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Speaker 1: Hey or hey, I realize I've never asked you this.

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Speaker 1: Are you left or right handed?

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Speaker 7: Usually gre out with my right hand.

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Speaker 1: Sure, you've tried to draw with your other hand. What's

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Speaker 1: that like?

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Speaker 7: It's pretty tricky. Yeah, if you're used to doing things

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Speaker 7: with one hand, it's hard to switch.

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Speaker 1: Well, what about driving? Have you ever driven on the

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Speaker 1: left side of the road?

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Speaker 7: You mean, on purpose or against the law or following

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Speaker 7: the laws of traffic?

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Speaker 1: Well, you know there are some places in the world

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Speaker 1: where they drive on the other side.

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Speaker 7: I have driven in Australia and England. Yeah, it's pretty tricky,

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Speaker 7: but any after a while you get used to it.

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Speaker 1: What would you say, is better your left side of

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Speaker 1: the road driving or you're left handed drawing.

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Speaker 7: Well, I've fortunately have not had an accident on either

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Speaker 7: side of the road, so the data says that I

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Speaker 7: am equally good.

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Speaker 1: Well, I'm glad you're even handed.

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Speaker 7: That sounds like a left handed compliment, Daniel.

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Speaker 1: I think that's right.

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Speaker 7: I am Porhem, a cartoonist and the creator of PhD comics.

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Speaker 1: Hi, I'm Dan. I'm a particle physicist and a professor

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Speaker 1: at UC Irvine, and I have tried to do math

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Speaker 1: left handed.

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Speaker 7: I mean you write out math with your left hand?

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Speaker 7: Is that what you mean?

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Speaker 1: Yeah? I try to write out math with my left

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Speaker 1: hand or sometimes upside down. Sometimes when I'm teaching math

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Speaker 1: to my kids, I have to write it so that

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Speaker 1: they can see it, which requires a little bit of

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Speaker 1: awkward gymnastics.

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Speaker 7: M But if you use your left hand, then maybe

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Speaker 7: it's normal.

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Speaker 1: If I use my left hand, then my handwriting looks

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Speaker 1: as sloppy as theirs.

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Speaker 7: I know people who aspire to be ambidextrous so they

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Speaker 7: purposely use the mouse. Even though they're right handed, they

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Speaker 7: user mouse but their left hand so that they're you know,

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Speaker 7: are able.

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Speaker 1: To do both. I would you give my right arm

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Speaker 1: to be ambidextrous.

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Speaker 7: Well, if you give your right arm, then you wouldn't

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Speaker 7: be ambidexters. Sounds like you're caught in a paradox. But

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Speaker 7: welcome to our podcast Daniel and Jorge Explain the Universe,

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Speaker 7: a production of iHeartRadio.

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Speaker 1: In which we try to tickle the right side of

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Speaker 1: your brain and the left side of your brain. We

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Speaker 1: want to understand the entire universe, the top half, the

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Speaker 1: bottom half, the left side, the right side, and everything

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Speaker 1: in between, even the backside, the backside, the front side,

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Speaker 1: the dark side, and the light side. Every side of

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Speaker 1: the universe deserves to be understood, and we think it's possible.

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Speaker 1: And on this podcast we ask those big questions about

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Speaker 1: the nature of reality, the nature of life, why we

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Speaker 1: are all here, what it all means, how long we

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Speaker 1: will be here, and whether we are alone, and we

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Speaker 1: try to explain all of them to you. And today

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Speaker 1: I want to especially explain things to Walter Bloom, a

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Speaker 1: long time listener of the pod from Switzerland, whose girlfriend,

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Speaker 1: Victoria wants to wish him a happy thirty eighth birthday.

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Speaker 1: Happy birthday, Walter.

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Speaker 7: Yeah, it is a big universe to explain. It is

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Speaker 7: a wide universe full of many sides to it, many

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Speaker 7: different ways that you can look at things, and also

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Speaker 7: many different ways that things can be put together. We

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Speaker 7: are almost an infinite way for that or to arrange itself.

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Speaker 1: And one of the joys of physics is figuring out

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Speaker 1: how the universe works, because then we get to ask why.

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Speaker 1: When we discover that we are put together out of

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Speaker 1: tiny little particles, we get to wonder like, hmmm, why

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Speaker 1: is the universe arranged out of these tiny little particles?

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Speaker 1: Why does it have these patterns? What does that really mean?

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Speaker 1: The joy physics is really that it's setting us up

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Speaker 1: to ask philosophy questions.

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Speaker 7: Oh, is that the main goal of physics just to

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Speaker 7: be a primer, like a trailer to philosophy, just the

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Speaker 7: opening act for philosophies, That's what you're saying. Physicists are

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Speaker 7: just there to warm up the crowd.

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Speaker 1: In the end, I think that almost science really is

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Speaker 1: motivated by philosophy questions. You know, at the heart of

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Speaker 1: almost every science question we ask there is a why question,

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Speaker 1: which is in the end fundamentally philosophical.

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Speaker 7: Yeah, and we ask these questions not just because it's

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Speaker 7: interesting and fascinating and we understand more about the universe.

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Speaker 7: But sometimes these questions and these issues have a big

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Speaker 7: impact on our daily, everyday lives, even maybe on life itself.

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Speaker 1: Yeah, we notice these patterns in the universe. The universe

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Speaker 1: seems to organize itself in this way and not some

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Speaker 1: other way. We notice sometimes there are symmetries in the universe,

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Speaker 1: like you could rotate everything and the laws of physics

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Speaker 1: wouldn't change. But also sometimes we notice that there are

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Speaker 1: there are not symmetries in the universe if the universe

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Speaker 1: has a strong opinion about how things should be done

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Speaker 1: and the opposite way just does not happen. Time flows

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Speaker 1: forwards and not backwards, and these are the things that

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Speaker 1: inspire our philosophical musings to wonder what it would be

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Speaker 1: like for a universe where time flowed backwards, or what

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Speaker 1: it would be like for a universe in the mirror

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Speaker 1: of our universe.

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Speaker 7: Yeah, And so our universe likes to put things together

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Speaker 7: in a particular way, and you can trace sometimes that

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Speaker 7: to the very properties of the smallest particles in the universe,

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Speaker 7: the things that everything is made out of, and sometaly

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Speaker 7: these properties can have a pretty big impact on what

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Speaker 7: gets formed in the universe and even whether we would

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Speaker 7: be here or not.

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Speaker 1: It does seem sometimes like at the smallest level, the

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Speaker 1: universe follows really different rules, really strange quantum rules that

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Speaker 1: don't really affect our lives, Like how a particle moves

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Speaker 1: through space is totally different from how a baseball flies

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Speaker 1: through space. But as you say, sometimes there is a connection.

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Speaker 1: Sometimes we can even find a portal from the tiniest

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Speaker 1: particle to our everyday lives.

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Speaker 7: So to be on the podcast, we'll be tackling the

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Speaker 7: question does particle spin affect life on Earth? Are we

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Speaker 7: trying to put a positive spin here on life on Earth?

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Speaker 1: I'm trying to put a positive spin on particles. I'm like, look,

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Speaker 1: particles are relevant.

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Speaker 7: Give me money, is what you're saying.

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Speaker 1: Well, you know that's the philosophy that's underlying all of it.

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Speaker 1: In the end, Yes, we're trying to make our science relevant.

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Speaker 7: Now, do you share any of your funding with philosophers?

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Speaker 1: Philosophers really need funding. I mean, how much does paper

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Speaker 1: and pencil cost anyway.

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Speaker 7: Isn't that aren't those the tools of your research as well?

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Speaker 1: Ten billion dollar particle colliders. You can't build those out

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Speaker 1: of pencil and paper.

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Speaker 7: Well you could, you just haven't tried.

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Speaker 1: The paper mache particle collider. Put that on the table

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Speaker 1: next time we're discussing the future of the field.

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Speaker 7: Can you demonstrate mathematically that you cannot build a particle

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Speaker 7: collider with paper mache?

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Speaker 1: That's true? The spitball collider. Yeah, let's see what we

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Speaker 1: can learn by colliding spitballs at nearly the speed of light.

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Speaker 7: Yeah, it's possible, right, it is possible.

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Speaker 1: I have to do some pencil and paper calculations to

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Speaker 1: see what kind of experiments we could do and what

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Speaker 1: we might learn about the universe from a paper machet collider.

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Speaker 7: Yeah, all fund that here, here's five bucks. But this

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Speaker 7: is an interesting question. We're trying to link life on

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Speaker 7: Earth to something as small and maybe seemingly insignificant as

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Speaker 7: the spin, the fundamental particle of nature. That's a pretty

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Speaker 7: big leap.

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Speaker 1: It is a pretty big leap, And you might think

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Speaker 1: it sounds a little bit desperate, like is Daniel just

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Speaker 1: trying to be irrelevant to life? But remember that I'm

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Speaker 1: actually doing this research mostly because I think it's irrelevant honestly,

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Speaker 1: because it doesn't affect everyday life on Earth, which means

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Speaker 1: you can't use it to build weapons.

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Speaker 7: Wait, did you just admit your research is irrelevant to

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Speaker 7: all life on Earth.

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Speaker 1: It's irrelevant in the sense that it doesn't have immediate

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Speaker 1: practical applications.

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Speaker 7: Wait did you admit your research has no immediate practical applications?

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Speaker 3: Oh?

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Speaker 1: Absolutely, yes, learning about particles has no immediate practical applications.

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Speaker 1: I can't tell you tomorrow that it's going to improve

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Speaker 1: technology or even next year. It's basic research in the

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Speaker 1: sense that we might discover something crazy and new about

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Speaker 1: the universe, which down the road I'm sure will benefit society,

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Speaker 1: But in terms of like immediate impact and you know

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Speaker 1: tomorrow's weapons systems, No, we have no relevance.

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Speaker 7: All right, Well, I guess possible deniability is important for

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Speaker 7: some people. But this is an interesting question to wonder

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Speaker 7: if maybe the spin of particles could have affected how

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Speaker 7: life on Earth evolved, or even if life itself evolved

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Speaker 7: at all on this planet.

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Speaker 1: Yeah, it's a fascinating hypothesis with a little bit of

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Speaker 1: evidence to back it up.

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Speaker 7: Well, as usual, we were wondering how many people had

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Speaker 7: thought about this question, had thought about maybe the properties

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Speaker 7: of particles having an impact on life on Earth. So,

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Speaker 7: as usual, Daniel went out there to ask people do

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Speaker 7: you think particle spin can affect life on Earth?

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Speaker 1: So thank you very much to everybody who participates in

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Speaker 1: this segment of the podcast. We really appreciate hearing your

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Speaker 1: thoughts and I think everybody out there enjoys it as well.

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Speaker 1: If you'd like to share your thoughts on the topic

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Speaker 1: of the day for future episod modes, please don't be shy.

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Speaker 1: Write to us two questions at Daniel and Jorge dot com.

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Speaker 7: What people had to say.

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Speaker 8: I don't really know what particle spin is, but I

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Speaker 8: could surely say that it does not affect life on

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Speaker 8: other planets from the Solar System.

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Speaker 1: Well, everything is spinning. Particles are spinning, the Earth is spinning,

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Speaker 1: the galaxy spinning, reams are spinning. Everything is spinning. So yeah,

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Speaker 1: the life is spinning.

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Speaker 7: I'm going to say yes, because it affects the.

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Speaker 9: Way matter is made up.

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Speaker 7: But I really don't know what would happen if particle

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Speaker 7: spin were to be reversed. I don't know if you

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Speaker 7: would even recognize the effects of that.

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Speaker 1: I think it can.

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Speaker 7: Be interpreted maybe a couple of ways outside of the

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Speaker 7: necessity of spend make physics work. I would say probably

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Speaker 7: not very much impact. Like I don't think. I don't

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Speaker 7: think like DNA is interacting with particle spin. All right,

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Speaker 7: some people said yes and people said no. There are

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Speaker 7: strong opinions here. There are positive and negative spins.

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Speaker 1: On one hand, it does seem hard to imagine that

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Speaker 1: the behaviors of tiny little particles could affect something like

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Speaker 1: life on Earth. On the other hand, if you believe reductionism,

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Speaker 1: if you believe that everything in the universe comes out

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Speaker 1: of how tiny little bits are dancing around and tuing

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Speaker 1: and frowing, then in principle everything about life comes down

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Speaker 1: to how particles work. Well.

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Speaker 7: Yeah, I mean I guess if particles, for example, didn't

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Speaker 7: feel the electromagnetic force, I mean, the whole universe would

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Speaker 7: be different.

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Speaker 1: Yeah. I'm sitting here trying to imagine what a universe

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Speaker 1: would be like without electromagnetism. I mean, it would be

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Speaker 1: a dark universe for sure, right, there would be no

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Speaker 1: light at all in that universe.

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Speaker 7: Yeah. Or I guess even if the particles had a

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Speaker 7: different mass. It would also change the whole universe, right,

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Speaker 7: like planets would form differently, galaxies would form differently. Who knows,

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Speaker 7: and maybe life can or could have or would have

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Speaker 7: formed here on Earth.

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Speaker 1: Yeah, it's a deep mystery why the parameters of the

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Speaker 1: universe seem to be set up to allow life. Although

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Speaker 1: you know, that's just sort of like life that we

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Speaker 1: can imagine. It's possible that if you tweaked all those

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Speaker 1: parameters you might have completely different chemistry. But that might

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Speaker 1: allow for different kinds of biology, different kinds of life,

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Speaker 1: maybe even different kinds of intelligence. So while the universe

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Speaker 1: does sort of seem fine tuned for us, it might

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Speaker 1: be that other fine tunings are good for other kinds

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Speaker 1: of beings.

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Speaker 7: All right, Well, the question at hand is does particle

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Speaker 7: spin affect life on Earth? And so I guess particle

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Speaker 7: spin is something that is a property of particles. Maybe

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Speaker 7: we can get a little bit into that first.

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Speaker 1: Particle spin is a really fun and super weird property

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Speaker 1: of particles, and it's especially fascinating because the universe seems

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Speaker 1: to have a preference for one kind of spin over

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Speaker 1: another kind of spin. Fundamentally, we don't really know what

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Speaker 1: particle spin is I mean, you might imagine that it's

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Speaker 1: like a little ball and it's spinning. The problem is

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Speaker 1: that particles are not little balls, and they don't really

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Speaker 1: have surfaces, so we don't think that they are physically spinning.

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Speaker 1: But they do have a proper which is very similar

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Speaker 1: to the kind of things we call spin. For like

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Speaker 1: the Earth is spinning and the galaxy is spinning. Particles

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Speaker 1: have properties which have similar mathematical behaviors to spin of

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Speaker 1: like big objects, and so we call it spin even

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Speaker 1: though it's not like technically physically spinning.

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Speaker 7: Right, because quantum particles are not like little balls, as

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Speaker 7: you said, they're like little dots basically, and so they

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Speaker 7: have this property called spin. And if it's not related

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Speaker 7: to it actually spinning, why did you call it spin

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Speaker 7: or not you specifically, but you know the physicism Firth

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Speaker 7: did it. Why did they call it spin?

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Speaker 1: They call it spin because even if it isn't actually

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Speaker 1: physically spinning, it is a form of angular momentum. Right,

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Speaker 1: Things in the universe can spin, and they can have

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Speaker 1: momentum in the same way that things can have normal momentum.

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Speaker 7: Right.

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Speaker 1: Momentum is just like if you push an object it

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Speaker 1: keeps going, or if you don't push it, it doesn't

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Speaker 1: go anywhere. The same thing holds true for spin. If

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Speaker 1: you spin something, it'll keep spinning, like out in space

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Speaker 1: where there isn't any air to slow it down. Or

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Speaker 1: if you don't push an object, it won't spin. Right,

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Speaker 1: something floating in space won't spin unless you push it.

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Speaker 1: That's angular momentum, and that's conserved in the universe. That's

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Speaker 1: why if you push something to make it spin, it'll

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Speaker 1: just keep spinning out there in space until something stops it.

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Speaker 1: But it can transfer that angular momentum to something else, right,

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Speaker 1: It can bump into something else and make that spin.

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Speaker 1: We call particle spin spin because it's a kind of

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Speaker 1: angular momentum. You can take angler momentum and convert it

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Speaker 1: into particle spin and back. So when the universe does

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Speaker 1: its accounting to make sure that angular momentum is conserved,

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Speaker 1: particle spin is part of its balance book. You're allowed

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Speaker 1: to move some angler momentum into that category. So it

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Speaker 1: really is a kind of angular momentum, even if it's

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Speaker 1: a weird quantum kind.

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Speaker 7: But you said that like regular objects in space can

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Speaker 7: have zero angular momentum or a little bit or a

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Speaker 7: lot of angular momentum. Can particles have zero or a

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Speaker 7: lot of angular momentum? And also why not just call

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Speaker 7: it angular momentum?

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Speaker 1: Yes, particles can have different amounts of spin. Of Photons,

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Speaker 1: for example, can have spin up or down or zero.

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Speaker 1: Electrons can only have spin one half or negative one half.

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Speaker 1: They can't have zero spin. They're different kind of particles.

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Speaker 1: So matter particles are all either spin up or spin

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Speaker 1: down by one half, whereas forest particles those can be

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Speaker 1: up or down or zero.

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Speaker 7: Can the same particle have zero and then I give

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Speaker 7: it a spin and then it starts spinning or is

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Speaker 7: it just an inherent property of that particle.

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Speaker 1: That's a really interesting philosophy question. Right. Essentially, you're saying

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Speaker 1: a photon moving through the universe with zero spin, if

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Speaker 1: you give it spin, is it's still the same photon. Well,

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Speaker 1: to give it spin, you have to impart angular momentum

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Speaker 1: on it, which means an interaction, and so philosophically it

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Speaker 1: is changed. Right, It's like interacts with some particle, and

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Speaker 1: you think of that as like being absorbed and re emitted.

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Speaker 1: So I think philosophically you could think of it as

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Speaker 1: like a new particle, or it's at least a new

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Speaker 1: quantum state. But yes, photons can have zero spin, or

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Speaker 1: they can have spin one, or they're can have spin

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Speaker 1: minus one.

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Speaker 7: And the spin it's on ties as well, Like can

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Speaker 7: you have a photon with like three point five spin?

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Speaker 1: No, you can't, And you can't have photons with like

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Speaker 1: half a spin or point seventy two nine spin. It's

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Speaker 1: absolutely quantized. So photons have three possible states plus one,

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Speaker 1: zero or minus one, and electrons have two states plus

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Speaker 1: a half or minus a half. And that's true for

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Speaker 1: all fermions. All fermions are either plus a half or

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Speaker 1: minus a half. They have half integer spins. That's why

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Speaker 1: we call them fermions. They all observe the Fermi exclusion principle,

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Speaker 1: which means they can't be in the same quantum state

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Speaker 1: as each other. Bosons, which have integer spin, they can

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Speaker 1: hang out in the same states, so you can have

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Speaker 1: like a million photons all in the same state.

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Speaker 7: Now, you said earlier that spin is up or down, right,

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Speaker 7: that's kind of the possibilities of it. But in space

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Speaker 7: there is no up and there's no down. So what

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Speaker 7: does it mean for a spin to be up or down?

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Speaker 1: For a particle, Well, in the same way that you

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Speaker 1: can pick any axis to calculate angle momentum, you can

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Speaker 1: pick any axis to project a spin. So you have

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Speaker 1: a particle, you pick an axis, you say, here, there's

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Speaker 1: my axis. I want to know if its spin is

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Speaker 1: up or down along this axis, And you could pick

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Speaker 1: any axis you like and call it up or down. Typically,

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Speaker 1: what we do is we choose the axis of the

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Speaker 1: particle's motion, and we ask is the particle spin in

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Speaker 1: the direction of its motion or in the opposite direction

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Speaker 1: of its motion?

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Speaker 7: But isn't then then the problem the motion and not

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Speaker 7: the spin. Like if I throw a baseball face up,

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Speaker 7: or if I toss a frisbee face up or face down,

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Speaker 7: it's not that it's a whole different frisbee. It's the

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Speaker 7: same frisbee. I just threw it upside down.

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Speaker 1: Yeah, And in the case of particles, you can measure

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Speaker 1: their spin along any direction. You can measure it along

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Speaker 1: their motion, or you can measure it perpendicular to their

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Speaker 1: motion or in any direction, and you'll always get either

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Speaker 1: plus a half or minus a half or particles.

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Speaker 7: Okay, So it's just some sort of like an arbitrary

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Speaker 7: label you're saying, like, particles have this thing called spin,

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Speaker 7: and we're gonna there's kind of two kinds of the spin.

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Speaker 7: There's the upspin and there's down spin exactly.

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Speaker 1: And the universe seems to have a preference for particles

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Speaker 1: whose spin is pointed away from the direction of their motion,

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Speaker 1: like an electron is flying through space in the positive

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Speaker 1: x direction. The universe seems to have a preference for

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Speaker 1: those particles to spin the opposite direction of their motion,

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Speaker 1: for their spin to be sort of like back along

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Speaker 1: the negative X axis. If their motion is in the

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Speaker 1: positive X axis, we call those particles left handed. If

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Speaker 1: their spin is the opposite direction of their motion.

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Speaker 7: I guess it's kind of like a clock. Like a

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Speaker 7: clock can move through space where it's either the face

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Speaker 7: of the clock is facing words going or the face

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Speaker 7: of the clock is facing away from where it's going

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Speaker 7: or facing back. And so you're saying that particles tend

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Speaker 7: to be the kime where the clock face is facing back.

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Speaker 1: Those kind of particles where the clock is facing backwards,

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Speaker 1: where the spin is the opposite direction of motion, we

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Speaker 1: call them left handed particles. In our universe, we have

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Speaker 1: left and right handed versions of most particles. But one

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Speaker 1: of the forces, the weak nuclear force, which is responsible

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Speaker 1: for like beta decay, it will only talk to left

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Speaker 1: handed particles. It does not interact at all with right

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Speaker 1: handed particles. So that's what we mean when we say

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Speaker 1: the universe seems to have a preference for left handed particles.

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Speaker 1: The other forces, electromagnetism, the strong force, they don't care.

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Speaker 1: They're happy to talk to right or left handed particles.

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Speaker 1: But the weak force only talks to left handed particles.

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Speaker 7: So it's almost like the universe is not ambidextrous, Like

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Speaker 7: the universe seems to prefer or at least favor left

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Speaker 7: handed particles over right handed particles.

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Speaker 1: Yeah, and it's a slight preference, right, because remember the

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Speaker 1: weak force is a feeble force. It is not a

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Speaker 1: powerful force. Does not control the structure of our galaxies,

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Speaker 1: it does not control the structure of your body. It

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Speaker 1: does not control lightning. Right, It's not a very powerful force.

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Speaker 1: And so it's a subtle effect. And this was actually

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Speaker 1: overlooked for years and years and years. Even well after

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Speaker 1: the weak force was discovered. People hadn't really checked to

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Speaker 1: see if it was symmetric, if it talked to both

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Speaker 1: kinds of particles. There was this moment in the middle

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Speaker 1: of last century when people realized, wow, nobody's ever actually

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Speaker 1: checked this to see if the weak force was symmetric,

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Speaker 1: and every thought, of course, it's symmetric. Everything in the

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Speaker 1: universe is symmetric, the strong forces symmetric, electromagnetism is symmetric.

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Speaker 1: It would be bonkers if the weak force was not symmetric.

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Speaker 1: But nobody had checked, and so very quickly a famous

430
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Speaker 1: scientist at Columbia skip her Christmas vacation to do this

431
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Speaker 1: experiment and discover the shocking result that the weak force

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Speaker 1: is not just a little bit anti symmetric, it's completely

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Speaker 1: anti symmetric. It only talks to left handed particles. It

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Speaker 1: was a huge shockwave that went through the physics community

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Speaker 1: about fifty years ago.

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Speaker 7: Yeah, I think we had a whole episode about this

437
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Speaker 7: experiment that demonstrated the universe has a little bit of

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Speaker 7: a left handed preference, and so this preference has pretty

439
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Speaker 7: big implications on how the universe works and maybe even

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Speaker 7: how life on Earth developed. So let's get into right

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Speaker 7: and left handedness of the universe and life on Earth.

442
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Speaker 7: But first let's take a quick break.

443
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465
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Speaker 9: AI might be the most important new computer technology ever.

466
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Speaker 9: It's storming every industry and literally billions of dollars are

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482
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Speaker 1: If you love iPhone you'll love Apple Card. It's the

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491
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Speaker 1: pop a piece of cheese into your mouth or enjoy

492
00:23:32,119 --> 00:23:35,359
Speaker 1: a rich spoonful of Greek yogurt, you're probably not thinking

493
00:23:35,440 --> 00:23:38,960
Speaker 1: about the environmental impact of each and every bite, But

494
00:23:39,040 --> 00:23:41,720
Speaker 1: the people in the dairy industry are US. Dairy has

495
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Speaker 1: set themselves some ambitious sustainability goals, including being greenhouse gas

496
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Speaker 1: neutral by twenty to fifty. That's why they're working hard

497
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Speaker 1: every day to find new ways to reduce waste, conserve

498
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Speaker 1: natural resources, and drive down greenhouse gas emissions. Take water,

499
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Speaker 1: for example, most dairy farms reuse water up to four

500
00:23:58,320 --> 00:24:01,760
Speaker 1: times the same water cools them, milk, cleans equipment, washes

501
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Speaker 1: the barn, and irrigates the crops. How is US dairy

502
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Speaker 1: tackling greenhouse gases? Many farms use anaerobic digestors that turn

503
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Speaker 1: and electric cars. So the next time you grab a

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Speaker 1: slice of pizza or lick an ice cream cone, know

506
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Speaker 1: that dairy farmers and processors around the country are using

507
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508
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Speaker 1: dairy products we love with less of an impact. Visit

509
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Speaker 1: usdairy dot com slash sustainability to learn more.

510
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Speaker 7: All right, we're asking the question does particle spin affect

511
00:24:40,640 --> 00:24:43,480
Speaker 7: life on Earth? And so we talked about what spin is.

512
00:24:43,520 --> 00:24:47,200
Speaker 7: It's a property of particles. Particles can spin up or down.

513
00:24:47,640 --> 00:24:50,280
Speaker 7: They can be left handed or right handed. And this

514
00:24:50,440 --> 00:24:53,399
Speaker 7: handedness is something we see all throughout, not just the universe,

515
00:24:53,440 --> 00:24:56,120
Speaker 7: but nature itself. Right, I mean in chemistry they talk

516
00:24:56,160 --> 00:24:58,240
Speaker 7: about handedness as well of molecules.

517
00:24:58,359 --> 00:25:01,240
Speaker 1: Yeah, you can apply this principle in general to anything.

518
00:25:01,280 --> 00:25:04,080
Speaker 1: You could ask if something is left handed or right handed,

519
00:25:04,400 --> 00:25:07,639
Speaker 1: and basically you're asking would it look the same in

520
00:25:07,720 --> 00:25:10,680
Speaker 1: the mirror? Right? If you flipped something in the mirror,

521
00:25:10,720 --> 00:25:12,919
Speaker 1: would you get something the same, and you can literally

522
00:25:12,960 --> 00:25:16,359
Speaker 1: do this experiment in front of yourself with your hands. Like,

523
00:25:16,440 --> 00:25:19,040
Speaker 1: take your left hand, it's not the same as your

524
00:25:19,119 --> 00:25:22,119
Speaker 1: right hand right, there's a different orientation of the fingers

525
00:25:22,240 --> 00:25:24,320
Speaker 1: relative to the thumb. If you put your left hand

526
00:25:24,359 --> 00:25:27,400
Speaker 1: in the mirror, then it looks like your right hand. Right.

527
00:25:27,440 --> 00:25:30,600
Speaker 1: The mirror flips your left hand to a right handed

528
00:25:30,680 --> 00:25:32,840
Speaker 1: sort of shape. But if you just take your right hand,

529
00:25:32,840 --> 00:25:34,480
Speaker 1: you can't like turn it around or twist it in

530
00:25:34,520 --> 00:25:37,080
Speaker 1: any way to make it look exactly like your left hand.

531
00:25:37,320 --> 00:25:40,199
Speaker 1: They're different, right. We call that chirality, that one is

532
00:25:40,280 --> 00:25:42,720
Speaker 1: left handed and one is right handed, that they're not

533
00:25:42,800 --> 00:25:43,240
Speaker 1: the same.

534
00:25:43,560 --> 00:25:43,760
Speaker 8: Right.

535
00:25:43,880 --> 00:25:46,760
Speaker 7: I guess if you're doing the mirror experiment, you would

536
00:25:46,760 --> 00:25:49,399
Speaker 7: see that maybe some parts in your body are symmetric

537
00:25:49,560 --> 00:25:52,000
Speaker 7: and are are not handed right, Like if you take,

538
00:25:52,040 --> 00:25:54,440
Speaker 7: for example, your eyeball, if you put it in front

539
00:25:54,480 --> 00:25:57,439
Speaker 7: of the mirror, you can't tell which eyeball it is,

540
00:25:57,680 --> 00:26:00,160
Speaker 7: your right one or your left one, right the one

541
00:26:00,160 --> 00:26:02,639
Speaker 7: eyeball looks the same in the mirror as it does

542
00:26:02,840 --> 00:26:05,240
Speaker 7: in you. Or for example, I think your nose, right,

543
00:26:05,240 --> 00:26:08,040
Speaker 7: your nose is also a symmetric You can't sort of

544
00:26:08,040 --> 00:26:09,960
Speaker 7: tell which one is the mirror one which is the

545
00:26:09,960 --> 00:26:12,200
Speaker 7: real nose. But like your right hand, you can't tell

546
00:26:12,280 --> 00:26:12,960
Speaker 7: which one it.

547
00:26:13,000 --> 00:26:15,919
Speaker 1: Is assuming a spherical eyeball. I think that's true, and

548
00:26:16,000 --> 00:26:19,640
Speaker 1: my nose actually isn't symmetrics. I could tell the difference

549
00:26:19,680 --> 00:26:21,840
Speaker 1: in the mirror because it leans one way instead of

550
00:26:21,840 --> 00:26:22,200
Speaker 1: the other.

551
00:26:22,440 --> 00:26:23,119
Speaker 7: That can be fixed.

552
00:26:23,160 --> 00:26:26,560
Speaker 1: Right, we are in Orange County. I mean basically, everybody's

553
00:26:26,560 --> 00:26:29,280
Speaker 1: getting some work done these days. In principle, an idealized

554
00:26:29,320 --> 00:26:32,320
Speaker 1: human nose, you're right, is symmetric, and yeah, hands are

555
00:26:32,359 --> 00:26:34,520
Speaker 1: not symmetric. Right, the real life version of your left

556
00:26:34,520 --> 00:26:37,000
Speaker 1: hand looks like a right hand in the mirror.

557
00:26:37,240 --> 00:26:40,119
Speaker 7: Right, And the same can be said about molecules, right, Like,

558
00:26:40,160 --> 00:26:42,600
Speaker 7: you can arrange a molecule in a way that is

559
00:26:42,640 --> 00:26:44,600
Speaker 7: symmetric where it looks the same in the mirror, or

560
00:26:44,600 --> 00:26:46,800
Speaker 7: it can arrange a molecule in a way that does

561
00:26:46,840 --> 00:26:48,280
Speaker 7: not look the same in the mirror.

562
00:26:48,640 --> 00:26:51,560
Speaker 1: An example of a symmetric molecule is like water. Right,

563
00:26:51,680 --> 00:26:54,520
Speaker 1: water is H two Oh, you have two hydrogens with

564
00:26:54,560 --> 00:26:57,119
Speaker 1: an oxygen in the middle. If you flip it, like

565
00:26:57,160 --> 00:26:58,760
Speaker 1: if you make the left side the right side and

566
00:26:58,840 --> 00:27:01,480
Speaker 1: vice versa, it looks the same, right, it's exactly the

567
00:27:01,520 --> 00:27:03,640
Speaker 1: same in the mirror, But you can build much more

568
00:27:03,640 --> 00:27:08,000
Speaker 1: complicated molecules, and chemistry of life specifically is filled with

569
00:27:08,160 --> 00:27:11,960
Speaker 1: complex molecules built off of these carbon chains, and those

570
00:27:12,440 --> 00:27:15,240
Speaker 1: do have a chirality. They do not look the same

571
00:27:15,400 --> 00:27:18,280
Speaker 1: in the mirror. There are left handed versions and right

572
00:27:18,320 --> 00:27:22,040
Speaker 1: handed versions of basically every kind of molecule. So if

573
00:27:22,040 --> 00:27:25,320
Speaker 1: you just say the chemical formula see H four for example,

574
00:27:25,320 --> 00:27:27,840
Speaker 1: that tells you what's in it. It doesn't tell you

575
00:27:28,400 --> 00:27:30,840
Speaker 1: which orientation is it is. It's a left handed or

576
00:27:30,880 --> 00:27:33,000
Speaker 1: the right handed version of that object.

577
00:27:33,160 --> 00:27:35,399
Speaker 7: Right, Like H four, you can take one carbon and

578
00:27:35,440 --> 00:27:39,160
Speaker 7: four hydrogen and put them in together in one way

579
00:27:39,359 --> 00:27:41,560
Speaker 7: or in a way that looks like it's a mirror image.

580
00:27:41,600 --> 00:27:42,440
Speaker 7: That's what you mean, right.

581
00:27:42,480 --> 00:27:44,720
Speaker 1: Actually H four is an example of a molecule that

582
00:27:44,760 --> 00:27:47,200
Speaker 1: probably is symmetric. You have the carbon and then the

583
00:27:47,280 --> 00:27:49,920
Speaker 1: hydrogen's arranged around it. So I think it does look

584
00:27:49,920 --> 00:27:52,280
Speaker 1: symmetric in the mirror. But as they get more complicated,

585
00:27:52,520 --> 00:27:54,760
Speaker 1: you know, for example, the amino acids and the building

586
00:27:54,840 --> 00:27:57,560
Speaker 1: blocks of life, these are much more complicated structures. They're

587
00:27:57,600 --> 00:27:59,080
Speaker 1: not all the same in the mirror.

588
00:27:59,160 --> 00:28:01,240
Speaker 7: Yeah, Like if you take carbon, a bunch of carbon

589
00:28:01,280 --> 00:28:04,240
Speaker 7: and a bunch of hydrogen and some other atoms. There

590
00:28:04,240 --> 00:28:06,080
Speaker 7: are two different ways you could maybe put them together.

591
00:28:06,119 --> 00:28:07,919
Speaker 7: You could put them together in one way or in

592
00:28:07,960 --> 00:28:10,440
Speaker 7: a way that looks like it's a mirror image, which

593
00:28:10,480 --> 00:28:12,760
Speaker 7: is not the same molecule. It just looks the same

594
00:28:13,040 --> 00:28:15,639
Speaker 7: in the mirror, and it actually kind of affects how

595
00:28:15,640 --> 00:28:18,840
Speaker 7: it interacts with other molecules, right, Like a right handed

596
00:28:18,880 --> 00:28:22,320
Speaker 7: molecule doesn't do the same things as a left handed molecule.

597
00:28:22,480 --> 00:28:25,919
Speaker 1: Yeah, Interestingly, you can't just mix them. You can't have

598
00:28:26,160 --> 00:28:28,040
Speaker 1: a bunch of left handed molecules and a bunch of

599
00:28:28,119 --> 00:28:30,560
Speaker 1: right handed molecules and assume that they will all act

600
00:28:30,600 --> 00:28:34,119
Speaker 1: the same. Because chemistry is like these little building blocks.

601
00:28:34,119 --> 00:28:37,280
Speaker 1: It's like tiny little machines made out of proteins. They

602
00:28:37,320 --> 00:28:39,479
Speaker 1: have to click together in just the right way to

603
00:28:39,520 --> 00:28:42,560
Speaker 1: like activate certain sites, to cleave off bits of a molecule.

604
00:28:42,600 --> 00:28:44,600
Speaker 1: It's like trying to shake somebody's hand but using the

605
00:28:44,600 --> 00:28:47,120
Speaker 1: wrong hand it just doesn't sort of fit together, or

606
00:28:47,160 --> 00:28:49,720
Speaker 1: trying to dance where both people are leading. In order

607
00:28:49,760 --> 00:28:52,800
Speaker 1: for the chemistry of life to happen, everything has to match.

608
00:28:52,840 --> 00:28:54,960
Speaker 1: It means you need like all the pieces to have

609
00:28:55,000 --> 00:28:58,360
Speaker 1: the right chirality, so you can't mix and match left

610
00:28:58,400 --> 00:29:00,800
Speaker 1: and right handed chemistry of life.

611
00:29:00,920 --> 00:29:02,960
Speaker 7: Yeah, that's why I fisp on people when I meet

612
00:29:03,000 --> 00:29:05,360
Speaker 7: them these days. It's just too confusing. But I was thinking,

613
00:29:05,360 --> 00:29:07,440
Speaker 7: it's sort of like Tetris, right, Like in Tetras, you

614
00:29:07,480 --> 00:29:09,960
Speaker 7: have pieces, and like every piece in Tetris is made

615
00:29:09,960 --> 00:29:12,200
Speaker 7: out of four blocks, but depending on how you put them,

616
00:29:12,200 --> 00:29:14,200
Speaker 7: they're symmetrical or not. Like if you have a two

617
00:29:14,320 --> 00:29:16,760
Speaker 7: y two block, that's symmetric and you can slide that

618
00:29:16,840 --> 00:29:19,080
Speaker 7: in anywhere. But if you have like an L shape block,

619
00:29:19,200 --> 00:29:21,440
Speaker 7: then you got to wait for the right left hand

620
00:29:21,520 --> 00:29:24,600
Speaker 7: or the right side L block to fit a certain

621
00:29:24,640 --> 00:29:26,120
Speaker 7: spot in your Tetris pile.

622
00:29:26,320 --> 00:29:28,400
Speaker 1: And for the chemistry of life to work, it seems

623
00:29:28,400 --> 00:29:31,160
Speaker 1: like you need to be either all one chirality or

624
00:29:31,200 --> 00:29:34,080
Speaker 1: all the opposite chirality. And that's exactly what we see

625
00:29:34,120 --> 00:29:36,200
Speaker 1: when you take organic molecules and you sort of like

626
00:29:36,440 --> 00:29:39,720
Speaker 1: distill them from living objects, from plants or whatever, you

627
00:29:39,800 --> 00:29:43,360
Speaker 1: see all one chirality. All of life on Earth uses

628
00:29:43,520 --> 00:29:47,880
Speaker 1: left handed amino acids and right handed sugars. There's nothing

629
00:29:47,920 --> 00:29:51,600
Speaker 1: alive on Earth that uses right handed amino acids or

630
00:29:51,720 --> 00:29:55,320
Speaker 1: left handed sugars, that form of life just does not exist.

631
00:29:55,600 --> 00:29:58,000
Speaker 7: Right. But it's like, it's possible to make right handed

632
00:29:58,040 --> 00:30:00,960
Speaker 7: amino acids, but all life on Earth seems to use

633
00:30:01,120 --> 00:30:04,360
Speaker 7: only left handed amino acids. And once life got started

634
00:30:04,480 --> 00:30:07,640
Speaker 7: and life starts to make amino acid, it then only

635
00:30:07,680 --> 00:30:09,800
Speaker 7: makes left kind, which is the kind of uses.

636
00:30:10,000 --> 00:30:13,440
Speaker 1: If you synthesize some organic moleculeity, like try to make

637
00:30:13,480 --> 00:30:17,120
Speaker 1: one of the amino acids chemically from basic building blocks,

638
00:30:17,240 --> 00:30:20,160
Speaker 1: you'll end up with both kinds, left handed and right handed.

639
00:30:20,480 --> 00:30:22,080
Speaker 1: But if you pull it out of life, if you

640
00:30:22,120 --> 00:30:25,120
Speaker 1: distill it from a living being, you'll only get one

641
00:30:25,200 --> 00:30:28,400
Speaker 1: chirality right, and you're right. We think that life is

642
00:30:28,560 --> 00:30:32,200
Speaker 1: possible with the other orientation. We suspect that it is,

643
00:30:32,200 --> 00:30:34,720
Speaker 1: though of course we don't have any examples. We think

644
00:30:34,720 --> 00:30:37,800
Speaker 1: that probably universe is symmetric and that it would allow

645
00:30:38,160 --> 00:30:41,280
Speaker 1: for life to have both kiralities, but we don't actually know.

646
00:30:41,440 --> 00:30:44,400
Speaker 7: Well, that's interesting to think about, Like maybe there's a

647
00:30:44,560 --> 00:30:47,960
Speaker 7: version of humans out there, maybe in the multiverse or

648
00:30:47,960 --> 00:30:51,800
Speaker 7: maybe in this universe that uses only right handed amino acids,

649
00:30:52,240 --> 00:30:54,080
Speaker 7: and maybe if we met them, I mean, we could

650
00:30:54,080 --> 00:30:57,640
Speaker 7: shake hands, but we could maybe like have kids together, right, or.

651
00:30:57,600 --> 00:31:00,400
Speaker 1: Even eat their food, because our bodies cannot inter with

652
00:31:00,440 --> 00:31:02,800
Speaker 1: that kind of chemistry. I mean, like some of the

653
00:31:02,920 --> 00:31:06,400
Speaker 1: artificial sweeteners that are in our foods are really interesting

654
00:31:06,480 --> 00:31:09,160
Speaker 1: because they exploit the fact that, despite being a sugar

655
00:31:09,640 --> 00:31:12,400
Speaker 1: and they do interact with your tongue in a way

656
00:31:12,440 --> 00:31:15,480
Speaker 1: that you can taste them, our bodies can't actually take

657
00:31:15,520 --> 00:31:19,000
Speaker 1: them apart to use energy, so we can't metabolize them

658
00:31:19,040 --> 00:31:21,320
Speaker 1: even though we can taste them because they have the

659
00:31:21,360 --> 00:31:22,360
Speaker 1: wrong chirality.

660
00:31:22,880 --> 00:31:27,680
Speaker 7: Interesting. Yeah, artificial sweeteners you're saying, use the wrong candidness

661
00:31:27,720 --> 00:31:31,200
Speaker 7: of sugar molecules which activate our taste buds, but they

662
00:31:31,320 --> 00:31:33,240
Speaker 7: can't be processing our stomachs.

663
00:31:33,400 --> 00:31:37,040
Speaker 1: Yeah, because those are different processes, right. Tasting something recognizing

664
00:31:37,080 --> 00:31:39,440
Speaker 1: the sugar your tongue doesn't actually break it down and

665
00:31:39,480 --> 00:31:42,040
Speaker 1: extract the energy, and so it's like, oh, yeah, that's

666
00:31:42,040 --> 00:31:44,440
Speaker 1: sugar plus one for you. But then when it gets

667
00:31:44,440 --> 00:31:47,040
Speaker 1: into your stomach, the little machines down there that take

668
00:31:47,120 --> 00:31:49,280
Speaker 1: things apart and actually extract the energy and turn it

669
00:31:49,320 --> 00:31:51,560
Speaker 1: into ATP they're like, I don't know what to do here.

670
00:31:51,680 --> 00:31:54,280
Speaker 1: My locks are not fitting into these keys, So just

671
00:31:54,320 --> 00:31:55,160
Speaker 1: passes right through you.

672
00:31:55,400 --> 00:31:55,760
Speaker 5: Mmm.

673
00:31:55,960 --> 00:31:58,560
Speaker 7: Interesting. This is something we've known for a while, right.

674
00:31:58,680 --> 00:32:02,200
Speaker 1: This was discovered by Louis Pasteur himself more than one

675
00:32:02,280 --> 00:32:04,760
Speaker 1: hundred and fifty years ago. He synthesized a bunch of

676
00:32:04,840 --> 00:32:07,520
Speaker 1: chemicals and then he also distilled them from life, and

677
00:32:07,520 --> 00:32:10,960
Speaker 1: he noticed this difference. He noticed that the ones that

678
00:32:11,000 --> 00:32:13,480
Speaker 1: came from life had only one chirality, and the ones

679
00:32:13,520 --> 00:32:17,240
Speaker 1: that he synthesized himself had both kinds of kyality. So

680
00:32:17,280 --> 00:32:19,760
Speaker 1: it's been an open puzzle for more than one hundred

681
00:32:19,800 --> 00:32:22,560
Speaker 1: and fifty years of why life has this thing. They

682
00:32:22,560 --> 00:32:23,959
Speaker 1: call it bio chirality.

683
00:32:24,920 --> 00:32:27,000
Speaker 7: But back then, how do we know that a molecule

684
00:32:27,080 --> 00:32:29,000
Speaker 7: was right handed or left handed? Right we can of

685
00:32:29,120 --> 00:32:32,080
Speaker 7: like X ray or have super electron microscopes.

686
00:32:32,280 --> 00:32:34,920
Speaker 1: The way he discovered it was that these kiralities interact

687
00:32:34,960 --> 00:32:37,320
Speaker 1: with light a little bit differently. The light can have

688
00:32:37,360 --> 00:32:40,920
Speaker 1: different polarizations, which is related to the spin of those photons,

689
00:32:41,000 --> 00:32:44,160
Speaker 1: and that interacts slightly differently with those photons. And so

690
00:32:44,560 --> 00:32:47,640
Speaker 1: that's how he detected that the chemicals that he pulled

691
00:32:47,680 --> 00:32:50,360
Speaker 1: out of life were different from the chemicals that he

692
00:32:50,480 --> 00:32:54,560
Speaker 1: synthesized in the laboratory. And he actually predicted before we

693
00:32:54,640 --> 00:32:57,880
Speaker 1: even knew about the weak force or parody violation. He

694
00:32:57,920 --> 00:33:00,720
Speaker 1: predicted that there must be some sort of cosm particle

695
00:33:00,760 --> 00:33:05,640
Speaker 1: asymmetry which is generating this fundamental asymmetry in life. So

696
00:33:05,760 --> 00:33:08,640
Speaker 1: like one hundred years before we discovered parity violation, he

697
00:33:08,720 --> 00:33:09,800
Speaker 1: basically predicted it.

698
00:33:09,920 --> 00:33:13,320
Speaker 7: Wait one, he was thinking, maybe the reason that life

699
00:33:13,320 --> 00:33:17,400
Speaker 7: on Earth is mostly left handed one type of molecule

700
00:33:17,640 --> 00:33:19,920
Speaker 7: is something like something from space.

701
00:33:20,280 --> 00:33:23,680
Speaker 1: He was thinking that this asymmetry was revealing a deep

702
00:33:23,760 --> 00:33:27,320
Speaker 1: asymmetry in the universe itself, right, that there must be

703
00:33:27,360 --> 00:33:30,360
Speaker 1: some sort of cosmic origin to this. So Pastora wrote

704
00:33:30,480 --> 00:33:33,560
Speaker 1: this is in the eighteen forties. He wrote, quote, if

705
00:33:33,600 --> 00:33:37,560
Speaker 1: the foundations of life are di symmetric, then because of

706
00:33:37,720 --> 00:33:42,200
Speaker 1: die symmetric cosmic forces operating at their origin. This I

707
00:33:42,240 --> 00:33:44,360
Speaker 1: think is one of the links between life on the

708
00:33:44,400 --> 00:33:47,960
Speaker 1: Earth and the cosmos, that is, the totality of forces

709
00:33:48,040 --> 00:33:51,640
Speaker 1: in the universe. So that's Pasteur writing in the eighteen hundreds,

710
00:33:51,680 --> 00:33:54,480
Speaker 1: before we understood life the quantum nature of these forces

711
00:33:54,560 --> 00:33:57,840
Speaker 1: or particle spin or parody violation at all, he had

712
00:33:57,880 --> 00:34:01,520
Speaker 1: the sense that maybe the handed of life came somehow

713
00:34:01,560 --> 00:34:03,320
Speaker 1: from the handedness of the universe.

714
00:34:03,920 --> 00:34:06,040
Speaker 7: Whoa feels like a little bit of a stretch there

715
00:34:06,080 --> 00:34:10,040
Speaker 7: further to make that connection.

716
00:34:10,360 --> 00:34:12,479
Speaker 1: It might be one of these things where people write

717
00:34:12,480 --> 00:34:15,319
Speaker 1: a lot and most of their predictions are wrong, but

718
00:34:15,400 --> 00:34:17,839
Speaker 1: when they do hit the jackpot, people later on dig

719
00:34:17,880 --> 00:34:20,640
Speaker 1: them out and like, hey, look how forward thinking they are,

720
00:34:21,000 --> 00:34:23,080
Speaker 1: you know, the way you can find almost anything you like.

721
00:34:23,120 --> 00:34:24,320
Speaker 1: In the writings of Noster.

722
00:34:24,080 --> 00:34:26,120
Speaker 7: Damis, I wonder if it's sort of like saying like,

723
00:34:26,280 --> 00:34:28,400
Speaker 7: maybe in a way he would saying I mean, I'm

724
00:34:28,480 --> 00:34:30,200
Speaker 7: sure I know he was a scientist, but maybe in

725
00:34:30,200 --> 00:34:31,759
Speaker 7: a way you're saying, like, you know, maybe God is

726
00:34:31,840 --> 00:34:34,759
Speaker 7: left handed and that's why he made a human, you know,

727
00:34:35,520 --> 00:34:38,480
Speaker 7: humans in a particular handedness, or like maybe God is

728
00:34:38,560 --> 00:34:40,560
Speaker 7: right handed, that's why most humans are right handed.

729
00:34:40,640 --> 00:34:44,040
Speaker 1: Yeah, that's another great example of asymmetry. Right, why are

730
00:34:44,120 --> 00:34:47,360
Speaker 1: humans mostly right handed and not left handed? We know

731
00:34:47,440 --> 00:34:49,920
Speaker 1: that it can work both ways, obviously, but why are

732
00:34:49,960 --> 00:34:53,360
Speaker 1: humans mostly right handed and not mostly left handed? It

733
00:34:53,400 --> 00:34:55,480
Speaker 1: seems like sort of an arbitrary choice, and it makes

734
00:34:55,520 --> 00:34:58,000
Speaker 1: you wonder, like where does that come from? Is it

735
00:34:58,120 --> 00:35:00,880
Speaker 1: just random or is there a fundament the reason at

736
00:35:00,880 --> 00:35:04,680
Speaker 1: the heart of the universe that's creating this asymmetry. That's

737
00:35:04,680 --> 00:35:06,680
Speaker 1: sort of the philosophy question, right. You always want to

738
00:35:06,680 --> 00:35:08,440
Speaker 1: know the why, not just the how.

739
00:35:08,360 --> 00:35:10,200
Speaker 7: Right, right, And we all know we're just here to

740
00:35:10,280 --> 00:35:13,839
Speaker 7: set things up for the greater discipline of philosophy. But

741
00:35:13,880 --> 00:35:15,840
Speaker 7: I think, you know, I guess if half of the

742
00:35:15,960 --> 00:35:18,000
Speaker 7: humans on Earth are right handed and half of them

743
00:35:18,000 --> 00:35:20,200
Speaker 7: were left handed, it would be pretty awkward all the

744
00:35:20,239 --> 00:35:24,120
Speaker 7: time trying to shake hands with people. So maybe the

745
00:35:24,160 --> 00:35:26,680
Speaker 7: whole reason most people right hand is just to you know,

746
00:35:26,920 --> 00:35:27,880
Speaker 7: make things more social.

747
00:35:28,120 --> 00:35:30,359
Speaker 1: Yeah, I think that's beyond my pay grade, all.

748
00:35:30,280 --> 00:35:32,439
Speaker 7: Right, Well, that it's a big question. Why does life

749
00:35:32,480 --> 00:35:37,040
Speaker 7: on Earth prefer one kind of handed molecules and not

750
00:35:37,239 --> 00:35:39,399
Speaker 7: the other? I guess one reason is that it could

751
00:35:39,400 --> 00:35:42,160
Speaker 7: have been random, right, Like it just you know, picked

752
00:35:42,480 --> 00:35:45,640
Speaker 7: left handed molecules and when with that.

753
00:35:45,680 --> 00:35:49,799
Speaker 1: Yeah, it could be basically a coin flip billions of

754
00:35:49,880 --> 00:35:53,160
Speaker 1: years ago that could have gone either direction. But once

755
00:35:53,200 --> 00:35:56,480
Speaker 1: you pick one side, like symmetry breaking, then you just

756
00:35:56,560 --> 00:35:58,080
Speaker 1: got to go with it. Like if a bunch of

757
00:35:58,080 --> 00:36:01,080
Speaker 1: people are seated at a table, you have like glasses

758
00:36:01,120 --> 00:36:03,919
Speaker 1: placed between the plates. Is your glass on the left

759
00:36:03,960 --> 00:36:06,160
Speaker 1: side or the right side? As soon as one person

760
00:36:06,280 --> 00:36:08,480
Speaker 1: picks their glass on the right side. Then everybody's going

761
00:36:08,520 --> 00:36:10,560
Speaker 1: to use the right handed glass, But they could have

762
00:36:10,600 --> 00:36:13,640
Speaker 1: picked the left one and everything would have worked just fine.

763
00:36:13,680 --> 00:36:15,319
Speaker 1: So we don't know if it was just like a

764
00:36:15,440 --> 00:36:18,840
Speaker 1: random event billions of years ago in the primordial soup

765
00:36:19,160 --> 00:36:22,719
Speaker 1: that led us to all have this one handedness, or

766
00:36:22,880 --> 00:36:24,240
Speaker 1: maybe there is a reason.

767
00:36:24,520 --> 00:36:26,799
Speaker 7: Yeah, I wonder like if there was some competition in

768
00:36:26,840 --> 00:36:30,000
Speaker 7: the in early life billions of years ago, like maybe

769
00:36:30,120 --> 00:36:33,240
Speaker 7: a bunch of particles started assembling in the left handed

770
00:36:33,239 --> 00:36:35,920
Speaker 7: way and a bunch of particles started assembling in a

771
00:36:36,000 --> 00:36:38,400
Speaker 7: right handed way, and for a while, maybe there was

772
00:36:38,600 --> 00:36:41,160
Speaker 7: life could potentially get early on, there could have been

773
00:36:41,239 --> 00:36:44,200
Speaker 7: life with both handedness. It's just that one somehow beat

774
00:36:44,200 --> 00:36:44,640
Speaker 7: out the other.

775
00:36:44,800 --> 00:36:46,920
Speaker 1: Yeah, it could be, or it could be that it's

776
00:36:46,960 --> 00:36:50,799
Speaker 1: selected for either before life starts or after. Right, it

777
00:36:50,920 --> 00:36:54,759
Speaker 1: might be that the processes that generate these organic molecules

778
00:36:54,880 --> 00:36:58,040
Speaker 1: naturally prefer to generate them in a right handed or

779
00:36:58,120 --> 00:37:00,719
Speaker 1: left handed way, like out there in space when you

780
00:37:00,760 --> 00:37:04,400
Speaker 1: have these organic molecules in soups, are there equal amounts

781
00:37:04,400 --> 00:37:06,640
Speaker 1: of left and right handed molecules? Or is there an

782
00:37:06,680 --> 00:37:09,600
Speaker 1: asymmetry there before life even gets started? Then You can

783
00:37:09,680 --> 00:37:14,200
Speaker 1: also ask afterwards, if life gets started equally often left

784
00:37:14,239 --> 00:37:17,360
Speaker 1: and right handed, is there some preference for is one

785
00:37:17,400 --> 00:37:20,920
Speaker 1: more likely to survive? Is there something about the universe

786
00:37:21,080 --> 00:37:23,040
Speaker 1: which gives one of them a boost right?

787
00:37:23,080 --> 00:37:26,759
Speaker 7: I think you're asking, maybe God is not ambidexterrous. Maybe

788
00:37:27,120 --> 00:37:30,359
Speaker 7: God this my preference for right or left handed, and

789
00:37:30,480 --> 00:37:32,640
Speaker 7: could we see that in the laws of the universe.

790
00:37:32,719 --> 00:37:34,680
Speaker 7: And so let's get into whether or not there is

791
00:37:34,719 --> 00:37:39,000
Speaker 7: a connection between the left handedness of life and the

792
00:37:39,120 --> 00:37:42,360
Speaker 7: right handedness of quantum particles. But first, let's take another

793
00:37:42,440 --> 00:37:42,919
Speaker 7: quick break.

794
00:37:47,920 --> 00:37:49,680
Speaker 1: When you pop a piece of cheese into your mouth,

795
00:37:49,800 --> 00:37:52,960
Speaker 1: or enjoy a rich spoonful of Greek yogurt, you're probably

796
00:37:53,000 --> 00:37:57,040
Speaker 1: not thinking about the environmental impact of each and every bite.

797
00:37:57,080 --> 00:37:59,640
Speaker 1: But the people in the dairy industry are us. Dairy

798
00:37:59,680 --> 00:38:03,359
Speaker 1: has said, let themselves some ambitious sustainability goals, including being

799
00:38:03,400 --> 00:38:06,359
Speaker 1: greenhouse gas neutral by twenty to fifty. That's why they're

800
00:38:06,400 --> 00:38:09,000
Speaker 1: working hard every day to find new ways to reduce waste,

801
00:38:09,080 --> 00:38:13,279
Speaker 1: conserve natural resources, and drive down greenhouse gas emissions. Take water,

802
00:38:13,320 --> 00:38:16,399
Speaker 1: for example, most dairy farms reuse water up to four

803
00:38:16,480 --> 00:38:19,919
Speaker 1: times the same water cools the milk cleans equipment, washes

804
00:38:19,960 --> 00:38:22,760
Speaker 1: the barn, and irrigates the crops. How is US Dairy

805
00:38:22,800 --> 00:38:26,560
Speaker 1: tackling greenhouse gases? Many farms use anaerobic digestors that turn

806
00:38:26,600 --> 00:38:30,520
Speaker 1: the methane from maneure into renewable energy that can power farms, towns,

807
00:38:30,520 --> 00:38:32,600
Speaker 1: and electric cars. So the next time you grab a

808
00:38:32,640 --> 00:38:34,680
Speaker 1: slice of pizza or lick an ice cream cone, know

809
00:38:34,719 --> 00:38:37,359
Speaker 1: that dairy farmers and processors around the country are using

810
00:38:37,440 --> 00:38:40,959
Speaker 1: the latest practices and innovations to provide the nutrient dense

811
00:38:41,080 --> 00:38:43,759
Speaker 1: dairy products we love with less of an impact. Visit

812
00:38:43,880 --> 00:38:46,680
Speaker 1: usdairy dot com slash sustainability to learn more.

813
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Speaker 2: There are children, friends, and families walking, riding on passing

814
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Speaker 2: the roads every day. Remember they're real people with loved

815
00:38:53,680 --> 00:38:55,880
Speaker 2: ones who need them to get home safely. Protect our

816
00:38:55,880 --> 00:38:59,400
Speaker 2: cyclists and pedestrians because they're people too. Go safely, California

817
00:38:59,440 --> 00:39:01,680
Speaker 2: From the californ Your Office of Traffic Safety Encountrans.

818
00:39:01,840 --> 00:39:05,799
Speaker 3: We're just days away from our twenty twenty four iHeartRadio

819
00:39:05,960 --> 00:39:09,000
Speaker 3: Music Festival, preceded by Capitol wy The.

820
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821
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822
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824
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826
00:39:27,600 --> 00:39:30,600
Speaker 6: This Friday and Saturday, starting at ten thirty pm Eastern

827
00:39:30,680 --> 00:39:31,760
Speaker 6: seven thirty Pacific.

828
00:39:32,520 --> 00:39:35,160
Speaker 10: Hi everyone, it's me Katie Couric. If you follow me

829
00:39:35,239 --> 00:39:37,600
Speaker 10: on social media, you know I love to cook, or

830
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Speaker 10: at least try, especially alongside some of my favorite chefs

831
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Speaker 10: and foodies like Benny Blanco, Jake Cohen, Lighty Hoyke, Alison Roman,

832
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833
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834
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835
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837
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838
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839
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843
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844
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845
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846
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847
00:40:43,960 --> 00:40:46,600
Speaker 7: All right, we are doing some of the pre work

848
00:40:46,640 --> 00:40:51,200
Speaker 7: here for philosophers. We're warming to crowd up here with

849
00:40:51,320 --> 00:40:54,439
Speaker 7: some interesting thinking about the universe and life on Earth,

850
00:40:54,520 --> 00:40:58,120
Speaker 7: asking the question can particle spin or did particle spin

851
00:40:58,239 --> 00:41:01,920
Speaker 7: affect life on Earth? So we've talked about how fundamental

852
00:41:02,000 --> 00:41:04,600
Speaker 7: quantum particles have a spin, they have an up or

853
00:41:04,640 --> 00:41:07,239
Speaker 7: down spin, and we also talked about how life on

854
00:41:07,360 --> 00:41:10,640
Speaker 7: Earth has a preference for left handed molecules over right

855
00:41:10,640 --> 00:41:13,560
Speaker 7: handed amino acid molecules. And so the question is are

856
00:41:13,600 --> 00:41:17,200
Speaker 7: these two things related. Does the spin of sparticles affect

857
00:41:17,200 --> 00:41:20,920
Speaker 7: how molecules form or do somehow the laws of physics

858
00:41:20,920 --> 00:41:24,800
Speaker 7: somehow prefer left handed amino acids. Let's get into that connection.

859
00:41:25,080 --> 00:41:27,239
Speaker 1: It is a really fun question. And I was reading

860
00:41:27,320 --> 00:41:30,560
Speaker 1: this very long and detailed paper about the connections between

861
00:41:30,600 --> 00:41:33,680
Speaker 1: particle spin and biochirality and actually start out with a

862
00:41:33,680 --> 00:41:36,760
Speaker 1: bit of a rant, a complaint about calling life left

863
00:41:36,760 --> 00:41:39,000
Speaker 1: handed or right handed, because there's all sorts of ways

864
00:41:39,040 --> 00:41:41,520
Speaker 1: you can define it. So they prefer to define the

865
00:41:41,600 --> 00:41:46,640
Speaker 1: orientation of our chemistry as live live, and the opposite

866
00:41:46,680 --> 00:41:51,319
Speaker 1: orientation as evil live backwards ev il. So this whole

867
00:41:51,360 --> 00:41:54,560
Speaker 1: paper talks about normal life versus evil life.

868
00:41:54,600 --> 00:41:57,440
Speaker 7: And this is a physics paper or is this a

869
00:41:57,440 --> 00:41:58,120
Speaker 7: blog post?

870
00:41:59,520 --> 00:42:02,480
Speaker 1: This is a paper published in a prestigious journal.

871
00:42:02,560 --> 00:42:05,879
Speaker 7: And somehow calling life evil or live is better than

872
00:42:05,920 --> 00:42:08,080
Speaker 7: calling it the left handed or right handed.

873
00:42:08,200 --> 00:42:10,040
Speaker 1: I don't know. It's a philosophy question.

874
00:42:10,280 --> 00:42:12,200
Speaker 7: So this is all based kind of on a paper

875
00:42:12,200 --> 00:42:14,840
Speaker 7: that tries to make a connection between quantum particle spin

876
00:42:15,000 --> 00:42:18,960
Speaker 7: and the coreality or the handedness of life molecules. Is

877
00:42:18,960 --> 00:42:20,840
Speaker 7: there a connection, Daniel between these two things.

878
00:42:21,000 --> 00:42:25,000
Speaker 1: So there is a plausible mechanism for connecting the preference

879
00:42:25,080 --> 00:42:29,439
Speaker 1: of the weak force to produce left handed particles and

880
00:42:30,160 --> 00:42:35,120
Speaker 1: life selecting for this kind of chirality. There's a plausible mechanism.

881
00:42:35,320 --> 00:42:38,480
Speaker 1: It's very very thin, it's a very very slight preference,

882
00:42:38,520 --> 00:42:41,480
Speaker 1: and it's not something we've proven, but it is possible.

883
00:42:41,600 --> 00:42:45,480
Speaker 1: And it comes down to particles from space. Right Cosmic

884
00:42:45,600 --> 00:42:48,399
Speaker 1: rays are these particles that hit the Earth at very

885
00:42:48,480 --> 00:42:51,320
Speaker 1: very high speeds and they come from like the centers

886
00:42:51,320 --> 00:42:54,279
Speaker 1: of other galaxies, or they come from our Sun, and

887
00:42:54,320 --> 00:42:59,359
Speaker 1: they're just normal particles, protons, electrons, positrons. Sometimes they hit

888
00:42:59,400 --> 00:43:01,319
Speaker 1: the top of the app sphere and they create a

889
00:43:01,360 --> 00:43:04,600
Speaker 1: big shower of particles. Because a particle hits the atmosphere,

890
00:43:04,600 --> 00:43:06,840
Speaker 1: it's sort of like a meteor hitting the atmosphere. It

891
00:43:06,960 --> 00:43:09,600
Speaker 1: heats up and slows down and spreads out its energy,

892
00:43:09,800 --> 00:43:12,240
Speaker 1: so you get a big shower of particles on the surface.

893
00:43:12,520 --> 00:43:14,600
Speaker 1: And this is something very normal. It's something we've been

894
00:43:14,640 --> 00:43:17,480
Speaker 1: experiencing as living beings on the surface of the Earth

895
00:43:17,719 --> 00:43:20,000
Speaker 1: for a very very long time. Cosmic rates hit the

896
00:43:20,000 --> 00:43:23,440
Speaker 1: atmosphere and create essentially radiation on the surface of the

897
00:43:23,480 --> 00:43:27,440
Speaker 1: Earth that interacts with us and interacts with our organic chemistry,

898
00:43:27,480 --> 00:43:29,080
Speaker 1: specifically our DNA.

899
00:43:29,400 --> 00:43:32,920
Speaker 7: Right, we sort of can't see it on our regular skies,

900
00:43:32,960 --> 00:43:34,799
Speaker 7: but you can sort of see it in the northern lights, right.

901
00:43:34,840 --> 00:43:37,320
Speaker 7: That's kind of what the northern lights are. Particles hitting

902
00:43:37,320 --> 00:43:38,160
Speaker 7: the atmosphere.

903
00:43:38,280 --> 00:43:40,680
Speaker 1: Yeah, and particles hitting the atmosphere and in that case

904
00:43:40,840 --> 00:43:43,800
Speaker 1: getting shunted up to the poles by the magnetic fields.

905
00:43:44,040 --> 00:43:46,120
Speaker 1: Or the reason that we don't have more radiation here

906
00:43:46,160 --> 00:43:48,160
Speaker 1: on the surface of the Earth is our atmosphere. The

907
00:43:48,200 --> 00:43:50,719
Speaker 1: second reason is our magnetic field acts sort of like

908
00:43:50,760 --> 00:43:53,440
Speaker 1: a shield, but some of it does get through and

909
00:43:53,520 --> 00:43:56,640
Speaker 1: gets down to the surface and affects the way life operates.

910
00:43:56,680 --> 00:44:00,600
Speaker 1: You know, a crucial element of evolution is mutation. You

911
00:44:00,640 --> 00:44:03,280
Speaker 1: don't want just to copy the genes of the parents.

912
00:44:03,280 --> 00:44:06,600
Speaker 1: You want to try something new, which requires either making

913
00:44:06,600 --> 00:44:09,600
Speaker 1: a mistake when you're transcribing the DNA from the parent

914
00:44:09,640 --> 00:44:14,120
Speaker 1: to the child, or having a mistake introduced from for example,

915
00:44:14,200 --> 00:44:17,720
Speaker 1: a cosmic ray. I mean, passing through your DNA for example,

916
00:44:18,000 --> 00:44:20,359
Speaker 1: could alter the chemistry of it in the same way

917
00:44:20,360 --> 00:44:23,440
Speaker 1: that like radiation can give you cancer by changing the

918
00:44:23,440 --> 00:44:27,040
Speaker 1: fundamental operation of your cells, it can also change your DNA.

919
00:44:27,440 --> 00:44:30,520
Speaker 7: Yeah, and that's kind of an essential ingredient in life

920
00:44:30,560 --> 00:44:33,799
Speaker 7: and evolution, right, Like if you didn't have mutations, then

921
00:44:33,880 --> 00:44:37,200
Speaker 7: life would never evolve, it would never change, like that's

922
00:44:37,239 --> 00:44:40,200
Speaker 7: how it started. But also like you need mutations just

923
00:44:40,239 --> 00:44:42,960
Speaker 7: to evolve life because of DNA never changed. If it

924
00:44:43,040 --> 00:44:45,919
Speaker 7: copied perfectly from one generation to the other, you would

925
00:44:45,920 --> 00:44:48,200
Speaker 7: just still have the same organism you started with. You

926
00:44:48,239 --> 00:44:51,239
Speaker 7: would never evolve or come up with better versions of

927
00:44:51,280 --> 00:44:52,440
Speaker 7: the species.

928
00:44:52,600 --> 00:44:54,880
Speaker 1: Yeah, in order to explore the space of all possible

929
00:44:54,960 --> 00:44:59,920
Speaker 1: organisms effectively, right, you need a population that has different abilities,

930
00:45:00,280 --> 00:45:02,160
Speaker 1: and the best way to do that is to introduce

931
00:45:02,280 --> 00:45:06,120
Speaker 1: random mutation. That's essentially what evolution does. So cosmic rays

932
00:45:06,200 --> 00:45:09,120
Speaker 1: have played an important part in our evolution. We think

933
00:45:09,120 --> 00:45:11,240
Speaker 1: it's actually key. Like, if you could build a perfect

934
00:45:11,280 --> 00:45:13,360
Speaker 1: shield so we had no radiation on the surface of

935
00:45:13,360 --> 00:45:15,439
Speaker 1: the Earth, then the history of life on Earth would

936
00:45:15,440 --> 00:45:17,880
Speaker 1: be very very different and might not have succeeded.

937
00:45:18,120 --> 00:45:21,000
Speaker 7: Right. Well, you would still have mutations, you just wouldn't

938
00:45:21,040 --> 00:45:24,360
Speaker 7: have them from radiation coming from space, right.

939
00:45:24,200 --> 00:45:26,719
Speaker 1: And we don't really know what would happen in that scenario, right,

940
00:45:26,760 --> 00:45:30,160
Speaker 1: life would evolve very differently, changes the conditions of life.

941
00:45:30,680 --> 00:45:32,360
Speaker 1: And so what we do know is that the conditions

942
00:45:32,400 --> 00:45:34,520
Speaker 1: we have here on Earth are the ones that gave

943
00:45:34,600 --> 00:45:37,400
Speaker 1: birth to us, right to this kind of life.

944
00:45:37,600 --> 00:45:40,080
Speaker 7: Right. I guess if we had less of a shielding

945
00:45:40,120 --> 00:45:42,720
Speaker 7: from radiation from space, we would have had more radiation

946
00:45:42,800 --> 00:45:45,400
Speaker 7: and maybe too many mutations, right, in which case we

947
00:45:45,440 --> 00:45:46,800
Speaker 7: wouldn't have evolved either.

948
00:45:46,920 --> 00:45:50,080
Speaker 1: Yeah, it's a really interesting question and sort of like biophilosophy,

949
00:45:50,239 --> 00:45:52,600
Speaker 1: like what is the best rate of mutation we just

950
00:45:52,640 --> 00:45:55,600
Speaker 1: don't know the answer to that. People theorize and run experiments,

951
00:45:55,640 --> 00:45:57,320
Speaker 1: but you know, we have a certain level of radiation

952
00:45:57,360 --> 00:45:59,200
Speaker 1: and we think that that's a key part of how

953
00:45:59,239 --> 00:46:00,920
Speaker 1: we evolved who we are.

954
00:46:01,080 --> 00:46:03,480
Speaker 7: All right, So then how does left or right handedness

955
00:46:03,520 --> 00:46:04,040
Speaker 7: come into it?

956
00:46:04,120 --> 00:46:06,879
Speaker 1: Well, it turns out that these cosmic rays that come

957
00:46:06,920 --> 00:46:10,399
Speaker 1: from space are not equally left or right handed. When

958
00:46:10,400 --> 00:46:13,000
Speaker 1: we talk about the particle spin, is what happens when

959
00:46:13,000 --> 00:46:15,279
Speaker 1: a particle hits the upper atmosphere is it creates this

960
00:46:15,440 --> 00:46:19,520
Speaker 1: shower of particles. Typically, these particles called pions, which don't

961
00:46:19,560 --> 00:46:21,960
Speaker 1: live very long. They tend to decay and they decay

962
00:46:22,000 --> 00:46:26,000
Speaker 1: into muons. That decay is done by the weak force.

963
00:46:26,400 --> 00:46:28,760
Speaker 1: The weak force is the thing that breaks up the pions.

964
00:46:28,760 --> 00:46:31,240
Speaker 1: It turns it into a muon and also for example,

965
00:46:31,280 --> 00:46:34,200
Speaker 1: a neutrino. And because the weak force is in charge

966
00:46:34,200 --> 00:46:37,000
Speaker 1: of that moment, it only makes left handed muons because

967
00:46:37,000 --> 00:46:38,440
Speaker 1: that's all it knows how to do. It doesn't know

968
00:46:38,480 --> 00:46:41,400
Speaker 1: how to make right handed muons. It ignores right handed muons.

969
00:46:41,440 --> 00:46:44,920
Speaker 1: It pretends they don't even exist. So coming from space,

970
00:46:45,000 --> 00:46:48,680
Speaker 1: we're overwhelmed with left handed muons, which means that the

971
00:46:48,680 --> 00:46:51,719
Speaker 1: cosmic rays all of a sudden are not symmetric. Right,

972
00:46:51,760 --> 00:46:55,080
Speaker 1: so the environment we've involved in is not symmetric because

973
00:46:55,160 --> 00:46:58,560
Speaker 1: of the weak force, and those left handed muons tend

974
00:46:58,560 --> 00:47:02,880
Speaker 1: to interact with our dens slightly differently than right handed

975
00:47:02,920 --> 00:47:03,920
Speaker 1: muons would.

976
00:47:03,840 --> 00:47:05,719
Speaker 7: Meaning that most of the mions that come down on

977
00:47:05,760 --> 00:47:08,520
Speaker 7: Earth are left handed, not right handed exactly.

978
00:47:08,920 --> 00:47:11,799
Speaker 1: Those muons are left handed, and that creates a slight

979
00:47:11,880 --> 00:47:15,240
Speaker 1: preference for left handed amino acids. We think that left

980
00:47:15,280 --> 00:47:20,640
Speaker 1: handed muons have a slightly higher probability of ionizing left

981
00:47:20,680 --> 00:47:23,840
Speaker 1: handed amino acids than right handed amino acids.

982
00:47:24,160 --> 00:47:27,080
Speaker 7: Wait, what, what Why is it that left handed muons

983
00:47:27,320 --> 00:47:29,920
Speaker 7: interact mostly with left handed amino acids.

984
00:47:30,040 --> 00:47:32,759
Speaker 1: It's very subtle effect, but it's again because of the

985
00:47:32,800 --> 00:47:35,560
Speaker 1: weak force. The weak force has this asymmetry and has

986
00:47:35,760 --> 00:47:38,799
Speaker 1: very small effects on the chemistry of life. It can,

987
00:47:38,840 --> 00:47:43,239
Speaker 1: for example, change the electric and magnetic dipole moments of

988
00:47:43,280 --> 00:47:46,720
Speaker 1: some of these atoms inside these molecules, so their shape

989
00:47:46,760 --> 00:47:49,840
Speaker 1: is like slightly different if they're left handed or right handed,

990
00:47:49,880 --> 00:47:51,759
Speaker 1: which means that the muons passing through them are like

991
00:47:52,160 --> 00:47:54,759
Speaker 1: more or less likely to interact with them because they

992
00:47:54,800 --> 00:47:58,400
Speaker 1: spend like more or less time within that electric or

993
00:47:58,400 --> 00:48:01,400
Speaker 1: magnetic atomic fields. It's a very subtle calculation.

994
00:48:01,520 --> 00:48:04,160
Speaker 7: Wait, are you saying that the left handed muons showering

995
00:48:04,160 --> 00:48:06,640
Speaker 7: the Earth, coming down on Earth through our atmosphere are

996
00:48:06,680 --> 00:48:11,560
Speaker 7: more likely to interact with a certain type of atom

997
00:48:11,880 --> 00:48:14,320
Speaker 7: or a certain type of electron that you can only

998
00:48:14,360 --> 00:48:16,400
Speaker 7: see on the left handed molecules.

999
00:48:16,520 --> 00:48:20,239
Speaker 1: Yeah, that's right. Left handed muons will interact with right

1000
00:48:20,280 --> 00:48:23,280
Speaker 1: handed or left handed amino acids, but they are more

1001
00:48:23,440 --> 00:48:26,680
Speaker 1: likely to interact with left handed amino acids than right handed,

1002
00:48:26,880 --> 00:48:29,400
Speaker 1: just by a little bit. It's not like a complete preference.

1003
00:48:29,640 --> 00:48:32,560
Speaker 7: Why because a left handed amino acid is different than

1004
00:48:32,600 --> 00:48:34,799
Speaker 7: the right handed aminu acid, not because of any spin,

1005
00:48:34,880 --> 00:48:37,719
Speaker 7: it's just how the particles, the atoms are arranged. So

1006
00:48:37,960 --> 00:48:40,600
Speaker 7: why would the left handed muon, which is a tiny,

1007
00:48:40,640 --> 00:48:45,000
Speaker 7: tiny particle, care about the giant structure of a molecule.

1008
00:48:44,560 --> 00:48:47,439
Speaker 1: Because when the muon is interacting with that atom, it's

1009
00:48:47,560 --> 00:48:50,799
Speaker 1: interacting not just with the electromagnetic force, but also with

1010
00:48:50,880 --> 00:48:53,560
Speaker 1: the weak force, because the muon feels the weak force,

1011
00:48:53,680 --> 00:48:56,000
Speaker 1: and so there is a difference between the left and

1012
00:48:56,080 --> 00:48:59,080
Speaker 1: right handed amino acids because of the weak force it

1013
00:48:59,080 --> 00:49:02,480
Speaker 1: affects the electric dipole moment and the magnetic dipole moments

1014
00:49:02,800 --> 00:49:06,000
Speaker 1: of these atoms, and so that affects how the left

1015
00:49:06,080 --> 00:49:08,239
Speaker 1: or right handed particles will interact with them.

1016
00:49:08,360 --> 00:49:11,240
Speaker 7: Are you saying that like a left handed amino acid

1017
00:49:11,560 --> 00:49:14,319
Speaker 7: is made up of different atoms or different atoms with

1018
00:49:14,520 --> 00:49:16,520
Speaker 7: different spins than a right handed amino acid.

1019
00:49:16,640 --> 00:49:19,640
Speaker 1: No, it's the same atoms, right, it's just flipped to

1020
00:49:19,719 --> 00:49:22,960
Speaker 1: be left handed, and so the arrangement is slightly different,

1021
00:49:23,280 --> 00:49:26,560
Speaker 1: and that gives a different pattern of the electromagnetic fields.

1022
00:49:26,840 --> 00:49:28,799
Speaker 1: And this is a very small effect, right, This is

1023
00:49:28,920 --> 00:49:32,040
Speaker 1: really a tiny effect. It's like second order. This effect

1024
00:49:32,080 --> 00:49:35,400
Speaker 1: is like three parts in twenty thousand. Right, Most of

1025
00:49:35,440 --> 00:49:37,840
Speaker 1: the time these things will be treated exactly the same,

1026
00:49:38,280 --> 00:49:41,640
Speaker 1: because most of the time it's the electromagnetic interaction that dominates,

1027
00:49:41,640 --> 00:49:44,400
Speaker 1: which is symmetric. But the weak force sometimes is a

1028
00:49:44,440 --> 00:49:47,000
Speaker 1: thing that mediates that interaction, and so it tends to

1029
00:49:47,000 --> 00:49:50,360
Speaker 1: prefer the left handed version of these amino acids. But again,

1030
00:49:50,600 --> 00:49:52,440
Speaker 1: just a tiny fraction of the time.

1031
00:49:53,000 --> 00:49:55,239
Speaker 7: It seems to be like a totally different effect, like

1032
00:49:55,400 --> 00:49:57,360
Speaker 7: a left handed muon. It could have been that a

1033
00:49:57,440 --> 00:50:02,439
Speaker 7: left handed muon prefers to interact with a right handed molecule. Right,

1034
00:50:03,239 --> 00:50:05,360
Speaker 7: It's just that it just so happens that the molecules

1035
00:50:05,400 --> 00:50:08,280
Speaker 7: that left handed NEOs like to interact with a little

1036
00:50:08,320 --> 00:50:11,000
Speaker 7: bit more are the ones we call the left handed

1037
00:50:11,000 --> 00:50:11,800
Speaker 7: amino acids.

1038
00:50:11,960 --> 00:50:14,080
Speaker 1: Yeah, that's right. Or in this paper they call them

1039
00:50:14,200 --> 00:50:17,400
Speaker 1: the live choice. And the paper they go through this

1040
00:50:17,520 --> 00:50:20,640
Speaker 1: very complicated calculation and they come out with this prediction.

1041
00:50:20,760 --> 00:50:23,120
Speaker 1: They say, we predict that there is a difference, and

1042
00:50:23,160 --> 00:50:25,560
Speaker 1: it has to do with the time the particle spends

1043
00:50:25,600 --> 00:50:29,160
Speaker 1: traversing the electromagnetic field and how the weak force interacts

1044
00:50:29,200 --> 00:50:32,560
Speaker 1: with it, and so they predict this very slight effect again,

1045
00:50:32,719 --> 00:50:36,120
Speaker 1: really really tiny effect. But the idea is that maybe

1046
00:50:36,160 --> 00:50:40,680
Speaker 1: over millions and billions of years, these cosmic rays introduced

1047
00:50:40,840 --> 00:50:45,040
Speaker 1: more ionization effects in our kind of chirality, and not

1048
00:50:45,160 --> 00:50:49,239
Speaker 1: in the evil the alternative kind of biochirality, which give

1049
00:50:49,320 --> 00:50:52,160
Speaker 1: us a boost, which let us explore these things faster,

1050
00:50:52,680 --> 00:50:56,040
Speaker 1: create more mutations and sort of like adapt more rapidly

1051
00:50:56,080 --> 00:50:59,880
Speaker 1: to changing conditions, And that may be over billions of years,

1052
00:51:00,200 --> 00:51:03,160
Speaker 1: led life to have this chirality instead of the opposite

1053
00:51:03,239 --> 00:51:07,360
Speaker 1: chirality because we get more mutations from left handed cosmic rays.

1054
00:51:07,560 --> 00:51:09,920
Speaker 7: M I see I think it's all making sense now

1055
00:51:09,960 --> 00:51:13,080
Speaker 7: because there are many different kinds of amino acids right Like,

1056
00:51:13,160 --> 00:51:15,120
Speaker 7: I think maybe what this writer is saying is that

1057
00:51:15,160 --> 00:51:18,520
Speaker 7: there's lots of different kinds of amino acids, but the

1058
00:51:18,560 --> 00:51:21,120
Speaker 7: ones that are used by life right now, he wants

1059
00:51:21,160 --> 00:51:24,359
Speaker 7: to call those like A, and the ones the versions

1060
00:51:24,440 --> 00:51:27,200
Speaker 7: that are not used by us, he wants to call

1061
00:51:27,239 --> 00:51:30,520
Speaker 7: those B, and so he wants he's trying to say,

1062
00:51:31,040 --> 00:51:34,040
Speaker 7: or she's trying to say that left handed muons. Can

1063
00:51:34,480 --> 00:51:37,920
Speaker 7: you can prove that maybe that left handed muons somehow

1064
00:51:38,040 --> 00:51:40,800
Speaker 7: like to interact more with A kinds of amino acids

1065
00:51:40,840 --> 00:51:44,360
Speaker 7: than B kind of amino acids. They're saying that left

1066
00:51:44,640 --> 00:51:46,799
Speaker 7: and right for the meons and left and right for

1067
00:51:46,840 --> 00:51:49,960
Speaker 7: the molecules is confusing. Let's just call them what molecules

1068
00:51:50,000 --> 00:51:52,400
Speaker 7: A or B, A being the ones that life prefers

1069
00:51:52,480 --> 00:51:55,000
Speaker 7: seems to have preferred here on Earth, and then let's

1070
00:51:55,000 --> 00:51:57,120
Speaker 7: stick to left and right hand for the muons we're.

1071
00:51:56,960 --> 00:51:59,320
Speaker 1: In the article they call A live and be evil.

1072
00:51:59,360 --> 00:52:00,920
Speaker 1: But yeah, we can go with A versus B.

1073
00:52:01,160 --> 00:52:02,600
Speaker 7: Yeah, it sounds a little more benign.

1074
00:52:02,840 --> 00:52:05,120
Speaker 1: I mean, if we do meet like humans from another

1075
00:52:05,160 --> 00:52:08,920
Speaker 1: place and they have the other handedness of their biochirality.

1076
00:52:09,280 --> 00:52:11,560
Speaker 1: You're not gonna let me call them evil humans.

1077
00:52:11,480 --> 00:52:13,719
Speaker 7: No, because how do you know you're not the evil one?

1078
00:52:14,360 --> 00:52:17,239
Speaker 7: Maybe left handed humans are better than right handed humans.

1079
00:52:18,160 --> 00:52:20,319
Speaker 1: I think I've just realized we're the baties, aren't we.

1080
00:52:20,600 --> 00:52:24,680
Speaker 7: It's right, the enemy is us. We've met the enemy

1081
00:52:24,719 --> 00:52:25,480
Speaker 7: and it is us.

1082
00:52:25,600 --> 00:52:29,080
Speaker 1: Yes, exactly. So that's the idea, and nobody knows if

1083
00:52:29,120 --> 00:52:31,880
Speaker 1: this effect is big enough to actually have an impact

1084
00:52:31,920 --> 00:52:34,439
Speaker 1: on life at all. There's a lot of dot dot

1085
00:52:34,480 --> 00:52:37,959
Speaker 1: dots here. It's like almost the same as Pasteur is saying,

1086
00:52:37,960 --> 00:52:41,719
Speaker 1: like maybe somehow the universe prefers one kind of kirality.

1087
00:52:41,880 --> 00:52:43,719
Speaker 1: This is a way that the universe does seem to

1088
00:52:43,760 --> 00:52:47,160
Speaker 1: prefer one side of a symmetric pair, and you can

1089
00:52:47,200 --> 00:52:49,360
Speaker 1: draw some dots between that and how it might have

1090
00:52:49,480 --> 00:52:52,719
Speaker 1: influenced life. It's not conclusive to say that this is

1091
00:52:52,760 --> 00:52:55,319
Speaker 1: definitely why life has this kirality.

1092
00:52:55,600 --> 00:52:58,360
Speaker 7: But maybe the idea here is that the kinds of

1093
00:52:58,680 --> 00:53:02,200
Speaker 7: amino acids that flourish here on Earth flourish because they're

1094
00:53:02,280 --> 00:53:06,520
Speaker 7: more likely to be affected by left handed muons, which

1095
00:53:06,560 --> 00:53:08,840
Speaker 7: is what the universe prefers to make. And so in

1096
00:53:08,880 --> 00:53:11,200
Speaker 7: a way, the universe kind of preferred to make the

1097
00:53:11,280 --> 00:53:14,719
Speaker 7: a kind of amino acid, or the kind that led to.

1098
00:53:14,719 --> 00:53:17,399
Speaker 1: Us, at least here on Earth. You know, in our

1099
00:53:17,480 --> 00:53:20,920
Speaker 1: Solar system, Earth is the only planet that has an atmosphere,

1100
00:53:20,920 --> 00:53:23,560
Speaker 1: which creates these muon showers that come all the way

1101
00:53:23,600 --> 00:53:26,520
Speaker 1: down to the Earth's surface. Muons don't last very long.

1102
00:53:26,560 --> 00:53:30,360
Speaker 1: They last for microseconds, but because they're going so fast,

1103
00:53:30,600 --> 00:53:33,080
Speaker 1: they actually do penetrate down to the Earth because their

1104
00:53:33,120 --> 00:53:36,319
Speaker 1: clocks are time dilated due to special relativity, so they

1105
00:53:36,320 --> 00:53:38,920
Speaker 1: tend to die off right around the Earth's surface. If

1106
00:53:38,920 --> 00:53:41,560
Speaker 1: the Earth's atmosphere was thicker, for example, they wouldn't make

1107
00:53:41,560 --> 00:53:43,000
Speaker 1: it all the way down to the ground.

1108
00:53:42,960 --> 00:53:45,120
Speaker 7: Right, But that's just our Solar system. This preference for

1109
00:53:45,239 --> 00:53:49,799
Speaker 7: left handed muons is universal, right, It's basically a lot

1110
00:53:49,880 --> 00:53:52,480
Speaker 7: of the universe. And so if there are other planets

1111
00:53:52,640 --> 00:53:56,120
Speaker 7: like ours with an atmosphere, and if maybe the very

1112
00:53:56,160 --> 00:53:59,040
Speaker 7: existence of life depends on having that kind of atmosphere

1113
00:53:59,560 --> 00:54:03,319
Speaker 7: in that on it, the conditions may also prefer the

1114
00:54:03,360 --> 00:54:05,480
Speaker 7: a kind of amino acid that we're made out of.

1115
00:54:05,560 --> 00:54:09,560
Speaker 7: Because the universe prefers left handed muons, and so over

1116
00:54:09,600 --> 00:54:12,800
Speaker 7: there also the universe will prefer the A kind of

1117
00:54:12,800 --> 00:54:13,480
Speaker 7: amino acid.

1118
00:54:13,719 --> 00:54:16,919
Speaker 1: Yeah, that's the hypothesis, right, not yet proven, but that's

1119
00:54:16,960 --> 00:54:19,680
Speaker 1: the idea that maybe this is the reason that we

1120
00:54:19,800 --> 00:54:22,040
Speaker 1: have the A kind of amino acid and not the

1121
00:54:22,080 --> 00:54:22,600
Speaker 1: B kind.

1122
00:54:23,239 --> 00:54:26,680
Speaker 7: So you're saying we're less likely to meet evil twin

1123
00:54:26,760 --> 00:54:29,759
Speaker 7: versions of us out there, We're more likely to meet

1124
00:54:29,840 --> 00:54:30,960
Speaker 7: people who are just like us.

1125
00:54:31,080 --> 00:54:34,960
Speaker 1: Yeah, maybe particle spin will make for happy reunions with aliens.

1126
00:54:35,239 --> 00:54:37,239
Speaker 7: Yes, with non awkward handshakes.

1127
00:54:37,280 --> 00:54:39,239
Speaker 1: Maybe we should just fist bump the aliens when they

1128
00:54:39,280 --> 00:54:40,319
Speaker 1: get here, just in case.

1129
00:54:40,520 --> 00:54:43,160
Speaker 7: Yeah, that always works. I'm up for that. That way,

1130
00:54:43,480 --> 00:54:45,239
Speaker 7: you don't have to have that awkward question when you

1131
00:54:45,239 --> 00:54:47,480
Speaker 7: meet an alien. Hey, are you right handed or left handed?

1132
00:54:48,480 --> 00:54:51,120
Speaker 7: A fist bump? All right? Well, that's an interesting idea

1133
00:54:51,320 --> 00:54:54,680
Speaker 7: that maybe the universe does have a preference for the

1134
00:54:54,800 --> 00:54:57,080
Speaker 7: kind of life that we're made out of, and that

1135
00:54:57,680 --> 00:54:59,600
Speaker 7: we were maybe destined to be the way we are

1136
00:54:59,680 --> 00:55:00,200
Speaker 7: right now.

1137
00:55:00,120 --> 00:55:03,520
Speaker 1: And maybe particle physics is actually relevant to our life

1138
00:55:03,520 --> 00:55:06,360
Speaker 1: and your life and all life in the universe.

1139
00:55:06,640 --> 00:55:08,839
Speaker 7: We hope you enjoyed that. Thanks for joining us, See

1140
00:55:08,880 --> 00:55:09,399
Speaker 7: you next time.

1141
00:55:17,200 --> 00:55:20,000
Speaker 1: Thanks for listening, and remember that Daniel and Jorge Explain

1142
00:55:20,040 --> 00:55:24,040
Speaker 1: the Universe is a production of iHeartRadio. For more podcasts

1143
00:55:24,040 --> 00:55:28,719
Speaker 1: from iHeartRadio, visit the iHeartRadio app, Apple Podcasts, or wherever

1144
00:55:28,800 --> 00:55:42,640
Speaker 1: you listen to your favorite shows. When you pop a

1145
00:55:42,640 --> 00:55:44,960
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1146
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1147
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1150
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1151
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1157
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Speaker 2: cyclists and pedestrians because they're people too. Go safely. California.

1158
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Speaker 2: From the California Office of Traffic Safety and Caltrans.

1159
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Speaker 3: We're just days away from our twenty twenty four iHeartRadio

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1166
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1167
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Speaker 3: And listen on iHeartRadio.

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1170
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Speaker 6: seven thirty Pacific,