always, you can find us in the normal places,

1114
01:00:00,280 --> 01:00:02,160
Speaker 1: And if you want to support the show, the best

1115
01:00:02,200 --> 01:00:04,960
Speaker 1: thing you can do is to rate and review stuff

1116
01:00:05,000 --> 01:00:06,760
Speaker 1: to blow your mind wherever you have the power to

1117
01:00:06,840 --> 01:00:09,680
Speaker 1: do so, and be sure to subscribe to Invention as well.

1118
01:00:09,720 --> 01:00:12,280
Speaker 1: That's our other podcast. It is a journey through human

1119
01:00:12,320 --> 01:00:15,440
Speaker 1: techno history, one invention at a time. Huge thanks as

1120
01:00:15,480 --> 01:00:19,280
Speaker 1: always to our excellent audio producer Seth Nicholas Johnson. If

1121
01:00:19,280 --> 01:00:20,680
Speaker 1: you would like to get in touch with us with

1122
01:00:20,800 --> 01:00:23,480
Speaker 1: feedback on this episode or any other, to suggest a

1123
01:00:23,560 --> 01:00:25,680
Speaker 1: topic for the future, or just to say hello. You

1124
01:00:25,680 --> 01:00:29,040
Speaker 1: can email us at contact at stuff to Blow your

1125
01:00:29,080 --> 01:00:38,320
Speaker 1: Mind dot com. Stuff to Blow Your Mind is a

1126
01:00:38,320 --> 01:00:41,120
Speaker 1: production of iHeart Radios. How stuff Works. For more podcasts

1127
01:00:41,120 --> 01:00:43,040
Speaker 1: from my Heart Radio is at the heart Radio app,

1128
01:00:43,200 --> 01:00:55,120
Speaker 1: Apple Podcasts, or wherever you listen to your favorite shows.

1129
01:01:00,640 --> 01:01:02,920
Speaker 1: I Just had a fab back by a pe