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Speaker 1: If I told you that today we're talking about bubbles,

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Speaker 1: what comes to mind? I'm thinking of bathtime. Are you

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Speaker 1: in the bath as we're recording this. I'm just worried.

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Speaker 1: I listened to the Higgs boson. I think that rubber

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Speaker 1: duck ees might destroy the universe. All right, well, I

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Speaker 1: want you to think bigger than just your bathtube. Okay,

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Speaker 1: like those hula hoop bubbles that you make with your

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Speaker 1: kids in this classic bath that's the right direction. But

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Speaker 1: go bigger, bigger than that. Then you've got to be

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Speaker 1: talking about like our atmosphere or something as a huge

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Speaker 1: bubble around the whole ward, even bigger. Can a bubble

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Speaker 1: be that pig? Can you even think about a bubble

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Speaker 1: that big? Or is it gonna blow your mind? Hi?

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Speaker 1: This is Daniel. I'm a particle physicist and the co

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Speaker 1: author of the book We Have No Idea, A Guide

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Speaker 1: the Unknown Universe. My other co host and co author

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Speaker 1: is Jorge cham, a cartoonist and a friend of mine.

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Speaker 1: Jorge is not here today, so we have a guest host,

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Speaker 1: Professor Matt Georgianni of the University of Maryland. Say Hi

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Speaker 1: to everybody. Matt, Hello, everybody. Yeah, I'm Matt Georgiohnny, And

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Speaker 1: I'm a biologist, so I don't know anything about physics

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Speaker 1: unless it makes animals. Biology is basically just big physics, though,

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Speaker 1: isn't it It is? I mean, it's biologist what physicists

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Speaker 1: which they could study to lay the gauntlet down. Now, Wow,

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Speaker 1: I thought you were admitting that biology is nothing but

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Speaker 1: an emergent phenomenon of physics. But now it seems you're

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Speaker 1: trying to turn the tables on me. It won't be

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Speaker 1: the first time, So tell everybody a little bit about yourself, Matt.

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Speaker 1: Why are you a biologist? What do you study? What

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Speaker 1: do you find fascinating? I loved mathematics early on, in

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Speaker 1: in high school and in college, but I got really taken.

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Speaker 1: Loved is in past tense. I loved, I still love,

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Speaker 1: But I got really taken with evolution. And I loved

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Speaker 1: how big, you know, animals evolved into different shapes and beings,

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Speaker 1: and how all of life on Earth came to be.

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Speaker 1: And I just find it utterly fascinating. You mean the

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Speaker 1: theory of evolution, right, the theory of evolution, yes, but

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Speaker 1: what a wonderful theory right up there with the theory

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Speaker 1: of gravity. Two of my favorite theory. Oh snap, snap,

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Speaker 1: all right, I will I'll take that blow touchet. So

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Speaker 1: do you study evolution in your research? I do. I

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Speaker 1: study rattlesnake venom actually, and how that has evolved across

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Speaker 1: different types of snakes. Wow? So how many years until

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Speaker 1: humans evolve venom that we can squirt out of our teeth? Man?

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Speaker 1: I am keep waiting. Every day I check my teeth

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Speaker 1: and I haven't done it yet. What do you mean waiting?

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Speaker 1: If anybody's going to develop that technology, it's going to

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Speaker 1: be you. We are waiting for you to develop it. Matt. Well,

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Speaker 1: I'm working on it. I'll get there. Have you tried

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Speaker 1: getting bitten by a radioactive rattlesnake? I feel like now

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Speaker 1: this is why I called you. Now I can finally

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Speaker 1: complete my research. Al Right, Well, I want authorship or

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Speaker 1: at least acknowledgement on the paper where you announced that.

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Speaker 1: Give me my first bite? How about that? That's a deal.

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Speaker 1: That's a deal. All right? Well, welcome you are our

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Speaker 1: co host today our guest host on the podcast Daniel

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Speaker 1: and Jorge explain the Universe featuring Today Matt Georgianni. So

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Speaker 1: I guess it's Daniel and Matt explained Daniel and Jorges

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Speaker 1: universe or I'm not sure what the temporary name should be,

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Speaker 1: or maybe I can just work up what you guys explain.

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Speaker 1: That's right. Daniel tries to explain the universe and Matt

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Speaker 1: confuses everybody. That's right. And our podcast is a production

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Speaker 1: of I Heart Radio. Today we're gonna be talking about

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Speaker 1: all those amazing things that you do go into science

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Speaker 1: to discover. You went into science to talk to discover

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Speaker 1: evolution and unravel the secrets of the history of life.

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Speaker 1: And I went into physics to reveal a deeper truth

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Speaker 1: about the nature of the universe. And as always when

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Speaker 1: you jump into something scientific, you never know what you're

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Speaker 1: going to discover. And today's episode is going to be

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Speaker 1: all about that, about unexpected discoveries. What's the most interesting

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Speaker 1: or famous unexpected discovery in biology or in rattlesnake venom.

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Speaker 1: I can only say that one of the things about

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Speaker 1: biology is that we as we keep discovering things, we

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Speaker 1: the conclusion is always that everything is way more complicated

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Speaker 1: than we ever thought it was. Oh, I see, so

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Speaker 1: we're like, hey, we evolved from primates. There must be

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Speaker 1: a straight, dotted line between us and some common ancestor

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Speaker 1: of chimps, and then we dig up a bunch of

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Speaker 1: fossils and they don't make a nice dotted line. I

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Speaker 1: think human evolution is one of these great cases where

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Speaker 1: we did kind of think maybe there would be a

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Speaker 1: sort of simple line, and all we keep learning is

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Speaker 1: that populations of early humans and different hominids were intermingling

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Speaker 1: and mixing, and that the modern human that we that

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Speaker 1: what we envision is actually this really complex mixture of

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Speaker 1: a bunch of different populations of humans and early humans

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Speaker 1: and we're just way more complex than we ever thought

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Speaker 1: we were. And do you think that's like a really

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Speaker 1: fun moment when you're, you know, digging up a skeleton

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Speaker 1: that doesn't look anything like the one you expected to find,

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Speaker 1: because that opens the doors to crazy new ideas. Or

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Speaker 1: do you think it's like frustrating. We're like, look, I

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Speaker 1: just got to graduate, I want to write this paper,

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Speaker 1: and now this data doesn't make any sense to me.

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Speaker 1: I think it it's a little of both. I think

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Speaker 1: the first time you realize it's not the answer you expected,

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Speaker 1: you think, oh great, I was really hoping I could

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Speaker 1: wrap this up, and then your mind starts to click

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Speaker 1: and you start to think of all the other new

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Speaker 1: questions you suddenly have, and then all of a sudden,

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Speaker 1: the world just becomes that much bigger. And that's that's

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Speaker 1: really a fun moment. Yeah, And I think there's an

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Speaker 1: analogy there. I think like the progress of science in

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Speaker 1: general is something like the weird, complicated mess of human evolution.

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Speaker 1: You know, we make progress in this direction, and we

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Speaker 1: got to back up and go this other way, and

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Speaker 1: then we stumble across this thing, and then the end

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Speaker 1: we draw some conclusions based on this big mess combination

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Speaker 1: of ideas, this population of discoveries. Yeah. And so today

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Speaker 1: on the podcast, we'll be talking about an amazing discovery

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Speaker 1: that was made very recently, within the last ten years, uh,

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Speaker 1: something which totally changes what we know about the very

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Speaker 1: galaxy we live in. I love that physics is still

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Speaker 1: discovering things. You thought physics was used up like a

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Speaker 1: hundred years ago, But I thought that Einstein and Newton

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Speaker 1: had figured it all out. No, No, not at all.

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Speaker 1: So today on the podcast, we'll be answering the question

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Speaker 1: what are the FIRMI bubbles? When we're talking about bubbles,

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Speaker 1: we're not talking about Matt having a soapy bath, or

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Speaker 1: making Hulaho bubbles, or even the bubble of our atmosphere.

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Speaker 1: We're talking about something on an enormous scale, something basically

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Speaker 1: the size of the galaxy that was only recently discovered,

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Speaker 1: and we talked about recently on a podcast about how

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Speaker 1: stuff at the center of the galaxy is still a

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Speaker 1: huge mystery. Like, we know there's a big black hole there.

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Speaker 1: We have lots of questions about black holes. There's a

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Speaker 1: bunch of stuff swirling around that black hole, and questions

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Speaker 1: about how those black holes were made and all sorts

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Speaker 1: of stuff. It's a big, messy swarm of goop there

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Speaker 1: in the middle of the galaxy. And even Gwyneth Paltrow

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Speaker 1: can't give us any insight. Yeah, yeah, well maybe she's

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Speaker 1: in this Fermi bubbles that we'll see. That's right. And

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Speaker 1: so today we're gonna be talking about an amazing discovery

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Speaker 1: that they made recently. They found these huge blobs of

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Speaker 1: gas they're like basically the size of the galaxy, and

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Speaker 1: they called them the Fermi bubbles. And before we dig

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Speaker 1: into talking about what they are and what they mean

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Speaker 1: and what they might reveal about the nature of our

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Speaker 1: galaxy and the universe in general. I was wondering had

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Speaker 1: anybody heard of this? Because in my field and physics,

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Speaker 1: everybody knows about it because it's a big discovery made

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Speaker 1: pretty recently. Somebody was recently awarded a big prize for it.

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Speaker 1: But I wasn't sure if it had sort of penetrated

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Speaker 1: into the cultural Zeite guys to people who have been

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Speaker 1: talking about this, and so I walked around campus at

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Speaker 1: U C Irvine and I asked people, Hey, have you

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Speaker 1: ever heard of the Fermi bubbles? Do you know what

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Speaker 1: they are? Before you listen to these answers, think to yourself,

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Speaker 1: do you know what the Fermi bubbles are? If I

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Speaker 1: had asked you randomly on the street, what would you

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Speaker 1: have said. This is actually my favorite part of your podcast,

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Speaker 1: when we're asked to just quietly listen, think, think about

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Speaker 1: our own answer. I love it, and I'm never right,

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Speaker 1: so I love It's a good time. All right, Well,

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Speaker 1: listen to these answers and hear what people had to say.

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Speaker 1: Have you ever heard of the Fermi bubbles? No? No, no, no, no,

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Speaker 1: I have not known. I've heard the name, but I

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Speaker 1: the definition escapes me. All right, Matt, what did you

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Speaker 1: think of people's responses. I have to say that I

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Speaker 1: also had not heard of Fermi bubbles and I wasn't

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Speaker 1: really aware of them. I know who for Me is

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Speaker 1: because I was in Chicago, However, I didn't really know

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Speaker 1: what these were. And it seems like the people on

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Speaker 1: her mind did not really know much about him either. No,

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Speaker 1: pretty much nobody had ever heard of them. You hear

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Speaker 1: some clever guesses, right, people like, oh, I think I

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Speaker 1: know who for Me is, or you know, maybe there's

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Speaker 1: some connection to particle physics with the chamber. That was clever,

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Speaker 1: But basically zero percent of these people had ever heard

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Speaker 1: of the Fermi bubbles. And God, that blows me away

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Speaker 1: because we're making these huge discoveries. This is like when

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Speaker 1: we talked about on the podcast about the hexagon on Saturn.

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Speaker 1: You know, everybody has heard of Jupiter's red spot, obvious thing,

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Speaker 1: fascinating mystery, but very few are Almost nobody had heard

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Speaker 1: of the fact that there's a huge hexagon on the

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Speaker 1: top of Saturn. Like, people just don't know that there

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Speaker 1: are these big mysteries out there, these recent discoveries, and

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Speaker 1: so um I hope at least after today people will

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Speaker 1: know a little bit about what the formy bubbles are,

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Speaker 1: why they're such a fascinating discovery. All right, so we'll

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Speaker 1: dig into what the formy bubbles are, but first let's

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Speaker 1: take a quick break, okay, Daniel. So now I've got

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Speaker 1: some questions, right, So what I've done is I've looked

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Speaker 1: at a picture at Google search where Fernie bubbles. Is

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Speaker 1: that how you biologists do research or just type stuff

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Speaker 1: into Google? The world of the answers are pretty much

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Speaker 1: already out there, so I so I'm looking at these

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Speaker 1: Fermi bubbles, and what I'm seeing is this really great

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Speaker 1: picture of our galaxy, the Milky Way galaxy, and I

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Speaker 1: see two big purple bubbles I guess that are extending

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Speaker 1: out from the plane perpendicular to the plane of our

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Speaker 1: hard spinning disk. So I guess I can start with

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Speaker 1: my first questions, which is what am I looking at? Yeah,

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Speaker 1: it's amazing you visualize the galaxy. Most people think of

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Speaker 1: something pretty flat like a disc. It's got these swirling

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Speaker 1: arms of stars and that's correct, right. But in this

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Speaker 1: image that we're looking at, and that I hope that

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Speaker 1: the folks out there have a chance to Google if

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Speaker 1: they're not currently driving, you see these huge balls, these

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Speaker 1: big purple balls. And the most important thing for people

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Speaker 1: to know is these things are basically the same size

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Speaker 1: of the galaxy. There like twenty five thousand light years

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Speaker 1: above and below the galaxy. They're basically the biggest feature

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Speaker 1: of our galaxy, and nobody even knew they existed until

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Speaker 1: ten years ago. Right, the disc becomes this, uh, this

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Speaker 1: little belt that are of all the galaxy has, yeah, exactly,

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Speaker 1: all the planets, all of life, all of the stars

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Speaker 1: are kind of like the feature around the balls. I

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Speaker 1: know exactly. It's like we are the side note to

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Speaker 1: this enormous feature. Right, And for those of you who

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Speaker 1: don't know, the whole galaxy in the Milky Way galaxy

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Speaker 1: is about a hundred thousand light years across, So to

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Speaker 1: have something that's fifty tho light years wide, that's a

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Speaker 1: pretty big feature, right, that's maybe the dominant thing. Um.

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Speaker 1: And so there are these two giant blobs and they're

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Speaker 1: basically circular, also, like they're tight at the at the

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Speaker 1: center of the galaxy and then they sort of expand

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Speaker 1: out and then taper off a little bit. So they

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Speaker 1: look basically like two huge basketballs um one above and

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Speaker 1: one below. The galaxy touching right there at the center

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Speaker 1: of the galaxy, or if I tried my belt really tight,

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Speaker 1: not my waist. Okay, I just got a very disturbing

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Speaker 1: mental image. Let's let's pack that out. And there's very

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Speaker 1: beautiful And there's two of them, right, there's the north

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Speaker 1: one in the south one, and they're about the same size.

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Speaker 1: Right there, there is there's a lot of symmetry here,

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Speaker 1: So let's just start with what are they made of?

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Speaker 1: We don't even know the answer to that question. We

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Speaker 1: think that maybe they're made of some sort of hot gas,

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Speaker 1: which in this case basically means protons. Right, Remember that gas.

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Speaker 1: Most of the gas in the universe is hydrogen, which

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Speaker 1: is a proton and an electron, but a lot of

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Speaker 1: it is hot, which means it's I and I, so

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Speaker 1: the electron has escaped, so basically just protons. So one

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Speaker 1: idea is maybe it's just a huge number of protons.

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Speaker 1: And and the thing to know is, like it would

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Speaker 1: be a huge number of protons. Like if you took

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Speaker 1: all those protons and like use them to build stars,

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Speaker 1: which is something our galaxy is good at, you could

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Speaker 1: make two million stars. Right, This is not a small

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Speaker 1: amount of gas. So one idea is maybe they're protons.

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Speaker 1: The other idea is that maybe they're electrons. Right, maybe

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Speaker 1: they're like really fast moving, zippy electrons. And I think

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Speaker 1: the thing to understand is is what we're looking at.

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Speaker 1: What we're seeing, of course, is light. Right, we have

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Speaker 1: a telescope out in space that can see these things,

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Speaker 1: so we're seeing photons from these objects. Right. You know,

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Speaker 1: when we see like stars that are really far away,

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Speaker 1: we're not seeing the star. We're seeing the life from

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Speaker 1: that star. So things that we only see things that

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Speaker 1: give off light. Right, there could be something out there

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Speaker 1: like a big black rock or a black hole. We

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Speaker 1: wouldn't see it because it's not giving off any photons.

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Speaker 1: So how did we just discover this? Then? I know, right,

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Speaker 1: how did we not see this before? Well, the story

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Speaker 1: is that, you know, we didn't have a telescope that

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Speaker 1: could see these things before. People I think imagine that

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Speaker 1: we've looked out into the universe, that we've basically seen

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Speaker 1: the whole universe. But that's not true, right, We've looked

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Speaker 1: at a very tiny fraction of the universe. Just recently,

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Speaker 1: we had an episode about like how many stars have

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Speaker 1: we seen in the sky? And we talked about how

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Speaker 1: the Hubble, which can see really deep into the universe,

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Speaker 1: has only looked at a tiny patch of the sky.

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Speaker 1: Most of the sky has not even been examined by Hubble,

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Speaker 1: and you could look out there and find this crazy,

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Speaker 1: amazing stuff nobody's ever seen before. There could be huge

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Speaker 1: surprises there. So I think the lesson is like every

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Speaker 1: time we turn on a new astronomical device, we see

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Speaker 1: crazy stuff that we didn't expect because the universe is

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Speaker 1: filled with crazy stuff and we just got open lots

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Speaker 1: of new kinds of eyes. And the key is not

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Speaker 1: that we're it's not that we're not pointing in the

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Speaker 1: right direction. If that we're not looking with the right

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Speaker 1: or we're not using all the wavelengths or something, yeah, exactly.

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Speaker 1: So this this these things are called Fermi bubbles because

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Speaker 1: they were discovered by the Fermi telescope, which is named

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Speaker 1: after Enrico Fermy. So it's a bit of a you know,

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Speaker 1: double misdirection there. People thought Fermi might have discovered these things,

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Speaker 1: but now the telescope named after him discovered it. So

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Speaker 1: I think it's cool he sort of gets credit for

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Speaker 1: stuff he didn't discover, because, like you know, if you

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Speaker 1: become a famous scientist and then they name something after

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Speaker 1: you and then that device is used to discover stuff,

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Speaker 1: you get like secondary credit for it. I think that's

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Speaker 1: pretty cool. But yeah, that telescope was the first one

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Speaker 1: that could see these photons. These are very high energy

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Speaker 1: gam raise like above fifty or a hundred giga electron volts,

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Speaker 1: and we just didn't have a great space telescope that

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Speaker 1: could see these things before. And so essentially the first

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Speaker 1: time they build one of these things, put it in

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Speaker 1: space and then looked out into the universe with it,

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Speaker 1: they spotted these things. It was pretty quick, like it

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Speaker 1: only took a couple of years of data before they

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Speaker 1: noticed these things. So we just hadn't been looking at

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Speaker 1: the right energies before. So there are more of them,

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Speaker 1: Well there's the our galaxy has only these two. Yeah,

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Speaker 1: there's the one, the north one and the South one.

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Speaker 1: And there's a lot of really weird things about them.

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Speaker 1: Like if you look at the picture, you notice there's

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Speaker 1: like a really strong cut off, Like they're not these

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Speaker 1: like amorphous blobs. They're not like, you know, sort of

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Speaker 1: gradually fading out. They're pretty crisp, like the edges are

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Speaker 1: kind of sharp, right, And that's really interesting because they're

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Speaker 1: trying to understand, like what are these things made of,

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Speaker 1: like you were asking, and so either their protons or

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Speaker 1: their electrons or you know, they could always be something

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Speaker 1: totally weird and different. But the thing that's happening is

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Speaker 1: that you know, there's photons out there all over the universe,

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Speaker 1: is caused a gray background and and and other sort

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Speaker 1: of soft photons, and then these really high energy particles,

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Speaker 1: the protons or the electrons in these bubbles. What they

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Speaker 1: do is they basically give those photons a boost, like

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Speaker 1: they interact with those photons, and the photons like get

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Speaker 1: pushed and then they become really high energy gamma rays

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Speaker 1: and they come to Earth. And that's what we're seeing.

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Speaker 1: So we're not literally seeing the gas or the photo

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Speaker 1: or the electrons directly. We're seeing the photons that got

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Speaker 1: boosted by those high energy particles in these bubbles. So

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Speaker 1: it's almost like this little chamber that's everything that comes

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Speaker 1: into its shooting it out or it's a I guess

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Speaker 1: that's the high energy part of it. Yeah, exactly, it's

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Speaker 1: like a little accelerator, right, everything that comes in gets

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Speaker 1: zoomed out and that's what we're seeing. We're seeing that

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Speaker 1: photons in this region of space are getting pushed, are

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Speaker 1: getting boosted up to some really high energy. And that's

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Speaker 1: the mysteries, like what why are these things here, what

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Speaker 1: are they doing, what's causing it? Where do they come from?

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Speaker 1: And do we think it's a cloud of gas or

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Speaker 1: is it like a bubble with a perimeter than a

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Speaker 1: hollow center. Now that's really interesting things that it seems

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Speaker 1: to be sort of smooth. It's not like there's an

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Speaker 1: edge like a bubble right where it. Mostly it's happening

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Speaker 1: on the edge um And it's also not really much

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Speaker 1: more intense closer to the center of the galaxy. We

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Speaker 1: see the same intensity basically all the way across it,

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Speaker 1: which is really hard to explain physically. Like we'll talk

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Speaker 1: later about the possible things that could have made these things,

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Speaker 1: but none of those hypotheses explain what we see because

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Speaker 1: none of them can generate a bubble that's smooth all

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Speaker 1: the way through it. It's really weird. I can't believe

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Speaker 1: you're gonna make me wait for an answer. Okay, Matt,

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Speaker 1: at least you have to listen to the rest of

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Speaker 1: the podcast. You're on the podcast, don't tune out? Should

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Speaker 1: I tell everybody to skip forward ten minutes? Now, let's

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Speaker 1: not do that. This might be one of these moments, right,

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Speaker 1: So when these things were first discovered, can actually what

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Speaker 1: was it like? If it was recent, then what was

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Speaker 1: it like in the physics community. It was a big surprise,

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Speaker 1: right because the Fermi telescope was not launched to find

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Speaker 1: the Fermi bubbles because nobody knew the over there. It's

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Speaker 1: one of these moments when you build a device to

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Speaker 1: look for something and you find something totally different, you know.

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Speaker 1: A famous example is like the cosmic microwave background. These

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Speaker 1: guys built a radio telescope to do radar testing and

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Speaker 1: listen to other stuff from the universe, and they found

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Speaker 1: this weird buzz background that they couldn't explain, and it

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Speaker 1: turned out to be this amazing discovery cosmic marcroway background.

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Speaker 1: We got a podcast schedule for that next week, I think.

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Speaker 1: And this is the kind of thing that happens a lot.

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Speaker 1: You build a new instrument, you look out in the universe.

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Speaker 1: Do you expect to see something? You see something totally different.

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Speaker 1: So this one was designed basically to discover dark matter

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Speaker 1: I mean, it also has other intentions. But in my community,

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Speaker 1: we're most interested in the Fermi telescope because it could

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Speaker 1: see dark matter, and you might wonder, like, how can

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Speaker 1: you see you dark matter? Right? And the idea is

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Speaker 1: that dark matter could bounce into other dark matter and annihilate,

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Speaker 1: and maybe sometimes that would produce photons and you could

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Speaker 1: see those. So this device, the Fermi telescope, it's basically

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Speaker 1: it's like a big particle detector in space. You could

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Speaker 1: see high energy photons. It turns them into electrons and positrons,

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Speaker 1: splits them and then it can measure their energy. And

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Speaker 1: so essentially it's like looking out into space with a

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Speaker 1: very very high energy light. Right. You know, the Hubble,

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Speaker 1: for example, looks at visible light um, but this looks

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Speaker 1: at really really high energy photons. Did they think there

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Speaker 1: would be anything near the center of the galaxy like

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Speaker 1: this above and you know above and below it, Yeah,

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Speaker 1: great question. There was another instrument recently called w MAP,

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Speaker 1: and it's a sort of like a fuzz. They called

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Speaker 1: it the w MAP haze above and below the center

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Speaker 1: of the galaxy, and it was more in the radio waves,

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Speaker 1: and nobody understood what that was either, and so these

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Speaker 1: guys were interested, like, well, let's look at that, but

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Speaker 1: let's also they were looking more specifically at the center

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Speaker 1: of the galaxy to try to understand whether they could

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Speaker 1: see a signal of dark matter from there. And you know,

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Speaker 1: when you do that, you've got to understand the day

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Speaker 1: that you have to say, like, what are we seeing

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Speaker 1: to make sure we understand what we can see so

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Speaker 1: then we can look for the thing we're looking for.

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Speaker 1: It's like, you know, you gotta understand the backgrounds before

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Speaker 1: you can look for your signal. But they couldn't. They

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Speaker 1: were like, what is this you know, yeah, yeah, And

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Speaker 1: it's one of those moments where they're like it's an

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Speaker 1: obstacle because they wanted to answer this other science question.

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Speaker 1: But then potentially that obstacle is a whole new avenue

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Speaker 1: for discovery. And so they released this paper. It was

401
00:20:15,280 --> 00:20:17,919
Speaker 1: kind of a bombshell. People were like, what are you

402
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Speaker 1: telling me that the galaxy is a totally different shape

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Speaker 1: than the one we always imagine and always draw, Like

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Speaker 1: this this huge new structure which basically changes the way

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Speaker 1: you should think about the shape of the galaxy. Right,

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Speaker 1: So it was a pretty big deal. Did you find

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Speaker 1: it annoying because you were really hoping to know about

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Speaker 1: dark matter, and now all of a sudden, its that

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Speaker 1: you knew that everyone was going to be focused on

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Speaker 1: these bubbles. Yeah, why can't we just turn those bubbles

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Speaker 1: off so we can get back to the dark matter studies?

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Speaker 1: Somebody get rid of them? Yeah, exactly, No, it's it's um.

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Speaker 1: It's frustrating in that respect. It does obscure the dark

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Speaker 1: matter signal a little bit. But it's also fascinating because

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Speaker 1: every time you see something that you don't understand, something

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Speaker 1: that you don't expect, it's a clue, right, It's a

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Speaker 1: clue that tells you where to look for a new answer,

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Speaker 1: where to find something new, because by definition, if you

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Speaker 1: didn't expect it, it means there's something either a new

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Speaker 1: kind of object out there in the universe or something

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Speaker 1: you knew about doing something weird, right, like, oh, I

422
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Speaker 1: didn't know that stars could do that, or I didn't

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Speaker 1: know black holes could make this kind of feature. So

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Speaker 1: you're you're guaranteed to learn something new. So presumably this

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Speaker 1: is going to teach us a lot about black holes, presumably, right,

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Speaker 1: since near the center of our galaxy and I knew

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Speaker 1: you were either you were either going to go for

428
00:21:28,640 --> 00:21:31,600
Speaker 1: black holes or for aliens, right, because most of your

429
00:21:31,600 --> 00:21:37,240
Speaker 1: go to explanations for weird stuff in space. Hey, well

430
00:21:37,400 --> 00:21:39,639
Speaker 1: you know aliens is my go to explanation. When we

431
00:21:39,640 --> 00:21:44,560
Speaker 1: don't understand something, you would always explain it using intelligent life, right. Um. Yeah,

432
00:21:44,640 --> 00:21:47,560
Speaker 1: so let's talk about that. Let's dig into like what

433
00:21:47,640 --> 00:21:49,639
Speaker 1: these might be, how we might explain it, what the

434
00:21:49,720 --> 00:21:52,440
Speaker 1: various ideas are, and why none of them actually work.

435
00:21:52,520 --> 00:22:07,520
Speaker 1: But let's take another break. Why are they the center

436
00:22:07,560 --> 00:22:10,280
Speaker 1: of our galaxy? Is that is that important? It's definitely

437
00:22:10,280 --> 00:22:12,440
Speaker 1: a clue, right. We think that they must have been

438
00:22:12,480 --> 00:22:15,920
Speaker 1: generated by something at the center because they're touching sort

439
00:22:15,920 --> 00:22:18,040
Speaker 1: of the disc of the milky way only there at

440
00:22:18,040 --> 00:22:21,600
Speaker 1: the center. So they must be related to something crazy

441
00:22:21,640 --> 00:22:24,119
Speaker 1: happening at the center of the galaxy. And remember that

442
00:22:24,160 --> 00:22:25,920
Speaker 1: the center of our galaxy we have a really big

443
00:22:25,960 --> 00:22:29,920
Speaker 1: black hole, and so you might think maybe like it's

444
00:22:29,920 --> 00:22:32,600
Speaker 1: a burp, right, maybe the black hole like ate something

445
00:22:32,720 --> 00:22:37,280
Speaker 1: really big. And remember when things get sucked into blood, Yeah,

446
00:22:37,400 --> 00:22:41,080
Speaker 1: it's a galactic black hole. Belch indi indigestion from the

447
00:22:41,080 --> 00:22:44,560
Speaker 1: black hole. Because remember when black holes eat something, things

448
00:22:44,600 --> 00:22:46,480
Speaker 1: don't just like trip and fall into the black hole

449
00:22:46,480 --> 00:22:49,520
Speaker 1: and they're totally gone. They swirl around the black hole

450
00:22:49,560 --> 00:22:52,040
Speaker 1: because they still have anglar momentum. They get torn up

451
00:22:52,040 --> 00:22:54,480
Speaker 1: into pieces, and most of it goes in the black hole,

452
00:22:54,520 --> 00:22:56,600
Speaker 1: but some of it gets flung out, right, it gets

453
00:22:56,880 --> 00:23:00,320
Speaker 1: shot out from the black hole. And so you see

454
00:23:00,359 --> 00:23:02,560
Speaker 1: black holes eat something big. Often there's like a big

455
00:23:02,640 --> 00:23:06,080
Speaker 1: jet of gas or something that gets admitted. So you

456
00:23:06,200 --> 00:23:09,080
Speaker 1: like to think maybe what's remarkable here too, is that

457
00:23:09,720 --> 00:23:12,760
Speaker 1: I often think of the sci fi black holes where

458
00:23:12,800 --> 00:23:15,280
Speaker 1: you're looking at the black hole and the spaceships circling

459
00:23:15,280 --> 00:23:18,240
Speaker 1: and about to fall into it. And I often think

460
00:23:18,280 --> 00:23:21,000
Speaker 1: of then, for some reason, black holes as being one sided.

461
00:23:21,080 --> 00:23:23,000
Speaker 1: But I guess when I see these two bubbles and

462
00:23:23,040 --> 00:23:26,600
Speaker 1: the symmetry here, it really tells me more that the

463
00:23:26,640 --> 00:23:30,280
Speaker 1: black hole exists potentially as a disk, I guess, and

464
00:23:30,320 --> 00:23:33,480
Speaker 1: it's belching out of both ends. Well, remember, black holes

465
00:23:33,520 --> 00:23:36,160
Speaker 1: are not like like Looney Tunes black holes right where

466
00:23:36,160 --> 00:23:39,160
Speaker 1: anybody can roll them up and drag them around. They're

467
00:23:39,800 --> 00:23:43,639
Speaker 1: spoil this for me, all right, you're a biologist, you're

468
00:23:43,680 --> 00:23:48,520
Speaker 1: allowed to have a totally unreliable, No, black hole is

469
00:23:48,560 --> 00:23:51,280
Speaker 1: more like a sphere, right, it's a it's not even

470
00:23:51,280 --> 00:23:53,800
Speaker 1: really a hole. It's a dense blob of stuff, right,

471
00:23:53,800 --> 00:23:56,080
Speaker 1: So it's more like a really black rock, you know.

472
00:23:56,760 --> 00:23:58,960
Speaker 1: But you can fall into it from any direction, so

473
00:23:59,000 --> 00:24:02,080
Speaker 1: you're right, it's it's um not preferring the north or

474
00:24:02,119 --> 00:24:04,720
Speaker 1: the south side of the galaxy. Either way, it's happy

475
00:24:04,760 --> 00:24:06,840
Speaker 1: to gobble stuff from either direction. You would expect of

476
00:24:06,880 --> 00:24:09,040
Speaker 1: the black hole created some sort of feature, it would

477
00:24:09,040 --> 00:24:11,080
Speaker 1: appear in the north and the south. And in fact,

478
00:24:11,240 --> 00:24:14,359
Speaker 1: some galaxies do have features, like they have these jets

479
00:24:14,359 --> 00:24:17,720
Speaker 1: of material that gets shot out exactly in these directions,

480
00:24:17,720 --> 00:24:20,240
Speaker 1: like one north and one south right from the center

481
00:24:20,280 --> 00:24:22,880
Speaker 1: of the galaxy. But those look very different. Those are

482
00:24:22,920 --> 00:24:26,000
Speaker 1: really colimnated. They're long, they're thin, they're about the same size,

483
00:24:26,200 --> 00:24:28,639
Speaker 1: but they don't look anything like this. And most importantly,

484
00:24:29,000 --> 00:24:31,399
Speaker 1: they're really intense close to the black hole, and then

485
00:24:31,440 --> 00:24:33,520
Speaker 1: they sort of spread out and slowed down, which is

486
00:24:33,560 --> 00:24:36,880
Speaker 1: what you'd expect. But these bubbles they don't look like that. Right,

487
00:24:37,119 --> 00:24:39,679
Speaker 1: Like we were saying before, they have these crisp edges

488
00:24:40,080 --> 00:24:42,760
Speaker 1: and they're smooth, they like look the same on the

489
00:24:42,840 --> 00:24:45,520
Speaker 1: very top of the very farthest part from the center

490
00:24:45,520 --> 00:24:47,560
Speaker 1: of the galaxy, as they do close to the center

491
00:24:47,600 --> 00:24:50,439
Speaker 1: of the galaxy and in the middle, So that seems

492
00:24:50,440 --> 00:24:52,560
Speaker 1: like an important clue about how they were made or

493
00:24:52,600 --> 00:24:55,280
Speaker 1: what made them. Right, they don't look like they're spewed

494
00:24:55,320 --> 00:24:57,280
Speaker 1: out from the center in that way. I mean, it

495
00:24:57,280 --> 00:24:59,719
Speaker 1: really seems like I think the image it also invokes

496
00:24:59,760 --> 00:25:02,359
Speaker 1: is on huge bubble that's been cinched in the middle,

497
00:25:02,440 --> 00:25:05,359
Speaker 1: presumably because of it's the spinning of the Milky Way.

498
00:25:06,280 --> 00:25:07,879
Speaker 1: But I guess that would make you think that the

499
00:25:07,880 --> 00:25:12,240
Speaker 1: center should be more dense as well. Yeah, yeah, precisely,

500
00:25:12,640 --> 00:25:14,560
Speaker 1: that would. You would see a density there from the

501
00:25:14,640 --> 00:25:16,720
Speaker 1: from the cinching, right, So, but we don't know what

502
00:25:16,840 --> 00:25:19,520
Speaker 1: made it. We don't know. And you know, other galaxies

503
00:25:19,520 --> 00:25:21,760
Speaker 1: have jets, but the Milky Way doesn't have jets, right,

504
00:25:21,800 --> 00:25:24,320
Speaker 1: it doesn't have these huge jets. It spewed out, so

505
00:25:24,440 --> 00:25:26,200
Speaker 1: though maybe it did in the past. Right, we don't

506
00:25:26,200 --> 00:25:28,600
Speaker 1: really know what the history of the Milky Way is.

507
00:25:28,640 --> 00:25:31,040
Speaker 1: We can't look back in time at it and understand

508
00:25:31,080 --> 00:25:33,520
Speaker 1: if it had jets in the past. But this can't

509
00:25:33,560 --> 00:25:36,400
Speaker 1: really be explained by the same mechanism that creates those

510
00:25:36,440 --> 00:25:40,360
Speaker 1: galactic jets. And then given our perspective on the arm

511
00:25:40,440 --> 00:25:42,800
Speaker 1: of the Milky Way. Would we be able to see

512
00:25:42,840 --> 00:25:46,720
Speaker 1: if a big bubble was shutting out towards us. Are

513
00:25:46,720 --> 00:25:49,359
Speaker 1: you worried in the same way. I don't know if

514
00:25:49,359 --> 00:25:52,639
Speaker 1: we're in a bubble or not. When I listened to

515
00:25:52,680 --> 00:25:54,240
Speaker 1: the news, they tell me I'm in a bubble, but

516
00:25:54,280 --> 00:25:57,199
Speaker 1: I don't know if that is here. You're you're in

517
00:25:57,240 --> 00:26:01,000
Speaker 1: a biology bubble. You're a rattlesnake bubble. Um, No, we are.

518
00:26:01,160 --> 00:26:02,640
Speaker 1: We're in an arm in the Milky Way. So we're

519
00:26:02,640 --> 00:26:04,600
Speaker 1: not in the middle of one of these bubbles. We

520
00:26:04,640 --> 00:26:06,240
Speaker 1: are separated from it. So you know, you can take

521
00:26:06,280 --> 00:26:08,919
Speaker 1: off your tinfoil hat. You do not need protection. I

522
00:26:08,960 --> 00:26:10,800
Speaker 1: just yeah, but we would be able to tell if

523
00:26:10,800 --> 00:26:13,159
Speaker 1: it was like so, the bubbles only extend sort of

524
00:26:13,160 --> 00:26:16,880
Speaker 1: perpendicular to the plane of the desk of the Milky Way. Yes,

525
00:26:17,359 --> 00:26:19,760
Speaker 1: now that we have this FIRMI telescope, we can see

526
00:26:19,800 --> 00:26:21,879
Speaker 1: these bubbles. We can see where they are, and we

527
00:26:21,880 --> 00:26:23,600
Speaker 1: can see where they aren't. And we are not in

528
00:26:23,640 --> 00:26:26,960
Speaker 1: a bubble. And we can also point this telescope but

529
00:26:27,080 --> 00:26:29,800
Speaker 1: other galaxies and be like, hold on, if our galaxy

530
00:26:29,840 --> 00:26:33,879
Speaker 1: has these bubbles, you know, does every galaxy have bubbles UM,

531
00:26:33,960 --> 00:26:35,680
Speaker 1: And we don't know the answer to that question yet

532
00:26:35,680 --> 00:26:38,120
Speaker 1: because these bubbles are a little bit tricky to see,

533
00:26:38,160 --> 00:26:40,200
Speaker 1: Like first of all, you need this telescope and you

534
00:26:40,200 --> 00:26:42,520
Speaker 1: need a bunch of data because the picture you might

535
00:26:42,560 --> 00:26:45,240
Speaker 1: see if you Google, that's after like years of data

536
00:26:45,280 --> 00:26:47,560
Speaker 1: and background subtraction. It's not this kind of thing you

537
00:26:47,640 --> 00:26:49,879
Speaker 1: can see with the naked eye in five seconds of data.

538
00:26:50,400 --> 00:26:53,359
Speaker 1: And the and the other galaxies are really far away.

539
00:26:53,880 --> 00:26:56,000
Speaker 1: So we've pointed it at in drama and we've looked

540
00:26:56,000 --> 00:26:57,800
Speaker 1: for these bubbles, but we just can't tell if they

541
00:26:57,800 --> 00:27:01,000
Speaker 1: exist in other galaxies or not. So we just we

542
00:27:01,040 --> 00:27:02,679
Speaker 1: don't know the answer to that question. In fact, we

543
00:27:02,720 --> 00:27:05,800
Speaker 1: haven't so we haven't seen any of them or No,

544
00:27:06,160 --> 00:27:08,399
Speaker 1: there are other galaxies that are much bigger that have

545
00:27:08,560 --> 00:27:11,399
Speaker 1: really big black holes and they have jets, and some

546
00:27:11,440 --> 00:27:13,919
Speaker 1: of them have like bubble like features, but they're not

547
00:27:14,000 --> 00:27:16,639
Speaker 1: the same as these kind of bubbles. They're like lower

548
00:27:16,760 --> 00:27:20,359
Speaker 1: energy photons and also they're much much bigger UM. So

549
00:27:20,400 --> 00:27:23,320
Speaker 1: we've never seen a galaxy like this one before UM.

550
00:27:23,359 --> 00:27:25,280
Speaker 1: But again we don't know if there are other galaxies

551
00:27:25,320 --> 00:27:28,200
Speaker 1: out there like this one because we only recently discovered

552
00:27:28,359 --> 00:27:30,280
Speaker 1: the ones that are like around the corner, so the

553
00:27:30,280 --> 00:27:32,520
Speaker 1: ones that are in another galaxy really far away will

554
00:27:32,600 --> 00:27:34,800
Speaker 1: be harder at a spot. So that's you know, for

555
00:27:34,960 --> 00:27:39,520
Speaker 1: future astronomers to discover. Now, are future astronomers looking in

556
00:27:39,600 --> 00:27:43,760
Speaker 1: one direction or another? Yeah, future astronomers want to look everywhere, right,

557
00:27:43,800 --> 00:27:47,200
Speaker 1: because the universe is jammed full of crazy stuff. And

558
00:27:47,400 --> 00:27:49,480
Speaker 1: you know, the next person who's trying to answer this question,

559
00:27:49,720 --> 00:27:52,400
Speaker 1: are there Fermi bubbles and another galaxy? They're probably gonna

560
00:27:52,400 --> 00:27:55,119
Speaker 1: find something else weird and crazy and get distracted and

561
00:27:55,119 --> 00:27:57,639
Speaker 1: never answer that question because they're gonna be studying, you know,

562
00:27:57,680 --> 00:28:01,280
Speaker 1: the Fermi bicycle or the you know, whatever next crazy

563
00:28:01,320 --> 00:28:05,479
Speaker 1: thing they find out. There probably more hexagons, but there

564
00:28:05,520 --> 00:28:09,040
Speaker 1: must certainly be scientists now that are looking for these right,

565
00:28:09,440 --> 00:28:15,239
Speaker 1: Oh absolutely yeah. Um. They announced this paper and there

566
00:28:15,320 --> 00:28:18,920
Speaker 1: was some folks at m I t Um, Tracy Slatcher

567
00:28:18,920 --> 00:28:22,400
Speaker 1: and Dunk Dug finkbiner Um at Harvard and other folks

568
00:28:22,480 --> 00:28:24,520
Speaker 1: and people have been following up, and people are looking

569
00:28:24,520 --> 00:28:27,600
Speaker 1: for these things at other galaxies. Um. And people are

570
00:28:27,600 --> 00:28:30,000
Speaker 1: also spending a lot of time having fun coming up

571
00:28:30,040 --> 00:28:32,680
Speaker 1: with various ideas to explain it. One of my favorite

572
00:28:32,720 --> 00:28:39,520
Speaker 1: is this starburst hypothesis. They think that maybe is your

573
00:28:39,520 --> 00:28:42,840
Speaker 1: mouth watering right now? All right, and we're gonna charge

574
00:28:42,920 --> 00:28:47,720
Speaker 1: starburst for this plug, right anyways, Uh, the idea is

575
00:28:47,800 --> 00:28:51,560
Speaker 1: that maybe ten million years ago, the Milky Way went

576
00:28:51,560 --> 00:28:54,160
Speaker 1: through a period of star formation because a bunch of

577
00:28:54,200 --> 00:28:57,160
Speaker 1: gas slammed into another bunch of gas. And when gas

578
00:28:57,160 --> 00:28:59,720
Speaker 1: creates these collisions, you get these density that you get

579
00:28:59,720 --> 00:29:03,120
Speaker 1: these becaus of density, and that's how stars formed. And

580
00:29:03,160 --> 00:29:05,720
Speaker 1: maybe when those stars were formed, that kind of event

581
00:29:05,920 --> 00:29:08,080
Speaker 1: could have also jetted out a bunch of gas in

582
00:29:08,120 --> 00:29:11,400
Speaker 1: either direction. It could have been these big gas outflows

583
00:29:11,400 --> 00:29:14,160
Speaker 1: from a big burst of star formation, you know, and

584
00:29:14,760 --> 00:29:18,160
Speaker 1: that would have happened like ten million years ago. Hold on,

585
00:29:18,240 --> 00:29:20,960
Speaker 1: you said ten million years ago. Ten million years ago,

586
00:29:21,040 --> 00:29:24,920
Speaker 1: and remember that's nothing. It's it's like avolution standard that

587
00:29:26,320 --> 00:29:28,840
Speaker 1: I know. There were things and people crawling around on

588
00:29:28,920 --> 00:29:31,680
Speaker 1: Earth right at the time that this happened. And remember

589
00:29:31,680 --> 00:29:38,080
Speaker 1: that there were rattlesnakes biting things. Years ago is recent, yea,

590
00:29:38,160 --> 00:29:41,280
Speaker 1: even in biological time scale. And remember the galaxy is

591
00:29:41,320 --> 00:29:44,200
Speaker 1: super old. It's almost as old as the universe. It's

592
00:29:44,240 --> 00:29:47,560
Speaker 1: thirteen billion years old. So this is a very new feature.

593
00:29:47,600 --> 00:29:49,680
Speaker 1: And we also don't know how long it's gonna last.

594
00:29:49,720 --> 00:29:52,320
Speaker 1: Maybe it'll dissipate and in a few million years it

595
00:29:52,360 --> 00:29:55,560
Speaker 1: will be gone right in our and our could just

596
00:29:55,560 --> 00:29:57,640
Speaker 1: be a blip. It could just be a blip, right,

597
00:29:57,720 --> 00:29:59,640
Speaker 1: something we tell our grandkids about, you know, when I

598
00:29:59,720 --> 00:30:03,560
Speaker 1: was had we had these big bubbles and shut up, grandpa,

599
00:30:04,080 --> 00:30:07,760
Speaker 1: or one of many blips. This might be a feature

600
00:30:07,800 --> 00:30:13,360
Speaker 1: that's happened for the entire lifestyle life of the galaxy. Yeah,

601
00:30:13,480 --> 00:30:16,760
Speaker 1: and um, none of these explanations, like the gas outflows

602
00:30:16,760 --> 00:30:19,880
Speaker 1: from star formation or the black hole burps or you

603
00:30:19,880 --> 00:30:22,760
Speaker 1: know anything else, none of them explained this really weird

604
00:30:22,840 --> 00:30:25,920
Speaker 1: feature that the bubbles are smooth, right, All of those

605
00:30:26,000 --> 00:30:28,960
Speaker 1: hypotheses predict something more intense close to the center and

606
00:30:29,000 --> 00:30:32,200
Speaker 1: then sort of fading out. So the real answer is

607
00:30:32,240 --> 00:30:34,640
Speaker 1: something that nobody's thought of yet. The real answer is

608
00:30:34,680 --> 00:30:38,080
Speaker 1: something that some future scientists will discover. And you know,

609
00:30:38,160 --> 00:30:40,520
Speaker 1: it could be something really deep, like there's a new

610
00:30:40,600 --> 00:30:42,440
Speaker 1: kind of object there and then in the middle of

611
00:30:42,520 --> 00:30:44,880
Speaker 1: the black hole or in the middle of the galaxy,

612
00:30:45,000 --> 00:30:47,960
Speaker 1: or it could be like you know, very rarely black

613
00:30:48,000 --> 00:30:51,160
Speaker 1: holes have indigestion and fared out. These weird bubbles and

614
00:30:51,200 --> 00:30:53,040
Speaker 1: you know, we just happened to see one, in which case,

615
00:30:53,120 --> 00:30:55,800
Speaker 1: like how weird and lucky that our galaxy did this,

616
00:30:55,880 --> 00:30:58,640
Speaker 1: like right now basically, but if these bubbles are smooth,

617
00:30:58,640 --> 00:31:00,680
Speaker 1: it makes me it makes it hard to believe that

618
00:31:00,680 --> 00:31:03,160
Speaker 1: there is emitting out almost from this black hole. Is

619
00:31:03,200 --> 00:31:08,120
Speaker 1: it possible that these bubbles are pulling being pulled into

620
00:31:08,160 --> 00:31:11,960
Speaker 1: the galaxy from elsewhere? WHOA, that is such a good idea.

621
00:31:11,960 --> 00:31:14,920
Speaker 1: I'm going to write that down and take credit for it. Good.

622
00:31:15,880 --> 00:31:18,320
Speaker 1: We expect nothing less. You're so smart. It's like you

623
00:31:18,400 --> 00:31:22,440
Speaker 1: got bitten by our radioactive rattlesnake or something. I'm beginning

624
00:31:22,440 --> 00:31:25,640
Speaker 1: to feel it now. No, that's a great question. But

625
00:31:25,680 --> 00:31:28,680
Speaker 1: then wherever they have come from? Right, Like, maybe if

626
00:31:28,880 --> 00:31:32,360
Speaker 1: they're sucking up something um from the outside, then they

627
00:31:32,440 --> 00:31:34,880
Speaker 1: have to be a symmetric source, right, you need something

628
00:31:34,920 --> 00:31:38,120
Speaker 1: on the north and the south to get to create

629
00:31:38,160 --> 00:31:41,360
Speaker 1: these bubbles from outside the galaxy. That seems pretty unlikely

630
00:31:41,360 --> 00:31:46,040
Speaker 1: because they're so symmetrically the same size on both side. Sure, yeah,

631
00:31:46,160 --> 00:31:51,200
Speaker 1: I don't understand it. I just have to pose the ideas.

632
00:31:51,240 --> 00:31:54,280
Speaker 1: You are supposed to explain it, all right, Well, on

633
00:31:54,320 --> 00:31:56,840
Speaker 1: our the biology version of this podcast. I'm gonna expect

634
00:31:56,840 --> 00:31:59,200
Speaker 1: some answers from you, all right, Well, so this has

635
00:31:59,240 --> 00:32:03,000
Speaker 1: been very informative, and I have to say, physics, you're

636
00:32:03,000 --> 00:32:05,920
Speaker 1: doing a good job. But I think, you know, these

637
00:32:05,920 --> 00:32:07,760
Speaker 1: are kind of amazing. I think it's amazing that we

638
00:32:07,800 --> 00:32:12,600
Speaker 1: have these new, i mean really young clouds of gas

639
00:32:12,720 --> 00:32:15,720
Speaker 1: that are just essentially stopped at the center of our unit,

640
00:32:15,760 --> 00:32:18,960
Speaker 1: our center of our galaxy. The fact that we don't

641
00:32:19,000 --> 00:32:21,320
Speaker 1: know what they are, I think it's just fascinating. The

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00:32:21,360 --> 00:32:24,440
Speaker 1: fact that the science behind it is only not even

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00:32:24,440 --> 00:32:27,800
Speaker 1: ten years old is is really fascinating. So it seems

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00:32:27,840 --> 00:32:29,600
Speaker 1: like the kind of thing that we might actually get

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00:32:29,640 --> 00:32:33,160
Speaker 1: some really cool answers for in the near future. Yeah,

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00:32:33,160 --> 00:32:35,240
Speaker 1: twenty years from now, people to look back and they're

647
00:32:35,240 --> 00:32:37,960
Speaker 1: going to know the answer, hopefully, and uh, it's gonna

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00:32:37,960 --> 00:32:40,479
Speaker 1: seem obvious to them, right whereas right now we're standing

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00:32:40,480 --> 00:32:43,320
Speaker 1: at the forefront of human ignorance, not knowing where it's

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00:32:43,320 --> 00:32:48,240
Speaker 1: going to lead. But the favorite place to stand, Well,

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00:32:48,280 --> 00:32:50,720
Speaker 1: the my favorite thing about this kind of thing is

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00:32:50,760 --> 00:32:52,960
Speaker 1: that it's a hint, right, It's a hint about how

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00:32:53,040 --> 00:32:56,719
Speaker 1: many more amazing discoveries there are out there. If every

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00:32:56,720 --> 00:32:59,400
Speaker 1: time we open a new kind of eyeball into the universe,

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00:32:59,440 --> 00:33:02,800
Speaker 1: we see some thing crazy and unexpected. That tells you

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00:33:02,840 --> 00:33:05,520
Speaker 1: that there's a lot more crazy stuff out there waiting

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00:33:05,520 --> 00:33:08,760
Speaker 1: to be discovered. And so we should build as many

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00:33:08,840 --> 00:33:13,200
Speaker 1: kinds of scientific eyeballs as we can, especially astronomical ones,

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00:33:13,560 --> 00:33:16,360
Speaker 1: because there's so much out there in the universe waiting

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00:33:16,400 --> 00:33:19,120
Speaker 1: for us to find it and to go. What the

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00:33:19,480 --> 00:33:24,440
Speaker 1: f is that more eyeballs is absolutely what we need,

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00:33:24,640 --> 00:33:29,440
Speaker 1: all right, Get on at physicists, engineers, more telescopes now, yeah,

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00:33:29,560 --> 00:33:32,520
Speaker 1: and I don't mean rattlesnakes with more eyeballs, they have plenty.

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00:33:32,800 --> 00:33:36,000
Speaker 1: What I'm talking about is news scientific instruments. All right.

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00:33:36,080 --> 00:33:38,720
Speaker 1: Thanks everyone for tuning in. That was our podcast about

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00:33:38,720 --> 00:33:41,240
Speaker 1: the mystery of the Fermi bubbles. If you have something

667
00:33:41,240 --> 00:33:44,160
Speaker 1: you'd like us to rattle on about ignorantly, then please

668
00:33:44,400 --> 00:33:47,680
Speaker 1: send us a suggestion to feedback at Daniel and Jorge

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00:33:47,720 --> 00:33:50,360
Speaker 1: dot com. Or if you have a question about something

670
00:33:50,520 --> 00:33:53,840
Speaker 1: random about physics. We answer all of our listener emails.

671
00:33:53,880 --> 00:33:57,400
Speaker 1: Send it to questions at Daniel and Jorge dot com.

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00:33:57,440 --> 00:33:59,920
Speaker 1: Thanks Matt for joining us on today's podcast. Thank you,

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00:34:00,160 --> 00:34:06,760
Speaker 1: it's been marvelous al right, So go all right, Mrs Nasal,

674
00:34:07,000 --> 00:34:09,279
Speaker 1: go off and solve your rattlesnake venom problem. And we

675
00:34:09,320 --> 00:34:11,200
Speaker 1: don't want to hear back from you until it's done.

676
00:34:11,600 --> 00:34:14,239
Speaker 1: Will you solve these problems? Sounds good? Thanks everyone for

677
00:34:14,320 --> 00:34:24,600
Speaker 1: tuning in. If you still have a question after listening

678
00:34:24,640 --> 00:34:27,720
Speaker 1: to all these explanations, please drop us the line. We'd

679
00:34:27,760 --> 00:34:30,600
Speaker 1: love to hear from you. You can find us at Facebook, Twitter,

680
00:34:30,680 --> 00:34:34,320
Speaker 1: and Instagram at Daniel and Jorge that's one word, or

681
00:34:34,480 --> 00:34:38,400
Speaker 1: email us at Feedback at Daniel and Jorge dot com.

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00:34:38,400 --> 00:34:41,280
Speaker 1: Thanks for listening, and remember that Daniel and Jorge explained.

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00:34:41,280 --> 00:34:44,520
Speaker 1: The Universe is a production of I Heart Radio More

684
00:34:44,640 --> 00:34:47,600
Speaker 1: podcast from my Heart Radio. Visit the I Heart Radio

685
00:34:47,680 --> 00:34:51,720
Speaker 1: Apple podcasts, or wherever you listen to your favorite shows.

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00:34:56,880 --> 00:34:57,080
Speaker 1: Yea