1 00:00:01,320 --> 00:00:04,240 Speaker 1: Welcome to Stuff You Missed in History Class, a production 2 00:00:04,400 --> 00:00:08,680 Speaker 1: of iHeartRadio. 3 00:00:11,920 --> 00:00:14,280 Speaker 2: Hello and welcome to the podcast. I'm Tracy V. 4 00:00:14,360 --> 00:00:16,200 Speaker 1: Wilson and I'm Holly Frye. 5 00:00:16,320 --> 00:00:19,119 Speaker 2: It is time for part two of our latest installment 6 00:00:19,239 --> 00:00:23,560 Speaker 2: of Unearthed. This one has some animals and some swords, 7 00:00:23,600 --> 00:00:28,160 Speaker 2: and some art, and some shoes and so many shipwrecks. 8 00:00:28,280 --> 00:00:32,519 Speaker 2: It is another just bumper crop of shipwrecks. And to 9 00:00:33,520 --> 00:00:35,879 Speaker 2: kick things off as usual, we're starting with the fines 10 00:00:35,960 --> 00:00:39,520 Speaker 2: that I liked but didn't have a category four, which 11 00:00:39,520 --> 00:00:41,840 Speaker 2: I call the potpoury uh. 12 00:00:42,120 --> 00:00:45,040 Speaker 1: So here we go. Archaeologists in Turkia have found an 13 00:00:45,080 --> 00:00:48,120 Speaker 1: iron scale and a set of weights that are about 14 00:00:48,159 --> 00:00:52,559 Speaker 1: sixteen hundred years old. The scale is a balance style scale, 15 00:00:52,640 --> 00:00:54,840 Speaker 1: so it has hooks on one side for the weights 16 00:00:55,120 --> 00:00:57,320 Speaker 1: and hooks on the other side to hold a pan 17 00:00:57,480 --> 00:01:00,800 Speaker 1: to contain the items to be weighed. The weights are 18 00:01:00,840 --> 00:01:03,000 Speaker 1: also made of iron, and they're in the shape of 19 00:01:03,080 --> 00:01:06,759 Speaker 1: five Greek letters. The area where the weights were found 20 00:01:06,880 --> 00:01:09,680 Speaker 1: is full of shops that date back to the Hellenistic period, 21 00:01:10,120 --> 00:01:13,280 Speaker 1: and most items sold there would have been sold by weight. 22 00:01:14,000 --> 00:01:15,840 Speaker 2: Yeah. According to the article that I read about this, 23 00:01:16,080 --> 00:01:18,759 Speaker 2: things were sold by weight that you might not expect 24 00:01:18,840 --> 00:01:22,039 Speaker 2: to be sold by weight, like M for a kittens, 25 00:01:24,240 --> 00:01:27,640 Speaker 2: So these weights were in multiples of a standard unit 26 00:01:27,720 --> 00:01:32,199 Speaker 2: of weight, that being the letra. They ranged from half 27 00:01:32,280 --> 00:01:35,959 Speaker 2: a letra up to five letras. Other scales have been 28 00:01:35,959 --> 00:01:38,720 Speaker 2: found in the area that are also labeled with their 29 00:01:38,720 --> 00:01:41,960 Speaker 2: weights using some kind of Greek letters, so it's possible 30 00:01:42,040 --> 00:01:45,520 Speaker 2: that these letters represented some kind of mnemonic system to 31 00:01:45,600 --> 00:01:50,040 Speaker 2: remember which weight was which if they know what it 32 00:01:50,120 --> 00:01:52,960 Speaker 2: stands for. I did not find what they stand for. 33 00:01:53,760 --> 00:01:56,000 Speaker 2: This is the first time that a scale has been 34 00:01:56,040 --> 00:01:59,280 Speaker 2: found in the area that still had what appears to 35 00:01:59,320 --> 00:02:01,560 Speaker 2: be a complete set of weights. 36 00:02:02,480 --> 00:02:05,360 Speaker 1: Next, a knife made from the tibia of a cave 37 00:02:05,440 --> 00:02:09,880 Speaker 1: lion has been found in Scladina Cave in Belgium. It's 38 00:02:09,960 --> 00:02:12,520 Speaker 1: roughly one hundred and thirty thousand years old and it 39 00:02:12,600 --> 00:02:16,480 Speaker 1: was probably used by Neanderthals. Although it does not have 40 00:02:16,600 --> 00:02:19,600 Speaker 1: parts that fold open and shut, it is being described 41 00:02:19,600 --> 00:02:22,880 Speaker 1: as a Swiss army knife. Since it's one utensil that's 42 00:02:22,960 --> 00:02:26,760 Speaker 1: believed to have had multiple distinct functions, I wonder why 43 00:02:26,800 --> 00:02:29,760 Speaker 1: they didn't just call it a multitool. It shows evidence 44 00:02:29,800 --> 00:02:33,119 Speaker 1: of being reshaped and repurposed after being broken, and it's 45 00:02:33,160 --> 00:02:36,720 Speaker 1: also the earliest known multifunctional tool to be made from 46 00:02:36,760 --> 00:02:38,640 Speaker 1: a cave lion bone. 47 00:02:38,800 --> 00:02:42,440 Speaker 2: I think why not call it a multitool traces back 48 00:02:42,480 --> 00:02:44,280 Speaker 2: to some of what we talked about in Part one 49 00:02:44,360 --> 00:02:46,519 Speaker 2: of like trying to write things in a way that's 50 00:02:46,560 --> 00:02:53,280 Speaker 2: the most accessible to a general audience. I imagine a multi 51 00:02:53,320 --> 00:02:55,519 Speaker 2: toool is also having things that fold in it out 52 00:02:56,000 --> 00:02:56,399 Speaker 2: you do. 53 00:02:56,600 --> 00:02:59,440 Speaker 1: That's just me. Yeah, Oh, I think of the flat 54 00:02:59,560 --> 00:03:01,480 Speaker 1: like sometimes they come in the shape of like a 55 00:03:01,480 --> 00:03:04,520 Speaker 1: credit card and they have all of the edges that 56 00:03:04,560 --> 00:03:07,080 Speaker 1: you need to do all the stuff, or sometimes like 57 00:03:07,120 --> 00:03:10,200 Speaker 1: they're unique ones that are like pop culturey and they're 58 00:03:10,240 --> 00:03:11,960 Speaker 1: shaped like an X wing or what. Sure. 59 00:03:12,080 --> 00:03:15,760 Speaker 2: Yeah, I think I'm thinking that because I always when 60 00:03:15,760 --> 00:03:18,160 Speaker 2: I used to have a leatherman in my Oh yeah, 61 00:03:18,160 --> 00:03:21,160 Speaker 2: they marketed as multitools. Yeah, it was markets. It's a 62 00:03:21,200 --> 00:03:25,080 Speaker 2: multitude and multitool. I can't say words anyway. Back to 63 00:03:26,080 --> 00:03:30,760 Speaker 2: the fines next, a team of researchers led by the 64 00:03:30,840 --> 00:03:36,680 Speaker 2: Gunaikrini land in Waters Aboriginal Corporation has documented impressions from 65 00:03:36,920 --> 00:03:40,480 Speaker 2: fingers that were left in the walls and ceilings of 66 00:03:40,680 --> 00:03:45,360 Speaker 2: caves in the Mountains of Australia. The Gunaikrini elders refer 67 00:03:45,440 --> 00:03:48,760 Speaker 2: to this cave as Warri Brook. The cave is made 68 00:03:48,760 --> 00:03:52,000 Speaker 2: of limestone and it's been shaped and weathered by water 69 00:03:52,160 --> 00:03:56,240 Speaker 2: over millions of years, and its surfaces have a really malleable, 70 00:03:56,360 --> 00:04:01,880 Speaker 2: spongy texture. It's deeper parts do not receive any natural light, 71 00:04:02,080 --> 00:04:06,520 Speaker 2: and it is also home to bacteria that produce luminescent crystals. 72 00:04:06,600 --> 00:04:10,600 Speaker 2: So if somebody brings in a light source like a 73 00:04:10,680 --> 00:04:14,440 Speaker 2: fire or a torch or something like that, these crystals 74 00:04:14,600 --> 00:04:15,960 Speaker 2: sparkle and glitter. 75 00:04:16,760 --> 00:04:21,240 Speaker 1: That sounds dreamy. Archaeologists haven't found evidence of fires built 76 00:04:21,240 --> 00:04:23,760 Speaker 1: on the floor of this cave, but they have found 77 00:04:23,760 --> 00:04:27,720 Speaker 1: fragments of charcoal and ash that suggest people navigating their 78 00:04:27,720 --> 00:04:32,320 Speaker 1: way through with firesticks. The finger impressions on the walls 79 00:04:32,440 --> 00:04:35,600 Speaker 1: likely would have been made as people walked. There are 80 00:04:35,720 --> 00:04:38,800 Speaker 1: multiple sets of grooves, including sets that seem to have 81 00:04:38,800 --> 00:04:42,159 Speaker 1: been made by a small child and sets that, based 82 00:04:42,200 --> 00:04:44,600 Speaker 1: on their size and how high up they are, were 83 00:04:44,600 --> 00:04:46,320 Speaker 1: probably made by adults. 84 00:04:46,839 --> 00:04:48,480 Speaker 2: Yeah, they look sort of like if you were sitting 85 00:04:48,480 --> 00:04:50,920 Speaker 2: at the beach and kind of dragging your fingers through 86 00:04:50,960 --> 00:04:55,679 Speaker 2: the sand, sort of like that there are nine hundred 87 00:04:55,640 --> 00:04:59,640 Speaker 2: and fifty sets of finger grooves and the cave, and 88 00:04:59,680 --> 00:05:02,400 Speaker 2: they are only in the areas of the cave where 89 00:05:02,440 --> 00:05:06,720 Speaker 2: the walls glitter because of these luminescent crystals. Based on 90 00:05:06,839 --> 00:05:11,680 Speaker 2: this research and Gunnai Kernai accounts recorded by ethnographer Alfred 91 00:05:11,720 --> 00:05:15,480 Speaker 2: Howitt in the nineteenth century, as well as conversations with 92 00:05:15,640 --> 00:05:21,320 Speaker 2: Gurnai Kurnai knowledge keepers today, this is connected to powerful 93 00:05:21,400 --> 00:05:25,320 Speaker 2: healers within their community. The cave's crystals were part of 94 00:05:25,400 --> 00:05:29,400 Speaker 2: healing rituals, and knowledge of those rituals was passed down 95 00:05:29,520 --> 00:05:33,640 Speaker 2: from parent to child. There's no evidence of like daily 96 00:05:33,760 --> 00:05:36,520 Speaker 2: life going on at the cave, so this was probably 97 00:05:36,600 --> 00:05:40,040 Speaker 2: a place that had a ceremonial use by healers rather 98 00:05:40,120 --> 00:05:43,240 Speaker 2: than being a place that people lived in or visited 99 00:05:43,360 --> 00:05:47,200 Speaker 2: day to day. So these finger grooves that are left 100 00:05:47,240 --> 00:05:50,400 Speaker 2: in the surface of the cave are a record both 101 00:05:50,480 --> 00:05:53,720 Speaker 2: of a physical act of leaving marks in the cave 102 00:05:54,279 --> 00:05:58,320 Speaker 2: and also this spiritual and cultural knowledge that stretches back 103 00:05:58,360 --> 00:06:01,479 Speaker 2: for centuries. And now we're going to move on to 104 00:06:01,560 --> 00:06:05,520 Speaker 2: a couple of things about animals. According to research published 105 00:06:05,520 --> 00:06:10,400 Speaker 2: in the journal Archaeological and Anthropological Sciences, Ancient Romans may 106 00:06:10,440 --> 00:06:15,400 Speaker 2: have used fossils of extinct arthropods as adornments. The trilobite 107 00:06:15,440 --> 00:06:18,800 Speaker 2: fossil in question dates back to the Paleozoic era, but 108 00:06:18,880 --> 00:06:21,520 Speaker 2: it was found in an archaeological site dating back to 109 00:06:21,560 --> 00:06:26,000 Speaker 2: between the first and third century CE. It has clear 110 00:06:26,160 --> 00:06:29,000 Speaker 2: signs of having been modified to be worn as something 111 00:06:29,040 --> 00:06:32,240 Speaker 2: like a pendant or a bracelet. This is only the 112 00:06:32,279 --> 00:06:36,400 Speaker 2: eleventh trilobite ever found in an archaeological context, and the 113 00:06:36,440 --> 00:06:40,440 Speaker 2: first known to have been intentionally collected and used during 114 00:06:40,520 --> 00:06:46,360 Speaker 2: Roman times. And next, research published in the journal Ecology 115 00:06:46,560 --> 00:06:51,800 Speaker 2: in September has looked at bearded vultures as accumulators of 116 00:06:51,960 --> 00:06:56,240 Speaker 2: historical remains. This was based on bearded vulture nests in 117 00:06:56,320 --> 00:06:59,920 Speaker 2: southern Spain that were analyzed between twenty eight and twenty four, 118 00:07:00,800 --> 00:07:04,839 Speaker 2: and since these vultures are cliff nesting, doing this research 119 00:07:04,880 --> 00:07:08,040 Speaker 2: required people to repel down the cliffs to see what 120 00:07:08,160 --> 00:07:12,480 Speaker 2: was in these nests. This vulture species is extinct in 121 00:07:12,560 --> 00:07:15,880 Speaker 2: Spain today, so the nests were not actively being used 122 00:07:15,920 --> 00:07:20,760 Speaker 2: and had not been for probably roughly a century. Researchers 123 00:07:20,800 --> 00:07:23,720 Speaker 2: found lots of stuff that you would expect a bird 124 00:07:23,880 --> 00:07:26,800 Speaker 2: to use to build a nest, including pieces of cloth 125 00:07:26,920 --> 00:07:30,040 Speaker 2: and string, and also lots of stuff that you would 126 00:07:30,120 --> 00:07:33,360 Speaker 2: expect to be in a bird nest, like eggshells and 127 00:07:33,440 --> 00:07:37,200 Speaker 2: bone and other debris from the animals that the birds eat. 128 00:07:38,040 --> 00:07:42,080 Speaker 1: They also found two hundred and twenty six anthropogenic remains. 129 00:07:42,720 --> 00:07:46,600 Speaker 1: Those are remains related to human activity, many of which 130 00:07:46,640 --> 00:07:50,520 Speaker 1: were also probably part of the nest building process. This 131 00:07:50,600 --> 00:07:54,800 Speaker 1: included pieces of baskets and leather, including pieces of sheep 132 00:07:54,880 --> 00:07:58,760 Speaker 1: leather decorated with ochre. There was also a sandal made 133 00:07:58,760 --> 00:08:01,480 Speaker 1: of grasses and twigs, but it's probably about six hundred 134 00:08:01,480 --> 00:08:05,080 Speaker 1: and fifty years old, along with multiple other similar pieces 135 00:08:05,120 --> 00:08:07,120 Speaker 1: of footwear that have not yet been dated. 136 00:08:07,960 --> 00:08:14,160 Speaker 2: Researchers also found an as yet undated crossbow bolt, and 137 00:08:14,480 --> 00:08:17,480 Speaker 2: it's not really clear whether the vultures picked that up 138 00:08:17,520 --> 00:08:20,320 Speaker 2: somewhere like it was a stick and used it to 139 00:08:20,320 --> 00:08:22,880 Speaker 2: build the nest, or whether it was in an animal 140 00:08:23,240 --> 00:08:25,720 Speaker 2: that they brought to the nest to scavenge on, like 141 00:08:25,760 --> 00:08:28,160 Speaker 2: someone else shot it and then the vultures were like, 142 00:08:28,200 --> 00:08:30,360 Speaker 2: this is ours, and now we've got. 143 00:08:30,280 --> 00:08:33,800 Speaker 1: A couple of swords up next. First, a metal detectorist 144 00:08:33,840 --> 00:08:37,520 Speaker 1: in Gloucestershire found two Roman cavalry swords in a field. 145 00:08:38,400 --> 00:08:41,320 Speaker 1: The swords had been damaged by farming equipment, and it's 146 00:08:41,480 --> 00:08:43,920 Speaker 1: likely that they would have been destroyed within the next 147 00:08:43,920 --> 00:08:46,320 Speaker 1: few years if no one had found them before then. 148 00:08:47,360 --> 00:08:50,920 Speaker 1: This find led to a larger archaeological excavation, which has 149 00:08:51,040 --> 00:08:54,400 Speaker 1: unearthed signs of an entire Roman villa built on what 150 00:08:54,480 --> 00:08:58,640 Speaker 1: had previously been an Iron Age settlement. Other discoveries at 151 00:08:58,640 --> 00:09:02,120 Speaker 1: the site include Roman roof tiles and other building materials, 152 00:09:02,240 --> 00:09:04,360 Speaker 1: as well as the remains of a person who died 153 00:09:04,640 --> 00:09:07,480 Speaker 1: as long as three thousand years ago and was buried 154 00:09:07,520 --> 00:09:10,640 Speaker 1: wearing an iron band around their upper arm. 155 00:09:11,160 --> 00:09:15,280 Speaker 2: And In other sword news, a fisherman was walking along 156 00:09:15,320 --> 00:09:19,080 Speaker 2: the banks of the Vistula River in Warsaw, Poland and 157 00:09:19,200 --> 00:09:23,360 Speaker 2: spotted something rusty sticking out of the bank. This turned 158 00:09:23,360 --> 00:09:27,280 Speaker 2: out to be an almost entirely intact medieval sword, missing 159 00:09:27,440 --> 00:09:31,160 Speaker 2: only the tip. The process of finding and retrieving this 160 00:09:31,280 --> 00:09:34,439 Speaker 2: sword sounds like something out of a comedy. Fresh from 161 00:09:34,480 --> 00:09:38,120 Speaker 2: the bank, it had leeches, snails, and freshwater shrimp on it. 162 00:09:38,720 --> 00:09:41,080 Speaker 2: The man who found it recognized that it could be 163 00:09:41,120 --> 00:09:44,000 Speaker 2: important and hid it so that he could go call 164 00:09:44,080 --> 00:09:48,120 Speaker 2: a metal detectorist friend to ask for advice. The friend 165 00:09:48,160 --> 00:09:50,480 Speaker 2: told him that since the sword had been in the river, 166 00:09:50,640 --> 00:09:53,400 Speaker 2: it should be kept wet, which the fishermen did by 167 00:09:53,440 --> 00:09:55,800 Speaker 2: wrapping the sword in wet t shirts and then leaving 168 00:09:55,840 --> 00:09:58,760 Speaker 2: it in his car overnight before taking it to the 169 00:09:58,800 --> 00:10:03,160 Speaker 2: Warsaw Conservator Monuments in the morning. We are absolutely not 170 00:10:03,240 --> 00:10:06,800 Speaker 2: advising people to do this with random archaeological finds. This 171 00:10:06,960 --> 00:10:09,319 Speaker 2: is just how it played out in this particular case. 172 00:10:09,960 --> 00:10:12,880 Speaker 2: The sword is now in the Metal Conservation Workshop of 173 00:10:12,920 --> 00:10:16,400 Speaker 2: the State Archaeological Museum for cleaning in conservation. 174 00:10:17,320 --> 00:10:18,240 Speaker 1: Yeah, I don't think. 175 00:10:18,080 --> 00:10:20,360 Speaker 2: Taking it there right away, like taking it to a 176 00:10:20,400 --> 00:10:23,080 Speaker 2: conservator immediately. I don't think that was an option. They 177 00:10:23,120 --> 00:10:26,120 Speaker 2: need to do something with it overnight, but the fact 178 00:10:26,160 --> 00:10:29,000 Speaker 2: that it was wrapped in wet t shirts cracked me up. 179 00:10:29,679 --> 00:10:32,240 Speaker 2: We are going to take a quick sponsor break and 180 00:10:32,280 --> 00:10:45,400 Speaker 2: then move on to some art. Okay, time for art. 181 00:10:46,040 --> 00:10:50,840 Speaker 2: First pieces found at two different charity thrift shops in 182 00:10:50,880 --> 00:10:53,920 Speaker 2: the UK have turned out to be valuable pieces of 183 00:10:54,040 --> 00:10:57,920 Speaker 2: Chinese porcelain. The first was found at a charity shop 184 00:10:58,000 --> 00:11:01,400 Speaker 2: in Dorset and it is a blue ou plate depicting 185 00:11:01,520 --> 00:11:06,040 Speaker 2: dragons that are chasing pearls. Based on some identifying marks 186 00:11:06,040 --> 00:11:09,840 Speaker 2: that dates back to between eighteen twenty one and eighteen fifty. 187 00:11:10,960 --> 00:11:14,200 Speaker 2: The other was found in Surrey. It is a blue 188 00:11:14,200 --> 00:11:17,640 Speaker 2: and white bottle or maybe a vase. It is similarly 189 00:11:17,720 --> 00:11:22,000 Speaker 2: decorated with dragons, this time clouds rather than pearls, and 190 00:11:22,040 --> 00:11:24,840 Speaker 2: it also dates back to sometime in the nineteenth century. 191 00:11:25,679 --> 00:11:28,600 Speaker 2: Both of these were recognized as potentially valuable and they 192 00:11:28,600 --> 00:11:30,880 Speaker 2: were both taken to the same auction house, which is 193 00:11:30,960 --> 00:11:33,880 Speaker 2: Willy and Wallace and that plans to auction them off 194 00:11:33,920 --> 00:11:34,640 Speaker 2: in November. 195 00:11:35,760 --> 00:11:39,680 Speaker 1: Researchers working in the Arabian Desert have concluded monumental rock 196 00:11:39,720 --> 00:11:44,600 Speaker 1: engravings there served a practical purpose, using detailed, life sized 197 00:11:44,640 --> 00:11:48,600 Speaker 1: depictions of animals like camels, gazelles and aurex to mark 198 00:11:48,640 --> 00:11:52,760 Speaker 1: locations of seasonal water sources and access routes to get 199 00:11:52,760 --> 00:11:56,600 Speaker 1: to them. These engravings were made roughly twelve thousand years 200 00:11:56,600 --> 00:11:59,520 Speaker 1: ago and they're highly weathered and eroded, so many of 201 00:11:59,559 --> 00:12:04,240 Speaker 1: them are barely perceptible today. Researchers also found evidence of 202 00:12:04,320 --> 00:12:08,920 Speaker 1: other human activity at the site, including projectile points and 203 00:12:09,040 --> 00:12:12,439 Speaker 1: beads made from stone and shells. 204 00:12:12,280 --> 00:12:16,400 Speaker 2: And lastly, archaeologists have found a mural that is between 205 00:12:16,440 --> 00:12:20,520 Speaker 2: three thousand and four thousand years old in Peru. This 206 00:12:20,679 --> 00:12:24,800 Speaker 2: is a three dimensional mural depicting fish and plants that 207 00:12:24,840 --> 00:12:28,520 Speaker 2: are painted blue, yellow, and black, and it's also double sided, 208 00:12:28,720 --> 00:12:32,240 Speaker 2: so designs are visible on both sides of the mural. 209 00:12:32,920 --> 00:12:36,200 Speaker 2: It's also very large, measuring about sixteen feet wide and 210 00:12:36,240 --> 00:12:40,320 Speaker 2: six and a half feet tall. There is speculation that 211 00:12:40,400 --> 00:12:43,680 Speaker 2: this mural had some kind of ritual purpose and that 212 00:12:43,760 --> 00:12:46,480 Speaker 2: it might have marked a sacred space that could have 213 00:12:46,520 --> 00:12:49,880 Speaker 2: been used for observances and practices that were related to 214 00:12:50,120 --> 00:12:51,440 Speaker 2: water or fertility. 215 00:12:52,520 --> 00:12:54,840 Speaker 1: We really didn't have a whole lot of art finds 216 00:12:54,880 --> 00:12:56,880 Speaker 1: to talk about this time, so now we're going to 217 00:12:56,920 --> 00:13:00,000 Speaker 1: move on to some clothing. Specifically one of the best 218 00:13:00,120 --> 00:13:03,959 Speaker 1: articles of clothing shoes, and that means those vulture nests 219 00:13:03,960 --> 00:13:06,000 Speaker 1: that we talked about a little while ago actually could 220 00:13:06,040 --> 00:13:09,240 Speaker 1: have gone here as well. The Vendalanda Trust has been 221 00:13:09,280 --> 00:13:13,439 Speaker 1: excavating Magna Roman Fort and during that five year project 222 00:13:13,760 --> 00:13:17,760 Speaker 1: they've unearthed thirty two shoes, and some of those shoes 223 00:13:17,840 --> 00:13:22,000 Speaker 1: are unexpectedly large. One of the first big shoes to 224 00:13:22,000 --> 00:13:24,960 Speaker 1: be unearthed was the equivalent to about a thirteen or 225 00:13:25,000 --> 00:13:29,240 Speaker 1: fourteen men's shoe in UK sizes that correlates to about 226 00:13:29,240 --> 00:13:32,240 Speaker 1: a fourteen or fifteen in the US and a forty 227 00:13:32,280 --> 00:13:37,040 Speaker 1: eight or forty nine in the EU. More big shoes followed, 228 00:13:37,080 --> 00:13:39,920 Speaker 1: with a total so far of eight shoes that measure 229 00:13:40,000 --> 00:13:43,439 Speaker 1: thirty centimeters or more and one shoe that measures thirty 230 00:13:43,440 --> 00:13:46,520 Speaker 1: two point six centimeters and is the largest shoe the 231 00:13:46,559 --> 00:13:50,440 Speaker 1: Trust has found. The vast majority of shoes found at 232 00:13:50,520 --> 00:13:52,840 Speaker 1: Vindalanda are not nearly this big. 233 00:13:53,880 --> 00:13:58,360 Speaker 2: There are, of course, unanswered questions about these shoes, like 234 00:13:58,800 --> 00:14:02,160 Speaker 2: were they worn by soldiers whose feet were comparatively a 235 00:14:02,200 --> 00:14:05,320 Speaker 2: lot bigger, meaning they also probably would have been a 236 00:14:05,360 --> 00:14:08,360 Speaker 2: lot taller than most of the people in the area. 237 00:14:08,559 --> 00:14:10,920 Speaker 2: Or were these shoes that were meant to be worn 238 00:14:11,240 --> 00:14:13,760 Speaker 2: with a lot of socks or padding in the wintertime 239 00:14:13,800 --> 00:14:16,920 Speaker 2: to try to stay warm. Or were they shoes that 240 00:14:17,000 --> 00:14:20,760 Speaker 2: were worn while people were recovering from injuries and their 241 00:14:20,800 --> 00:14:24,400 Speaker 2: feet were swollen or bandaged. We don't really know. 242 00:14:25,280 --> 00:14:29,680 Speaker 1: Maybe one day next. Archaeologists in Oslo have found more 243 00:14:29,720 --> 00:14:32,960 Speaker 1: than two hundred leather shoes dating back to the Middle Ages. 244 00:14:33,800 --> 00:14:36,720 Speaker 1: These shoes are made from handstitched leather, and while some 245 00:14:36,800 --> 00:14:41,280 Speaker 1: of them are very simple and practical, others are intricately decorated. 246 00:14:41,720 --> 00:14:44,800 Speaker 1: They include shoes for adults and children, as well as 247 00:14:44,840 --> 00:14:45,800 Speaker 1: some boots. 248 00:14:46,320 --> 00:14:49,040 Speaker 2: When I first started reading about all these shoes, I thought, 249 00:14:49,040 --> 00:14:52,000 Speaker 2: did a shoemaker live here? Like was this a shoe shop? 250 00:14:52,480 --> 00:14:55,640 Speaker 2: But these are shoes that were very worn. Some of 251 00:14:55,680 --> 00:14:59,440 Speaker 2: them have holes or they've been repeatedly patched and repaired. 252 00:15:00,200 --> 00:15:02,920 Speaker 2: These shoes are really scattered across a whole area that's 253 00:15:02,960 --> 00:15:06,480 Speaker 2: being excavated in advance of construction of a new school. 254 00:15:07,200 --> 00:15:11,840 Speaker 2: And it's possible that this large deposit of shoes and 255 00:15:11,880 --> 00:15:16,200 Speaker 2: other everyday items came from a rubbish heap whose contents 256 00:15:16,240 --> 00:15:20,760 Speaker 2: were carried into the area during flooding. Archaeologists have also 257 00:15:20,760 --> 00:15:22,760 Speaker 2: found a lot of other goods in the area, like 258 00:15:22,920 --> 00:15:27,040 Speaker 2: bags and scabbards. Rubbish heaps can be an amazing source 259 00:15:27,080 --> 00:15:29,840 Speaker 2: of archaeological knowledge. The idea that this is like the 260 00:15:29,840 --> 00:15:32,480 Speaker 2: remnants of a rubbish heap that got washed away in 261 00:15:32,560 --> 00:15:34,320 Speaker 2: floodwaters is very interesting to me. 262 00:15:35,240 --> 00:15:37,960 Speaker 1: And the last one is just sort of shoe adjacent. 263 00:15:38,640 --> 00:15:42,040 Speaker 1: Archaeologists in Germany have found a workshop that was dedicated 264 00:15:42,080 --> 00:15:45,280 Speaker 1: to producing the iron nails that were used to make 265 00:15:45,320 --> 00:15:49,280 Speaker 1: shoes for the Roman military. These hob nails were used 266 00:15:49,280 --> 00:15:52,440 Speaker 1: in the soles of the shoes to provide traction and durability. 267 00:15:53,160 --> 00:15:56,080 Speaker 1: Since the nails would fall off through normal wear and tear, 268 00:15:56,480 --> 00:15:59,080 Speaker 1: the nails were used to both make new shoes and 269 00:15:59,160 --> 00:16:02,880 Speaker 1: to repair old ones. This find included a cash of 270 00:16:02,920 --> 00:16:06,680 Speaker 1: more than one hundred nails in new condition, suggesting that 271 00:16:06,760 --> 00:16:08,240 Speaker 1: they had been freshly made. There. 272 00:16:09,280 --> 00:16:15,920 Speaker 2: Moving on, we have some historically relevant exhumations this time around. First, 273 00:16:16,080 --> 00:16:19,920 Speaker 2: the governing council of Saint Dunstan's Church in Canterbury, England, 274 00:16:20,080 --> 00:16:23,960 Speaker 2: has announced a proposal to exhume the skull of Sir 275 00:16:24,080 --> 00:16:28,360 Speaker 2: Thomas Moore, who was beheaded in fifteen thirty five after 276 00:16:28,400 --> 00:16:32,560 Speaker 2: being accused of treason for refusing to accept King Henry 277 00:16:32,600 --> 00:16:35,680 Speaker 2: the Eighth as head of the Church of England. The 278 00:16:35,760 --> 00:16:38,680 Speaker 2: Catholic Church used Moore as a martyr, and he was 279 00:16:38,760 --> 00:16:43,239 Speaker 2: venerated as a saint in nineteen thirty five. After Moore's execution, 280 00:16:43,520 --> 00:16:46,200 Speaker 2: his body was buried in an unmarked grave in a 281 00:16:46,280 --> 00:16:49,480 Speaker 2: chapel at the Tower of London, but his head was 282 00:16:49,600 --> 00:16:52,720 Speaker 2: boiled and tarred and placed on a spike on London 283 00:16:52,760 --> 00:16:57,160 Speaker 2: Bridge as a warning to others. Moore's daughter later convinced 284 00:16:57,200 --> 00:16:59,720 Speaker 2: a guard to release the skull to her, and it 285 00:16:59,760 --> 00:17:03,320 Speaker 2: was eventually entombed in the family vault at Saint Dunstan's. 286 00:17:04,480 --> 00:17:06,800 Speaker 2: The church has said that it would like to conserve 287 00:17:06,960 --> 00:17:10,840 Speaker 2: and preserve the skull ahead of the five hundredth anniversary 288 00:17:10,880 --> 00:17:14,919 Speaker 2: of mors beheading, which is in twenty thirty five, and 289 00:17:15,280 --> 00:17:18,240 Speaker 2: we don't know yet for sure whether this will happen. 290 00:17:18,440 --> 00:17:21,679 Speaker 2: There's an ecclesiastical court that has to give its permission 291 00:17:21,760 --> 00:17:26,040 Speaker 2: before an exhumation can go ahead, so we might have 292 00:17:26,080 --> 00:17:28,600 Speaker 2: an update on this at some point in the future. 293 00:17:29,359 --> 00:17:33,280 Speaker 2: Last time, we talked about cooperation between Ukraine and Poland 294 00:17:33,320 --> 00:17:37,199 Speaker 2: to allow the exhumation and relocation of Polish victims of 295 00:17:37,240 --> 00:17:41,000 Speaker 2: the nineteen forty five Volan massacre, which was perpetrated by 296 00:17:41,000 --> 00:17:44,399 Speaker 2: the Ukrainian Insurgent Army while the area was occupied by 297 00:17:44,480 --> 00:17:49,280 Speaker 2: Nazi Germany. In July, Poland declared July eleventh to be 298 00:17:49,359 --> 00:17:52,200 Speaker 2: a national Day of Remembrance for victims of the massacre, 299 00:17:52,640 --> 00:17:55,960 Speaker 2: and during an address on that day, Polish President elect 300 00:17:56,040 --> 00:18:01,160 Speaker 2: Carol Nuroki urged Ukrainian President Voladimir Zilenzai to allow these 301 00:18:01,200 --> 00:18:05,920 Speaker 2: exhumations to continue and ask Ukraine to authorize exhumations at 302 00:18:05,960 --> 00:18:10,760 Speaker 2: additional sites. Naraki has since taken office as President of Poland, 303 00:18:11,040 --> 00:18:14,000 Speaker 2: and a number of commentators have remarked that his background 304 00:18:14,000 --> 00:18:16,720 Speaker 2: as a historian plays a part on how he will 305 00:18:16,800 --> 00:18:21,600 Speaker 2: lead Poland's interactions with Ukraine. And lastly, we have two 306 00:18:21,760 --> 00:18:25,760 Speaker 2: exhumations that are related to attempts to solve two different 307 00:18:25,960 --> 00:18:30,600 Speaker 2: cold cases. Authorities in Oregon have exhumed the remains of 308 00:18:30,640 --> 00:18:35,439 Speaker 2: someone known as Oak Grove Jane Doe, whose dismembered body 309 00:18:35,560 --> 00:18:38,800 Speaker 2: was found in the Willamette River south of Portland over 310 00:18:38,840 --> 00:18:43,240 Speaker 2: a period of months in nineteen forty six. Her remains 311 00:18:43,280 --> 00:18:46,720 Speaker 2: disappeared from law enforcement custody in the nineteen fifties, and 312 00:18:46,760 --> 00:18:50,639 Speaker 2: the case was eventually closed without identifying. 313 00:18:49,960 --> 00:18:51,440 Speaker 1: Her or her murderer. 314 00:18:52,440 --> 00:18:55,280 Speaker 2: The case was reopened in two thousand and four, but 315 00:18:55,320 --> 00:18:58,440 Speaker 2: officials didn't have much to go on until they learned 316 00:18:58,480 --> 00:19:02,280 Speaker 2: that she may have been buried at Oregon City's Mountain 317 00:19:02,320 --> 00:19:05,960 Speaker 2: View Cemetery. In addition to the unsolved crime, this is 318 00:19:06,040 --> 00:19:12,359 Speaker 2: Oregon's oldest unidentified person case. This exhumation just happened in 319 00:19:12,440 --> 00:19:16,000 Speaker 2: late September, so the results of it are still to come. 320 00:19:16,800 --> 00:19:20,000 Speaker 2: And the other was another homicide victim whose body was 321 00:19:20,040 --> 00:19:24,000 Speaker 2: found near railroad tracks outside Page, North Dakota, in October 322 00:19:24,040 --> 00:19:28,040 Speaker 2: of nineteen seventy. Authorities believed that he had been assaulted 323 00:19:28,080 --> 00:19:30,919 Speaker 2: and robbed, and then had either been thrown from or 324 00:19:31,000 --> 00:19:33,959 Speaker 2: fallen from the train, and had been dead for about 325 00:19:34,040 --> 00:19:37,600 Speaker 2: six weeks when his body was found. No suspect was 326 00:19:37,640 --> 00:19:40,040 Speaker 2: ever named in the killing, and the body was buried 327 00:19:40,080 --> 00:19:43,320 Speaker 2: at Saint James Cemetery with a marker that simply said 328 00:19:43,680 --> 00:19:48,000 Speaker 2: unknown male. A lot of these types of cases in 329 00:19:48,080 --> 00:19:53,800 Speaker 2: recent years have involved DNA research and investigative genetic genealogy, 330 00:19:54,440 --> 00:19:58,600 Speaker 2: but in this case, the skeletal remains included a denture 331 00:19:58,680 --> 00:20:02,280 Speaker 2: plate that read take w H along with the number. 332 00:20:03,160 --> 00:20:06,080 Speaker 2: Investigators were able to trace that to a World War 333 00:20:06,160 --> 00:20:10,479 Speaker 2: II enlistment record for a William Howard Tait, and they 334 00:20:10,560 --> 00:20:16,520 Speaker 2: ultimately declared this identity to be conclusively confirmed. Authorities announced 335 00:20:16,520 --> 00:20:19,480 Speaker 2: that they would be working with Cass County Veteran Services 336 00:20:19,760 --> 00:20:22,600 Speaker 2: to have a new headstone made with the man's real name. 337 00:20:23,480 --> 00:20:26,280 Speaker 2: It is not clear from news reporting whether he has 338 00:20:26,359 --> 00:20:30,720 Speaker 2: living next of kin. Yeah, that was my first thought, right, 339 00:20:31,119 --> 00:20:32,320 Speaker 2: what does his family think? 340 00:20:32,680 --> 00:20:33,640 Speaker 1: Yeah? 341 00:20:33,680 --> 00:20:35,680 Speaker 2: And I was not able to figure out for sure. 342 00:20:35,680 --> 00:20:38,439 Speaker 2: Weather they know or whether he does or does not. 343 00:20:39,359 --> 00:20:41,359 Speaker 2: We will take one more sponsor break, and then we 344 00:20:41,400 --> 00:20:55,080 Speaker 2: will have so many shipwrecks. Okay, we have so many shipwrecks. 345 00:20:55,560 --> 00:20:59,040 Speaker 2: It's pretty much the whole rest of the episode. First 346 00:20:59,359 --> 00:21:03,560 Speaker 2: conservation has been completed on a canoe that was unearthed 347 00:21:03,560 --> 00:21:07,760 Speaker 2: in Florida during Hurricane Ian in twenty twenty two. I 348 00:21:08,200 --> 00:21:10,840 Speaker 2: thought this was a canoe that we had talked about 349 00:21:10,880 --> 00:21:13,600 Speaker 2: in a twenty twenty two installment of Unearthed, but it 350 00:21:13,640 --> 00:21:17,200 Speaker 2: looks like not. This canoe had probably been in a 351 00:21:17,280 --> 00:21:21,119 Speaker 2: riverbed before being dislodged by the hurricane, and it wound 352 00:21:21,200 --> 00:21:22,240 Speaker 2: up in somebody's yard. 353 00:21:23,119 --> 00:21:27,840 Speaker 1: Ancient canoes are fairly frequent fines in Florida. Canoes and 354 00:21:27,920 --> 00:21:30,760 Speaker 1: log boats were a primary means of transport going back 355 00:21:30,800 --> 00:21:34,280 Speaker 1: to prehistory. There are more than four hundred and fifty 356 00:21:34,320 --> 00:21:36,800 Speaker 1: of them that have been preserved by the Florida Division 357 00:21:36,920 --> 00:21:41,280 Speaker 1: of Historical Resources. But this one is unusual because it's 358 00:21:41,320 --> 00:21:45,280 Speaker 1: made of mahogany. Some types of mahogany do grow in 359 00:21:45,359 --> 00:21:48,600 Speaker 1: southern Florida, but this is the first mahogany canoe to 360 00:21:48,640 --> 00:21:52,040 Speaker 1: be found there. It also maybe the first canoe found 361 00:21:52,080 --> 00:21:56,000 Speaker 1: in Florida to originate from somewhere else, possibly the Caribbean. 362 00:21:56,880 --> 00:21:59,760 Speaker 1: The canoe has not been conclusively dated yet, but it 363 00:22:00,080 --> 00:22:02,879 Speaker 1: looks like it was worked with iron tools, meaning it 364 00:22:02,920 --> 00:22:05,520 Speaker 1: may have been crafted by the Spanish sometime in the 365 00:22:05,560 --> 00:22:06,640 Speaker 1: sixteenth century. 366 00:22:08,080 --> 00:22:12,880 Speaker 2: Next, researchers from the Center for Historic Shipwreck Preservation say 367 00:22:12,920 --> 00:22:15,359 Speaker 2: that a shipwreck they've been studying off the coast of 368 00:22:15,440 --> 00:22:20,120 Speaker 2: Madagascar dates back to the Golden Age of piracy. It's 369 00:22:20,200 --> 00:22:23,720 Speaker 2: believed to be the Nasa Sonora Dicabo or Our Lady 370 00:22:23,760 --> 00:22:26,480 Speaker 2: of the Cape, which is a Portuguese ship that was 371 00:22:26,560 --> 00:22:32,359 Speaker 2: attacked by pirate Olivier Levasseur in seventeen twenty one. Levasseur, 372 00:22:32,560 --> 00:22:36,480 Speaker 2: also called the Buzzard, captured the ship near the island 373 00:22:36,520 --> 00:22:40,639 Speaker 2: of La Reugnon and then took it toward Madagascar, where 374 00:22:40,680 --> 00:22:43,840 Speaker 2: the pirates unloaded a lot of what was aboard before 375 00:22:43,880 --> 00:22:45,000 Speaker 2: scuttling the ship. 376 00:22:45,920 --> 00:22:48,600 Speaker 1: There was still a lot of cargo though. When the 377 00:22:48,720 --> 00:22:52,119 Speaker 1: Nasa Sonara de Cabo sank, it was traveling from India 378 00:22:52,160 --> 00:22:54,880 Speaker 1: and carrying goods that had been made there, as well 379 00:22:54,880 --> 00:22:59,679 Speaker 1: as gold ingots, pearls, and other valuable objects. Thousands of 380 00:22:59,680 --> 00:23:02,000 Speaker 1: objens have been brought up from the wreck and include 381 00:23:02,040 --> 00:23:05,879 Speaker 1: religious objects that are believed to have been made in Goa, 382 00:23:05,920 --> 00:23:08,960 Speaker 1: which was a Portuguese colony on the western coast of India. 383 00:23:09,640 --> 00:23:14,760 Speaker 1: There are also coins with Arabic writing and pieces of porcelain. Underwater. 384 00:23:14,920 --> 00:23:18,479 Speaker 2: Archaeologists in Wisconsin were looking for the wreck of a 385 00:23:18,560 --> 00:23:21,960 Speaker 2: steamer called the Berlin City, which sank in eighteen seventy, 386 00:23:22,119 --> 00:23:25,440 Speaker 2: and they were hoping to resurvey another wreck that had 387 00:23:25,440 --> 00:23:29,720 Speaker 2: been mapped back in twenty sixteen. Unlike a lot of 388 00:23:29,760 --> 00:23:32,400 Speaker 2: the Wisconsin shipwrecks we have talked about on the show, 389 00:23:32,440 --> 00:23:34,800 Speaker 2: this project did not take place in the Great Lakes. 390 00:23:35,200 --> 00:23:37,720 Speaker 2: It was in the Fox River near Oshkosh. 391 00:23:37,920 --> 00:23:41,200 Speaker 1: Instead, they found something different, what they believed to be 392 00:23:41,280 --> 00:23:44,560 Speaker 1: the wreck of the lw Ukraine, which caught fire, burned 393 00:23:44,560 --> 00:23:48,480 Speaker 1: to the water level, and sank in eighteen eighty. This 394 00:23:48,680 --> 00:23:52,000 Speaker 1: was a side wheel steamer that had carried cargo. In 395 00:23:52,040 --> 00:23:55,360 Speaker 1: addition to the physical resemblance between the wreckage and historical 396 00:23:55,400 --> 00:23:59,200 Speaker 1: documents about the lw Ukraine, the wreck is directly opposite 397 00:23:59,240 --> 00:24:02,520 Speaker 1: to where historic accounts described the ship sinking. 398 00:24:03,400 --> 00:24:05,080 Speaker 2: So while that was not in the Great Lakes, we 399 00:24:05,119 --> 00:24:08,159 Speaker 2: do also have a Lake Michigan shipwreck to talk about 400 00:24:08,200 --> 00:24:12,200 Speaker 2: the FJ King, which searchers had been looking for for 401 00:24:12,240 --> 00:24:15,520 Speaker 2: so long that people had started calling it a ghost ship. 402 00:24:16,280 --> 00:24:19,399 Speaker 2: The FJ King was a three masted cargo schooner that 403 00:24:19,520 --> 00:24:22,480 Speaker 2: was carrying or to Chicago when it sank in a 404 00:24:22,520 --> 00:24:26,520 Speaker 2: gale in eighteen eighty six. The crew tried to pump 405 00:24:26,640 --> 00:24:30,040 Speaker 2: water out of the struggling ship for several hours until 406 00:24:30,040 --> 00:24:33,480 Speaker 2: the order was given for them to evacuate. The crew 407 00:24:33,600 --> 00:24:36,119 Speaker 2: did evacuate, they survived, and then they were picked up 408 00:24:36,160 --> 00:24:39,920 Speaker 2: by another schooner. Like a lot of our sank in 409 00:24:40,000 --> 00:24:43,280 Speaker 2: a storm in the dark shipwreck stories. Efforts to find 410 00:24:43,280 --> 00:24:47,800 Speaker 2: the Fjking were hampered by unclear descriptions and contradictory information 411 00:24:48,359 --> 00:24:52,680 Speaker 2: about exactly where the sinking happened. The captain, William Griffin 412 00:24:52,840 --> 00:24:56,200 Speaker 2: reported that they were about five miles off shore, while 413 00:24:56,240 --> 00:24:59,919 Speaker 2: a lighthouse keeper later reported seeing the masts extending above 414 00:25:00,160 --> 00:25:04,560 Speaker 2: the water much closer to land. It was finally found 415 00:25:04,600 --> 00:25:07,560 Speaker 2: through side scan sonar, just a couple of hours into 416 00:25:07,600 --> 00:25:10,560 Speaker 2: an effort that sounds like it was undertaken without much 417 00:25:10,600 --> 00:25:13,600 Speaker 2: hope of success. Yeah, quotes from people that were on 418 00:25:13,640 --> 00:25:15,600 Speaker 2: it were sort of like, yeah, we didn't think we'd 419 00:25:15,640 --> 00:25:18,920 Speaker 2: find anything, but we thought why not, and then two 420 00:25:18,960 --> 00:25:20,120 Speaker 2: hours later, there it is. 421 00:25:20,240 --> 00:25:23,320 Speaker 1: Let's give it a whirl. Hey uh. 422 00:25:23,440 --> 00:25:27,240 Speaker 2: This summer was the final season of a five year 423 00:25:27,359 --> 00:25:31,719 Speaker 2: international project at the site of the Antikytheris shipwreck in Greece. 424 00:25:32,560 --> 00:25:35,680 Speaker 2: We have an episode of the show about the Antikythera device, 425 00:25:36,080 --> 00:25:38,919 Speaker 2: which is an analog computer dating back to about the 426 00:25:38,960 --> 00:25:42,560 Speaker 2: first century BCE, and other finds from the wreck have 427 00:25:42,640 --> 00:25:46,880 Speaker 2: come up in prior installments of Unearthed. This summer's work 428 00:25:46,920 --> 00:25:49,879 Speaker 2: at the wreck included excavation of a part of the 429 00:25:49,920 --> 00:25:53,400 Speaker 2: ship's hull for the first time. This was carried out 430 00:25:53,400 --> 00:25:58,199 Speaker 2: with specially designed machinery and a support structure. Bringing up 431 00:25:58,200 --> 00:26:00,840 Speaker 2: that piece of the hull has helped to confirm the 432 00:26:00,880 --> 00:26:04,680 Speaker 2: way the researchers believed this ship was originally built, which 433 00:26:04,760 --> 00:26:08,639 Speaker 2: was by building the exterior first, followed by the interior structures. 434 00:26:09,680 --> 00:26:13,640 Speaker 2: Other finds in this last season of the project include 435 00:26:13,640 --> 00:26:16,679 Speaker 2: a clay mortar that was probably used for preparing food 436 00:26:16,840 --> 00:26:19,359 Speaker 2: or medicines for the crew, as well as part of 437 00:26:19,359 --> 00:26:24,400 Speaker 2: a statue and just an assortment of m fora moving on. 438 00:26:24,800 --> 00:26:27,720 Speaker 2: Last year, a schoolboy in Scotland found the wreckage of 439 00:26:27,760 --> 00:26:31,080 Speaker 2: a ship on the island of Sanday, Orkney after a storm, 440 00:26:31,560 --> 00:26:34,160 Speaker 2: and that wreck has now been identified as a five 441 00:26:34,280 --> 00:26:37,480 Speaker 2: hundred ton whaling ship known as the Earl of Chatham, 442 00:26:37,560 --> 00:26:40,919 Speaker 2: which was wrecked in March of seventeen eighty eight. The 443 00:26:40,920 --> 00:26:44,080 Speaker 2: Earl of Chatham had previously operated as the Royal Navy 444 00:26:44,119 --> 00:26:48,960 Speaker 2: ship HMS Hind during the American Revolutionary War before being 445 00:26:49,000 --> 00:26:54,240 Speaker 2: decommissioned and sold. This conclusion came from examination of the 446 00:26:54,320 --> 00:26:57,159 Speaker 2: tree rings and the timbers used to build a ship, 447 00:26:57,520 --> 00:27:00,560 Speaker 2: which suggested that they had been cut down in southern 448 00:27:00,680 --> 00:27:05,000 Speaker 2: or southwestern England in the mid eighteenth century. This ship 449 00:27:05,240 --> 00:27:08,000 Speaker 2: was en route from the River Thames to the Arctic 450 00:27:08,160 --> 00:27:10,760 Speaker 2: on a whaling voyage when it was wrecked. This island 451 00:27:10,840 --> 00:27:13,840 Speaker 2: is basically on the way. All of the crew survived 452 00:27:13,880 --> 00:27:18,520 Speaker 2: the wrecking. Underwater archaeologists working near the Solomon Islands have 453 00:27:18,600 --> 00:27:21,640 Speaker 2: found the wreck of a Japanese destroyer from World War 454 00:27:21,680 --> 00:27:25,760 Speaker 2: II called the Terrazuki. The wreckage was first spotted using 455 00:27:25,800 --> 00:27:28,760 Speaker 2: a remotely operated vehicle, and at first they didn't know 456 00:27:28,800 --> 00:27:32,360 Speaker 2: what it was, so two other remote vehicles were deployed 457 00:27:32,359 --> 00:27:36,080 Speaker 2: from the Ocean Exploration Trusts Nautilus to get a better look. 458 00:27:36,840 --> 00:27:40,400 Speaker 2: They captured images of the ship, including its upward pointing 459 00:27:40,480 --> 00:27:45,440 Speaker 2: gun turrets. The Terazuki was built specifically for anti aircraft work. 460 00:27:46,119 --> 00:27:50,320 Speaker 2: American torpedoes sank the Tarazuki on December twelfth, nineteen forty two, 461 00:27:50,920 --> 00:27:54,480 Speaker 2: and although most of the crew were successfully evacuated, nine 462 00:27:54,520 --> 00:27:59,120 Speaker 2: people died when it sank. This expedition went well beyond 463 00:27:59,240 --> 00:28:03,320 Speaker 2: the Terrazuki, surveying thirteen vessels that sank in the area 464 00:28:03,400 --> 00:28:07,520 Speaker 2: during the Guadalcanal Campaign. The Tarazuki was one of four 465 00:28:07,760 --> 00:28:11,399 Speaker 2: wrecks that were photographed for the first time during this work, 466 00:28:11,560 --> 00:28:14,600 Speaker 2: another of them being the bow of the USS New Orleans. 467 00:28:15,720 --> 00:28:20,080 Speaker 2: Other ships included the USS Vincennes, the USS Astoria, the 468 00:28:20,160 --> 00:28:25,160 Speaker 2: USS Quincy, the USS Northampton, the USS Laffey, the USS 469 00:28:25,240 --> 00:28:31,200 Speaker 2: de Haven, the USS Preston, the HMAS Camera, the USS Walkie, 470 00:28:31,200 --> 00:28:36,840 Speaker 2: and another Japanese destroyer called the Yudachi. A sunken landing 471 00:28:37,000 --> 00:28:40,960 Speaker 2: barge was surveyed as well. This sounds like a lot. 472 00:28:41,080 --> 00:28:44,200 Speaker 2: So many ships went down in this area during World 473 00:28:44,200 --> 00:28:47,480 Speaker 2: War Two that it's known as Iron Bottom Sound, and 474 00:28:47,640 --> 00:28:49,720 Speaker 2: research has been going on there for decades. It was 475 00:28:49,720 --> 00:28:53,320 Speaker 2: sort of a continuing research bringing in new and more 476 00:28:53,360 --> 00:28:55,440 Speaker 2: advanced equipment than has been used before. 477 00:28:56,600 --> 00:29:00,040 Speaker 1: Underwater archaeologists are working off the coast of Kent in 478 00:29:00,080 --> 00:29:03,640 Speaker 1: England to study the wreck of the HMS Northumberland, which 479 00:29:03,720 --> 00:29:06,480 Speaker 1: was built in sixteen seventy nine at a time when 480 00:29:06,560 --> 00:29:10,960 Speaker 1: past podcast subject Samuel Peeps was reforming and expanding the 481 00:29:11,000 --> 00:29:15,080 Speaker 1: English Navy. It later sank in a massive weather disaster 482 00:29:15,240 --> 00:29:18,760 Speaker 1: known as the Great Storm of seventeen oh three. This 483 00:29:18,880 --> 00:29:21,880 Speaker 1: ship has been buried in the sand for centuries and 484 00:29:21,920 --> 00:29:25,440 Speaker 1: its hull is very well preserved, so efforts are underway 485 00:29:25,480 --> 00:29:28,280 Speaker 1: to thoroughly survey and study it before it is damaged 486 00:29:28,400 --> 00:29:31,840 Speaker 1: or reburied. We will very likely have fines from this 487 00:29:31,920 --> 00:29:33,440 Speaker 1: work at some point in the future. 488 00:29:34,160 --> 00:29:39,520 Speaker 2: Archaeologists and students from East Carolina University's Maritime Studies program 489 00:29:39,600 --> 00:29:43,160 Speaker 2: have been working at Brunswick Town Fort Anderson State Historic 490 00:29:43,240 --> 00:29:48,120 Speaker 2: Site and have found waterfront features dating back to colonial times, 491 00:29:48,120 --> 00:29:52,360 Speaker 2: as well as four different shipwrecks. One is believed to 492 00:29:52,400 --> 00:29:55,560 Speaker 2: be La Fortuna, which was a Spanish privateer that was 493 00:29:55,600 --> 00:29:58,920 Speaker 2: destroyed near the end of King George's War in September 494 00:29:59,000 --> 00:30:02,600 Speaker 2: of seventeen forty eight eight. This id still needs to 495 00:30:02,640 --> 00:30:05,800 Speaker 2: be confirmed, but the wreckage is not far from where 496 00:30:05,840 --> 00:30:09,120 Speaker 2: a diver found a cannon believed to be from La 497 00:30:09,200 --> 00:30:13,080 Speaker 2: Fortuna back in the nineteen eighties. All of these finds 498 00:30:13,200 --> 00:30:17,200 Speaker 2: are at risk due to erosion from nearby dredging operations, 499 00:30:17,640 --> 00:30:21,640 Speaker 2: sea level rise, and larger and more frequent storms due 500 00:30:21,680 --> 00:30:26,200 Speaker 2: to climate change. And lastly, artifacts have been recovered from 501 00:30:26,240 --> 00:30:29,520 Speaker 2: the wreckage of the HMHS Britannic for the first time. 502 00:30:30,440 --> 00:30:32,800 Speaker 2: The Britannic was, of course a sister ship to the 503 00:30:32,960 --> 00:30:36,640 Speaker 2: RMS Titanic and was serving as a hospital ship during 504 00:30:36,680 --> 00:30:39,040 Speaker 2: World War One when it struck a mine and sank 505 00:30:39,080 --> 00:30:43,080 Speaker 2: in the aeg and c In nineteen sixteen, an eleven 506 00:30:43,160 --> 00:30:46,080 Speaker 2: member dive team brought up a number of objects, including 507 00:30:46,120 --> 00:30:49,719 Speaker 2: the ship's bell and a navigation light. These objects are 508 00:30:49,760 --> 00:30:54,840 Speaker 2: undergoing conservation in Athens, Greece. Since it's October, I looked 509 00:30:54,880 --> 00:30:57,640 Speaker 2: for something creepy or ghostly is a final thing for 510 00:30:57,680 --> 00:31:00,480 Speaker 2: this episode. Sometimes we look out on you have like 511 00:31:00,560 --> 00:31:03,560 Speaker 2: a whole collection of ghosts or witch bottles or something 512 00:31:04,200 --> 00:31:07,680 Speaker 2: seasonally fun. Didn't really have that this time, so I 513 00:31:07,760 --> 00:31:12,680 Speaker 2: went with something more ghost adjacent. Archaeologists that ealing Dunin 514 00:31:12,800 --> 00:31:16,480 Speaker 2: Castle in Scotland have found a hair styling tool called 515 00:31:16,520 --> 00:31:20,680 Speaker 2: a gravoire, dating back to the thirteenth century. This is 516 00:31:20,720 --> 00:31:23,720 Speaker 2: made from red deer antler and it shaped to a 517 00:31:23,760 --> 00:31:26,960 Speaker 2: point at one end and carved with the likeness of 518 00:31:27,000 --> 00:31:29,400 Speaker 2: a hooded figure holding a book. 519 00:31:29,280 --> 00:31:30,000 Speaker 1: On the other end. 520 00:31:30,880 --> 00:31:34,040 Speaker 2: It's not clear who this depicts, but it could be 521 00:31:34,120 --> 00:31:38,760 Speaker 2: Celtic missionary Saint Donnan. This tool was used to part 522 00:31:38,800 --> 00:31:44,200 Speaker 2: the hair and to help in creating elaborate hairstyles. Elin 523 00:31:44,280 --> 00:31:47,479 Speaker 2: Dunin Castle is on a tiny island where three locks 524 00:31:47,520 --> 00:31:51,239 Speaker 2: come together, and it's reported to be haunted. One of 525 00:31:51,280 --> 00:31:53,920 Speaker 2: the reported ghosts is of a Spanish soldier who was 526 00:31:53,960 --> 00:31:57,880 Speaker 2: stationed at the castle during the Jacobite Rising of seventeen nineteen, 527 00:31:58,280 --> 00:32:01,880 Speaker 2: and he died when English forces tacked the castle. This 528 00:32:01,920 --> 00:32:05,160 Speaker 2: ghost is nicknamed Carlos and he's often reported in the 529 00:32:05,200 --> 00:32:09,440 Speaker 2: gift shop carrying his head. Another is known as Lady Mary, 530 00:32:09,520 --> 00:32:13,040 Speaker 2: and she is described as haunting the bedrooms. Tried to 531 00:32:13,080 --> 00:32:15,920 Speaker 2: get more information about who Lady Mary is and I 532 00:32:16,000 --> 00:32:19,040 Speaker 2: was even like googling Mary along with the names of 533 00:32:19,160 --> 00:32:21,719 Speaker 2: people who have lived in this castle. I don't know, 534 00:32:22,160 --> 00:32:26,000 Speaker 2: but Lady Mary haunts the bedroom apparently. That is the 535 00:32:26,080 --> 00:32:29,960 Speaker 2: end of Part two. Of our unearthed. I'm sure we'll 536 00:32:29,960 --> 00:32:32,040 Speaker 2: talk about things related to it on Friday, and in 537 00:32:32,080 --> 00:32:35,840 Speaker 2: the meantime, I do have listener mail. The listener mail 538 00:32:35,880 --> 00:32:39,680 Speaker 2: is from Julia. Julia said, Hi, Holly and Tracy. I 539 00:32:39,800 --> 00:32:42,560 Speaker 2: was driving home late one night and listening to the 540 00:32:42,600 --> 00:32:45,840 Speaker 2: Anna Maria von Sherman Star of U Treckt episode and 541 00:32:45,880 --> 00:32:48,400 Speaker 2: it was mentioned a few times that her letters were 542 00:32:48,440 --> 00:32:52,880 Speaker 2: shared and published. In my experience of writing letters as 543 00:32:52,920 --> 00:32:56,920 Speaker 2: a child pre Internet, once the letter was in the envelope, 544 00:32:56,920 --> 00:33:00,680 Speaker 2: you never saw it again. Was it standard to make 545 00:33:00,760 --> 00:33:04,200 Speaker 2: copies of letters before you sent them and or of 546 00:33:04,240 --> 00:33:07,440 Speaker 2: the letters you received? Can you please explain how personal 547 00:33:07,480 --> 00:33:11,960 Speaker 2: correspondence became public documentation. My poor brain can't comprehend how 548 00:33:12,000 --> 00:33:15,800 Speaker 2: this happened in an age before carbon paper, photocopiers, or 549 00:33:15,920 --> 00:33:19,680 Speaker 2: sent folders attached as my pet tax of our cat 550 00:33:19,720 --> 00:33:22,440 Speaker 2: and Ayah. She technically belongs to my daughter, but has 551 00:33:22,520 --> 00:33:26,120 Speaker 2: picked me as her favorite person. She loves to sleep 552 00:33:26,160 --> 00:33:29,160 Speaker 2: in her beanbag and loudly ask retreats every morning as 553 00:33:29,160 --> 00:33:31,400 Speaker 2: soon as I wake up, sometimes even before I'm awake. 554 00:33:31,480 --> 00:33:34,280 Speaker 2: Thanks for bringing so much history information into our lives 555 00:33:34,840 --> 00:33:38,479 Speaker 2: in such an interesting way, Julia. Thank you so much, 556 00:33:38,560 --> 00:33:44,640 Speaker 2: Julia for this email. So yes, people did, a lot 557 00:33:44,640 --> 00:33:47,280 Speaker 2: of people kept some kind of copy of their correspondence, 558 00:33:48,000 --> 00:33:52,520 Speaker 2: and in the age of handwritten letters, a lot of 559 00:33:52,560 --> 00:33:56,600 Speaker 2: times people would like write out their draft letter and 560 00:33:56,760 --> 00:33:59,760 Speaker 2: kind of perfect what they wanted to say, and so 561 00:33:59,800 --> 00:34:04,440 Speaker 2: that copy would have like crossouts or rewritten bits or 562 00:34:04,520 --> 00:34:08,080 Speaker 2: little notations of things to add, and then they would 563 00:34:08,120 --> 00:34:12,400 Speaker 2: write out the neat copy to actually be sent, and 564 00:34:12,440 --> 00:34:15,279 Speaker 2: a lot of people kept that note copy for their 565 00:34:15,320 --> 00:34:19,319 Speaker 2: own records, and it might not be completely identical to 566 00:34:19,360 --> 00:34:22,319 Speaker 2: the final copy that was sent out, but it was 567 00:34:22,480 --> 00:34:26,640 Speaker 2: pretty close. People who wrote a lot for business often 568 00:34:26,680 --> 00:34:31,480 Speaker 2: had a copying clerk whose job was to copy the correspondence, 569 00:34:32,360 --> 00:34:36,200 Speaker 2: and like they sort of would keep the copy of 570 00:34:36,280 --> 00:34:40,000 Speaker 2: all of the outgoing mail for the business that they. 571 00:34:39,880 --> 00:34:40,520 Speaker 1: Were working for. 572 00:34:41,480 --> 00:34:46,040 Speaker 2: Eventually, different methods were made to create what was basically 573 00:34:46,120 --> 00:34:50,000 Speaker 2: a carbon copy using some kind of carbon paper. There 574 00:34:50,000 --> 00:34:54,200 Speaker 2: were various innovations around this, some of them fairly like 575 00:34:54,280 --> 00:34:57,239 Speaker 2: earlier than a person might think. Unfortunately, when I was 576 00:34:58,239 --> 00:35:01,040 Speaker 2: thinking about this, I did not go the up specific dates. 577 00:35:01,080 --> 00:35:03,400 Speaker 2: But there were various ways like inks that could be 578 00:35:03,600 --> 00:35:07,000 Speaker 2: used that you lay a piece of paper down and 579 00:35:07,120 --> 00:35:10,080 Speaker 2: it lifted up. A copy sort of might not be 580 00:35:10,120 --> 00:35:13,920 Speaker 2: a very great copy, but eventually sheets of carbon paper 581 00:35:13,960 --> 00:35:15,960 Speaker 2: that could go between the pages that you could keep 582 00:35:16,000 --> 00:35:20,480 Speaker 2: a copy of, or like a book that had carbon 583 00:35:20,480 --> 00:35:22,640 Speaker 2: paper in it. That was sort of its purpose was 584 00:35:22,680 --> 00:35:26,720 Speaker 2: to capture your copy of your outgoing mail. Some people 585 00:35:27,480 --> 00:35:32,520 Speaker 2: who were historically notable the recipients of their mail would 586 00:35:32,560 --> 00:35:34,600 Speaker 2: also keep it because they knew that it might be 587 00:35:34,719 --> 00:35:39,120 Speaker 2: valuable one day, and so when later on it became 588 00:35:39,880 --> 00:35:44,160 Speaker 2: there was a want or need to publish somebody's letters, 589 00:35:44,200 --> 00:35:47,080 Speaker 2: there would be an effort to like bring these copies together. 590 00:35:48,120 --> 00:35:50,960 Speaker 2: Some of the collections of letters that we have today 591 00:35:51,080 --> 00:35:54,600 Speaker 2: are that have sort of come from like multiple different 592 00:35:54,760 --> 00:36:00,680 Speaker 2: people donating the letters that they have come into possession 593 00:36:00,760 --> 00:36:05,280 Speaker 2: of to the same academic institution or library or archive 594 00:36:05,360 --> 00:36:07,480 Speaker 2: or something like that, and then an editor goes through 595 00:36:07,520 --> 00:36:10,200 Speaker 2: and like pairs up all of the different ones. So 596 00:36:10,239 --> 00:36:13,200 Speaker 2: there were lots of different ways that a person could 597 00:36:13,239 --> 00:36:16,160 Speaker 2: be keeping a copy of their correspondence. Before there was 598 00:36:16,280 --> 00:36:20,520 Speaker 2: just a scent item folder in your email that kept 599 00:36:20,520 --> 00:36:24,920 Speaker 2: all of it. I sent more, you know, handwritten letters 600 00:36:24,960 --> 00:36:28,000 Speaker 2: and things when I was a younger person, before the 601 00:36:28,040 --> 00:36:31,840 Speaker 2: development of email. That was something I never personally did either, 602 00:36:32,640 --> 00:36:35,600 Speaker 2: and I don't if I had been living in you know, 603 00:36:35,960 --> 00:36:41,040 Speaker 2: the nineteenth or eighteenth or seventeenth century, I might have 604 00:36:41,120 --> 00:36:43,319 Speaker 2: been raised differently to keep a copy of all of 605 00:36:43,360 --> 00:36:47,000 Speaker 2: my stuff. So, yeah, there were lots of ways. Not 606 00:36:47,560 --> 00:36:50,120 Speaker 2: necessarily everyone did this, but there were a lot of 607 00:36:50,200 --> 00:36:54,720 Speaker 2: different ways that people kept a copy of their outgoing correspondence. 608 00:36:54,719 --> 00:36:57,600 Speaker 2: We have more black cat pictures. I did not, on 609 00:36:57,760 --> 00:37:02,080 Speaker 2: purpose pick two different lists. Her mails with black cats 610 00:37:02,280 --> 00:37:06,279 Speaker 2: lies in deception. Tracy has a black cat agenda I love, 611 00:37:06,360 --> 00:37:10,799 Speaker 2: which I suppose much. Yes, you have talked about how 612 00:37:10,840 --> 00:37:15,319 Speaker 2: my black cats are the sweetest things. One of them 613 00:37:15,560 --> 00:37:19,160 Speaker 2: has figured out how to press a button. After not 614 00:37:19,280 --> 00:37:23,000 Speaker 2: caring about buttons for a very long time, we gave 615 00:37:23,040 --> 00:37:26,880 Speaker 2: them a button that says treat ONYX loves the treat button. 616 00:37:30,239 --> 00:37:32,960 Speaker 2: What treat has come to actually mean because we cannot 617 00:37:33,000 --> 00:37:36,040 Speaker 2: give her nearly as many treats as she demands. She 618 00:37:36,120 --> 00:37:39,240 Speaker 2: really just wants to chase a piece of her regular 619 00:37:39,360 --> 00:37:43,520 Speaker 2: kibble that has been thrown across the room and pounce 620 00:37:43,600 --> 00:37:44,680 Speaker 2: on it and eat it. 621 00:37:44,800 --> 00:37:48,080 Speaker 1: My black cat is just a barfly. Yeah, she just 622 00:37:48,160 --> 00:37:50,480 Speaker 1: cries outside the door to our little home. Bar and 623 00:37:50,840 --> 00:37:52,839 Speaker 1: until somebody lets her in there and goes and sits 624 00:37:52,840 --> 00:37:57,040 Speaker 1: in there and pets her. Yeah, that's her favorite room 625 00:37:57,080 --> 00:37:57,760 Speaker 1: in the house. 626 00:37:58,440 --> 00:38:01,160 Speaker 2: For a good couple of years after getting these cats, 627 00:38:01,239 --> 00:38:04,120 Speaker 2: you and I were able to record podcasts without really 628 00:38:04,160 --> 00:38:07,960 Speaker 2: special measures needing to be taken to contain them. But 629 00:38:08,080 --> 00:38:14,000 Speaker 2: at some point Onyx decided she really hated closed doors 630 00:38:14,000 --> 00:38:17,319 Speaker 2: that have people on the other side of them, and 631 00:38:17,400 --> 00:38:19,440 Speaker 2: so she would sit outside of the door to this 632 00:38:19,960 --> 00:38:22,920 Speaker 2: office and she would reach up and pound on the 633 00:38:22,960 --> 00:38:29,000 Speaker 2: doorknob with her paw and yell so loud. Anyway, I 634 00:38:29,040 --> 00:38:34,480 Speaker 2: love these pictures that Julia sent, and I love all 635 00:38:34,560 --> 00:38:38,600 Speaker 2: kitty cats. They're all great. They mind bring me so 636 00:38:38,680 --> 00:38:42,759 Speaker 2: much joy. Hope everyone's cats are bringing them joy. If 637 00:38:42,800 --> 00:38:44,680 Speaker 2: you would like to send us a note about this 638 00:38:44,840 --> 00:38:47,920 Speaker 2: or any other podcast, where at History Podcasts at iHeartRadio 639 00:38:47,960 --> 00:38:52,200 Speaker 2: dot com. You can subscribe to our show on the 640 00:38:52,239 --> 00:39:00,440 Speaker 2: iHeartRadio app and anywhere else you'd like to get your podcasts. 641 00:39:01,200 --> 00:39:04,320 Speaker 2: Stuff you Missed in History Class is a production of iHeartRadio. 642 00:39:04,640 --> 00:39:09,279 Speaker 2: For more podcasts from iHeartRadio, visit the iHeartRadio app, Apple Podcasts, 643 00:39:09,400 --> 00:39:11,440 Speaker 2: or wherever you listen to your favorite shows.