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Speaker 1: Welcome to Stuff You Missed in History Class funhoustuffworks dot Com.

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Speaker 1: Hello and welcome to the podcast. I'm Holly from Thanks

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Speaker 1: for acb well then in the No Surprise department. The

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Speaker 1: relationship that humans have had with bodies of water throughout

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Speaker 1: history has pretty much always been one of fascination, and

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Speaker 1: it seems like we have always been trying to find

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Speaker 1: ways to transcend the limits of our pesky air breathing

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Speaker 1: lungs so that we can get some time underwater. You

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Speaker 1: have surely heard innumerable times that approximately seventy percent of

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Speaker 1: the Earth's surfaces water, so it makes sense that curious

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Speaker 1: humans would be yearning to scope out the situation in

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Speaker 1: the deep. And while humans were diving on their own

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Speaker 1: for centuries before they started building assistance apparatus to do so. Today,

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Speaker 1: we're going to talk a little bit just about the

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Speaker 1: history of the technology specifically that's evolved over the centuries

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Speaker 1: to give us some FaceTime with the fish without suffocating.

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Speaker 1: We're going to cover inventions designed specifically to enable humans

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Speaker 1: to breathe underwater. While there are plenty of other advancements

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Speaker 1: to diving like fins and wetsuits, et cetera, we're pretty

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Speaker 1: much focusing on the air here and like things that

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Speaker 1: have enabled us to breathe. And as a heads up

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Speaker 1: going into this one in case you are a real

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Speaker 1: dive historian, I want to be clear that this is

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Speaker 1: by no means an exhaustive history on the matter. If

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Speaker 1: you go to any like even diving fan site and

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Speaker 1: see their discussion of dive history, there is usually a

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Speaker 1: list roughly one kilometer long of like various advancements that

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Speaker 1: have been made through the years, and so we can't

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Speaker 1: really cover all of those without just reading a long list,

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Speaker 1: which would be boring because it has developed incrementally over

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Speaker 1: centuries and it includes the work of just multitudes. So

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Speaker 1: there's no way to include every single step in the

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Speaker 1: course of one of our podcasts, so we're hitting as

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Speaker 1: many of the key historical moments as possible. The first

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Speaker 1: recorded account of some kind of diving technology that was

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Speaker 1: designed to let humans breathe underwater was mentioned by Aristotle

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Speaker 1: in the fourth century BCE in his book of Problems

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Speaker 1: I Love that name. This was a diving bell, and

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Speaker 1: Aristotle describes diving bells by saying, quote, they enable the

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Speaker 1: divers to respire equally well by letting down a cauldron,

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Speaker 1: for this does not fill with water but retains the

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Speaker 1: air where it is forced straight down into the water.

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Speaker 1: You're having trouble visualizing that. It's like when you're a

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Speaker 1: kid and you're putting the cup down in the sink.

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Speaker 1: But in a way that's a vacuum, so that you

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Speaker 1: don't or it's not a value doesn't let the water in,

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Speaker 1: you know what I'm trying to say. So as a note,

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Speaker 1: there is some debate about whether Aristotle actually wrote the

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Speaker 1: Book of Problems, So take that with a grain of salt. Yeah,

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Speaker 1: that's one of those many historical documents that people, some

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Speaker 1: people anyways believe actually was written by someone later and

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Speaker 1: then attributed to Aristotle. So also in the late fourth

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Speaker 1: century BCE, Macedonian king Alexander the Go is on record

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Speaker 1: as having employed a diving bell to explore the seas

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Speaker 1: that was beginning as early as age eleven according to

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Speaker 1: this sort of legend, So during the Battle of tyr

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Speaker 1: he has said to have used a diving bell to

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Speaker 1: supervise the work of divers that were under his command

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Speaker 1: and were tasked with removing obstacles that would prevent passage

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Speaker 1: into port. And once again there is some debate about

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Speaker 1: the truthfulness of that account, but there are, if you

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Speaker 1: are a lover of visual mediums, some truly spectacular renderings

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Speaker 1: of Alexander the Great submerged in a glass bell and

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Speaker 1: observing the world from his underwater vantage. Some of them

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Speaker 1: almost look creepy. There's one that I ran across where

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Speaker 1: it looks like he is kind of creeping on some

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Speaker 1: lovers in a boat on the surface of the water.

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Speaker 1: And there are others that just sort of look like

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Speaker 1: him merrily sitting in his diving bell, kind of enjoying

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Speaker 1: his view of the world from there. I'll see if

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Speaker 1: I can find some pictures of this to put in

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Speaker 1: our show notes. A most basic and kloe last example

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Speaker 1: of a diving bell is narrow at the top and

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Speaker 1: open at the bottom, so bell shaped like its name describes.

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Speaker 1: As you push the bell straight down into the water,

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Speaker 1: the air is trapped inside of it, so there's basically

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Speaker 1: a bubble inside there in which a human can breathe.

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Speaker 1: That's fine for a limited time before the oxygen is

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Speaker 1: basically used up, and then you have to come back

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Speaker 1: to the surface. And in order for a diving bell

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Speaker 1: to counteract the buoyancy created by that air pocket that

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Speaker 1: enables breathing. It also has to be quite heavy, so

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Speaker 1: an open bottom diving bell also can't go very deep

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Speaker 1: into water. There's a Peruvian vase dating back to around

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Speaker 1: the year two hundred that depicts a human figure and

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Speaker 1: on huge that figure's face is painted something that's been

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Speaker 1: interpreted to signify goggles. The goggle interpretation was arrived at

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Speaker 1: due to the fact that this figure is also holding

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Speaker 1: fish in each of his hands. Yeah, so it's a

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Speaker 1: pretty cute little vase. So then the next one of

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Speaker 1: the next sort of major steps of where we see

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Speaker 1: some sort of diving event happening in history is around

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Speaker 1: fifteen hundred, Leonardo da Vinci was sketching out ideas for

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Speaker 1: what appeared to be diving apparatus, but it seems that

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Speaker 1: he never actually built one. Despite accounts going centuries back

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Speaker 1: in the historical record, it wasn't until the sixteenth century

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Speaker 1: that a successful diving bell submersion was conclusively documented. In

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Speaker 1: the fifteen thirties, Italy's Lake Nemi was explored in a

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Speaker 1: diving bell designed by Gullielmo de Lorena as part of

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Speaker 1: an operation to salvage barges that dated back to the

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Speaker 1: time of Caligula, and in a write up in Scientific

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Speaker 1: American that was done in nineteen oh nine, there was

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Speaker 1: an account of this fifteen thirty five Lake Nemi dive,

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Speaker 1: and it describes the apparatus in the following way. Master

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Speaker 1: Gurielmo de Lorena made a contrivance by which he entered

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Speaker 1: the water and made himself descend to the bottom of

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Speaker 1: the lake, and there he remained an hour more or

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Speaker 1: less just as he wished, until the cold drove him

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Speaker 1: up again. With this contrivance of his one can work sawing, cutting,

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Speaker 1: corking up tying ropes. One can also operate with hammers, chisels, pinchers,

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Speaker 1: and other such tools, though one can use but little

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Speaker 1: force because of the hindrance of the water. So apparently

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Speaker 1: this version of a diving bell left the wearer with

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Speaker 1: a lot of range of motion, so it suggested that

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Speaker 1: it was smaller a personal sized diving bell, rather than

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Speaker 1: one that could potentially accommodate multiple people inside of it

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Speaker 1: or more thoroughly cover the diver's body. There's also a

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Speaker 1: Chinese text that was written in fifteen eighty seven entitled

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Speaker 1: The Exploitation of the Works of Nature, and this featured

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Speaker 1: some interesting illustrations of people that are walking on the

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Speaker 1: seafloor and they're tethered by ropes to ships above, and

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Speaker 1: they have tubes that are basically going from their mouths

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Speaker 1: all the way up to the surface, presumably to breathe through.

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Speaker 1: I keep thinking about these books that I love by

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Speaker 1: this woman named Marie Brennan, and they're called The Natural

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Speaker 1: History of Dragons, and they're kind of like a faux

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Speaker 1: regency feeling fantasy series about this widowed lady who studies dragons,

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Speaker 1: and there's a whole arc involving another guy that's doing

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Speaker 1: research and a diving bell and how heavy the bell

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Speaker 1: is and how cumbersome and how tricky it is to

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Speaker 1: get it in and out, and how much it weighs

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Speaker 1: in the ship and what it inconvenience that causes. That's

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Speaker 1: what I've been thinking about the whole time we've been talking. Yeah,

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Speaker 1: I mean, it's one of those things like we talk

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Speaker 1: about it and yes, they dropped it in the water,

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Speaker 1: but like if it tipped it all get to one side,

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Speaker 1: they basically had to pull the whole incredibly heavy thing

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Speaker 1: up and start over. So before we get to an

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Speaker 1: advancement in this technology that was made by a name

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Speaker 1: very familiar to the podcast. Let's pause for a word

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Speaker 1: from one of our fabulous sponsors, so to get back

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Speaker 1: to the story of diving technology. In our recent episode

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Speaker 1: on Sir Isaac Newton, we mentioned Sir Edmund Halley, and

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Speaker 1: it turns out that Hallie also figures into the human

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Speaker 1: desire to explore underwater. In sixteen ninety one, Halley completely

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Speaker 1: changed things by adding a system that could replenish the

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Speaker 1: air in the diving bell. It's almost always the case

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Speaker 1: in the world of invention. However, he was likely aware

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Speaker 1: of and building on the work of Danie Papa, who

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Speaker 1: in sixteen eighty nine came up with a plan to

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Speaker 1: pump fresh air into the diving bell. Remember how he

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Speaker 1: said before the break that he would run out of oxygen,

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Speaker 1: so this would get fresh air in there. Yep. And

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Speaker 1: we've talked many times about how most big breakthroughs in

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Speaker 1: science and technology are building on the work of others,

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Speaker 1: So this is a very similar situation. And Pepe's proposed

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Speaker 1: method featured the use of a bellow system that would

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Speaker 1: pump air into a bell at a constant pressure, but

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Speaker 1: When Halle devised his system, he used a different method,

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Speaker 1: likely to differentiate himself from Pepin and avoid any claims

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Speaker 1: of plagiarism. Halley's diving bell was made of wood encoated

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Speaker 1: with lead. It covered sixty cubic feet, so that's one

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Speaker 1: point seven cubic meters of volume, and it had a

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Speaker 1: glass top so that divers would have light while they

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Speaker 1: were in there. There was also a valve on the

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Speaker 1: bell attached to a barrel that could supply additional air,

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Speaker 1: and the barrel was suspended in the water by a

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Speaker 1: rope and it could be pulled up to the surface

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Speaker 1: so they could refill it with fresh air and then

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Speaker 1: drop it back into the water sinking thanks to a

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Speaker 1: weighted bottom. And Halle's design was the first that enabled

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Speaker 1: the equalization of pressure inside the bell and outside the

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Speaker 1: bell because of the valve system that was used to

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Speaker 1: supply this air, and it sometimes even referred to as

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Speaker 1: the precursor to the modern diving bell. Because of this.

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Speaker 1: Halle also Inventeday's smaller bell shaped apparatus that could be

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Speaker 1: worn like a helmet, although its intent was for the

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Speaker 1: diver to be able to sort of get out from

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Speaker 1: the diving bell not to be a separate means to

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Speaker 1: go underwater independently. And in a section of Halle's seventeen

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Speaker 1: fourteen to seventeen sixteen work titled Philosophical Transactions, there is

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Speaker 1: a section that is called it's a long title the

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Speaker 1: part of living underwater or a discourse concerning the means

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Speaker 1: of furnishing air to the bottom of the sea in

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Speaker 1: any ordinary depths. And in this section of this work

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Speaker 1: he detailed the data that he actually gathered over years

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Speaker 1: of experimenting with diving bells, and he explains how his

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Speaker 1: particular technology works. One thing he mentions in this writing

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Speaker 1: is the information gleaned from his testing. But a gallon

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Speaker 1: of air is used up and no longer suitable for

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Speaker 1: respiration after about a minute and quote though it's elasticity

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Speaker 1: be but little altered, yet in passing the lungs, it

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Speaker 1: loses its vivifying spirit. Just kind of a poetic way

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Speaker 1: to describe stale air. Don't keep breathing that you're going

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Speaker 1: to pass out. Yeah, it's not going to work out well.

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Speaker 1: In seventeen eighty eight, there was another major advancement in

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Speaker 1: diving technology, and this is made by John Smeaton when

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Speaker 1: he invented the diving air pump, and Smeaton's pump required

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Speaker 1: four men to operate it. They were up on the

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Speaker 1: surface and it ran air through lines that attached to

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Speaker 1: the top of the bell. And Smeaton's pump more closely

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Speaker 1: resembled the concepts that were a big part of Denny

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Speaker 1: Papa's work than the way that Hallie eventually set up

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Speaker 1: the air supply. And this English engineer also redesigned the

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Speaker 1: bell itself into a box shape, and he christened his

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Speaker 1: a diving box, or rather a diving chest rather than

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Speaker 1: a diving bell. One thing we should mention here, and

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Speaker 1: it really goes for advancement in any field, is that

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Speaker 1: none of these new technologies were instantly adopted. In fact,

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Speaker 1: even though Smeeton's pumps really advanced the field of diving,

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Speaker 1: Halle's diving bells stayed in use until the eighteen hundreds.

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Speaker 1: An English inventor named William James designed a suit in

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Speaker 1: eighteen twenty five that had a coil of metal tubing

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Speaker 1: that wrapped around the diver's weight. The idea was that

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Speaker 1: air that was pumped into this tubing while they were

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Speaker 1: on the surface could provide a diver with an hour's

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Speaker 1: worth of underwater time, although there is no clear evidence,

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Speaker 1: like we don't have a data right up the way

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Speaker 1: that Halle did some of his is that this suit

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Speaker 1: was ever actually tested. The following decade, inventor Augustus Zeba

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Speaker 1: invented what's considered to be the first diving dress. It's

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Speaker 1: design built on the work of John and Charles Dean,

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Speaker 1: who had invented a smoke apparatus to enable firemen to

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Speaker 1: breathe and move freely in burning buildings. The Deans also

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Speaker 1: adapted their invention into a diving helmet designed to sit

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Speaker 1: on the diver's shoulders that would be fastened there with

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Speaker 1: straps to a waste belt. The Dean's patent diving dress

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Speaker 1: was completed in eighteen twenty eight. It was a good

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Speaker 1: functioning design, but if the diver couldn't stay upright under water,

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Speaker 1: the helmet would fill with water. As an aside, John

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Speaker 1: and Charles Dean also published what is believed to be

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Speaker 1: the first diving manual in eighteen thirty six. Augustus Zeba's design,

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Speaker 1: which came out in eighteen thirty nine, sealed the helmet

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Speaker 1: to a diving suit to eliminate the problem of water

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Speaker 1: rushing in if the diver tipped over or fell. Yeah,

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Speaker 1: and keeping in mind that when you're walking, if you've

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Speaker 1: ever walked underwater, you know that the seafloor is not

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Speaker 1: exactly the most stable and constant of situations to be

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Speaker 1: stepping on. So it was a very real possibility that

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Speaker 1: divers would shift side to side or lose their balance.

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Speaker 1: In eighteen sixty the French team of Benois Rouquerout and

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Speaker 1: Auguste Denerrouse came up with a suite design that featured

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Speaker 1: a compressed air reservoir in addition to an air supply line.

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Speaker 1: The idea was that for brief jaunts, the diver could

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Speaker 1: actually disconnect himself from that regular supply line and rely

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Speaker 1: solely on the compressed air reservoir that he carried on

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Speaker 1: his back. If you've ever seen the original illustrations Virgials

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Speaker 1: Burns twenty thousand leagues under the sea, the dive helmet

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Speaker 1: in them was based on these men's design. In eighteen

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Speaker 1: seventy eight, a man named Henry flus ushered in a

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Speaker 1: new era of diving technology when he patented a self

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Speaker 1: contained underwater breathing unit Flus's rebreather included a rubber mask

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Speaker 1: it is super creepy looking if you see pictures of it,

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Speaker 1: a breathing bag and a copper oxygen tank and a

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Speaker 1: scrubber that would clean and refresh the air. The FLU

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Speaker 1: system was closed, so the used air was run through

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Speaker 1: a length of rope yarn that had been soaked in

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Speaker 1: caustic potash which is also known as potassium hydroxide, to

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Speaker 1: remove the carbon dioxide and make the air breatheable again.

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Speaker 1: A captain in the French Navy named Vel Prier paid

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Speaker 1: a visit to an industrial expo at Paris's Grand Palais

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Speaker 1: in nineteen twenty five, and this was a pivotal moment

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Speaker 1: because he saw a diver in a demonstration there. And

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Speaker 1: while this diver was showing off a torch that could

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Speaker 1: cut iron underwater, that was not what fascinated Priere. He

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Speaker 1: was in fact drawn to the man's breathing apparatus, and

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Speaker 1: this was simply a rubber tube who was held in

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Speaker 1: the diver's mouth and it ran up to the surface

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Speaker 1: and connected to a pump outside the water. And he

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Speaker 1: also wore goggles on his eyes and a rubber clip

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Speaker 1: on his nose. That particular piece of diving technology was

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Speaker 1: invented in the nineteen teens by a man named Maurice Bernez,

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Speaker 1: and it's a new because it let the diver wear

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Speaker 1: a simple bathing suit and experience some freedom of movement.

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Speaker 1: All of the other diving setups that eve Le Prier

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Speaker 1: had seen up to that point in his Navy career

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Speaker 1: had been these really heavy helmets and these lead soled

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Speaker 1: boots that would really hinder your ability to move around.

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Speaker 1: You would have minimal functions under the water. But even

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Speaker 1: with the Expo tank diver's incredible ability to move however

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Speaker 1: he wished, he was still tethered by that hose to

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Speaker 1: his air supply, and so Prier was inspired to combine

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Speaker 1: that freedom that he noticed from the heavy helmet and

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Speaker 1: boots with a way to carry air independent, completely independent

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Speaker 1: of a supply line. But first he very politely contacted

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Speaker 1: Maurice Ferney, the inventor of the system that he had

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Speaker 1: seen at the Grand Palais demonstration, and he asked for

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Speaker 1: permission to use that system as a starting point for

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Speaker 1: his own idea. And so once he got that permission,

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Speaker 1: he devised the system that had a mouthpiece that attached

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Speaker 1: to a bottle of compressed air, which was a Michelin

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Speaker 1: invention designed to inflate car tires. Yeah, I loved this

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Speaker 1: story because I love that one he got permission from

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Speaker 1: another inventor to kind of take off on his ideas,

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Speaker 1: and two that he was so resourceful and a genius

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Speaker 1: that he adapted a tire inflation system to use as

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Speaker 1: the air supply for divers. And even la Prier further

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Speaker 1: refined the design until he was confident enough to debut

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Speaker 1: it publicly, and he again credited his predecessor. It was

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Speaker 1: known as the Ferne la Prier device. It still had

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Speaker 1: the mouthpiece and the compressed air, but he had also

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Speaker 1: added these leather straps that kept the air canister on

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Speaker 1: the diver's back. Eventually, la Prier moved the canister around

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Speaker 1: the chest so that it wouldn't bang into things about

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Speaker 1: people knowing about it, as anyone who has ever walked

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Speaker 1: behind anyone at a convention wearing fairy wings can attest

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Speaker 1: to be important. In nineteen thirty three, La Prier presented

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Speaker 1: this new version of his apparatus under his name exclusively,

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Speaker 1: rather than the hyphenated name that his previous work had

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Speaker 1: had before. And next up, a very very famous name

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Speaker 1: enters the picture in one that is quite dear to

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Speaker 1: me personally. But before we get there, we're going to

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Speaker 1: pause for a word from one of our sponsors. So

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Speaker 1: jumping back to diving technology, eve Le Prier continued to

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Speaker 1: refine his underwater breathing devices, and then in June of

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Speaker 1: nineteen thirty nine he had a visit from a naval

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Speaker 1: lieutenant named Jacques Cousteau, and the two men shared not

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Speaker 1: only a naval background, but also just a love of diving,

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Speaker 1: and they really hit it off. Several years later, in

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Speaker 1: nineteen forty two, Custeau once again visited La Prier, this

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Speaker 1: time with his wife Simone and fellow diver Frederic Dubac.

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Speaker 1: Cousteau had been working on a diving device of his

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Speaker 1: own and showed it to La Prier. The elder diver

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Speaker 1: offered him some feedback suggest that Custeau altered the face

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Speaker 1: mask designed. Specifically, Cousteau's version at the time only had

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Speaker 1: a breathing hose to the mouth, but the Prier thought

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Speaker 1: the design would be safer if the mask covered the

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Speaker 1: wearer's entire face. Yeah, Prier, we had talked about him

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Speaker 1: having a tube to the mouth, but it really did

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Speaker 1: have like a this funky little apparatus around your face,

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Speaker 1: so it was really really secure, and he felt like

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Speaker 1: Coustau's might be a little unsafe because it wasn't quite

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Speaker 1: as anchored around the whole head. And Jacques Cousteau partnered

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Speaker 1: shortly thereafter with Emio Gaigne, who was a senior engineer

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Speaker 1: at a company called air Liquid that manufactured industrial gases,

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Speaker 1: and Coustau's father in law, who also worked for air Liquid,

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Speaker 1: arranged this introduction of Custeau and Gagne And when Cousteau

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Speaker 1: and this man met, the engineer had actually been working

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Speaker 1: on a valve system already that would enable cars to

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Speaker 1: use natural gas instead of petrol, so once again there's

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Speaker 1: some borrowing from the automotive industry. Jacques needed a similar

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Speaker 1: valve for his diving design, but one that would carry

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Speaker 1: compressed air to the diver's lungs through a breathing tube,

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Speaker 1: and Gagnol designed a valve that allowed the diver to

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Speaker 1: control the flow of air by only delivering a stream

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Speaker 1: of it when the mouthpiece that contained the valve was

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Speaker 1: sucked on. This design reduced the pressure of the air

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Speaker 1: so that the intake would be suitable for a human,

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Speaker 1: and then a rubber men brain released the air when

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Speaker 1: the diver sucked in, and after months of testing, Cousteau

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Speaker 1: and Gagnon named their device the Aqua Lung and began

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Speaker 1: to market it, and La Prier's system, which had a

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Speaker 1: continuous air flow system, was quickly dropped in favor of

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Speaker 1: the Cousteau Gagne set up and its demand valve. The

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Speaker 1: Aqua Lung was offered commercially in France in nineteen forty

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Speaker 1: six and then in Great Britain in nineteen fifty, in

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Speaker 1: Canada in nineteen fifty one, and in the United States

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Speaker 1: in nineteen fifty two. It became the first commercially successful

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Speaker 1: scuba device. Laprier harbored some concerns about the demand valve

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Speaker 1: that Cousteau and his partner had worked on. He was

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Speaker 1: really con learned that if a diver lost consciousness underwater,

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Speaker 1: he would drown because again the diver had to suck

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Speaker 1: on that little valve to get the airflow, whereas Laprier's

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Speaker 1: full face mask had this continuous flow, so it meant

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Speaker 1: that even if a diver passed out, the mask wouldn't

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Speaker 1: fall out, and they would still be getting an oxygen supply.

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Speaker 1: Just the same, Laprier and adapted his own system to

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Speaker 1: offer diver regulated airflow. It was too late. Custeau's system

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Speaker 1: became the standard, and the two former navymen who had

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Speaker 1: once gotten along so beautifully wound up losing touch because

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Speaker 1: Custeau became famous both for his dive equipment and for

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Speaker 1: his underwater films. And we should also point out that

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Speaker 1: depending on which dive historian you ask or just dive aficionado,

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Speaker 1: the person actually credited as the first scuba diver differs.

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Speaker 1: The word, which actually stands for self contained underwater breathing apparatus,

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Speaker 1: was not actually coined until the nineteen fifties, and that

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Speaker 1: was when Christian James Lamberston came up with an name

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Speaker 1: for the rebreather system that he had been working on

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Speaker 1: for the US Navy during World War Two. Just the same,

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Speaker 1: the name has been retroactively applied to numerous systems, and

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Speaker 1: it is often associated with and sometimes accidentally credited to Cousteau.

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Speaker 1: So if you're interested in learning more about the various

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Speaker 1: people who have been called the first scuba diver. Go

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Speaker 1: to our parents site HowStuffWorks dot com and perform a

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Speaker 1: search for the word scuba and one of the articles

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Speaker 1: that will come up is called who was the first

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Speaker 1: scuba diver? And it was written by Chuck of stuff

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00:21:31,040 --> 00:21:35,840
Speaker 1: you should know. Yeah, and so once Cousteau's system was developed,

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Speaker 1: we were pretty much solid in terms of as as

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Speaker 1: Tracy mentioned, it just commercially took off like wildfire. And

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Speaker 1: there have been a lot of tweaks since then, but

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Speaker 1: it's still basically the same concept. Have you ever been

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Speaker 1: scuba scuba diving? No, I can't pass the swim test.

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Speaker 1: I never had either. I've been snorkeling, but not scuba

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Speaker 1: diving ditto, And snorkeling is even not so great a

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Speaker 1: situation for me. I'm that person that always dunks underwater

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Speaker 1: and just munges the whole thing up like an idiot.

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Speaker 1: I'm not agreeing with that statement, but I just have

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Speaker 1: never learned. And it's one of those things where most

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Speaker 1: of the times that I could maybe learn our times

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Speaker 1: that I am on vacation and want to do something else. Yeah,

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Speaker 1: I you know, have volunteered at places where having a

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Speaker 1: dive certification would have been super handy, but I didn't

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Speaker 1: do it because I'm not a strong swimmer. I cannot

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Speaker 1: pass that test. It reminds me about when my mother

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Speaker 1: learned life saving as a teen. Uh huh. She passed

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Speaker 1: her life saving exam, but was politely told that she

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00:22:41,440 --> 00:22:43,919
Speaker 1: might be better off not trying save it drown I'm

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Speaker 1: a drowning person. Do you have listener mail? I do. Indeed,

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Speaker 1: it is from our listener Ben. He's not the only

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Speaker 1: person that wrote us about this, but I'm going to

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Speaker 1: read his. Hi Holly and Tracy. First of all, thank

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Speaker 1: you so much for the podcast. It really brightened my

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Speaker 1: day when a new show pops up on my phone. Hooray.

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Speaker 1: I thought i'd fill in. I thought I'd write in

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Speaker 1: to fill in one of the blanks on your recent

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Speaker 1: Isaac Newton episode. I thought this would be a good

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Speaker 1: pairing since Sir Edmund Halley makes appearances in both. In

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Speaker 1: that episode, he says, you weren't quite sure why Leibnitz

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Speaker 1: or we have gotten a note that some people pronounce

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Speaker 1: it Leibniz. Yeah, we got a lot of other emails

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Speaker 1: about that that didn't mention it, so we haven't really

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Speaker 1: at checked. Yet it literally just came in just now. Yeah,

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Speaker 1: So I am not sure on which is right, but

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Speaker 1: I wanted to acknowledge that that may not be the

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Speaker 1: quick pronunciation. But we had been wondering why he had

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Speaker 1: waited so long to claim that he had invented calculus.

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Speaker 1: So Ben is a good man, he says. I was

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Speaker 1: intrigued by this question, and I set out on a

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Speaker 1: knowledge quest at my girlfriend's university's library to find some answers.

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Speaker 1: I tracked down a wonderful book, Philosophers at War by

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Speaker 1: Alfred Rupert Hall, which, aside from having a detailed account

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Speaker 1: of the Newton Leibnitz controversy, was also filled with some

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Speaker 1: wonderfully snarky commentary written in the margins by a student

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Speaker 1: from the nineteen eighties. That is, to me one of

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Speaker 1: the great joys of library books. But that's an aside.

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Speaker 1: According to Hall, Ben says Leibniz was pushed to claim

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Speaker 1: invention of calculus in seventeen oh five when Newton published

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Speaker 1: a tract called on the Quadrature of Curves, and Leimnitz

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Speaker 1: got a little bit spooked by this article because Newton

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Speaker 1: had never fully published his method of calculus before, which

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Speaker 1: he called fluxions. He published snippets of it in geometrical

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Speaker 1: form in principia. That's another one we may or may

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Speaker 1: not be pronouncing exactly correctly, and he described it in

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Speaker 1: partiality in correspondence. But this is the first time he

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Speaker 1: publicly disclosed his full algebraic method. Hall suggests that it

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Speaker 1: wasn't until Quadrature was published that Leibnitz realized the total

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Speaker 1: similarity between Newton's fluxions and his own differential calculus. Before this,

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Speaker 1: he probably thought Newton's work was just a series of

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Speaker 1: ad hoc mathematical devices. Once Leibnitz realized that Newton was

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Speaker 1: claiming invention of something so incredibly similar to his own calculus,

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Speaker 1: he was obviously unhappy. In the next year, seventeen oh six,

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Speaker 1: Lee Misth wrote an anonymous review of quadrature in which

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Speaker 1: he claims he invented it first, and the whole who

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Speaker 1: invented calculus hooplaw only grew from there. That's spectacular, And

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Speaker 1: he also wrote as he also attached pictures of some

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Speaker 1: of the snarky comments, which was very sweet and so entertaining,

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Speaker 1: so I appreciate it. Cheers Ben Ben thank you so much.

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Speaker 1: That was awesome. I am that's one of those deep

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Speaker 1: dives that you like to get into when you're doing

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00:25:29,200 --> 00:25:33,320
Speaker 1: research on like a podcast episode, but sometimes eventually the

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00:25:33,359 --> 00:25:35,480
Speaker 1: clock has ticked by and you run out of time

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Speaker 1: to go down every avenue. So I'm glad we finally

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00:25:37,440 --> 00:25:41,679
Speaker 1: have some closure on why that happen. You would like

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00:25:41,720 --> 00:25:43,840
Speaker 1: to write us, you can do so at History Podcast

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00:25:43,920 --> 00:25:46,439
Speaker 1: to have Subworks dot com. You can also connect with

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Speaker 1: us on Facebook dot com, slash Miston History, on Twitter

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00:25:49,560 --> 00:25:53,240
Speaker 1: at Mistonhistory at pinterest dot com, slash Miston History at

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00:25:53,240 --> 00:25:56,439
Speaker 1: Mistonhistory dot tumblr dot com, and we're on Instagram at

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00:25:56,440 --> 00:25:59,040
Speaker 1: Miston History. If you would like to learn more about

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00:25:59,040 --> 00:26:01,240
Speaker 1: what we talked about today, mentioned it already in the episode,

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00:26:01,280 --> 00:26:03,760
Speaker 1: but if you go to our parents' site, how Stuff Works,

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00:26:03,760 --> 00:26:06,679
Speaker 1: type in the word scuba or diving in the search bar,

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00:26:06,760 --> 00:26:08,320
Speaker 1: you're going to get a lot of content. And there

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00:26:08,320 --> 00:26:11,360
Speaker 1: are actually a few different articles written by Chop from

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00:26:11,359 --> 00:26:13,320
Speaker 1: Stuff you Should Know a while back when he was

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00:26:13,359 --> 00:26:17,600
Speaker 1: regularly writing articles that are fantastic and just a wealth

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00:26:17,640 --> 00:26:19,639
Speaker 1: of other delightful things. So you can do that. You

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00:26:19,680 --> 00:26:22,520
Speaker 1: can visit us at Misstonhistory dot com. For an archive

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00:26:22,600 --> 00:26:25,719
Speaker 1: of all past episodes of the podcast, as well as

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00:26:25,760 --> 00:26:27,840
Speaker 1: show notes on any of them that Tracy and I

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00:26:27,880 --> 00:26:31,320
Speaker 1: have done together, and the occasional other blog poster goodie,

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00:26:31,320 --> 00:26:33,639
Speaker 1: and there's always, you know, usually some pictures attached to

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00:26:33,640 --> 00:26:35,760
Speaker 1: episode pages, which is kind of fun for some people.

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00:26:36,200 --> 00:26:38,920
Speaker 1: So we encourage you to visit us at how Stuffworks

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00:26:38,920 --> 00:26:45,560
Speaker 1: dot com and missed Industry dot com for more on

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00:26:45,640 --> 00:26:48,080
Speaker 1: this and thousands of other topics. Does it how Stuff

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Speaker 1: Works stop for