1 00:00:00,040 --> 00:00:02,320 Speaker 1: Hey everyone, it's Eaves. Just wanted to let you know 2 00:00:02,360 --> 00:00:04,520 Speaker 1: that you'll be hearing an episode from me and an 3 00:00:04,559 --> 00:00:07,360 Speaker 1: episode from Tracy V. Wilson today. I hope you enjoyed 4 00:00:07,400 --> 00:00:11,160 Speaker 1: the show. Welcome to This Day in History Class from 5 00:00:11,200 --> 00:00:13,520 Speaker 1: how Stuff Works dot com and from the desk of 6 00:00:13,520 --> 00:00:15,840 Speaker 1: Stuff you missed in History Class. It's the show where 7 00:00:15,840 --> 00:00:18,119 Speaker 1: we explore the past one day at a time with 8 00:00:18,200 --> 00:00:24,920 Speaker 1: a quick look at what happened today in history. Hello, 9 00:00:24,960 --> 00:00:27,319 Speaker 1: and welcome to the podcast. I'm Tracy V. Wilson. And 10 00:00:27,320 --> 00:00:31,960 Speaker 1: at September Benedict Arnold escaped to an English ship after 11 00:00:32,000 --> 00:00:34,839 Speaker 1: trying to hand West Point over to the British on 12 00:00:34,880 --> 00:00:37,920 Speaker 1: this day in seventeen eighty. Benedict Arnold was born on 13 00:00:38,000 --> 00:00:41,159 Speaker 1: January four, seventeen forty one, and by the start of 14 00:00:41,200 --> 00:00:44,519 Speaker 1: the American Revolutionary War he was a businessman. He was 15 00:00:44,600 --> 00:00:48,680 Speaker 1: also a smuggler, which was increasingly common as the British 16 00:00:48,760 --> 00:00:52,040 Speaker 1: put more and more restrictions on trade to North America. 17 00:00:52,479 --> 00:00:55,040 Speaker 1: He was also active in the local militia, and he 18 00:00:55,160 --> 00:00:58,440 Speaker 1: started out on the side of the patriots fighting against 19 00:00:58,440 --> 00:01:02,080 Speaker 1: the British monarchy for the cause of independence. He served 20 00:01:02,120 --> 00:01:05,760 Speaker 1: with Ethan Allen in the campaign to capture Fort Ticonderoga 21 00:01:05,840 --> 00:01:08,959 Speaker 1: and the cannons that were stored there. Then General George 22 00:01:08,959 --> 00:01:13,000 Speaker 1: Washington gave him the mission of capturing Quebec. While the 23 00:01:13,040 --> 00:01:16,600 Speaker 1: attack on Fort Ticonderoga had been successful, the attack on 24 00:01:16,680 --> 00:01:20,200 Speaker 1: Quebec was not, and Arnold was seriously wounded in the process. 25 00:01:20,840 --> 00:01:23,200 Speaker 1: His first wife also died in the middle of all 26 00:01:23,240 --> 00:01:25,680 Speaker 1: of this, and that might have been a contributing factor 27 00:01:25,720 --> 00:01:28,440 Speaker 1: to why he just really threw himself into military service. 28 00:01:29,120 --> 00:01:32,760 Speaker 1: Benedict Arnold distinguished himself in seventeen seventy six with the 29 00:01:32,800 --> 00:01:36,120 Speaker 1: creation of a flotilla on Lake Champlain that attacked the 30 00:01:36,160 --> 00:01:40,000 Speaker 1: British fleet that was gathering there. This didn't destroy the 31 00:01:40,040 --> 00:01:42,959 Speaker 1: British fleet, but it did derail their plans to mount 32 00:01:43,000 --> 00:01:46,000 Speaker 1: an attack, so ultimately it was a big win for 33 00:01:46,040 --> 00:01:50,280 Speaker 1: the Patriots. He was also, though, really impetuous and rash 34 00:01:50,520 --> 00:01:54,040 Speaker 1: in a way that frustrated the other officers. He picked 35 00:01:54,040 --> 00:01:56,240 Speaker 1: a lot of fights. At one point he was accused 36 00:01:56,240 --> 00:01:59,760 Speaker 1: of theft, and this behavior wasn't just within the army 37 00:01:59,800 --> 00:02:03,000 Speaker 1: and wasn't just with other officers. His friends also knew 38 00:02:03,040 --> 00:02:07,000 Speaker 1: him to be a pretty squabbly hothead. In seventeen seventy seven, 39 00:02:07,080 --> 00:02:10,320 Speaker 1: Benedict Arnold's relationship to the Army and to the Patriot 40 00:02:10,360 --> 00:02:15,080 Speaker 1: cause really started to sour. That year, Congress established several 41 00:02:15,200 --> 00:02:18,400 Speaker 1: new major generalships, and Arnold really thought one of them 42 00:02:18,480 --> 00:02:21,639 Speaker 1: should be his. After all, he had distinguished himself repeatedly, 43 00:02:22,200 --> 00:02:25,400 Speaker 1: both with Ethan Allen and with that flotilla on Lake 44 00:02:25,480 --> 00:02:30,320 Speaker 1: Champlain other activities as well, But someone who was junior 45 00:02:30,400 --> 00:02:34,360 Speaker 1: to him was promoted and he was passed over. Arnold 46 00:02:34,440 --> 00:02:37,760 Speaker 1: merely left the army over this, but General Washington convinced 47 00:02:37,800 --> 00:02:42,080 Speaker 1: him to stay on. Arnold was finally promoted later, but 48 00:02:42,160 --> 00:02:45,120 Speaker 1: he still didn't have seniority over the people who had 49 00:02:45,160 --> 00:02:48,080 Speaker 1: been promoted ahead of him and were really junior to 50 00:02:48,200 --> 00:02:50,360 Speaker 1: him in his mind and the grand scheme of things. 51 00:02:51,000 --> 00:02:54,919 Speaker 1: He nearly left once again. Once again was convinced to stay, 52 00:02:54,960 --> 00:02:59,560 Speaker 1: but he became even more resentful. He was seriously wounded 53 00:02:59,680 --> 00:03:03,120 Speaker 1: at the Battle of Saratoga in seventeen seventy seven. Afterwards, 54 00:03:03,200 --> 00:03:05,040 Speaker 1: he was sent to Philadelphia. He was going to be 55 00:03:05,080 --> 00:03:08,480 Speaker 1: the military governor there. He arrived in seventeen seventy eight. 56 00:03:08,840 --> 00:03:10,799 Speaker 1: While he was there, he ran a foul of Attorney 57 00:03:10,880 --> 00:03:15,760 Speaker 1: Joseph Reed, who started an investigation into Arnold's behavior. This 58 00:03:16,000 --> 00:03:19,120 Speaker 1: ultimately led to a court martial that dragged on and 59 00:03:19,200 --> 00:03:22,480 Speaker 1: on for years through repeated delays, a lot of those 60 00:03:22,480 --> 00:03:27,400 Speaker 1: delays orchestrated by Joseph Reed. While in Philadelphia, Arnold also 61 00:03:27,440 --> 00:03:29,919 Speaker 1: got married to Peggy Shipping. She was from a very 62 00:03:29,960 --> 00:03:33,040 Speaker 1: prominent family. Descriptions are a little all over the place 63 00:03:33,040 --> 00:03:36,960 Speaker 1: about them. Some refer to them as active loyalists. Others 64 00:03:36,960 --> 00:03:39,720 Speaker 1: say that they weren't exactly loyalists, but they weren't in 65 00:03:39,840 --> 00:03:44,320 Speaker 1: favor of the patriots more radical tactics. Regardless, though, he 66 00:03:44,400 --> 00:03:47,520 Speaker 1: was thirty seven and she was eighteen, and that relationship 67 00:03:47,600 --> 00:03:50,960 Speaker 1: does seem to have influenced his behavior. From here, he 68 00:03:51,000 --> 00:03:55,200 Speaker 1: also started making connections in Philadelphia with other loyalist families, 69 00:03:55,240 --> 00:03:59,280 Speaker 1: and by May of seventeen seventy nine, motivated by all 70 00:03:59,320 --> 00:04:02,760 Speaker 1: these on going frustrations with the American military and with 71 00:04:02,840 --> 00:04:06,840 Speaker 1: this ongoing court martial and his own mounting debts, he 72 00:04:06,880 --> 00:04:09,760 Speaker 1: had started reaching out to the British. He was passing 73 00:04:09,840 --> 00:04:12,720 Speaker 1: them information about the Patriots War effort. In June of 74 00:04:12,760 --> 00:04:15,960 Speaker 1: seventeen seventy Benedict Arnold was given command of the fort 75 00:04:16,040 --> 00:04:18,719 Speaker 1: at West Point. He tried to turn it over to 76 00:04:18,760 --> 00:04:24,440 Speaker 1: the British for twenty thousand pounds. That failed, Arnold's contact 77 00:04:24,480 --> 00:04:28,000 Speaker 1: with the British military, Major John Andre was captured and 78 00:04:28,120 --> 00:04:30,960 Speaker 1: Arnold fled, leaving Andrea to hang, which did not do 79 00:04:31,120 --> 00:04:34,520 Speaker 1: his reputation and he favors among the British. It was 80 00:04:34,560 --> 00:04:36,479 Speaker 1: in the midst of all this that Arnold escaped on 81 00:04:36,520 --> 00:04:41,320 Speaker 1: September seventeen eighty. Colonel John Brown of Massachusetts had actually 82 00:04:41,320 --> 00:04:44,280 Speaker 1: alleged that Arnold was showing a tree's in a streak 83 00:04:44,400 --> 00:04:46,480 Speaker 1: all the way back in seventeen seventy six during the 84 00:04:46,480 --> 00:04:49,800 Speaker 1: Battle of Fort Takondarogo, but it wasn't heated. Apart from 85 00:04:49,839 --> 00:04:53,000 Speaker 1: a brief stint as a privateer, but Arnold spent most 86 00:04:53,040 --> 00:04:54,680 Speaker 1: of the rest of his life in London, and he 87 00:04:54,760 --> 00:04:58,039 Speaker 1: died there on June fourteenth of eighteen o one. Today, 88 00:04:58,120 --> 00:05:01,760 Speaker 1: his name is just synonymous with traders in the United States. 89 00:05:02,360 --> 00:05:04,799 Speaker 1: You can learn more about Benedict Arnold's service with Ethan 90 00:05:04,839 --> 00:05:08,800 Speaker 1: Allen on the September twenty nine and October one episodes 91 00:05:08,839 --> 00:05:11,960 Speaker 1: of Stuff You Missed in History Class. Thanks to Christopher 92 00:05:11,960 --> 00:05:14,919 Speaker 1: Hasciotis for his research on today's episode, and thanks to 93 00:05:15,000 --> 00:05:18,359 Speaker 1: try Harrison for her audio work on this podcast. You 94 00:05:18,360 --> 00:05:21,120 Speaker 1: can subscribe to the Stay in History Class on Apple podcasts, 95 00:05:21,120 --> 00:05:23,560 Speaker 1: Google Podcasts, and wherever else you get your podcasts, and 96 00:05:23,600 --> 00:05:35,440 Speaker 1: you can tune in tomorrow for a new international border. Hi. 97 00:05:36,040 --> 00:05:39,440 Speaker 1: I'm Eves and welcome to This Day in History Class, 98 00:05:39,800 --> 00:05:42,640 Speaker 1: a show that uncovers a little bit more about history 99 00:05:43,200 --> 00:05:56,760 Speaker 1: every day. The day was September two. Tupac Amado, the 100 00:05:56,839 --> 00:06:00,480 Speaker 1: last indigenous ruler of the Inca, was executed in Cusco 101 00:06:00,640 --> 00:06:05,840 Speaker 1: by the Spanish. In fifteen thirty three. Spanish conquistador Francisco 102 00:06:05,920 --> 00:06:10,240 Speaker 1: Pizarro and his forces captured and killed Incan emperor Atahualpa. 103 00:06:11,440 --> 00:06:15,239 Speaker 1: He was the last Sapa Inca or sovereign emperor, believed 104 00:06:15,240 --> 00:06:18,200 Speaker 1: to be a direct descendant of the gods, though later 105 00:06:18,320 --> 00:06:22,280 Speaker 1: rulers of the Neo Inca state considered themselves Sapa Inca. 106 00:06:22,920 --> 00:06:28,039 Speaker 1: After his death, the Inca Empire effectively collapsed. Pissaro and 107 00:06:28,120 --> 00:06:31,600 Speaker 1: his forces proceeded to march on Cusco, the capital of 108 00:06:31,640 --> 00:06:35,520 Speaker 1: the Inca Empire, and occupied the city. From there, the 109 00:06:35,560 --> 00:06:38,839 Speaker 1: Spanish continued in their quest to conquer and colonize Peru. 110 00:06:39,760 --> 00:06:44,599 Speaker 1: The Spaniards had cavalry guns, swords, and steel armor, and 111 00:06:44,680 --> 00:06:48,240 Speaker 1: many Incans sided with them, but the Inca, who were 112 00:06:48,279 --> 00:06:52,120 Speaker 1: loyal to the Empire, did attempt to resist Spanish colonization. 113 00:06:53,200 --> 00:06:57,920 Speaker 1: Originally a puppet ruler installed by Pissaro Manco, Inca Yupanky 114 00:06:58,200 --> 00:07:02,440 Speaker 1: rebelled against the Spanish and arm his own army. He 115 00:07:02,600 --> 00:07:05,880 Speaker 1: and his followers were not able to retake Cusco, but 116 00:07:06,080 --> 00:07:09,200 Speaker 1: they did establish a Neo Inca state in Bilka Bamba, 117 00:07:09,520 --> 00:07:13,560 Speaker 1: a remote region east of Cusco. The Neo Inca state 118 00:07:13,640 --> 00:07:17,640 Speaker 1: functioned as a seat of resistance. Manco and his supporters 119 00:07:17,640 --> 00:07:20,800 Speaker 1: were not a serious threat to the Spanish, but Bilka 120 00:07:20,880 --> 00:07:25,840 Speaker 1: Bamba was a concern to colonial officials. After Manco's rule 121 00:07:26,080 --> 00:07:28,880 Speaker 1: ended in the Neo Inca state, he was succeeded by 122 00:07:28,920 --> 00:07:34,320 Speaker 1: his son Saari tupac then Tukusi Upanki, then tupac Amaru. 123 00:07:35,320 --> 00:07:39,320 Speaker 1: Tupac Amaru became the Inca ruler after Tetukuzzi died in 124 00:07:39,400 --> 00:07:44,440 Speaker 1: fifteen seventy one. While Titucusi fortified Bilkabamba and did not 125 00:07:44,520 --> 00:07:49,000 Speaker 1: go to Cusco, he did eventually relent and was baptized 126 00:07:49,040 --> 00:07:54,800 Speaker 1: into the Roman Catholic Church. Tupac Amaru, though opposed Christianity 127 00:07:54,840 --> 00:07:59,760 Speaker 1: and Spanish rule. Churches in bilk Obamba were destroyed, Spaniards 128 00:07:59,760 --> 00:08:03,560 Speaker 1: there were killed, and the borders were closed, but the 129 00:08:03,600 --> 00:08:07,680 Speaker 1: Spaniards in Cusco were not aware of the changes in Wilkabamba. 130 00:08:07,920 --> 00:08:11,280 Speaker 1: After a Spanish diplomat returning to build Obamba from Cuzco 131 00:08:11,440 --> 00:08:15,480 Speaker 1: was killed, the Spaniards justified attacking the Inca by concluding 132 00:08:15,640 --> 00:08:19,320 Speaker 1: that they had quote broken the inviolate law observed by 133 00:08:19,360 --> 00:08:24,160 Speaker 1: all nations of the world regarding ambassadors. Vice Roy Francisco 134 00:08:24,240 --> 00:08:28,160 Speaker 1: de Toledo declared war on Bilkabamba in fifteen seventy two. 135 00:08:29,160 --> 00:08:31,760 Speaker 1: When the Spanish got to build Abamba in June, the 136 00:08:31,840 --> 00:08:36,280 Speaker 1: city was destroyed. In tupac Amaru was gone, but Spanish 137 00:08:36,280 --> 00:08:39,760 Speaker 1: soldiers pursued the Inca who had fled and captured Tutikusi's 138 00:08:39,840 --> 00:08:43,880 Speaker 1: son and wife, tupac Amadu's relatives in generals, as well 139 00:08:43,960 --> 00:08:47,720 Speaker 1: as other prisoners and valuable items. With the help of 140 00:08:47,760 --> 00:08:51,240 Speaker 1: a group of indigenous people, tupac Amaru and his wife 141 00:08:51,280 --> 00:08:55,319 Speaker 1: were captured. The captured were sent to Cusco in late September. 142 00:08:56,480 --> 00:09:01,000 Speaker 1: The Spaniards attempted to convert the captives to Christianity. Tupac 143 00:09:01,040 --> 00:09:05,400 Speaker 1: Amadu's generals were sentenced to death by hanging. After a 144 00:09:05,480 --> 00:09:09,360 Speaker 1: hurried trial, tupac Amadu was convicted of murder and sentenced 145 00:09:09,360 --> 00:09:12,640 Speaker 1: to be beheaded, though many people were sure that he 146 00:09:12,720 --> 00:09:17,040 Speaker 1: was innocent. According to one account, tupac Amaru was riding 147 00:09:17,040 --> 00:09:19,680 Speaker 1: a mule with his hands tied behind his back on 148 00:09:19,720 --> 00:09:22,959 Speaker 1: the day of his execution. Others said that he was 149 00:09:23,000 --> 00:09:27,400 Speaker 1: surrounded by hundreds of guards with lances. There are several 150 00:09:27,440 --> 00:09:30,320 Speaker 1: reported versions of the speech tupac Amadu gave as he 151 00:09:30,400 --> 00:09:34,920 Speaker 1: prepared to die on the scaffold on September. After he 152 00:09:35,000 --> 00:09:38,040 Speaker 1: was executed, his head was reportedly put on a pike 153 00:09:38,360 --> 00:09:42,280 Speaker 1: along with the heads of his generals. After locals began 154 00:09:42,320 --> 00:09:45,240 Speaker 1: honoring tupac Amadu at the site of his severed head, 155 00:09:45,320 --> 00:09:48,520 Speaker 1: the viceroy ordered that his head be buried with his body. 156 00:09:49,600 --> 00:09:53,480 Speaker 1: The Spanish had colonized Peru. Incan culture and the land 157 00:09:53,480 --> 00:09:57,319 Speaker 1: were drastically affected by the arrival of the Spanish. Europeans 158 00:09:57,360 --> 00:10:01,600 Speaker 1: carried diseases that decimated Incan population and culture, and religion 159 00:10:01,720 --> 00:10:06,040 Speaker 1: was imposed upon the remaining Incins. I'm each chef coote, 160 00:10:06,120 --> 00:10:08,640 Speaker 1: and hopefully you know a little more about history today 161 00:10:08,679 --> 00:10:13,160 Speaker 1: than you did yesterday. You can find us on Twitter, Instagram, 162 00:10:13,160 --> 00:10:18,760 Speaker 1: and Facebook at t d i h C podcast. Thanks 163 00:10:18,760 --> 00:10:21,880 Speaker 1: again for listening, and I hope you come back tomorrow 164 00:10:22,280 --> 00:10:31,240 Speaker 1: for more delicious morsels of history. For more podcasts from 165 00:10:31,240 --> 00:10:34,040 Speaker 1: My Heart Radio, visit the I Heart Radio app, Apple Podcasts, 166 00:10:34,080 --> 00:10:35,840 Speaker 1: or wherever you listen to your favorite shows.