1 00:00:00,200 --> 00:00:08,119 Speaker 1: Oky do keep. Welcome to Creature feature production of iHeartRadio. 2 00:00:08,200 --> 00:00:11,840 Speaker 1: I'm your host of Many Parasites, Katie Golden. I studied 3 00:00:11,880 --> 00:00:16,200 Speaker 1: psychology and evolutionary biology. And wow, it is cold out there. 4 00:00:16,280 --> 00:00:20,639 Speaker 1: It is chilly. We like to snuggle and sweaters. I 5 00:00:20,800 --> 00:00:23,000 Speaker 1: have a cold right now, so I am in a 6 00:00:23,040 --> 00:00:27,880 Speaker 1: big fluffy sweater. I've been huddling under the blankets drinking tea. 7 00:00:27,920 --> 00:00:30,960 Speaker 1: But you know what, what do animals do to stay 8 00:00:31,000 --> 00:00:33,880 Speaker 1: warm in the winter. We're talking from the tiny bee 9 00:00:34,320 --> 00:00:38,599 Speaker 1: to bigger animals, ones that are no longer around. The 10 00:00:38,600 --> 00:00:41,440 Speaker 1: most wonderful thing of the year, which is round birds. 11 00:00:41,600 --> 00:00:43,639 Speaker 1: Why are they so round? So we're going to talk 12 00:00:43,640 --> 00:00:47,599 Speaker 1: about all the ways in which animals stay warm in 13 00:00:47,640 --> 00:00:51,400 Speaker 1: the winter. Discover this and more as we answer the 14 00:00:51,400 --> 00:00:54,720 Speaker 1: angel question do you want to be in a bee 15 00:00:54,720 --> 00:00:58,240 Speaker 1: mosh pit? Joining me today is co host of Daniel 16 00:00:58,280 --> 00:01:02,840 Speaker 1: and Kelly's Extraordinary Universe, adjunct professor of biology at Rice University, 17 00:01:02,880 --> 00:01:05,640 Speaker 1: and co author of A City on Mars, Kelly Wiedersmith. 18 00:01:05,800 --> 00:01:08,679 Speaker 2: Welcome, Thank you so much for having me. I'm excited 19 00:01:08,720 --> 00:01:09,120 Speaker 2: to be here. 20 00:01:09,760 --> 00:01:12,920 Speaker 1: So where where are you Rice University? 21 00:01:13,000 --> 00:01:15,840 Speaker 2: Where is that? So that's in Houston? Texas, but I 22 00:01:15,880 --> 00:01:19,640 Speaker 2: actually live in Charlottesville, Virginia. Oh okay, yeah, and it's 23 00:01:19,640 --> 00:01:22,120 Speaker 2: pretty warm here, but it was really cold the other day. 24 00:01:22,160 --> 00:01:24,240 Speaker 2: Like as soon as it's below freezing, I'm like, no. 25 00:01:24,600 --> 00:01:27,240 Speaker 1: Yeah, yeah, I have heard that, Like, I mean they've 26 00:01:27,280 --> 00:01:29,480 Speaker 1: they've there have been some wild weather in Houston, because 27 00:01:29,520 --> 00:01:31,640 Speaker 1: usually it's pretty mild and then you get these like 28 00:01:32,280 --> 00:01:36,920 Speaker 1: incredible cold snaps. So so Charlottesville is getting pretty cold, 29 00:01:36,959 --> 00:01:37,840 Speaker 1: I would imagine. 30 00:01:38,240 --> 00:01:40,280 Speaker 2: Yeah, yeah, it's getting pretty cold. It's it's a time 31 00:01:40,280 --> 00:01:41,520 Speaker 2: of year where you go out to take care of 32 00:01:41,560 --> 00:01:43,680 Speaker 2: the animals and you gotta dump the ice out of 33 00:01:43,720 --> 00:01:45,640 Speaker 2: the bucket first, which is in the rear end. 34 00:01:46,080 --> 00:01:47,880 Speaker 1: Oh you got you got outdoor animals. 35 00:01:48,320 --> 00:01:50,680 Speaker 2: Yeah, we got some chickens. We're looking into goats. 36 00:01:50,920 --> 00:01:55,440 Speaker 1: Oh, you're you're sort of exploring the goats. You're setting 37 00:01:55,520 --> 00:01:59,600 Speaker 1: up an exploratory committee to sort of see your options 38 00:01:59,640 --> 00:02:01,040 Speaker 1: fees of goats. I get that. 39 00:02:01,600 --> 00:02:03,760 Speaker 2: We've been visiting the local farms. We're trying to find 40 00:02:03,760 --> 00:02:06,240 Speaker 2: out which ones are most likely to like ram into 41 00:02:06,280 --> 00:02:07,520 Speaker 2: you and knock your kids over. 42 00:02:07,840 --> 00:02:10,440 Speaker 1: And you get those and you get those ones. 43 00:02:10,320 --> 00:02:13,000 Speaker 2: They're the funniest. Yeah, So I mean it seems like 44 00:02:13,040 --> 00:02:13,560 Speaker 2: a good option. 45 00:02:14,480 --> 00:02:18,600 Speaker 1: That's fantastic. Yeah, I am. I'm lucky enough to only 46 00:02:18,639 --> 00:02:22,880 Speaker 1: have indoor animals, and they all seek me out for warmth. No, 47 00:02:22,960 --> 00:02:26,640 Speaker 1: it's not about love, it's not about affection. It's about wow, 48 00:02:26,720 --> 00:02:30,080 Speaker 1: your lap is warm, let us join you. Particularly the cats. 49 00:02:30,120 --> 00:02:32,079 Speaker 1: I think the dog is kind of like, she likes 50 00:02:32,120 --> 00:02:34,720 Speaker 1: to cuddle, she likes to get cozy. For the cats, 51 00:02:34,800 --> 00:02:39,160 Speaker 1: they see me as a warm object to heat them 52 00:02:39,200 --> 00:02:39,919 Speaker 1: throughout the winter. 53 00:02:40,600 --> 00:02:43,200 Speaker 2: And you know what, I'm fine with that, Like, it's 54 00:02:43,280 --> 00:02:45,680 Speaker 2: totally cd with being a warm lap. As long as 55 00:02:45,680 --> 00:02:47,800 Speaker 2: I get animal snuggles, I'm hotly on board. 56 00:02:48,040 --> 00:02:50,840 Speaker 1: It warms my lap as well. So we're we're both 57 00:02:50,880 --> 00:02:54,000 Speaker 1: we're working together, we're getting we're scratching each other's back, 58 00:02:54,760 --> 00:02:58,400 Speaker 1: sometimes a little too literally. So yeah, today we are 59 00:02:58,440 --> 00:03:01,080 Speaker 1: talking about how animals stay warm in the winter, and 60 00:03:01,080 --> 00:03:03,679 Speaker 1: these are animals where when you think about it, it's 61 00:03:03,760 --> 00:03:05,080 Speaker 1: I mean, with some of them it makes a little 62 00:03:05,080 --> 00:03:06,919 Speaker 1: more sense, but with some of them it's it's kind 63 00:03:06,919 --> 00:03:08,919 Speaker 1: of a question of like, wait, how do these guys 64 00:03:08,919 --> 00:03:12,040 Speaker 1: survive winter? And one of the ones that always comes 65 00:03:12,080 --> 00:03:16,680 Speaker 1: to mind is like insects, right, because they're so fragile 66 00:03:16,760 --> 00:03:19,079 Speaker 1: and they're so it's like, man, these guys, it does 67 00:03:19,120 --> 00:03:21,560 Speaker 1: not seem like they would do very well in the winter, 68 00:03:21,639 --> 00:03:26,000 Speaker 1: particularly some of the cutest insects, my favorite ones, uh 69 00:03:26,320 --> 00:03:29,600 Speaker 1: European honey bees. When I think of honey bees, they 70 00:03:29,680 --> 00:03:32,920 Speaker 1: just they do not It's not even with bumble bees, right, 71 00:03:32,960 --> 00:03:35,360 Speaker 1: I think, like, well, maybe bumble bees have a chance. Right, 72 00:03:35,360 --> 00:03:39,320 Speaker 1: they're chunky, they've got that little striped sweater, but with 73 00:03:39,440 --> 00:03:41,920 Speaker 1: like a with a sweet little honey bee and thing, 74 00:03:41,920 --> 00:03:44,200 Speaker 1: what's going on with you? You're gonna be a little honeysickle. 75 00:03:44,800 --> 00:03:46,600 Speaker 2: Well they can like so I was reading about how 76 00:03:46,640 --> 00:03:48,640 Speaker 2: honey is made the other day and it was made 77 00:03:48,720 --> 00:03:51,560 Speaker 2: in like a way grosser way than I had realized. 78 00:03:51,560 --> 00:03:53,880 Speaker 2: And I still love honey Like it involves throwing things 79 00:03:53,960 --> 00:03:56,480 Speaker 2: up and increasing the surface area. Yeah yeah, but I 80 00:03:56,680 --> 00:03:58,120 Speaker 2: think part of how they do it is they like 81 00:03:58,360 --> 00:04:01,560 Speaker 2: generate heat by like in their wings really fast, right 82 00:04:01,600 --> 00:04:04,600 Speaker 2: to absolutely, and that's got to help them in the winter, 83 00:04:04,760 --> 00:04:05,400 Speaker 2: maybe I'm. 84 00:04:05,240 --> 00:04:09,280 Speaker 1: Guessing, yes, absolutely, so this is exactly right. This is 85 00:04:09,320 --> 00:04:11,720 Speaker 1: something that you can also read more about if you 86 00:04:11,760 --> 00:04:15,120 Speaker 1: want to, in the book Piping hot Bees and Boisterous 87 00:04:15,160 --> 00:04:20,760 Speaker 1: buzz Runners, which is a great title by Thomas D. Seely. So, Yeah, 88 00:04:20,800 --> 00:04:25,080 Speaker 1: bees do have a remarkable ability to jiggle and wiggle 89 00:04:25,120 --> 00:04:27,320 Speaker 1: their bodies, and they do so many things with those 90 00:04:27,360 --> 00:04:31,880 Speaker 1: sorts of muscle vibrations, those undulations, they communicate, they can 91 00:04:31,920 --> 00:04:35,520 Speaker 1: ward off threats. European honeybees may not be so adept 92 00:04:35,560 --> 00:04:37,719 Speaker 1: at this, but there are species of Asian bees that 93 00:04:37,760 --> 00:04:42,120 Speaker 1: are able to to vibrate in order to actually boil 94 00:04:42,440 --> 00:04:47,000 Speaker 1: intruders alive. They reach such yeah, they reach such high temperatures. 95 00:04:47,000 --> 00:04:51,159 Speaker 1: It's a strategy against the predator. The the do you 96 00:04:51,200 --> 00:04:53,960 Speaker 1: remember that whole scare we had about the killer giant 97 00:04:54,040 --> 00:04:59,560 Speaker 1: killer Asian hornets. Yeah, like in their in their natural habitats, right, 98 00:04:59,600 --> 00:05:02,400 Speaker 1: there are bees that have co evolved with them, and 99 00:05:02,440 --> 00:05:06,320 Speaker 1: they've learned this strategy of like vibrating, the creating this 100 00:05:06,440 --> 00:05:10,600 Speaker 1: bee ball and then vibrating and basically boiling this intruder alive. 101 00:05:10,960 --> 00:05:13,839 Speaker 1: And the reason that these hornets are so dangerous to 102 00:05:13,920 --> 00:05:15,760 Speaker 1: bees in the US is just that these bees haven't 103 00:05:15,760 --> 00:05:17,800 Speaker 1: co evolved with them, so they don't have that strategy. 104 00:05:18,839 --> 00:05:22,880 Speaker 1: But European honey bees do have a great strategy to 105 00:05:22,920 --> 00:05:26,400 Speaker 1: survive in the winter, and that is to huddle together 106 00:05:26,720 --> 00:05:32,240 Speaker 1: and to vibrate for warmth, so a swarm will form 107 00:05:32,279 --> 00:05:36,400 Speaker 1: around the queen and undulate their wing muscles to generate warmth. 108 00:05:36,640 --> 00:05:39,480 Speaker 1: So the queen is she's a lucky gal. She gets 109 00:05:39,520 --> 00:05:41,720 Speaker 1: to be right in the center, so she's in the 110 00:05:41,760 --> 00:05:47,080 Speaker 1: warmest spot to keep being kept toasted, which serves a purpose. 111 00:05:47,120 --> 00:05:51,520 Speaker 1: It's not just about paying leeves to their highness. Because 112 00:05:51,560 --> 00:05:55,560 Speaker 1: she has to bear young, her body is the most 113 00:05:55,640 --> 00:05:59,240 Speaker 1: vulnerable to winter stress, so keeping her really nice and 114 00:05:59,320 --> 00:06:03,200 Speaker 1: warm and toast is helping to ensure the survival of 115 00:06:03,320 --> 00:06:06,919 Speaker 1: the brood. But yeah, even the workers though. This is 116 00:06:06,960 --> 00:06:10,520 Speaker 1: something that's interesting is that the workers on the outermost 117 00:06:10,560 --> 00:06:14,920 Speaker 1: fringe they still generally survive this and they reach up 118 00:06:14,920 --> 00:06:19,600 Speaker 1: to temperatures of around fifty degrees fahrenheit. So that's not bad. 119 00:06:19,839 --> 00:06:20,960 Speaker 1: That's really not bad. 120 00:06:21,640 --> 00:06:24,200 Speaker 2: Do they have a rotation system where like the outside 121 00:06:24,240 --> 00:06:25,960 Speaker 2: ones get to go to the I mean, not as 122 00:06:26,000 --> 00:06:28,000 Speaker 2: inside as the queen, but like a little bit inside 123 00:06:28,000 --> 00:06:29,640 Speaker 2: every once in a while they do. 124 00:06:30,120 --> 00:06:33,200 Speaker 1: It's not as much of an organized like let's make 125 00:06:33,200 --> 00:06:35,680 Speaker 1: sure that everyone gets a chance in the center. A 126 00:06:35,680 --> 00:06:38,560 Speaker 1: lot of it's going to be depend on the current 127 00:06:38,640 --> 00:06:43,520 Speaker 1: roles of the worker bees. So worker bees are basically 128 00:06:43,560 --> 00:06:47,680 Speaker 1: for a lot of like these sort of use social honeybees. 129 00:06:47,760 --> 00:06:51,920 Speaker 1: Species like the worker bees will as they grow they 130 00:06:52,000 --> 00:06:55,159 Speaker 1: kind of take on different roles throughout their lives. So 131 00:06:55,760 --> 00:06:58,640 Speaker 1: there may be some that are more likely to be 132 00:06:59,279 --> 00:07:01,320 Speaker 1: tending to the queen right, and so they're going to 133 00:07:01,400 --> 00:07:04,640 Speaker 1: be closer to the center. But there are these sort 134 00:07:04,680 --> 00:07:08,080 Speaker 1: of fluctuations in terms of like how dense and how 135 00:07:08,080 --> 00:07:11,679 Speaker 1: crowded together they are, so as the temperature changes, they 136 00:07:11,920 --> 00:07:14,920 Speaker 1: change how closely knit they are or how spread out 137 00:07:14,960 --> 00:07:18,880 Speaker 1: they are. And they also alternate like how intense their 138 00:07:18,960 --> 00:07:23,360 Speaker 1: wing beats are, so they dynamically respond to temperature changes 139 00:07:23,400 --> 00:07:27,440 Speaker 1: in order to keep pretty much everyone warm at a 140 00:07:27,640 --> 00:07:31,240 Speaker 1: reasonable temperature, but especially keeping that queen safe and warm 141 00:07:31,280 --> 00:07:35,480 Speaker 1: because she is the most vulnerable in terms of she 142 00:07:35,680 --> 00:07:42,160 Speaker 1: has the highest sort of energy caloric requirements of all 143 00:07:42,240 --> 00:07:43,560 Speaker 1: of the bees. Got it. 144 00:07:43,600 --> 00:07:44,800 Speaker 2: I thought it was going to be like if you're 145 00:07:44,800 --> 00:07:46,720 Speaker 2: on the end, that's sort of the colonies way of 146 00:07:46,760 --> 00:07:50,280 Speaker 2: saying sorry, Joe, you're moving towards being expendable, or that 147 00:07:50,360 --> 00:07:51,800 Speaker 2: they're all girls at that stage. 148 00:07:51,840 --> 00:07:53,920 Speaker 1: They are all girls, yes, so there may be a 149 00:07:54,000 --> 00:07:57,560 Speaker 1: few there may there may be a few male drones 150 00:07:57,840 --> 00:08:00,840 Speaker 1: in the hive, and male drones do sometimes. Actually, you know, 151 00:08:00,920 --> 00:08:05,200 Speaker 1: this is one case in which males are useful. Sorry guys, 152 00:08:05,720 --> 00:08:08,920 Speaker 1: the one case they do actually help warm hives in 153 00:08:08,960 --> 00:08:11,720 Speaker 1: the winter by vibrating their body. So there will be 154 00:08:11,760 --> 00:08:15,400 Speaker 1: a few males, but it is the gender dynamic is 155 00:08:15,680 --> 00:08:19,880 Speaker 1: very skewed, heavily female worker. So yeah, they it is 156 00:08:20,520 --> 00:08:24,680 Speaker 1: together they can warm this whole hive. They all pretty 157 00:08:24,760 --> 00:08:27,520 Speaker 1: much are able to survive this unless they are in 158 00:08:27,600 --> 00:08:33,000 Speaker 1: some kind of incredibly extreme cold snap. They also, in 159 00:08:33,040 --> 00:08:36,559 Speaker 1: preparation for the winter, will cluck pounds and pounds and pounds, 160 00:08:36,559 --> 00:08:39,920 Speaker 1: tens of pounds of honey so that they can survive 161 00:08:39,960 --> 00:08:43,800 Speaker 1: over the winter. Is classic chipmunk strategy, right, Like, they're 162 00:08:43,840 --> 00:08:45,480 Speaker 1: not necessarily going to be getting a lot of nectar, 163 00:08:45,640 --> 00:08:47,080 Speaker 1: not going to be able to produce a lot of honey. 164 00:08:47,160 --> 00:08:49,760 Speaker 1: So right before winter they gear up, they store a 165 00:08:49,760 --> 00:08:52,959 Speaker 1: bunch of honey, and then they're they're set for the winter, 166 00:08:53,040 --> 00:08:55,000 Speaker 1: and so all they need to really focus on is 167 00:08:55,240 --> 00:08:58,200 Speaker 1: staying warm and consuming calories, which is what I. 168 00:08:59,080 --> 00:09:01,480 Speaker 2: Yeah, a lot more ice cream lately. I get it. 169 00:09:01,520 --> 00:09:02,559 Speaker 2: I'm prepared too. 170 00:09:04,360 --> 00:09:07,240 Speaker 1: Now exactly, I just I do. I do love that 171 00:09:07,679 --> 00:09:13,520 Speaker 1: essentially the bee's strategy is uh, strategic cuddling, which I do, 172 00:09:14,000 --> 00:09:17,440 Speaker 1: you know, it's it's I it does feel like you know, 173 00:09:17,480 --> 00:09:21,120 Speaker 1: we often will see say like the bee as this 174 00:09:21,280 --> 00:09:25,240 Speaker 1: very robotic kind of it is part of the strict society. 175 00:09:25,240 --> 00:09:27,840 Speaker 1: It's like a tiny robot. But they do strategic cuddling. 176 00:09:27,920 --> 00:09:29,200 Speaker 1: So that's pretty pretty great. 177 00:09:29,400 --> 00:09:31,840 Speaker 2: But it's not. It's like high movement cuddling like I 178 00:09:31,840 --> 00:09:34,320 Speaker 2: feel like when I snuggle with my kids at night. Yeah, 179 00:09:34,400 --> 00:09:36,920 Speaker 2: they just like will not stop rotating and moving around. 180 00:09:37,000 --> 00:09:39,040 Speaker 2: And now, instead of being frustrated, I'm gonna be like, oh, 181 00:09:39,040 --> 00:09:40,080 Speaker 2: they're trying to keep me warm. 182 00:09:40,160 --> 00:09:42,160 Speaker 1: They're they're keeping the queen warm. 183 00:09:42,600 --> 00:09:45,559 Speaker 2: That's right, exactly, Yes, I'll thank them instead of feeling 184 00:09:45,600 --> 00:09:46,439 Speaker 2: a little frustrated. 185 00:09:47,520 --> 00:09:49,360 Speaker 1: So, you know what, you did mention this idea that 186 00:09:49,440 --> 00:09:51,839 Speaker 1: maybe the ones on the like outer perimeter, the ones 187 00:09:51,880 --> 00:09:53,600 Speaker 1: that don't get as warm, maybe they're sort of on 188 00:09:53,679 --> 00:09:57,280 Speaker 1: the fringes of society. It's a very interesting idea, and 189 00:09:57,320 --> 00:09:59,960 Speaker 1: that does come into play when we talk about snow monkeys. 190 00:10:00,520 --> 00:10:04,200 Speaker 1: So you have have you seen and or heard of 191 00:10:04,240 --> 00:10:07,199 Speaker 1: snow monkeys? I'm fairly certain you must have seen at 192 00:10:07,200 --> 00:10:08,840 Speaker 1: some point these adorable little guys. 193 00:10:09,080 --> 00:10:10,800 Speaker 2: Are are they the ones that also go in the 194 00:10:10,840 --> 00:10:11,760 Speaker 2: like hot springs? 195 00:10:12,040 --> 00:10:17,360 Speaker 1: Yes, yes, absolutely, they are Japanese macaques. Technically we call 196 00:10:17,440 --> 00:10:19,800 Speaker 1: them snow monkeys because a lot of them. They live 197 00:10:19,840 --> 00:10:23,360 Speaker 1: all over Japan and various habitats, but often they do 198 00:10:23,440 --> 00:10:26,120 Speaker 1: live in areas where during the winter it gets cold 199 00:10:26,120 --> 00:10:29,360 Speaker 1: and it snows, and they are very famous for this 200 00:10:29,480 --> 00:10:33,880 Speaker 1: hot springs habit which is mostly in the Jigoku Dani 201 00:10:34,120 --> 00:10:37,760 Speaker 1: Monkey Park in Japan, and they have these They have 202 00:10:37,840 --> 00:10:40,840 Speaker 1: both naturally occurring as and also man made hot springs. 203 00:10:40,840 --> 00:10:43,840 Speaker 1: They actually made an entire hot spring just for these monkeys. 204 00:10:44,400 --> 00:10:48,240 Speaker 1: And yes, because the monkeys were had already figured out 205 00:10:48,240 --> 00:10:50,360 Speaker 1: how to use hot springs. It's like, look, we got 206 00:10:50,360 --> 00:10:51,520 Speaker 1: to make a monkey hot spring. 207 00:10:52,120 --> 00:10:56,000 Speaker 2: So okay, people, I'm torn between thinking like, oh, I'd 208 00:10:56,040 --> 00:10:58,200 Speaker 2: love to go visit and jump in the hot springs 209 00:10:58,200 --> 00:11:00,720 Speaker 2: with the monkeys. But one probably about because the monkeys 210 00:11:00,720 --> 00:11:03,360 Speaker 2: don't want you there too. They're probably pooping in that water, 211 00:11:03,440 --> 00:11:04,000 Speaker 2: aren't they. 212 00:11:03,920 --> 00:11:07,040 Speaker 1: They are, So number two is most definitely like probably 213 00:11:07,040 --> 00:11:10,079 Speaker 1: correct number one. Actually, people do go and visit. Now, 214 00:11:10,160 --> 00:11:12,000 Speaker 1: you're not going to want to be in the water 215 00:11:12,080 --> 00:11:15,240 Speaker 1: with the monkeys, right, but people do go and visit 216 00:11:15,280 --> 00:11:20,680 Speaker 1: them to simply watch them admire them, and they actually 217 00:11:20,760 --> 00:11:24,760 Speaker 1: tolerate human visitors pretty well, which is rather surprising. But 218 00:11:24,840 --> 00:11:28,640 Speaker 1: it seems that there's perhaps like a culture there of 219 00:11:29,200 --> 00:11:31,800 Speaker 1: giving the monkeys some space, so they've learned to tolerate 220 00:11:31,880 --> 00:11:36,400 Speaker 1: human visitors. So and interestingly, it's not like these monkeys 221 00:11:36,400 --> 00:11:39,080 Speaker 1: are just completely chill, sort of like Cappy barras where 222 00:11:39,080 --> 00:11:41,040 Speaker 1: it's like, yeah, you get it, why kaby bars let 223 00:11:41,080 --> 00:11:43,880 Speaker 1: you watch them? Because kabby bars just are completely chill. 224 00:11:44,480 --> 00:11:47,040 Speaker 1: Some monkeys as cute as they are, as adorable as 225 00:11:47,080 --> 00:11:49,840 Speaker 1: this Spa habit is, they do have a very strict 226 00:11:49,880 --> 00:11:54,880 Speaker 1: social hierarchy, so they have a matrilineal dominance hierarchy. It 227 00:11:54,960 --> 00:11:57,839 Speaker 1: is a system in which you will have a matriarch 228 00:11:58,000 --> 00:12:02,840 Speaker 1: who is the dominant female who basically controls a territory 229 00:12:02,960 --> 00:12:07,200 Speaker 1: a group of females and males are a little more fluid, 230 00:12:07,240 --> 00:12:10,280 Speaker 1: so males will have their own dominance hierarchy, but it's 231 00:12:10,400 --> 00:12:14,520 Speaker 1: much more fluid. It's much more changeable because the males, 232 00:12:14,880 --> 00:12:17,280 Speaker 1: once they reach a certain age, they have to go 233 00:12:17,480 --> 00:12:22,880 Speaker 1: out and disperse to another group. So what happens is 234 00:12:22,920 --> 00:12:26,280 Speaker 1: you have this solid core of females with a hierarchy 235 00:12:26,320 --> 00:12:28,720 Speaker 1: that stays relatively stable, and you have males who come 236 00:12:28,760 --> 00:12:31,480 Speaker 1: and go and they kind of form a little bit 237 00:12:31,520 --> 00:12:34,560 Speaker 1: of a looser knit hierarchy, but there's still usually like 238 00:12:34,600 --> 00:12:38,120 Speaker 1: a dominant male. But yeah, that female power structure is 239 00:12:38,200 --> 00:12:41,480 Speaker 1: much more I would say institutional. It's like a monkey institution. 240 00:12:42,240 --> 00:12:45,320 Speaker 1: And you will have sometimes the daughter will take over 241 00:12:45,360 --> 00:12:48,560 Speaker 1: the family business and become the matriarch, but that doesn't 242 00:12:48,600 --> 00:12:51,960 Speaker 1: always happen. You might have a young upstart who comes 243 00:12:52,000 --> 00:12:54,520 Speaker 1: up and then becomes the new monkey matriarch. There was 244 00:12:54,559 --> 00:12:57,240 Speaker 1: a recent shakeup where there was a one of these 245 00:12:57,280 --> 00:13:01,040 Speaker 1: young monkeys before her mom even retires, she took over. 246 00:13:01,240 --> 00:13:05,960 Speaker 1: She took the company away from her mother. And yeah, family, 247 00:13:06,160 --> 00:13:08,920 Speaker 1: it's just it's like that one show had cheered in 248 00:13:09,480 --> 00:13:12,520 Speaker 1: cocaine in it. What was that? You know what I'm 249 00:13:12,559 --> 00:13:13,920 Speaker 1: talking about? Business? 250 00:13:13,920 --> 00:13:17,160 Speaker 2: I don't think I don't family too close. 251 00:13:17,280 --> 00:13:22,120 Speaker 1: Yeah, sad angry business people show is what I'm calling it. Succession, 252 00:13:22,200 --> 00:13:23,400 Speaker 1: that's it. That's the one. 253 00:13:24,000 --> 00:13:24,880 Speaker 2: Yeah, I haven't seen that. 254 00:13:25,280 --> 00:13:27,640 Speaker 1: I'm not good at TV. I haven't seen it either. 255 00:13:27,720 --> 00:13:30,440 Speaker 1: I just know I watched a couple episodes and it's like, yeah, 256 00:13:30,480 --> 00:13:33,800 Speaker 1: it's a sad, angry, rich family show. Not really interested, 257 00:13:33,880 --> 00:13:36,640 Speaker 1: but I get it. It's it's television. But anyways, if 258 00:13:36,640 --> 00:13:39,280 Speaker 1: that was done but with snow monkeys, I would absolutely 259 00:13:39,320 --> 00:13:43,600 Speaker 1: watch it. Oh absolutely, So yeah, so these females form 260 00:13:43,679 --> 00:13:47,880 Speaker 1: these stable matrilineal groups. Uh, and they have this rigorous 261 00:13:47,920 --> 00:13:52,640 Speaker 1: dominant structure and this also comes into play for spa time. 262 00:13:53,120 --> 00:13:58,120 Speaker 1: So yeah, so the the dominant female and her immediate 263 00:13:58,200 --> 00:14:01,480 Speaker 1: can get priority when it comes to the hot springs 264 00:14:02,480 --> 00:14:05,559 Speaker 1: if you have curried favor with her, perhaps like you're 265 00:14:05,559 --> 00:14:09,160 Speaker 1: a male that she's mating with. They don't form lifelong 266 00:14:09,240 --> 00:14:12,360 Speaker 1: monogamous pair bonds, but they do form like seasonal monogamy, 267 00:14:12,480 --> 00:14:15,880 Speaker 1: so they'll for a mating season at a time, maybe 268 00:14:15,880 --> 00:14:21,040 Speaker 1: formal paaramond. But she will groom others. She teaches her 269 00:14:21,120 --> 00:14:23,720 Speaker 1: daughters how to groom, so like mothers will teach their 270 00:14:23,760 --> 00:14:26,800 Speaker 1: daughters these grooming techniques and they groom each other. But 271 00:14:26,880 --> 00:14:29,560 Speaker 1: it's very clique. These are kind of this is like 272 00:14:29,600 --> 00:14:33,960 Speaker 1: a high school click that lasts their entire lives. 273 00:14:34,560 --> 00:14:36,680 Speaker 2: This would be great as a reality TV show. I 274 00:14:36,680 --> 00:14:38,560 Speaker 2: think they'd have a really easy time with it. And 275 00:14:38,680 --> 00:14:41,000 Speaker 2: so is like if you're on top, does that mean 276 00:14:41,040 --> 00:14:43,800 Speaker 2: that you get the like warmest spot or you stay 277 00:14:43,840 --> 00:14:47,120 Speaker 2: in for longer, Like what do you get if you're 278 00:14:47,320 --> 00:14:48,320 Speaker 2: the queen of this group? 279 00:14:48,720 --> 00:14:51,960 Speaker 1: Yes, all of the above. So there is limited space 280 00:14:52,040 --> 00:14:55,360 Speaker 1: in these hot springs. And so if you're the dominant 281 00:14:55,400 --> 00:14:59,720 Speaker 1: female and that dominant female's family and the dominant females friends, 282 00:15:00,160 --> 00:15:03,080 Speaker 1: you do get access to the hot springs more often, 283 00:15:03,120 --> 00:15:07,240 Speaker 1: you get the premium spots, and you also may get 284 00:15:07,280 --> 00:15:10,480 Speaker 1: the only spots. So sometimes if you are kind of 285 00:15:10,560 --> 00:15:15,200 Speaker 1: on the periphery of society, you are the proletariat, the 286 00:15:15,200 --> 00:15:20,960 Speaker 1: monkey proletariat, you don't actually get that spa time. And yeah, 287 00:15:21,040 --> 00:15:22,920 Speaker 1: so it is it is not. This is not a 288 00:15:23,040 --> 00:15:29,160 Speaker 1: utopian monkey society. Unfortunately, not everyone is treated equally. These 289 00:15:29,200 --> 00:15:30,120 Speaker 1: other monkeys. 290 00:15:30,600 --> 00:15:32,720 Speaker 2: Do they die sometimes if they don't get their spot 291 00:15:32,760 --> 00:15:34,200 Speaker 2: in the water, do they freez. 292 00:15:34,040 --> 00:15:37,480 Speaker 1: So they it is less good for them. So there's 293 00:15:37,560 --> 00:15:40,840 Speaker 1: actual health benefits for these these hot springs. There have 294 00:15:40,880 --> 00:15:43,800 Speaker 1: been studies on the monkey poop, because you always gotta 295 00:15:43,960 --> 00:15:45,840 Speaker 1: do the monkey poop, but when they want to Whenever 296 00:15:45,880 --> 00:15:48,960 Speaker 1: you see a study that's like about stress hormones and 297 00:15:49,000 --> 00:15:52,360 Speaker 1: wild animals, nine out of ten times it's going to 298 00:15:52,400 --> 00:15:54,920 Speaker 1: be that scientists are picking through poop looking for a 299 00:15:54,960 --> 00:15:55,960 Speaker 1: stress hormones. 300 00:15:55,720 --> 00:15:58,400 Speaker 2: So informative that poop. There's parasites in there too. There's 301 00:15:58,440 --> 00:15:59,280 Speaker 2: so much you can learn. 302 00:16:00,000 --> 00:16:02,360 Speaker 1: There's so much you can learn. In fact, in zoos, 303 00:16:02,480 --> 00:16:05,960 Speaker 1: sometimes they will do color coding for poop, maybe put 304 00:16:06,000 --> 00:16:07,920 Speaker 1: like glitter or some kind of color in the poop 305 00:16:08,040 --> 00:16:10,440 Speaker 1: so that like something that's harmless to the animal, so 306 00:16:10,480 --> 00:16:13,640 Speaker 1: that when they are trying to test various like you 307 00:16:13,680 --> 00:16:15,880 Speaker 1: know this, here's this group and this group that we're 308 00:16:15,880 --> 00:16:19,520 Speaker 1: doing various things like with research or medical studies in 309 00:16:19,600 --> 00:16:21,960 Speaker 1: terms of like in terms of the animal's health, like 310 00:16:21,960 --> 00:16:23,920 Speaker 1: like usually for zoos, it'll be like, we have to 311 00:16:23,960 --> 00:16:27,640 Speaker 1: treat this giraffe for this stomach issue, so we're also 312 00:16:27,680 --> 00:16:30,160 Speaker 1: going to test their poop, because why not, We're already 313 00:16:30,200 --> 00:16:33,440 Speaker 1: we're already dealing with giraffe diarrhea. You might as well 314 00:16:34,280 --> 00:16:38,360 Speaker 1: make giraffe diarrhea made out of giraffe diarrhea. 315 00:16:39,040 --> 00:16:41,160 Speaker 2: Yeah, sure, I mean I would definitely want the glitter 316 00:16:41,200 --> 00:16:43,320 Speaker 2: poop if they were like, yes, you know what, except 317 00:16:43,360 --> 00:16:44,920 Speaker 2: but I think if you're doing like a fecal float, 318 00:16:44,960 --> 00:16:47,360 Speaker 2: you're trying to find the like parasite eggs. I would 319 00:16:47,400 --> 00:16:49,520 Speaker 2: get really annoyed with all of the glitter, like in. 320 00:16:49,480 --> 00:16:55,480 Speaker 1: The cunder your microscope blinding out. So yeah, So they 321 00:16:55,520 --> 00:16:58,640 Speaker 1: looked at the feces of these monkeys and they found 322 00:16:58,880 --> 00:17:03,000 Speaker 1: lower amounts of stress hormones stress proteins that indicate that 323 00:17:03,040 --> 00:17:05,480 Speaker 1: these baths do have a material benefit for them in 324 00:17:05,560 --> 00:17:09,560 Speaker 1: terms of lowering stress. I read this very interesting summary 325 00:17:09,560 --> 00:17:12,719 Speaker 1: of it where it was saying that, well, the alpha female, 326 00:17:12,760 --> 00:17:17,080 Speaker 1: who has the hardest job thus needs this more than 327 00:17:17,119 --> 00:17:20,160 Speaker 1: the lower ranking females, And it's like, is that why? 328 00:17:20,800 --> 00:17:24,720 Speaker 1: I feel like that was written by the alpha female? 329 00:17:24,760 --> 00:17:26,800 Speaker 1: Like this this study summary was like written by the 330 00:17:26,800 --> 00:17:30,560 Speaker 1: alpha female, Like yeah, I need it because I boss 331 00:17:30,600 --> 00:17:33,760 Speaker 1: bay way too hard, so I'm always stressed, so I 332 00:17:33,840 --> 00:17:35,000 Speaker 1: need it. I need it. 333 00:17:35,320 --> 00:17:37,480 Speaker 2: The CEOs who are like, oh, sor I need five 334 00:17:37,520 --> 00:17:40,000 Speaker 2: times the pay that you get, Yeah, just exactly how 335 00:17:40,040 --> 00:17:42,639 Speaker 2: else am I going to make this job worth it? Exactly? 336 00:17:43,240 --> 00:17:46,240 Speaker 2: How do you tease a part Like you know, if 337 00:17:46,280 --> 00:17:48,240 Speaker 2: you are at the top of the hierarchy, or you 338 00:17:48,440 --> 00:17:50,399 Speaker 2: are your hormones low because you get more time in 339 00:17:50,440 --> 00:17:53,439 Speaker 2: the hot tub, or is it low because you know 340 00:17:53,520 --> 00:17:55,600 Speaker 2: that you're in a good position and someone's cleaning off 341 00:17:55,600 --> 00:17:57,399 Speaker 2: your parasites. You don't have to stress out about that. 342 00:17:57,560 --> 00:17:59,560 Speaker 2: It seems like it would be hard to disentangle time 343 00:17:59,560 --> 00:18:01,600 Speaker 2: in the tub from all the other benefits of being 344 00:18:01,920 --> 00:18:03,159 Speaker 2: at the top of the hierarchy. 345 00:18:03,440 --> 00:18:06,000 Speaker 1: That's a very good question. These are often issues with 346 00:18:06,160 --> 00:18:10,120 Speaker 1: observational studies in animals because it's really hard, like especially 347 00:18:10,280 --> 00:18:13,119 Speaker 1: so you have wild animals, you can't necessarily do a 348 00:18:13,200 --> 00:18:16,440 Speaker 1: control group. So these are like observational studies. I believe 349 00:18:16,880 --> 00:18:20,000 Speaker 1: what they did was they sort of tried to track 350 00:18:20,040 --> 00:18:23,840 Speaker 1: it with the amount of observable time that a monkey 351 00:18:23,920 --> 00:18:27,840 Speaker 1: is spent in the hot springs. Now that doesn't completely 352 00:18:27,880 --> 00:18:31,560 Speaker 1: satisfy your study design question because a monkey who's in 353 00:18:31,600 --> 00:18:34,840 Speaker 1: the spaw war you're right, maybe actually getting more access 354 00:18:34,880 --> 00:18:38,119 Speaker 1: to grooming as well. So that's a tricky thing to 355 00:18:38,160 --> 00:18:41,639 Speaker 1: tease apart. I think that they tried to, you know, essentially, 356 00:18:41,640 --> 00:18:44,720 Speaker 1: they tried to separate observations of like grooming from like 357 00:18:44,800 --> 00:18:47,600 Speaker 1: spa time and tried to make that separation. But it's 358 00:18:47,640 --> 00:18:49,960 Speaker 1: true that those are confounding factors, and it's one of 359 00:18:49,960 --> 00:18:54,159 Speaker 1: the difficulties with these studies that look into the natural 360 00:18:54,200 --> 00:18:56,679 Speaker 1: behaviors of animals. But then if you try to do 361 00:18:56,720 --> 00:18:59,760 Speaker 1: a controlled study in a laboratory environment, you have sort 362 00:18:59,760 --> 00:19:02,000 Speaker 1: of another problem, which is that these are this is 363 00:19:02,040 --> 00:19:05,320 Speaker 1: not capturing natural behavior. You're capturing the behavior of an 364 00:19:05,320 --> 00:19:08,959 Speaker 1: animal in a lab. So it can be a little tricky. 365 00:19:08,960 --> 00:19:12,960 Speaker 2: Sometimes ecology use a huge pain in the ass's but 366 00:19:13,160 --> 00:19:15,400 Speaker 2: it's fascinating, but a real pain, very. 367 00:19:15,240 --> 00:19:20,159 Speaker 1: Interesting, very much a pain. But yeah, they absolutely do 368 00:19:20,920 --> 00:19:25,320 Speaker 1: seem to at the very least really enjoy these hot springs. 369 00:19:25,320 --> 00:19:27,280 Speaker 1: It does warm them up. Your earlier question was like, 370 00:19:27,359 --> 00:19:31,040 Speaker 1: could these other monkeys freeze to death? They could. They 371 00:19:31,119 --> 00:19:36,520 Speaker 1: do also have really fluffy, furry coats, so those also 372 00:19:36,600 --> 00:19:40,800 Speaker 1: keep them warm. Generally speaking, just because they're missing out 373 00:19:40,800 --> 00:19:44,280 Speaker 1: on spa time doesn't necessarily doom them to die. But 374 00:19:44,760 --> 00:19:47,840 Speaker 1: in a really harsh winter where resources are really scarce, 375 00:19:47,880 --> 00:19:51,000 Speaker 1: if the temperatures drop way too low, they don't have 376 00:19:51,119 --> 00:19:54,000 Speaker 1: enough food, yeah, that could absolutely make the difference, right, 377 00:19:54,320 --> 00:19:57,320 Speaker 1: And that's sort of the that is the tricky part 378 00:19:57,400 --> 00:20:01,040 Speaker 1: of this evolution where you have the this incentive for 379 00:20:01,160 --> 00:20:04,200 Speaker 1: these this alpha structure of like we want to pass 380 00:20:04,240 --> 00:20:06,320 Speaker 1: on our genes, we want to give our offspring the 381 00:20:06,320 --> 00:20:10,480 Speaker 1: best opportunities, so it's sort of this dominance hierarchy. And 382 00:20:10,560 --> 00:20:13,280 Speaker 1: it's so interesting when you see it in animals who 383 00:20:13,320 --> 00:20:15,840 Speaker 1: are not you social right, so u sociality. You have 384 00:20:15,880 --> 00:20:23,600 Speaker 1: this like basically physiological hierarchy that is enforced genetically and physically, 385 00:20:24,040 --> 00:20:26,320 Speaker 1: and you see it in bees. You actually also see 386 00:20:26,359 --> 00:20:29,840 Speaker 1: it in animals like meerkats. But this is kind of 387 00:20:29,880 --> 00:20:33,480 Speaker 1: this is not quite you sociality you have it. It 388 00:20:33,520 --> 00:20:36,480 Speaker 1: goes from the that one extreme of like bees, where 389 00:20:36,520 --> 00:20:39,439 Speaker 1: you have like a queen and you have workers and 390 00:20:39,480 --> 00:20:44,760 Speaker 1: you have this like genetically enforced social hierarchy with these 391 00:20:44,800 --> 00:20:48,080 Speaker 1: well defined roles, to something a little more flexible, so 392 00:20:48,160 --> 00:20:51,520 Speaker 1: like a young, upstart monkey can take over the troop 393 00:20:51,960 --> 00:20:55,720 Speaker 1: and kick out the dominant. It's just a lot harder 394 00:20:55,760 --> 00:20:59,080 Speaker 1: when you don't have the resources, when you essentially grow 395 00:20:59,160 --> 00:21:01,000 Speaker 1: up poor as a monkey, and you don't get as 396 00:21:01,080 --> 00:21:02,600 Speaker 1: much food and you don't get as much time in 397 00:21:02,600 --> 00:21:05,840 Speaker 1: the spa. You know, monkey inequality. 398 00:21:06,480 --> 00:21:09,479 Speaker 2: Yeah, yeah, not cool. Not cool. So there was a 399 00:21:09,680 --> 00:21:11,600 Speaker 2: I seem to remember a long time ago, like Jane 400 00:21:11,640 --> 00:21:14,480 Speaker 2: Goodall got a little bit of flack for putting out 401 00:21:14,520 --> 00:21:16,919 Speaker 2: like food while she was watching the chimpanzees, and it 402 00:21:16,960 --> 00:21:21,480 Speaker 2: like started a war yea. Did adding whoops? Did adding 403 00:21:21,480 --> 00:21:25,400 Speaker 2: another hot spring change the like dynamics because now maybe 404 00:21:25,440 --> 00:21:27,680 Speaker 2: there's enough hot springs to go around, so they don't 405 00:21:27,680 --> 00:21:30,479 Speaker 2: have like the hierarchy doesn't matter anymore because everybody can 406 00:21:30,520 --> 00:21:31,520 Speaker 2: get in the spa. 407 00:21:31,960 --> 00:21:34,919 Speaker 1: It's a really good question. That's a super good question. 408 00:21:35,080 --> 00:21:37,080 Speaker 1: I don't know the answer to that, but I can 409 00:21:37,200 --> 00:21:40,760 Speaker 1: tell you that there have been ships and monkey cultures 410 00:21:40,960 --> 00:21:44,159 Speaker 1: where it's there's something that seems like, ah, this is 411 00:21:44,240 --> 00:21:47,520 Speaker 1: just the general behavior of this monkey that that must 412 00:21:47,600 --> 00:21:51,439 Speaker 1: be must have been since you know, they evolved and 413 00:21:51,520 --> 00:21:54,000 Speaker 1: like continues and it's not necessarily a culture, it's just 414 00:21:54,000 --> 00:21:56,399 Speaker 1: this instinctive trait and then it turns out that's wrong. 415 00:21:56,840 --> 00:22:00,920 Speaker 1: So this this was the case for I believe babboons 416 00:22:01,359 --> 00:22:05,960 Speaker 1: where there was an outbreak of a disease. They're eating 417 00:22:06,000 --> 00:22:10,199 Speaker 1: tainted meat at a dumpster, and the this was a 418 00:22:10,200 --> 00:22:13,439 Speaker 1: male dominated society, so you had these male baboons that 419 00:22:13,440 --> 00:22:17,040 Speaker 1: were dominant over the females and over weaker males, and 420 00:22:17,080 --> 00:22:20,080 Speaker 1: they were very violent, very aggressive, and they would do 421 00:22:20,320 --> 00:22:24,000 Speaker 1: kind of like have enforced this strict hierarchy, and so 422 00:22:24,119 --> 00:22:26,720 Speaker 1: they were able to go and feed at these food 423 00:22:26,800 --> 00:22:29,080 Speaker 1: dumps and eat all of this meat. And so they 424 00:22:29,240 --> 00:22:32,520 Speaker 1: ate this tainted meat that had a bacterial infection, and 425 00:22:32,560 --> 00:22:35,080 Speaker 1: so they got infected and they died off. And so 426 00:22:35,200 --> 00:22:39,119 Speaker 1: the females and the less dominant males survived because they 427 00:22:39,160 --> 00:22:41,760 Speaker 1: weren't given a seat at the table at these dumps. 428 00:22:42,040 --> 00:22:44,680 Speaker 1: And so what you saw is this reorganization of society 429 00:22:44,720 --> 00:22:50,119 Speaker 1: where the females started to enforce a less aggressive society. 430 00:22:50,160 --> 00:22:53,000 Speaker 1: They would punish males who would start to be too aggressive, 431 00:22:53,359 --> 00:22:57,240 Speaker 1: and so you got a much less both them. Females 432 00:22:57,359 --> 00:23:01,000 Speaker 1: and the less dominant males would force this sort of 433 00:23:01,520 --> 00:23:04,639 Speaker 1: more I wouldn't necessarily call it egalitarian. There was still 434 00:23:04,680 --> 00:23:08,600 Speaker 1: a hierarchy structure, but it was a lot more calm, gentle, 435 00:23:08,760 --> 00:23:12,440 Speaker 1: less aggressive. A lot of conflicts were settled by grooming 436 00:23:12,520 --> 00:23:15,679 Speaker 1: rather than fighting, and females seemed to enforce this and 437 00:23:15,760 --> 00:23:18,280 Speaker 1: teach this to males. And what was really interesting was 438 00:23:18,359 --> 00:23:22,480 Speaker 1: males that left their old troops and came to disperse 439 00:23:22,560 --> 00:23:24,520 Speaker 1: right and came to this new one then learned right. 440 00:23:24,600 --> 00:23:27,280 Speaker 1: So it was an effect that didn't go away. It persisted. 441 00:23:27,720 --> 00:23:30,359 Speaker 1: So in terms of your question, I don't know specifically 442 00:23:30,840 --> 00:23:33,560 Speaker 1: if adding more hot springs had a change in this 443 00:23:33,640 --> 00:23:37,200 Speaker 1: monkey society, but I would say that that is definitely possible. 444 00:23:37,560 --> 00:23:41,199 Speaker 1: You do see as resources and population shift, especially in 445 00:23:41,200 --> 00:23:45,240 Speaker 1: intelligent animals like primates, you do actually see cultural shifts, 446 00:23:45,240 --> 00:23:46,200 Speaker 1: which is really interesting. 447 00:23:46,680 --> 00:23:49,320 Speaker 2: That is Yeah, that Baboon story is amazing. It almost 448 00:23:49,359 --> 00:23:51,159 Speaker 2: gives me like hope for the future, although you like, 449 00:23:51,160 --> 00:23:53,840 Speaker 2: I don't want a catastrophic mortality of all the people 450 00:23:53,840 --> 00:23:54,480 Speaker 2: in charge, but. 451 00:23:54,520 --> 00:23:58,760 Speaker 1: Like it's felas. We're not gonna go around poisoning me. 452 00:23:58,920 --> 00:24:00,160 Speaker 1: It's okay, calm down. 453 00:24:00,080 --> 00:24:02,440 Speaker 2: Sorry, Yeah, we're good. We're good. But but I like 454 00:24:02,520 --> 00:24:05,320 Speaker 2: the idea that you know, things can change over time 455 00:24:05,640 --> 00:24:09,200 Speaker 2: and that these cultural improvements can persist. That's pretty cool. 456 00:24:09,480 --> 00:24:13,520 Speaker 1: Absolutely. Also cool is that snow monkeys do roll snowballs, 457 00:24:13,920 --> 00:24:14,520 Speaker 1: which I love. 458 00:24:15,280 --> 00:24:19,280 Speaker 2: That's awesome. Oh that does the hierarchy influence? Like what 459 00:24:19,320 --> 00:24:22,280 Speaker 2: direction they throw the snowballs? Ah, hit the queen? 460 00:24:22,880 --> 00:24:26,359 Speaker 1: Yes, exactly, you know what. I I don't know that 461 00:24:26,400 --> 00:24:29,920 Speaker 1: for a fact, but I bet that youngsters are probably 462 00:24:29,920 --> 00:24:33,240 Speaker 1: gonna get pretty punished severely if they hit the queen, 463 00:24:33,840 --> 00:24:37,840 Speaker 1: hit the matriarch with a snowball. I think it's mostly juveniles, uh, 464 00:24:38,000 --> 00:24:39,679 Speaker 1: messing around with each other. I don't. I don't think 465 00:24:39,720 --> 00:24:42,280 Speaker 1: they get into too many monkey snowball fights. But they 466 00:24:42,359 --> 00:24:45,160 Speaker 1: love rolling the snowball. They enjoy just like, this is fun, 467 00:24:45,200 --> 00:24:47,920 Speaker 1: This is cool. I'm making a snowball and then maybe 468 00:24:47,920 --> 00:24:50,639 Speaker 1: the juveniles kind of smack each other with it. That 469 00:24:50,800 --> 00:24:51,960 Speaker 1: sounds like something they would do. 470 00:24:52,359 --> 00:24:56,440 Speaker 2: Yeah, irresistible. Like I love the idea of little monkey snowmen. 471 00:24:57,000 --> 00:24:59,399 Speaker 1: Yeah, yeah, that would be so cute. You see a 472 00:24:59,440 --> 00:25:01,960 Speaker 1: little just just and then there's like a piece of 473 00:25:01,960 --> 00:25:03,640 Speaker 1: poop shoved in it because they're monkeys. 474 00:25:03,760 --> 00:25:08,040 Speaker 2: Yeah right, they'd have to do that. Yeppold do that too, 475 00:25:08,040 --> 00:25:10,520 Speaker 2: if we let them, if we let them, which you 476 00:25:10,520 --> 00:25:13,879 Speaker 2: know it just don't don't eat the yellow snow folks. 477 00:25:13,880 --> 00:25:16,080 Speaker 1: All right, we're gonna take a quick break and when 478 00:25:16,119 --> 00:25:20,359 Speaker 1: we get back, we are gonna talk about really interesting story. 479 00:25:20,440 --> 00:25:23,360 Speaker 1: This is an animal who it is a surprise that 480 00:25:23,440 --> 00:25:27,919 Speaker 1: we now know more about. All right, So this story 481 00:25:28,160 --> 00:25:31,560 Speaker 1: is it's a little less I mean, I have mixed 482 00:25:31,600 --> 00:25:35,320 Speaker 1: feelings about it because it does involve a very very 483 00:25:35,440 --> 00:25:39,240 Speaker 1: very old dead kitten. So I'm just gonna yeah, I'm 484 00:25:39,240 --> 00:25:43,119 Speaker 1: gonna go there right at the top. But this is 485 00:25:43,320 --> 00:25:49,080 Speaker 1: a saber toothed tiger kitten. Specifically, this is Homotherium and 486 00:25:49,440 --> 00:25:52,560 Speaker 1: this was a This is an incredible find that I 487 00:25:52,560 --> 00:25:55,840 Speaker 1: think was found in twenty twenty. It was a three 488 00:25:55,920 --> 00:26:01,000 Speaker 1: week old mummified extinct Homothereum kitten which had its fur 489 00:26:01,320 --> 00:26:05,480 Speaker 1: and its flesh and part of its skeleton in place. Shockingly, 490 00:26:05,600 --> 00:26:08,720 Speaker 1: it actually this this sounds a little bit morbid, but 491 00:26:08,800 --> 00:26:12,280 Speaker 1: it's actually kind of cute, Like it's it's it's sad. 492 00:26:12,480 --> 00:26:16,040 Speaker 1: It's kind of morbid and sad, but it's not grotesque looking, 493 00:26:16,119 --> 00:26:19,560 Speaker 1: like it's not super messed up looking. It looks a 494 00:26:19,560 --> 00:26:21,840 Speaker 1: little bit cute, like it has kind of a cute face. 495 00:26:21,880 --> 00:26:24,160 Speaker 1: It's like shockingly well preserved. 496 00:26:24,640 --> 00:26:26,840 Speaker 2: I have a broad range of things I'm able to 497 00:26:26,880 --> 00:26:30,119 Speaker 2: consider cute, Like there are cute parasites. I think blobfish 498 00:26:30,160 --> 00:26:34,560 Speaker 2: are cute. I can imagine a cute preserved Yeah, fabertooth cat. 499 00:26:34,880 --> 00:26:38,960 Speaker 1: Look, it's it's spooky. Uh, it's probably haunted, but it 500 00:26:39,040 --> 00:26:43,520 Speaker 1: is also really cute. So there were many different species 501 00:26:43,520 --> 00:26:47,320 Speaker 1: of home Ethereum. It's genus of these uh, sabertoothed tigers, 502 00:26:47,320 --> 00:26:51,679 Speaker 1: and they're different genuses of sabertooth tigers. So this was 503 00:26:52,080 --> 00:26:55,520 Speaker 1: this was one found in Siberia. There were also a 504 00:26:55,680 --> 00:26:58,479 Speaker 1: home ethereum in North America, and in North America they 505 00:26:58,480 --> 00:27:01,400 Speaker 1: were thought to have gone extinct around twelve thousand years ago, 506 00:27:01,800 --> 00:27:05,680 Speaker 1: while those in Europe. The fossil record there is a 507 00:27:05,720 --> 00:27:08,760 Speaker 1: little older, so around thirty thousand years ago. That doesn't 508 00:27:08,800 --> 00:27:12,720 Speaker 1: mean necessarily that that's when they went to extinct. North 509 00:27:12,720 --> 00:27:17,639 Speaker 1: America has some different manners in which these these fossil 510 00:27:17,680 --> 00:27:21,600 Speaker 1: records were preserved, such as like tarpits, incredible Librea tarpits 511 00:27:21,640 --> 00:27:26,040 Speaker 1: in Los Angeles. You get a lot of amazingly preserved 512 00:27:26,200 --> 00:27:30,199 Speaker 1: bones and so you're able to build particially a more 513 00:27:30,240 --> 00:27:32,280 Speaker 1: complete fossil record, whereas it may be a little more 514 00:27:32,320 --> 00:27:34,760 Speaker 1: difficult in Europe. So it's it's just it's hard to say, 515 00:27:35,280 --> 00:27:38,879 Speaker 1: but but yeah, this Honotheroeum kitten was found in. 516 00:27:40,760 --> 00:27:44,159 Speaker 2: Siberia and it's ever been good to live in Siberia. 517 00:27:44,840 --> 00:27:54,240 Speaker 1: It's tricky, but yeah, it's remarkably intact, kind of cute 518 00:27:54,240 --> 00:27:57,399 Speaker 1: and a grim way has this soft, fluffy, sort of 519 00:27:57,400 --> 00:28:00,360 Speaker 1: reddish brown fur. Now, the color, it's hard to make 520 00:28:00,440 --> 00:28:03,720 Speaker 1: a definite determination about the color. Some of the research 521 00:28:03,760 --> 00:28:06,480 Speaker 1: speculate there may have been some loss of the color 522 00:28:06,520 --> 00:28:09,000 Speaker 1: over time. One of the reasons they suspect that is 523 00:28:09,000 --> 00:28:13,720 Speaker 1: that the kitten doesn't have spots, and usually kittens will 524 00:28:13,760 --> 00:28:16,680 Speaker 1: have spots some kind of like disruptive coloration in terms 525 00:28:16,720 --> 00:28:19,639 Speaker 1: of camouflage. This doesn't have it could mean it didn't 526 00:28:19,640 --> 00:28:22,600 Speaker 1: have it, or it could mean that this coat has 527 00:28:22,640 --> 00:28:25,720 Speaker 1: degraded over the tens of thousands of years that it's 528 00:28:25,720 --> 00:28:26,360 Speaker 1: been frozen. 529 00:28:27,080 --> 00:28:29,400 Speaker 2: Would let it haunt me? Though it sounds super cute. 530 00:28:29,200 --> 00:28:32,560 Speaker 1: It's super cute. There is so not to get too gruesome. 531 00:28:32,600 --> 00:28:35,080 Speaker 1: There is only about half of it left, but it is. 532 00:28:35,200 --> 00:28:37,639 Speaker 1: It's the cute half. It's the it's the front half, 533 00:28:37,920 --> 00:28:38,760 Speaker 1: not the butt half. 534 00:28:39,400 --> 00:28:41,120 Speaker 2: So that's preferable. 535 00:28:41,520 --> 00:28:45,360 Speaker 1: Yes, look, we would both have failed that that one test. 536 00:28:45,400 --> 00:28:47,440 Speaker 1: That guy who's like, ah, you want you want to 537 00:28:47,600 --> 00:28:50,000 Speaker 1: chop this kitten in half, It's like, sure, give me 538 00:28:50,120 --> 00:28:50,840 Speaker 1: the cute half. 539 00:28:51,520 --> 00:28:54,960 Speaker 2: Uh. It was that keep us out of biblical stories? 540 00:28:55,120 --> 00:28:58,720 Speaker 1: It King Solomon, King Solomon, that's right, Yeah, yeah. So 541 00:28:58,920 --> 00:29:03,400 Speaker 1: the kitten had some interesting features that researchers were able 542 00:29:03,440 --> 00:29:07,200 Speaker 1: to kind of build a more complete picture of these 543 00:29:07,600 --> 00:29:10,640 Speaker 1: the species. Now, obviously, because it's a kitten, a lot 544 00:29:10,680 --> 00:29:12,720 Speaker 1: of its juvenile traits are not going to carry over 545 00:29:12,840 --> 00:29:14,960 Speaker 1: as adults. In a lot of this is kind of 546 00:29:15,000 --> 00:29:17,360 Speaker 1: giesswork and how this might have matured over time. But 547 00:29:17,680 --> 00:29:19,360 Speaker 1: what they did have is they seem to have some 548 00:29:19,400 --> 00:29:22,400 Speaker 1: evidence that they might eventually have had side burns. They 549 00:29:22,440 --> 00:29:27,640 Speaker 1: have these cute little huffs on their chin, adorable, I know. 550 00:29:28,240 --> 00:29:33,400 Speaker 1: And their upper lips were actually longer than the they 551 00:29:33,560 --> 00:29:36,320 Speaker 1: like compared it to a three week old lion cub 552 00:29:36,400 --> 00:29:39,120 Speaker 1: and looked at these morphological differences. The upper lips were 553 00:29:39,160 --> 00:29:42,920 Speaker 1: longer and so their fangs hadn't grown in all the 554 00:29:42,960 --> 00:29:46,440 Speaker 1: way yet because it was a kitten. But because of 555 00:29:46,480 --> 00:29:50,920 Speaker 1: that longer lip, it speculated that there's like warring theories 556 00:29:50,920 --> 00:29:54,400 Speaker 1: of like did they have the fangs out uncovered as 557 00:29:54,400 --> 00:29:56,520 Speaker 1: we kind of imagine like when you see a lot 558 00:29:56,520 --> 00:30:00,280 Speaker 1: of illustrations of saber toothed tigers, the various species, they've 559 00:30:00,280 --> 00:30:03,880 Speaker 1: just got these giant things right out, and a lot 560 00:30:03,920 --> 00:30:08,120 Speaker 1: of evolutionary biologists think that might be wrong, a lot 561 00:30:08,120 --> 00:30:11,120 Speaker 1: of paleontologists because it's like, well, because you're not protect 562 00:30:11,240 --> 00:30:14,440 Speaker 1: like if you have that tooth exposed and that gum 563 00:30:14,560 --> 00:30:17,880 Speaker 1: line exposed, that's gonna be a little more dangerous in 564 00:30:17,960 --> 00:30:20,560 Speaker 1: terms of infection. You're gonna get stuff in it. It's 565 00:30:20,720 --> 00:30:24,600 Speaker 1: a little bit potentially tricky there. So there's another theory 566 00:30:24,600 --> 00:30:28,280 Speaker 1: that maybe they covered it with skin. And so the 567 00:30:28,320 --> 00:30:32,239 Speaker 1: fact that this kitten's upper lip is larger compared to 568 00:30:32,240 --> 00:30:35,560 Speaker 1: say a line cub's upper lip, they think that that 569 00:30:35,720 --> 00:30:38,440 Speaker 1: might kind of help in the case that they're making 570 00:30:38,480 --> 00:30:40,840 Speaker 1: that maybe they covered at least part maybe not the 571 00:30:40,880 --> 00:30:43,560 Speaker 1: whole thing, but at least part of it with some 572 00:30:43,600 --> 00:30:45,720 Speaker 1: of their lipt to protect that sensitive area. 573 00:30:46,280 --> 00:30:48,479 Speaker 2: So we think some adults might have had like super 574 00:30:48,520 --> 00:30:49,520 Speaker 2: long droopy lips. 575 00:30:49,840 --> 00:30:55,640 Speaker 1: Yes, absolutely, possibly, way less epic. It feels a little doofier, 576 00:30:55,760 --> 00:30:58,959 Speaker 1: like you know, it goes. It goes from that character 577 00:30:59,000 --> 00:31:02,120 Speaker 1: from Ice Age really looking to like, hello everybody, I'm 578 00:31:02,520 --> 00:31:06,040 Speaker 1: I'm here to join your join your your franchise. 579 00:31:06,960 --> 00:31:09,680 Speaker 2: But as like an old person with cold teeth sensitivity, 580 00:31:09,720 --> 00:31:12,120 Speaker 2: I like, I can imagine not wanting if you're inside 581 00:31:12,360 --> 00:31:14,120 Speaker 2: your teeth exposed to the cold all the time. 582 00:31:14,360 --> 00:31:19,680 Speaker 1: That would suck. Tooth cover, Yeah, that would a tooth cozy. Yeah, 583 00:31:19,960 --> 00:31:23,600 Speaker 1: just knit a little little tiny like teeth warmers them 584 00:31:23,600 --> 00:31:27,560 Speaker 1: when you're ready to kill something. So the kitten also 585 00:31:27,720 --> 00:31:31,160 Speaker 1: had rounded paws like a lynx So that's pretty interesting 586 00:31:31,200 --> 00:31:35,000 Speaker 1: because again links uh certain species and links. The ones 587 00:31:35,040 --> 00:31:38,760 Speaker 1: that live in the cold have these really thick, fluffy, 588 00:31:38,920 --> 00:31:42,640 Speaker 1: rounded paws that help them stay warm against the snow, 589 00:31:43,040 --> 00:31:45,160 Speaker 1: and so it looks like this kitten had that as well. 590 00:31:45,760 --> 00:31:45,880 Speaker 2: Uh. 591 00:31:46,280 --> 00:31:49,520 Speaker 1: They also had no carple pads on their wrist. So 592 00:31:49,520 --> 00:31:51,800 Speaker 1: the carpl pad you know, the little toebeans on your 593 00:31:51,800 --> 00:31:53,840 Speaker 1: dogs and your cats, and then they have a little 594 00:31:54,120 --> 00:31:58,240 Speaker 1: pad on their sort of like the wrist part that 595 00:31:58,480 --> 00:32:02,440 Speaker 1: is called a carple padu and it can help with say, 596 00:32:02,520 --> 00:32:07,360 Speaker 1: like gripping, gripping things like balones, rasping things, but it 597 00:32:07,440 --> 00:32:10,960 Speaker 1: is an exposed piece of flesh. And so what you 598 00:32:11,000 --> 00:32:13,800 Speaker 1: see sometimes in animals that live in very, very cold 599 00:32:13,920 --> 00:32:18,400 Speaker 1: environments is that they may lose parts of their bodies 600 00:32:18,480 --> 00:32:21,960 Speaker 1: that are more prone to say, frost bites, because getting 601 00:32:22,000 --> 00:32:26,040 Speaker 1: frostbite versus not getting it can make a significant difference, 602 00:32:26,120 --> 00:32:28,560 Speaker 1: right in terms of you don't want you don't want 603 00:32:28,560 --> 00:32:31,520 Speaker 1: a part of your body that's necrotic and potentially infected. 604 00:32:31,920 --> 00:32:35,080 Speaker 1: So you actually see this also in have you ever 605 00:32:35,080 --> 00:32:40,760 Speaker 1: seen a snubnosed monkeys? Are these they're these golden monkeys 606 00:32:40,760 --> 00:32:43,640 Speaker 1: with blue They're different species, but there's the golden monkey, 607 00:32:43,640 --> 00:32:45,520 Speaker 1: which is one with like this golden fur. It's got 608 00:32:45,560 --> 00:32:48,440 Speaker 1: like a blue face. People who watched any of the 609 00:32:49,400 --> 00:32:53,400 Speaker 1: what is it Golden Compass franchise, either the movie or 610 00:32:53,440 --> 00:32:57,280 Speaker 1: TV show or books, there's a monkey in there that's 611 00:32:57,320 --> 00:33:00,720 Speaker 1: a snubnose monkey. They're actually they're very interesting because they 612 00:33:00,800 --> 00:33:04,960 Speaker 1: their noses are very flat, but they somewhat have humanoid faces. 613 00:33:05,240 --> 00:33:09,360 Speaker 1: They're quite lovely looking a little strange, but they have 614 00:33:09,640 --> 00:33:13,080 Speaker 1: essentially lost any of the fleshy part of their nose 615 00:33:13,240 --> 00:33:16,880 Speaker 1: because they live in these high altitudes at these cold temperatures, 616 00:33:17,360 --> 00:33:22,040 Speaker 1: which which it just makes it such that it's not 617 00:33:22,080 --> 00:33:25,520 Speaker 1: necessarily that Like, we're not talking about la Marking evolution 618 00:33:25,640 --> 00:33:28,560 Speaker 1: right where a monkey gets frost bite, its nose falls off, 619 00:33:28,560 --> 00:33:30,280 Speaker 1: and then the next generation doesn't have a nose. This 620 00:33:30,320 --> 00:33:32,040 Speaker 1: is not what we're talking about. We're talking about the 621 00:33:32,120 --> 00:33:36,920 Speaker 1: monkeys whose noses were flatter and more inverted ended up 622 00:33:37,040 --> 00:33:39,440 Speaker 1: not having a deal with things like frostbite and therefore 623 00:33:39,480 --> 00:33:40,840 Speaker 1: had a better chance of survival. 624 00:33:40,960 --> 00:33:43,280 Speaker 2: So I'm thinking of other sticky, outy parts you do. 625 00:33:43,920 --> 00:33:46,680 Speaker 2: How about ears? Do ears and cold tend to like 626 00:33:46,800 --> 00:33:47,440 Speaker 2: be smaller? 627 00:33:48,000 --> 00:33:51,320 Speaker 1: Yeah? Ears, So that's very interesting yeat. Ears do play 628 00:33:51,320 --> 00:33:56,080 Speaker 1: a role in terms of say, adapting to temperature environments. 629 00:33:56,080 --> 00:34:01,560 Speaker 1: So like you'll see with say, uh with with fluffy animals, 630 00:34:01,640 --> 00:34:04,560 Speaker 1: right that the ears will be covered in fur, Like 631 00:34:04,600 --> 00:34:07,280 Speaker 1: you look at the links, big tufts of fluffy fur 632 00:34:07,600 --> 00:34:12,000 Speaker 1: that really protects those ears. Ears are quite important. So 633 00:34:12,200 --> 00:34:15,960 Speaker 1: having like a large ear that acts as a cone 634 00:34:16,000 --> 00:34:18,120 Speaker 1: to like have all of that sound get sort of 635 00:34:18,160 --> 00:34:21,000 Speaker 1: directed in and then being able to swivel them around 636 00:34:21,040 --> 00:34:25,640 Speaker 1: so that you can locate do this calculation that where 637 00:34:25,680 --> 00:34:27,520 Speaker 1: you can find figure out where your prey is coming from. 638 00:34:27,560 --> 00:34:30,279 Speaker 1: All that's super important. So you'll often see and say, 639 00:34:30,320 --> 00:34:34,279 Speaker 1: like a lot of predators species even when they're really 640 00:34:34,280 --> 00:34:36,160 Speaker 1: in the cold, they still have these big ears, but 641 00:34:36,280 --> 00:34:39,839 Speaker 1: they're covered in fur. And so for snubnose monkeys, their 642 00:34:39,840 --> 00:34:42,640 Speaker 1: ears are actually pretty small. They're also close to the 643 00:34:42,680 --> 00:34:45,920 Speaker 1: head and they're very fluffy, so it's just that bare 644 00:34:46,000 --> 00:34:50,280 Speaker 1: face where that nose. It turned out that the benefits 645 00:34:50,320 --> 00:34:54,680 Speaker 1: of having that nose were you know, not as not 646 00:34:54,760 --> 00:34:57,120 Speaker 1: as good as having a flatter nose that they don't 647 00:34:57,120 --> 00:34:59,840 Speaker 1: have to deal with frostbite and things like. Also, you 648 00:35:00,080 --> 00:35:04,560 Speaker 1: may have say like digits that can be prone to frostbite. 649 00:35:04,560 --> 00:35:08,360 Speaker 1: But you can also those are a little more dynamics, 650 00:35:08,360 --> 00:35:10,120 Speaker 1: so you can like hold them close to you. You'll 651 00:35:10,120 --> 00:35:12,719 Speaker 1: see them, you know, like holding it inwards, tucking their 652 00:35:12,760 --> 00:35:16,040 Speaker 1: feet in. So, yeah, you absolutely do see that. You 653 00:35:16,040 --> 00:35:19,520 Speaker 1: actually also see somewhat of the opposite effect and the heat. 654 00:35:19,560 --> 00:35:23,719 Speaker 1: You'll see animals get these really big thin ears and 655 00:35:23,760 --> 00:35:27,600 Speaker 1: they use those like like say, African hairs, and they 656 00:35:27,719 --> 00:35:30,680 Speaker 1: use that as a method of thermal regulation and the heat. 657 00:35:30,840 --> 00:35:33,680 Speaker 1: So they're using these giant ears that have all of 658 00:35:33,719 --> 00:35:37,120 Speaker 1: these veins kind of over a wide surface area as 659 00:35:37,160 --> 00:35:38,080 Speaker 1: an air conditioner. 660 00:35:39,600 --> 00:35:41,520 Speaker 2: That is so much more functional than our ears. 661 00:35:42,080 --> 00:35:44,480 Speaker 1: Yeah, I would like to have ears that are also 662 00:35:44,560 --> 00:35:45,400 Speaker 1: an air conditioner. 663 00:35:46,400 --> 00:35:50,399 Speaker 2: Or a nose covered in fur. Yeah yeah, maybe I'll 664 00:35:50,400 --> 00:35:51,399 Speaker 2: think I'll pass on that one. 665 00:35:51,560 --> 00:35:55,320 Speaker 1: Got a crochet and nose cozy. So we are gonna 666 00:35:55,360 --> 00:35:58,399 Speaker 1: take another quick break and when we get back, we're 667 00:35:58,440 --> 00:36:02,080 Speaker 1: gonna talk about birds getting round for the winter, and 668 00:36:02,080 --> 00:36:05,760 Speaker 1: then we're gonna play a little game whoop. All right, 669 00:36:05,960 --> 00:36:10,000 Speaker 1: So one of my my favorite, possibly the most favorite 670 00:36:10,040 --> 00:36:13,680 Speaker 1: part of the winter is birds getting round. It's birds 671 00:36:13,719 --> 00:36:19,359 Speaker 1: getting round season. They turn into fluffy little balls. It's 672 00:36:19,480 --> 00:36:25,439 Speaker 1: so it's adorable. And it's incredibly functional. So birds have 673 00:36:25,600 --> 00:36:28,920 Speaker 1: a variety of techniques to survive the winter. We have 674 00:36:28,960 --> 00:36:35,120 Speaker 1: a lot of migratory species, right from aquatic birds like waterfowl, ducks, geese, 675 00:36:35,520 --> 00:36:41,600 Speaker 1: they'll they'll form these big migrating flocks. You have smaller birds, 676 00:36:41,680 --> 00:36:45,440 Speaker 1: songbirds that may migrate into various areas. But you still 677 00:36:45,480 --> 00:36:48,680 Speaker 1: have birds who do have to deal with cold weather. 678 00:36:49,120 --> 00:36:51,839 Speaker 1: Some of them may stay in one location, or some 679 00:36:51,880 --> 00:36:55,279 Speaker 1: of them may migrate from even colder areas, so they'll 680 00:36:55,280 --> 00:36:58,560 Speaker 1: come in from say like Siberia and go somewhere that 681 00:36:58,680 --> 00:37:01,560 Speaker 1: still has a winter, but it's a lot more survivable. 682 00:37:02,040 --> 00:37:03,880 Speaker 1: So you do still have a lot of birds that 683 00:37:04,000 --> 00:37:08,680 Speaker 1: have to figure out how to stay warm in the cold, 684 00:37:09,280 --> 00:37:14,640 Speaker 1: particularly because they are you know, they have these very 685 00:37:14,760 --> 00:37:18,319 Speaker 1: high metabolisms, which is one of the things they need 686 00:37:18,360 --> 00:37:19,720 Speaker 1: in order to maintain flight. 687 00:37:20,640 --> 00:37:21,120 Speaker 2: They burn. 688 00:37:22,440 --> 00:37:26,360 Speaker 1: They do snuggle, so social speedy sas love to snuggle 689 00:37:26,400 --> 00:37:29,880 Speaker 1: with each other. They will huddle all bunch up. They'll 690 00:37:30,120 --> 00:37:32,080 Speaker 1: you often see also, like you know, how like in 691 00:37:32,160 --> 00:37:35,160 Speaker 1: winter photography, you'll often see like two say you see 692 00:37:35,160 --> 00:37:38,880 Speaker 1: a couple of tits and they're jammed together. They're huddling together, 693 00:37:40,000 --> 00:37:43,399 Speaker 1: they're doing that for warmth and it is adorable. And yeah, 694 00:37:43,400 --> 00:37:47,160 Speaker 1: they will form these big fluffy cuddle piles. They will 695 00:37:47,200 --> 00:37:52,080 Speaker 1: also shiver, So birds can shiver. They're not necessarily scared, 696 00:37:52,239 --> 00:37:55,239 Speaker 1: they're not necessarily uncomfortable, but shivering helps them warm up, 697 00:37:55,400 --> 00:37:58,000 Speaker 1: just like it helps us warm up. Which is kind 698 00:37:58,000 --> 00:38:02,160 Speaker 1: of wild because birds are died and we are mammals. 699 00:38:03,239 --> 00:38:04,800 Speaker 2: But we're all still so similar. 700 00:38:05,040 --> 00:38:08,360 Speaker 1: We're all we all shiver in the cold. So doesn't 701 00:38:08,360 --> 00:38:12,200 Speaker 1: that I feel like that's poetic, right, something about from 702 00:38:12,600 --> 00:38:15,280 Speaker 1: from dinosaurs to mammals. We all shiver in the cold. 703 00:38:15,360 --> 00:38:19,480 Speaker 1: So let's just get along and only occasionally eat each other. 704 00:38:20,400 --> 00:38:22,080 Speaker 2: When we're cut and we all shiver in the cold. 705 00:38:22,120 --> 00:38:27,359 Speaker 1: I like, right. So another thing that they do is 706 00:38:28,520 --> 00:38:34,000 Speaker 1: they get real fluffy, so they will fluff out their feathers. 707 00:38:35,080 --> 00:38:40,600 Speaker 1: They which is both in terms of like they get fatter. 708 00:38:40,719 --> 00:38:43,040 Speaker 1: They eat a lot of food preceding in the winter 709 00:38:43,160 --> 00:38:47,720 Speaker 1: because having more body fat having more calories is really important. Also, 710 00:38:48,120 --> 00:38:53,040 Speaker 1: species that are say insectivores, will expand their diet. They'll 711 00:38:53,040 --> 00:38:56,840 Speaker 1: start eating berries, they'll start eating seeds. Because you can't 712 00:38:56,880 --> 00:39:00,200 Speaker 1: be you can't be a beggar, or you can you 713 00:39:00,239 --> 00:39:02,080 Speaker 1: can't be a chooser. You can be a beggar in 714 00:39:02,080 --> 00:39:05,359 Speaker 1: the winter, but say like European robins, one of our 715 00:39:05,400 --> 00:39:10,600 Speaker 1: favorite Christmas birds, right, it has to expand out its 716 00:39:10,640 --> 00:39:17,520 Speaker 1: palette from invertebrates, worms to including berries, seeds, anything you 717 00:39:17,560 --> 00:39:19,760 Speaker 1: can find, because it's going to be a lot harder 718 00:39:20,040 --> 00:39:22,280 Speaker 1: to find insects in the winter. 719 00:39:23,160 --> 00:39:26,120 Speaker 2: Does that make it harder for them to fly? Subsequently, 720 00:39:26,560 --> 00:39:27,440 Speaker 2: the extra. 721 00:39:27,239 --> 00:39:31,359 Speaker 1: Their chunkier, Yeah, it's you know, it is a trade off. 722 00:39:31,560 --> 00:39:34,680 Speaker 1: Like you do potentially have a trade off between say 723 00:39:34,719 --> 00:39:37,160 Speaker 1: like getting really fat and being able to fly, but 724 00:39:37,480 --> 00:39:39,719 Speaker 1: in the winter it's absolutely worth it because you're really 725 00:39:39,760 --> 00:39:42,759 Speaker 1: not necessarily going to be flying long distances once you're 726 00:39:42,800 --> 00:39:47,000 Speaker 1: settled down for the winter. So whatever a slight amount 727 00:39:47,000 --> 00:39:49,279 Speaker 1: of sluggishness that might be a trade off in terms 728 00:39:49,320 --> 00:39:53,520 Speaker 1: of being a little thicker, is definitely worth the enhancement 729 00:39:53,719 --> 00:39:57,480 Speaker 1: of having enough calories to burn and being able to 730 00:39:59,120 --> 00:40:02,439 Speaker 1: have that chrishioning, especially when you'll there may be days 731 00:40:02,480 --> 00:40:04,040 Speaker 1: where they just can't find any food. 732 00:40:04,440 --> 00:40:08,160 Speaker 2: I wonder if chunky robins take off faster when they 733 00:40:08,160 --> 00:40:11,120 Speaker 2: see a fox than less chunky robins, because like less 734 00:40:11,160 --> 00:40:13,280 Speaker 2: chunky robins, maybe they can get off the ground faster. 735 00:40:14,320 --> 00:40:19,479 Speaker 1: So interesting, Yeah, like maybe there's some added vigilance right 736 00:40:19,560 --> 00:40:23,200 Speaker 1: in terms of like they understand, well not necessarily understand, 737 00:40:23,200 --> 00:40:25,719 Speaker 1: but they have this instinctive response that you know, they 738 00:40:25,719 --> 00:40:28,359 Speaker 1: may be a little more vulnerable and so that they 739 00:40:28,400 --> 00:40:31,160 Speaker 1: are on a higher alert during the winter. That could 740 00:40:31,160 --> 00:40:33,600 Speaker 1: be I think another trade off is that say you're 741 00:40:33,640 --> 00:40:36,839 Speaker 1: a migratory bird, right and you go somewhere warmer where 742 00:40:36,840 --> 00:40:39,319 Speaker 1: you're not really having to worry about these things, it's 743 00:40:39,320 --> 00:40:40,799 Speaker 1: gonna be a lot of predators that are out and 744 00:40:40,800 --> 00:40:44,400 Speaker 1: about able to get you. When you are going somewhere 745 00:40:44,400 --> 00:40:48,160 Speaker 1: really cold in the winter and you're surviving, there may 746 00:40:48,200 --> 00:40:51,640 Speaker 1: be fewer predators out, and yet there may be a counterbalance, 747 00:40:51,719 --> 00:40:53,960 Speaker 1: which is that the predators who are out and about 748 00:40:54,360 --> 00:40:57,279 Speaker 1: very desperate, really want to eat you. So there's all 749 00:40:57,320 --> 00:40:59,799 Speaker 1: these there are a lot of different sort of these 750 00:41:00,640 --> 00:41:05,839 Speaker 1: kind of countervailing weights that results in this kind of 751 00:41:05,920 --> 00:41:08,960 Speaker 1: spread out of like some species stay, some species migrate, 752 00:41:09,000 --> 00:41:11,760 Speaker 1: some species migrate from a really cold place to slightly 753 00:41:11,840 --> 00:41:14,560 Speaker 1: less cold place, all these kinds of things, and then 754 00:41:14,680 --> 00:41:18,680 Speaker 1: you get this really interesting kind of push pull mechanisms 755 00:41:18,680 --> 00:41:22,360 Speaker 1: that are you know, giving us winter birds in every 756 00:41:22,440 --> 00:41:23,320 Speaker 1: quarner of the world. 757 00:41:24,000 --> 00:41:26,640 Speaker 2: Yep, it's complicated exactly. 758 00:41:27,000 --> 00:41:30,399 Speaker 1: So one thing they do is they puff out their 759 00:41:30,400 --> 00:41:33,400 Speaker 1: feathers and so they turn it they not only are 760 00:41:33,440 --> 00:41:36,839 Speaker 1: they like meteor fatter because they're trying to eat more 761 00:41:36,960 --> 00:41:41,760 Speaker 1: or hopefully they physically fluff out their feathers, which gives 762 00:41:41,800 --> 00:41:44,480 Speaker 1: them the impression of being much fatter, which they may 763 00:41:44,520 --> 00:41:47,680 Speaker 1: not actually be that chunky, but that is there is 764 00:41:47,719 --> 00:41:50,399 Speaker 1: a purpose to that puffing out because if they puff out, 765 00:41:50,640 --> 00:41:54,960 Speaker 1: they're catching more air pockets in between the feathers. So 766 00:41:55,239 --> 00:41:58,479 Speaker 1: like when you have a winter coat, you may even 767 00:41:58,520 --> 00:42:02,239 Speaker 1: have something with synthetic reeled down. A lot of how 768 00:42:02,239 --> 00:42:04,720 Speaker 1: that coat works is you're trapping air pockets in between 769 00:42:04,800 --> 00:42:08,000 Speaker 1: these layers. That forms this insulation that keeps the heat 770 00:42:08,200 --> 00:42:12,960 Speaker 1: from transferring from your body and then going out into 771 00:42:12,960 --> 00:42:15,759 Speaker 1: the outside world. It keeps that heat in and so 772 00:42:16,080 --> 00:42:20,399 Speaker 1: a bird who has fluffed itself up is essentially doing 773 00:42:20,440 --> 00:42:24,480 Speaker 1: the same thing. There's pockets of air trapped between these feathers, 774 00:42:24,520 --> 00:42:27,600 Speaker 1: and those pockets of air act as insulation and it 775 00:42:27,719 --> 00:42:30,359 Speaker 1: basically it's like wearing a warm winter coat made out 776 00:42:30,400 --> 00:42:30,880 Speaker 1: of feathers. 777 00:42:31,560 --> 00:42:34,719 Speaker 2: Do they have more feathers during the winter or different 778 00:42:34,800 --> 00:42:36,960 Speaker 2: kinds or is it just how they hold the feathers 779 00:42:37,320 --> 00:42:39,239 Speaker 2: which is what captures the heat. 780 00:42:39,520 --> 00:42:42,160 Speaker 1: It depends on the species, but it can be both, 781 00:42:42,280 --> 00:42:45,719 Speaker 1: so it can some species might have more down more 782 00:42:45,719 --> 00:42:49,560 Speaker 1: of this downy feathers, like during the winter, and some 783 00:42:49,560 --> 00:42:53,040 Speaker 1: species some species actually even have a winter coat where 784 00:42:53,040 --> 00:42:57,080 Speaker 1: it's like they go from a completely different coloration to 785 00:42:57,400 --> 00:43:00,839 Speaker 1: say a white coloration to make them more linden with 786 00:43:01,080 --> 00:43:03,440 Speaker 1: the snow. So some species, yeah, they actually might have 787 00:43:03,520 --> 00:43:07,880 Speaker 1: a higher proportion density of down downy feathers and that 788 00:43:07,880 --> 00:43:10,600 Speaker 1: that kind of those downy feathers are really good at 789 00:43:10,640 --> 00:43:13,080 Speaker 1: trapping in warmth because they're like if you ever look 790 00:43:13,120 --> 00:43:15,480 Speaker 1: at the difference between say a flight feather and a 791 00:43:15,600 --> 00:43:18,399 Speaker 1: down feather, the down feather is a lot fluffier, It's 792 00:43:18,440 --> 00:43:22,160 Speaker 1: like a lot softer. Flight feather is sleeker, uh, and 793 00:43:22,200 --> 00:43:24,520 Speaker 1: that that is better for flight. Down is not good. 794 00:43:24,640 --> 00:43:27,920 Speaker 1: You really can't fly using these like down in inner 795 00:43:27,960 --> 00:43:29,840 Speaker 1: downy feathers. And you can even see, like when you 796 00:43:29,840 --> 00:43:32,160 Speaker 1: look at the bird, all their flight feathers and stuff 797 00:43:32,160 --> 00:43:33,960 Speaker 1: are kind of like more on the outside on their 798 00:43:34,000 --> 00:43:37,040 Speaker 1: wings and then the downy feathers like you know, around 799 00:43:37,040 --> 00:43:40,000 Speaker 1: their chests like under their wings, like on their bellies, 800 00:43:40,520 --> 00:43:43,720 Speaker 1: and that because the of the structure of those feathers 801 00:43:43,760 --> 00:43:47,400 Speaker 1: that are much more sort of they're they're finer, they're 802 00:43:47,560 --> 00:43:51,800 Speaker 1: they're branched out more more finely. It traps little pockets, 803 00:43:51,840 --> 00:43:54,720 Speaker 1: tiny pockets of air a lot better, and so those 804 00:43:54,840 --> 00:43:57,839 Speaker 1: keep that bird warm. You also have pretty much every 805 00:43:57,880 --> 00:44:01,799 Speaker 1: species of bird will have a oil gland near the 806 00:44:01,840 --> 00:44:04,680 Speaker 1: base of their tails that they can use to preene, 807 00:44:04,719 --> 00:44:07,960 Speaker 1: and that those oils cover the tops of their feathers, 808 00:44:08,320 --> 00:44:13,000 Speaker 1: because when you get those feathers wet, they no longer 809 00:44:13,040 --> 00:44:16,839 Speaker 1: functions as an insulation. Like if you've ever had a 810 00:44:16,880 --> 00:44:19,560 Speaker 1: warm like a winter jacket that's like filled with a 811 00:44:20,080 --> 00:44:24,279 Speaker 1: either synthetic or real down, and it gets wet, it's miserable. 812 00:44:24,560 --> 00:44:28,919 Speaker 1: It does not work. It's awful. It's awful because you've 813 00:44:29,000 --> 00:44:31,640 Speaker 1: now the air bubbles no longer get trapped in there. 814 00:44:31,640 --> 00:44:34,600 Speaker 1: It's wet, it's soaked through. You no longer have that insulation. 815 00:44:34,680 --> 00:44:37,959 Speaker 1: It's almost worse than it was before. And so it's 816 00:44:38,120 --> 00:44:41,680 Speaker 1: really important for birds to be able to maintain this 817 00:44:41,800 --> 00:44:44,960 Speaker 1: weather proofing on their feathers, otherwise if they get wet, 818 00:44:45,560 --> 00:44:49,000 Speaker 1: it's kind of game over. So like you'll see this 819 00:44:49,080 --> 00:44:52,239 Speaker 1: in waterfowl. They really like you've heard the term, you know, 820 00:44:52,400 --> 00:44:54,279 Speaker 1: like water off a ducts back. Well, that's because it's 821 00:44:54,320 --> 00:44:59,600 Speaker 1: covered in this oil. And if they need to constantly preene, 822 00:45:00,160 --> 00:45:03,640 Speaker 1: spread these oils around, maintain this in order to keep 823 00:45:03,680 --> 00:45:07,080 Speaker 1: that weather proofing because that is vital for their survival. 824 00:45:07,120 --> 00:45:09,440 Speaker 1: They would not survive if they didn't have that weatherproofing 825 00:45:09,480 --> 00:45:10,240 Speaker 1: over their feathers. 826 00:45:10,920 --> 00:45:14,799 Speaker 2: Does that oil do anything else? So it helps keep 827 00:45:14,800 --> 00:45:18,360 Speaker 2: them warm? But like so there are another feather problem. 828 00:45:18,760 --> 00:45:21,399 Speaker 2: There are like parasites that live in the feathers. Does 829 00:45:21,440 --> 00:45:24,480 Speaker 2: it have any like anti parasite stuff so that the 830 00:45:24,800 --> 00:45:26,360 Speaker 2: it gets eaten by like the lice and then the 831 00:45:26,400 --> 00:45:27,719 Speaker 2: lifestye it. 832 00:45:28,000 --> 00:45:32,640 Speaker 1: So if it has, it's not necessarily I don't believe. 833 00:45:32,640 --> 00:45:34,360 Speaker 1: I'll check on that, but I don't believe it's actually 834 00:45:34,400 --> 00:45:37,600 Speaker 1: like poisonous for the parasites. But it does provide a 835 00:45:37,760 --> 00:45:42,080 Speaker 1: physical barrier, right, like sort of like a physical blocking 836 00:45:42,880 --> 00:45:45,600 Speaker 1: because it's oily, right, it's a thick thing. It's sort 837 00:45:45,600 --> 00:45:49,080 Speaker 1: of like how you know how like tree sap sort 838 00:45:49,120 --> 00:45:53,120 Speaker 1: of works to deter boring beetles who are trying to 839 00:45:53,160 --> 00:45:56,880 Speaker 1: get into that tree and oily coating on these feathers 840 00:45:57,480 --> 00:46:02,040 Speaker 1: is going to potentially deter pairites because of the physical 841 00:46:02,080 --> 00:46:06,480 Speaker 1: barrier method. Now, they do sometimes anoint themselves with a 842 00:46:07,120 --> 00:46:11,520 Speaker 1: formic acid, which is called anting. Uh. They'll pick up 843 00:46:11,520 --> 00:46:14,359 Speaker 1: an ant, a poor innocent little ant and just rub 844 00:46:14,400 --> 00:46:16,439 Speaker 1: it on their bodies. This is done a lot by 845 00:46:16,719 --> 00:46:20,160 Speaker 1: crows actually, but other birds do this as well. And 846 00:46:20,239 --> 00:46:23,920 Speaker 1: so what that does is it uh that formic acid 847 00:46:24,000 --> 00:46:27,120 Speaker 1: that actually does kill the parasites. Like, if a parasite 848 00:46:27,120 --> 00:46:31,280 Speaker 1: is eating that that that acid, uh, it will uh 849 00:46:31,400 --> 00:46:34,720 Speaker 1: it'll it'll die. And so yeah, they do actually use 850 00:46:34,880 --> 00:46:38,120 Speaker 1: some other things in addition to that that oil barrier 851 00:46:38,400 --> 00:46:41,480 Speaker 1: that helps them to find off parasites. And actually I 852 00:46:41,480 --> 00:46:45,319 Speaker 1: think like there's also other species, like you also have 853 00:46:45,560 --> 00:46:49,200 Speaker 1: uh not just birds, right, I mean we also produce 854 00:46:49,280 --> 00:46:52,560 Speaker 1: something similar. We produce sebam in our in our hair. 855 00:46:52,600 --> 00:46:54,319 Speaker 1: That's why when you don't wash your hair for a 856 00:46:54,320 --> 00:46:56,719 Speaker 1: few days, it starts to get a little bit oily. Uh. 857 00:46:56,840 --> 00:46:59,880 Speaker 1: You see it very dramatically in sheep. It's called lanilin. 858 00:47:00,680 --> 00:47:03,200 Speaker 1: But essentially that's just sebam. It's it's oils produced by 859 00:47:03,200 --> 00:47:06,920 Speaker 1: these sebam glands and those have a similar similar function 860 00:47:07,080 --> 00:47:11,040 Speaker 1: in mammals as well. It's but yeah, we we do 861 00:47:11,400 --> 00:47:13,920 Speaker 1: often have so like you know, a sheep might be 862 00:47:14,000 --> 00:47:16,839 Speaker 1: able to survive out in the cold and the rain 863 00:47:16,920 --> 00:47:20,360 Speaker 1: because not only that amazing fluffy wool, but the wool 864 00:47:20,400 --> 00:47:22,560 Speaker 1: is a little bit waterproof. And if you've ever had 865 00:47:22,640 --> 00:47:25,799 Speaker 1: like a wool sweater that wasn't super highly processed and 866 00:47:25,840 --> 00:47:29,160 Speaker 1: still retain the those natural anilins, it does. Actually you'll 867 00:47:29,160 --> 00:47:31,920 Speaker 1: see the water beat up on it because the water's 868 00:47:31,960 --> 00:47:34,520 Speaker 1: not going to penetrate that, and the warmth from that 869 00:47:34,640 --> 00:47:37,680 Speaker 1: is going to function on a similar sort of uh 870 00:47:38,080 --> 00:47:41,279 Speaker 1: that that similar principle of it's trapping little pockets of 871 00:47:41,320 --> 00:47:44,280 Speaker 1: air inside that soft wool and keeping you warm. 872 00:47:45,280 --> 00:47:48,160 Speaker 2: Very cool. Yeah, I've heard lots of stories, no, very warm, 873 00:47:48,640 --> 00:47:51,080 Speaker 2: very warm. I've heard lots of stories about people who 874 00:47:51,120 --> 00:47:52,880 Speaker 2: have sheep and they like open up the barns to 875 00:47:52,880 --> 00:47:54,600 Speaker 2: bring them in on the coldest days and the sheep 876 00:47:54,600 --> 00:47:57,759 Speaker 2: are like, no, man, I'm cool, like my kindness. Yeah, 877 00:47:57,800 --> 00:47:59,560 Speaker 2: And I'm also really looking forward to, like, you know, 878 00:47:59,600 --> 00:48:01,799 Speaker 2: if my elementary school kids ever come home with lice, 879 00:48:01,880 --> 00:48:03,560 Speaker 2: to just like getting a bunch of ants and like 880 00:48:03,640 --> 00:48:06,800 Speaker 2: rubbing the and taking care of that problem. 881 00:48:07,480 --> 00:48:15,640 Speaker 1: Much much more fun than that nasty shampoo. Absolutely, yes, yes, yes, no, 882 00:48:15,840 --> 00:48:18,440 Speaker 1: just rub some ants on there, like I'm gonna start. 883 00:48:18,560 --> 00:48:22,080 Speaker 1: I'm I need to start a pseudo scientific health blog 884 00:48:22,120 --> 00:48:25,280 Speaker 1: where it's just like we shouldn't have any real medicine, 885 00:48:25,520 --> 00:48:28,440 Speaker 1: just stuff that animals do. So like rub ants on 886 00:48:28,480 --> 00:48:32,319 Speaker 1: your bodies, you know, poop on your legs like a 887 00:48:32,400 --> 00:48:35,640 Speaker 1: vulture to clean them. All of these natural remedies. Why 888 00:48:35,760 --> 00:48:38,040 Speaker 1: they're natural, they have to be good for you, right 889 00:48:38,440 --> 00:48:38,879 Speaker 1: right right. 890 00:48:38,880 --> 00:48:41,120 Speaker 2: And penguins they shoot the poop to keep like other 891 00:48:41,160 --> 00:48:44,440 Speaker 2: passities away, so like put poop around your house if 892 00:48:44,480 --> 00:48:47,200 Speaker 2: you feel like being left alone. This is great. Yeah, absolutely, 893 00:48:47,200 --> 00:48:52,200 Speaker 2: you're not gonna take my kids away from me probably. 894 00:48:50,680 --> 00:48:52,719 Speaker 1: You know. I just I just talked about that on 895 00:48:52,760 --> 00:48:56,400 Speaker 1: the show. These these penguins that the high velocity poop cannons, 896 00:48:56,440 --> 00:48:58,840 Speaker 1: and there was an actual paper. Did you read that? 897 00:48:58,880 --> 00:49:04,600 Speaker 1: Did you see that paper with incredible diagram? So great, yeap, fantastic, fantastic. 898 00:49:04,640 --> 00:49:09,160 Speaker 1: I love that. Speaking of birds who have incredible like 899 00:49:09,200 --> 00:49:13,840 Speaker 1: their feathers, completely different ballgame, very very sleek, designed mostly 900 00:49:13,880 --> 00:49:16,799 Speaker 1: for swimming, but also to keep them warm, so they 901 00:49:16,840 --> 00:49:19,480 Speaker 1: also have that effect of the super uh. They have 902 00:49:19,520 --> 00:49:22,799 Speaker 1: the the oily coat on the outside for waterproofing, and 903 00:49:22,800 --> 00:49:25,799 Speaker 1: then that's a very dense layer of down on the 904 00:49:25,800 --> 00:49:28,000 Speaker 1: inside that keeps them warm. But then they also have 905 00:49:28,080 --> 00:49:31,680 Speaker 1: other techniques of like huddling together, you know, sitting on 906 00:49:31,719 --> 00:49:35,200 Speaker 1: their eggs, sitting on their chicks, and kind of creating 907 00:49:35,239 --> 00:49:37,920 Speaker 1: that cocoon of warmness. So the penguins are kind of 908 00:49:37,920 --> 00:49:40,919 Speaker 1: the ultimate animal because they combine almost everything we've talked 909 00:49:40,960 --> 00:49:46,239 Speaker 1: about today, the big collective huddling. They they sit on 910 00:49:46,360 --> 00:49:49,720 Speaker 1: their babies, which is always great. They have the down, 911 00:49:49,760 --> 00:49:53,959 Speaker 1: they have the the that protective oily coating. I guess 912 00:49:54,040 --> 00:49:57,560 Speaker 1: they don't enjoy hot springs, which is really I would 913 00:49:57,560 --> 00:49:59,520 Speaker 1: love to put a penguin in a hot spring and 914 00:49:59,600 --> 00:50:03,720 Speaker 1: just watch its little pupils dilate as it like discovers 915 00:50:04,120 --> 00:50:05,120 Speaker 1: the most wondrous thing. 916 00:50:06,000 --> 00:50:07,960 Speaker 2: I mean, I bet if they had access to hot springs, 917 00:50:07,960 --> 00:50:09,120 Speaker 2: I bet they'd use those hot sks. 918 00:50:09,160 --> 00:50:11,279 Speaker 1: Absolutely, yeah, I mean there they do. 919 00:50:11,360 --> 00:50:12,480 Speaker 2: Some some of them, like do. 920 00:50:12,560 --> 00:50:14,759 Speaker 1: Live in warmer areas, right, They're not, like not all 921 00:50:14,800 --> 00:50:19,080 Speaker 1: penguins are Arctic penguins that or live near the Arctic circle. 922 00:50:19,080 --> 00:50:21,080 Speaker 1: There's a lot of tropical penguins, and I'm sure there's 923 00:50:21,120 --> 00:50:24,000 Speaker 1: someone in fairly warm waters. So we do have we 924 00:50:24,040 --> 00:50:27,560 Speaker 1: do have penguins that are enjoying the Mediterranean lifestyle. 925 00:50:28,160 --> 00:50:30,880 Speaker 2: Yeah, way to go. They are warm in the cutest 926 00:50:30,920 --> 00:50:31,360 Speaker 2: of ways. 927 00:50:31,719 --> 00:50:35,080 Speaker 1: Yes, I'm definitely tracking Pesto. I can't wait to see 928 00:50:35,120 --> 00:50:38,120 Speaker 1: his little what he looks like in his adult his 929 00:50:38,440 --> 00:50:41,240 Speaker 1: final adult form. He's going to be massive. I'm looking 930 00:50:41,239 --> 00:50:42,520 Speaker 1: forward to it. 931 00:50:42,560 --> 00:50:44,840 Speaker 2: Is Pesto an emperor penguin. I've managed to make. 932 00:50:44,719 --> 00:50:48,040 Speaker 1: Pesto is a king penguin, I believe. Okay, so he's 933 00:50:48,120 --> 00:50:50,480 Speaker 1: I don't think he's an emperor penguin. He's a king penguin. 934 00:50:50,520 --> 00:50:53,200 Speaker 1: So that's like the second largest penguin. But for a 935 00:50:53,280 --> 00:50:55,200 Speaker 1: king penguin, he's enormous. 936 00:50:55,840 --> 00:50:56,280 Speaker 2: Awesome. 937 00:50:56,760 --> 00:51:01,239 Speaker 1: Yes, well, there we go. We do gotta play a 938 00:51:01,239 --> 00:51:03,799 Speaker 1: little game. This is called Guess Who Squawk and the 939 00:51:03,880 --> 00:51:06,560 Speaker 1: Mystery Animal Sound Game. Every week I play a mystery 940 00:51:06,600 --> 00:51:09,120 Speaker 1: animal sound and you, the listener, and you the guest, 941 00:51:09,400 --> 00:51:12,919 Speaker 1: try to guess who is making this sound. The hint 942 00:51:13,000 --> 00:51:16,479 Speaker 1: for last week's is this. This is inspired by young 943 00:51:16,560 --> 00:51:21,040 Speaker 1: listener Eleanor. The hint is this. If you wanted it, 944 00:51:21,120 --> 00:51:32,479 Speaker 1: you should have put a ring on it? All right, Kelly, 945 00:51:32,520 --> 00:51:33,440 Speaker 1: you got any guests? 946 00:51:34,960 --> 00:51:37,640 Speaker 2: I mean all right? So the sound made me happy, 947 00:51:38,000 --> 00:51:41,040 Speaker 2: totally unrelated. It sounds like a happy sound. It's gotta 948 00:51:41,040 --> 00:51:44,479 Speaker 2: be some kind of ring necked bird with the ring, 949 00:51:45,960 --> 00:51:48,239 Speaker 2: but I don't think I know it is. 950 00:51:48,440 --> 00:51:51,680 Speaker 1: You are on the right track with the rings being 951 00:51:51,719 --> 00:51:56,239 Speaker 1: involved in the coloration. This is surprisingly the call of 952 00:51:56,280 --> 00:52:01,319 Speaker 1: the ring tailed lamour. Oh yeah, it's it's this is 953 00:52:01,520 --> 00:52:05,920 Speaker 1: such a tricky one. Congratulations to Jared him for guessing correctly. 954 00:52:06,480 --> 00:52:08,960 Speaker 1: I did a mystery animal sound where I did a 955 00:52:08,960 --> 00:52:13,600 Speaker 1: baby zebra and Eleanor had guessed a ringtailed lamur, and 956 00:52:13,960 --> 00:52:16,360 Speaker 1: I had thought, you know what, I don't actually know 957 00:52:16,400 --> 00:52:20,440 Speaker 1: what a ringtail fleamer sound like. So thank you Eleanor 958 00:52:20,600 --> 00:52:23,120 Speaker 1: for having me look this up because this was surprising 959 00:52:23,160 --> 00:52:24,560 Speaker 1: to me. So ringtail. 960 00:52:25,239 --> 00:52:27,920 Speaker 2: Yeah, all those years of watching z boom fo, I 961 00:52:27,920 --> 00:52:28,319 Speaker 2: thought for. 962 00:52:28,280 --> 00:52:32,440 Speaker 1: Sure different lemurs. The booma foo I believe is a 963 00:52:32,840 --> 00:52:39,200 Speaker 1: He is a what if he's a faka? Wait? Who 964 00:52:39,239 --> 00:52:45,160 Speaker 1: is zaboomafoo boom buff can't spell? That's hard. I think 965 00:52:45,160 --> 00:52:49,040 Speaker 1: he's such a fakka. Let me check. This is so important? 966 00:52:50,920 --> 00:52:55,520 Speaker 1: So he is he is? No? No, yes, he is 967 00:52:55,560 --> 00:53:01,600 Speaker 1: a Cockerell's sofaka lemur? So okay, yeah, yeah, uh it's 968 00:53:01,640 --> 00:53:03,719 Speaker 1: a it's really it gets tough. There's a lot of 969 00:53:03,800 --> 00:53:08,560 Speaker 1: lemurs and they're very similar looking. So yeah, this is 970 00:53:08,600 --> 00:53:11,720 Speaker 1: the call of the ringtail lemur. They're endemic to Madagascar. 971 00:53:12,040 --> 00:53:15,160 Speaker 1: Like other lemurs. Uh, they are sort of I think 972 00:53:15,200 --> 00:53:18,719 Speaker 1: they're the most iconic ones. They're the they're the striped lemurs. 973 00:53:18,760 --> 00:53:22,719 Speaker 1: They they like to do that side sache hopping. Other 974 00:53:22,800 --> 00:53:25,280 Speaker 1: lemurs do it as well, but these are quite famous 975 00:53:25,280 --> 00:53:28,640 Speaker 1: for it. Uh you know, the what's it the Madagascar 976 00:53:28,800 --> 00:53:32,239 Speaker 1: movie franchise King Julian. Uh, if you're, if you're, yes, 977 00:53:32,400 --> 00:53:37,000 Speaker 1: that's someone. And so they have extremely complex vocalizations they 978 00:53:37,080 --> 00:53:40,080 Speaker 1: use in social groups. They have calls for reaching out 979 00:53:40,080 --> 00:53:44,120 Speaker 1: to fellow members of their troop. They also have specific 980 00:53:44,200 --> 00:53:48,240 Speaker 1: predator alarm calls like actually similar to the Japanese macacus 981 00:53:48,280 --> 00:53:53,600 Speaker 1: we discussed earlier. Ringtailed lemurs form matrilineal social groups with 982 00:53:54,040 --> 00:53:58,520 Speaker 1: dominant females uh subordinate females. Males have a looser structure 983 00:53:58,520 --> 00:54:01,080 Speaker 1: they where they also have their own little hierarchy, but 984 00:54:01,160 --> 00:54:03,960 Speaker 1: basically the the dominant females calling the shots in the 985 00:54:04,000 --> 00:54:08,480 Speaker 1: troop like in the radio. Yeah, you know, I'm just saying. 986 00:54:08,480 --> 00:54:08,760 Speaker 2: Look. 987 00:54:09,120 --> 00:54:15,320 Speaker 1: Uh. First, first, a ringtailed leamer president so cutely lemurs 988 00:54:15,360 --> 00:54:18,000 Speaker 1: will sit on their behinds with their arms out, kind 989 00:54:18,000 --> 00:54:20,760 Speaker 1: of like in a lotus position, like a meditation pose. 990 00:54:21,080 --> 00:54:24,239 Speaker 1: It's called sun worshiping. All they're doing is warming up 991 00:54:24,280 --> 00:54:27,480 Speaker 1: in the morning sun. They're they're haven't they're warming up 992 00:54:27,480 --> 00:54:29,960 Speaker 1: all their fur they're getting they're soaking in the rays 993 00:54:30,320 --> 00:54:33,120 Speaker 1: and they look adorable and peaceful. Uh. 994 00:54:33,400 --> 00:54:35,880 Speaker 2: Yes, reminds me of the vultures that I see sunning 995 00:54:36,000 --> 00:54:37,880 Speaker 2: u fences in the mornings. 996 00:54:38,000 --> 00:54:41,360 Speaker 1: Yes, absolutely, it's it's so interesting. It's a behavior you 997 00:54:41,400 --> 00:54:45,120 Speaker 1: see in vultures. You see it. And also, uh, cormorants, 998 00:54:45,160 --> 00:54:47,719 Speaker 1: they're very they they love to strike that pose. It's 999 00:54:47,719 --> 00:54:50,120 Speaker 1: a it's very regal, very majestic. But they're just like, 1000 00:54:50,160 --> 00:54:56,160 Speaker 1: ah my tummy's so warm. Yay, all right, onto this 1001 00:54:56,239 --> 00:54:59,520 Speaker 1: week's mister annimill sound. The hint is this, just let 1002 00:54:59,560 --> 00:55:05,640 Speaker 1: them grab winter coat and he's ready to start caroling. Beautiful, 1003 00:55:06,920 --> 00:55:09,880 Speaker 1: it's stunning. Let's let's just hear it again just because 1004 00:55:09,880 --> 00:55:17,200 Speaker 1: I love it so much. Fantastic, it's amazing, beatis beautiful song, 1005 00:55:17,719 --> 00:55:21,040 Speaker 1: so regal. Yes, you got it. I guess this. This 1006 00:55:21,080 --> 00:55:21,880 Speaker 1: is a tough one. 1007 00:55:22,400 --> 00:55:24,880 Speaker 2: You know that it sounds like a call that a 1008 00:55:24,920 --> 00:55:27,680 Speaker 2: frog would make. But the put on his winter coat 1009 00:55:27,760 --> 00:55:29,080 Speaker 2: just doesn't doesn't match. 1010 00:55:29,560 --> 00:55:33,120 Speaker 1: Uh frogs and their little winter coats, so. 1011 00:55:33,120 --> 00:55:34,240 Speaker 2: That'd be super cute. 1012 00:55:34,920 --> 00:55:37,440 Speaker 1: Yeah, I don't know, all right, Well, I will reveal 1013 00:55:37,520 --> 00:55:41,759 Speaker 1: the answer next time on Creature Feature. Uh well, if 1014 00:55:41,800 --> 00:55:44,320 Speaker 1: it's not next time, it might be in a future episode. 1015 00:55:44,400 --> 00:55:46,399 Speaker 1: This is happening in the holiday, so I might have 1016 00:55:46,520 --> 00:55:49,720 Speaker 1: a rerun. But the next time we do a fresh 1017 00:55:49,920 --> 00:55:53,319 Speaker 1: hot pipe and new mystery animal sound game, you will 1018 00:55:53,480 --> 00:55:58,080 Speaker 1: find out who is making this wacky noise. Kelly, thank 1019 00:55:58,120 --> 00:56:00,239 Speaker 1: you so much for joining me today. This this is 1020 00:56:00,239 --> 00:56:02,359 Speaker 1: a blast. Where can people find. 1021 00:56:02,080 --> 00:56:04,520 Speaker 2: You, well, thank you so much for having me. I 1022 00:56:04,600 --> 00:56:07,120 Speaker 2: had a blast. You can find me at Daniel and 1023 00:56:07,200 --> 00:56:11,720 Speaker 2: Kelly's Extraordinary Universe the podcast or at Wienersmith dot com. 1024 00:56:12,400 --> 00:56:16,719 Speaker 1: That is I highly recommend, very excited for this show 1025 00:56:17,360 --> 00:56:19,719 Speaker 1: if you want to learn all about the universe, all 1026 00:56:19,719 --> 00:56:25,319 Speaker 1: about physics, uh, particle physics, and you know, possibly aliens. 1027 00:56:25,320 --> 00:56:26,960 Speaker 1: Not gonna say no to aliens. 1028 00:56:27,600 --> 00:56:30,320 Speaker 2: We've been doing parasites and stuff too. I've been screaming 1029 00:56:30,400 --> 00:56:34,240 Speaker 2: more biology in there. We're working on a parasite series 1030 00:56:34,360 --> 00:56:35,840 Speaker 2: right now. It's it's fantastic. 1031 00:56:35,920 --> 00:56:38,600 Speaker 1: I'm excited. I want to I want to be invited 1032 00:56:38,640 --> 00:56:44,920 Speaker 1: to the parasite party. And yes, fantastic alien parasites. Let's 1033 00:56:45,200 --> 00:56:48,040 Speaker 1: let's let's find out more about that. People are saying 1034 00:56:48,200 --> 00:56:51,160 Speaker 1: the show. I'm I'm hearing this. I'm not saying it, 1035 00:56:51,200 --> 00:56:54,560 Speaker 1: but I'm people are saying that there are alien parasites 1036 00:56:54,800 --> 00:56:55,880 Speaker 1: out there right now. 1037 00:56:56,920 --> 00:57:00,239 Speaker 2: I mean, you know, I think if there's alien free 1038 00:57:00,239 --> 00:57:04,879 Speaker 2: living creatures, a Delian parasites are probably never far Probably. Yeah. 1039 00:57:04,920 --> 00:57:08,200 Speaker 1: I'm auditioning for Joe Rogan right now. I'm just like like, look, 1040 00:57:08,280 --> 00:57:11,719 Speaker 1: I've heard this, you know, like I've heard that maybe 1041 00:57:11,719 --> 00:57:14,040 Speaker 1: there's alien parasites. I don't have any data to back 1042 00:57:14,080 --> 00:57:15,040 Speaker 1: it up, but I've heard this. 1043 00:57:15,719 --> 00:57:17,000 Speaker 2: I think you'd be a great guest. 1044 00:57:17,360 --> 00:57:20,840 Speaker 1: Thank you, Thank you very much. Well, stay warm out there, 1045 00:57:20,880 --> 00:57:26,200 Speaker 1: you guys. I hope you are all enjoying the winter season. Friendship, 1046 00:57:26,720 --> 00:57:33,800 Speaker 1: stay and warm, family, food and cuddles, doing a bee 1047 00:57:33,840 --> 00:57:39,520 Speaker 1: mosh pit, hot springs that show institutional problems of inequality, 1048 00:57:39,600 --> 00:57:44,160 Speaker 1: all of these festive things. Take care out there, and 1049 00:57:44,200 --> 00:57:47,000 Speaker 1: thank you so much for listening. If you're enjoying the show, 1050 00:57:47,000 --> 00:57:49,600 Speaker 1: when you leave a rating, oar of you, it really 1051 00:57:49,680 --> 00:57:52,680 Speaker 1: does help me. It's a tangible help to the podcast. 1052 00:57:52,720 --> 00:57:57,320 Speaker 1: It tells the algorithm that it's worthy of being shown 1053 00:57:57,800 --> 00:58:00,560 Speaker 1: on the internet. So yes, those do you really help? 1054 00:58:00,600 --> 00:58:03,400 Speaker 1: And thank you guys so much for listening. Just by listening, 1055 00:58:03,440 --> 00:58:07,400 Speaker 1: you are helping me out. And I really love teaching 1056 00:58:07,400 --> 00:58:09,200 Speaker 1: you guys about animals. And I love it when you 1057 00:58:09,200 --> 00:58:10,960 Speaker 1: guys write to me. If you guys think you know 1058 00:58:11,080 --> 00:58:13,480 Speaker 1: the answer to this week's mister animal sound, you can 1059 00:58:13,480 --> 00:58:16,160 Speaker 1: write to me at Creature Featurepod at gmail dot com. 1060 00:58:16,400 --> 00:58:20,640 Speaker 1: You can also write to me your questions and you 1061 00:58:20,680 --> 00:58:23,200 Speaker 1: know it is. It is fantastic. I've also been getting 1062 00:58:23,240 --> 00:58:25,320 Speaker 1: a lot of things where people are sending me studies 1063 00:58:25,400 --> 00:58:27,960 Speaker 1: and interesting things and I am learning new stuff, So 1064 00:58:28,200 --> 00:58:31,040 Speaker 1: thank you so much for that. I love that. I 1065 00:58:31,080 --> 00:58:34,439 Speaker 1: love opening up my email to find something about weird 1066 00:58:34,480 --> 00:58:38,160 Speaker 1: gross parasites. I'm not even joking. I love that. So 1067 00:58:38,200 --> 00:58:40,240 Speaker 1: thank you guys so much. And thanks to the space 1068 00:58:40,320 --> 00:58:43,720 Speaker 1: Cossics for their super awesome song Exo Lumina. Creature features 1069 00:58:43,760 --> 00:58:46,440 Speaker 1: a production of iHeartRadio. For more podcasts like the one 1070 00:58:46,480 --> 00:58:48,840 Speaker 1: you just heard, Visit the iHeartRadio app, Apple podcast, or 1071 00:58:48,880 --> 00:58:51,440 Speaker 1: hey guess what where have you listened to your favorite shows? 1072 00:58:52,080 --> 00:58:54,680 Speaker 1: I do not judge you. I'm not your mother, but 1073 00:58:54,760 --> 00:58:58,760 Speaker 1: I do recommend this. If it's cold outside, don't only 1074 00:58:58,800 --> 00:59:02,160 Speaker 1: eat worms, also eat berries and seeds. Don't be picky. 1075 00:59:02,320 --> 00:59:05,560 Speaker 1: It's not the time to be picky. See you next Wednesday. 1076 00:59:06,960 --> 00:59:07,640 Speaker 2: Sound Advice 1077 00:59:09,840 --> 00:59:11,040 Speaker 1: All right, excellent