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Speaker 1: Welcome to steph you missed in history class from how

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Speaker 1: Stuff Works dot com. Hello, and welcome to the podcast.

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Speaker 1: I'm Tracy Wilson and I'm Holly Crying. Today's podcast was

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Speaker 1: originally supposed to be about afro ben uh, and don't

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Speaker 1: worry if you are one of the many many people

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Speaker 1: who asked for that one and are disappointed by the

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Speaker 1: words supposed to be uh. That episode is still in

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Speaker 1: the works, but very early on in researching it, a

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Speaker 1: book that I was reading was sort of setting the

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Speaker 1: stage with a description of life during the Restoration that

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Speaker 1: was the return of the British monarchy in sixteen sixty

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Speaker 1: in the years that followed it. And one bit of

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Speaker 1: this description was that when he was restored to the throne,

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Speaker 1: Charles the Second brought back a customary treatment for quote

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Speaker 1: the king's evil, also known as scrofula, and that treatment

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Speaker 1: was for the to touch people. I love it. You know, medicine. Yeah, yeah,

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Speaker 1: I knew. I knew that the practice of the monarch

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Speaker 1: laying on hands to cure sick people had been around

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Speaker 1: during the medieval period, but uh, I did not know

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Speaker 1: it had gone all the way into the Restoration. And

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Speaker 1: I definitely did not know that a particular illness was

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Speaker 1: so connected to it that people literally called it the

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Speaker 1: King's evil. So that was compelling enough to put off

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Speaker 1: Afriban until a little later, which conveniently also gives me

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Speaker 1: time to get through the immensely large book. Holly saw

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Speaker 1: that book last week while I was in Atlanta. It

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Speaker 1: was quite big. I did. Tracy was here visiting for work,

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Speaker 1: and she held up the book and said, how am

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Speaker 1: I ever going to get through this time? Because it

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Speaker 1: is really a serious tone it is it is, so

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Speaker 1: I'm glad that you'll have more time to work on

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Speaker 1: that one. Me too, because I was having that moment

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Speaker 1: where like when you're in middle school and you put

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Speaker 1: off your paper to the last minute. Except I didn't

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Speaker 1: put off the paper till the last minute. I just

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Speaker 1: didn't realize until I got into it how colossal the

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Speaker 1: research was. I like, how you think that's a middle

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Speaker 1: school thing and not say, in your forties working thing.

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Speaker 1: It could be that too. It is for me sometimes

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Speaker 1: not on purpose, but you know, we do lots of stuff,

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Speaker 1: so sometimes things fill in and I don't get as

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Speaker 1: much time as I would like to write a thing. Um,

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Speaker 1: But today we know that scraphula is caused by the

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Speaker 1: same bacteria as tuberculosis, and tuberculosis has been around for

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Speaker 1: at least nine thousand years. It is one of the oldest,

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Speaker 1: if not the oldest, infectious diseases still existing on Earth,

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Speaker 1: and most people are probably familiar with tuberculosis in its

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Speaker 1: pulmonary form, which has also been known as consumption or thysis.

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Speaker 1: The huge list of historical figures who were either known

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Speaker 1: or believed to have had pulmonary tuberculosis is huge. It

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Speaker 1: includes people like John Keats, Elizabeth Barrett Browning, Emily Bronte,

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Speaker 1: and many, many, many others. It's come up a lot

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Speaker 1: in episodes of our show that Holly and I have

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Speaker 1: worked on, including the history of the Grove Park in

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Speaker 1: to Rare, the New England vampire panic, Alan L. Hart,

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Speaker 1: and then of course Salmon Waxman, and the development of streptomycin,

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Speaker 1: which was the first drug successfully used to cure it. Scrapula,

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Speaker 1: which comes from the Latin term for brood sow, is

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Speaker 1: extra pulmonary tuberculosis, so it affects the body outside of

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Speaker 1: the lungs. Specifically, it's an infection of the lymph nodes

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Speaker 1: that's caused by tuberculosis, although lymph nodes all over the

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Speaker 1: body can be affected. In general, scrawfula has been used

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Speaker 1: to describe an infection in the neck, and when untreated,

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Speaker 1: it causes swellings, sores, and sometimes abscesses, in particular around

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Speaker 1: the lymph nodes at the top of the neck and

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Speaker 1: under the jaw. There's a little bit of debate about

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Speaker 1: why a word for sal came to be used to

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Speaker 1: describe scrawcula, and some accounts it's because pigs were prone

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Speaker 1: to having tumors in their throats, and others it's because

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Speaker 1: scrawfula makes your neck look thick and swollen like a pig's.

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Speaker 1: Cassius Felix, who was writing in the year four or

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Speaker 1: forty seven, said it looked quote, just like the swollen

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Speaker 1: neck of a sal. And some thought that maybe it

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Speaker 1: was that the swellings and the sores brought on by

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Speaker 1: scrawpula looked like pigs themselves. That one seems like the

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Speaker 1: most unlikely to me, but it weirdly, I read a

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Speaker 1: lot of old medical documents of people theorizing about why

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Speaker 1: it was called that, from like the seventeen hundreds. You know,

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Speaker 1: it's worth examination. But today we have diagnostic tests to

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Speaker 1: confirm a tuberculosis in section, and thankfully we have the

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Speaker 1: drugs to treat it, especially in places with reliable access

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Speaker 1: to modern medicine. It's really rare for scrophula to become

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Speaker 1: a serious problem, with the exception of patients whose immune

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Speaker 1: systems are compromised or occasionally in a drug resistant strain

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Speaker 1: of the disease, and when treated quickly, the symptoms are

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Speaker 1: usually limited to painless swelling in the lymph nodes. But

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Speaker 1: before the development of antibiotics, scrophula could become incredibly painful

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Speaker 1: and disfiguring. It was also often mistaken for other conditions

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Speaker 1: that also caused swelling or sores in the throat or neck,

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Speaker 1: or those conditions were mistaken for scrophula, and these included mumps,

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Speaker 1: glandular disorders, various skin conditions, and cancer. Prior to the

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Speaker 1: germ theory of disease, physicians had all kinds of other

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Speaker 1: ideas about what caused scrophula. Under the ancient Greek idea

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Speaker 1: of the body being regulated by four humors, rahula was

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Speaker 1: caused by an excess of phlegm. Charles, the seconds Royal

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Speaker 1: Surgeon wrote that scrawfula came from the glands filling up

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Speaker 1: with humor. Some physicians in history believed it was inherited

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Speaker 1: and not communicable. In eighteen thirteen, William Curon described it

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Speaker 1: as quote a genuine idiopathic hereditary disease, and in eighteen

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Speaker 1: thirty three John Can't called it quote an hereditary taint.

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Speaker 1: Can't went on to say, quote, the other causes of

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Speaker 1: this disease are bad and unwholesome diet, insufficient clothing, neglect

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Speaker 1: of exercise, and want of proper cleanliness. I may also

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Speaker 1: observe that it frequently makes its first appearance after an

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Speaker 1: attack of measles, smallpox, rheumatic fever, or other debilitating affections,

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Speaker 1: and it is often excited into obvious existence by blows, sprains, bruises,

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Speaker 1: or other accidents. According to Thomas Fern, who wrote a

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Speaker 1: treatise on scraphula in seventeen o nine, mine, it was

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Speaker 1: quote a preternatural malignant tumor or humor produced by a

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Speaker 1: particular acidity of the serum of the blood, either in gland,

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Speaker 1: muscle or membrane, which it both coagulates and indurates, or

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Speaker 1: in the marrow, which it always dissolves and also putrifies

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Speaker 1: the bone. Mm hmmm, I don't nobody's eating breakfast while

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Speaker 1: they listen to this. There are several parts of this

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Speaker 1: episode where if if this were an episode of Saw Bones,

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Speaker 1: it would be the part where Justin is going, we

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Speaker 1: can move on, Like you can tell he just wants

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Speaker 1: Sydney to stop saying the gross part, Yeah, I don't.

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Speaker 1: I don't want to. And just occurs to me that

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Speaker 1: if somebody is a little bit delicate of tummy to

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Speaker 1: these types of things, this move maybe pause until you're

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Speaker 1: done with your meal. But Inferns treatise children whose parents

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Speaker 1: had scrawfula, especially if their mother did while nursing, were

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Speaker 1: more likely to develop it themselves, and quote here, I

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Speaker 1: cannot omit one observation by the by that children also

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Speaker 1: who are begotten at improper times of the moon have

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Speaker 1: been often subject to be afflicted with this evil and

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Speaker 1: to the last degree to a virulency. Let this be

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Speaker 1: a warning to married people. To let this be a

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Speaker 1: warning to marry people. Made me laugh a lot the

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Speaker 1: first a lot. It just loves the idea that, depending

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Speaker 1: on what time of the lunar cycle of baby is made,

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Speaker 1: might make it more um, you know, likely to contract this. Yeah.

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Speaker 1: Ferd went on to list others who were more prone

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Speaker 1: to scrawl pula, including people whose blood was naturally too acidic,

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Speaker 1: children who had rickets, people who were generally weak, people

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Speaker 1: whose bodies didn't have enough quote heat for good digestion,

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Speaker 1: living in places with air that was too thin or

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Speaker 1: too thick or was bad uh, And also quote salt, sour,

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Speaker 1: slimy meats or drinks. Not getting enough exercise, according to him,

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Speaker 1: was yet another way you could develop scrawfula. Okay, putrefying

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Speaker 1: bone is not a problem, but slimy meats is like,

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Speaker 1: we're creeping up to the edge of my like copability here. Um.

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Speaker 1: Some physicians did conclude that scrapula and tuberculosis were related,

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Speaker 1: even if all their other ideas about it were completely

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Speaker 1: off base. John Kent, for example, who had named its

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Speaker 1: cause quote and hereditary taint, also wrote that consumption was

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Speaker 1: quote neither more nor less than scrawpula of the lungs

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Speaker 1: in an eighteen thirty three edition of a text on

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Speaker 1: scrawpula and cancer. But it wasn't until eighteen eighty two

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Speaker 1: that medical science pinpointed the bacterial cause of tuberculosis and

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Speaker 1: confirmed that scrawpulo was caused by the same thing. Even then,

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Speaker 1: there were naysayers who argued that scrawfula was unrelated and

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Speaker 1: not transmissible. Over the centuries, a wide range of treatments

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Speaker 1: were used to relieve scrawfula, or try to. Because the

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Speaker 1: glands in question we're usually in the next surgeries could

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Speaker 1: be particularly dangerous, although some doctors did attempt them while

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Speaker 1: still in the world of four humor theory. Treatments were

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Speaker 1: often meant to balance the humors or drain excess through purgatives, diuretics,

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Speaker 1: and bleeding compresses. Poultices and topical bombs were applied to

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Speaker 1: the swellings as well, and for those who thought that

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Speaker 1: too much salt or too thin air, those sorts of

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Speaker 1: things where the problems, the treatment would include a change

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Speaker 1: of diet or a change of scenery. And we're going

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Speaker 1: to talk about how scrawfula came to be known as

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Speaker 1: the king's evil that could be cured if the king

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Speaker 1: touched it. Uh, But first we're going to pause for

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Speaker 1: a little sponsor break. In medieval England, the name the

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Speaker 1: king's voll eventually came to be directly connected to scrapula,

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Speaker 1: but the basic idea goes back earlier than that and

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Speaker 1: also connects to other diseases. In ancient Rome, the Latin

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Speaker 1: morbius regius, or royal disease, was used to describe a

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Speaker 1: number of different diseases, including jaundice and leprosy, which today

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Speaker 1: is known as Hanson's disease. It's not entirely clear where

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Speaker 1: either of these associations came from. One is that royal

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Speaker 1: was a reference to gold, so jaundice being called the

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Speaker 1: royal disease is because the color of the patient's skin.

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Speaker 1: Another theory is that particular royal or noble families were

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Speaker 1: prone to certain diseases long after the time we're talking

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Speaker 1: about today, and in other parts of the world, epilepsy

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Speaker 1: and hemophilia have been described as royal diseases because of

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Speaker 1: their connections to royal families. There's some suggestion that people

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Speaker 1: thought Hanson's disease could be cured through a royal touch,

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Speaker 1: but there's the very little evidence of a king actually

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Speaker 1: trying that, Although of course there are biblical and other

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Speaker 1: religious references that are not about a monarch. There are

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Speaker 1: a few very spotty references to monarchs in England and

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Speaker 1: France curing people through touch prior to the tenth and

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Speaker 1: eleven centuries. The first was Clovis, King of the Franks,

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Speaker 1: who reigned from four eight one to five eleven, although

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Speaker 1: the record on that one is very sparse. There are

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Speaker 1: also reports of miraculous cures at the hands of Robert

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Speaker 1: the Second of France, also known as Robert the Pious

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Speaker 1: or Robert the Pious, who was co ruler of the

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Speaker 1: Franks with his father from seven to nine six, and

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Speaker 1: then he was the Soul Monarch until his death in

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Speaker 1: ten thirty one. But the first widely chronicled event of

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Speaker 1: the royal touch was under Edward the Confessor, who lived

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Speaker 1: from one thousand three to ten sixty six, and he

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Speaker 1: ruled England from ten forty two until his death. He's

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Speaker 1: called the Confessor because of his reputation for being a

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Speaker 1: deeply pious man, and he's the only king of England

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Speaker 1: ever to have been canonized. Edward the Confessor reportedly cured

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Speaker 1: a woman of scrawfula. The woman had an infection under

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Speaker 1: her jaw that was causing swelling, a bad smell, and

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Speaker 1: multiple sores. She had a dream that if the king

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Speaker 1: washed her with water she would be cured, so she

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Speaker 1: went to the court and asked to be given an audience.

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Speaker 1: This might sound odd to today's ears, but asking for

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Speaker 1: an audience with the king for something like this at

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Speaker 1: the time was definitely not unheard of. Edward the Confessor,

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Speaker 1: along with other monarchs, distributed alms and alfered offered comfort

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Speaker 1: to the poor and the sick, particularly on religious holidays,

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Speaker 1: and in this case, when the woman was brought before

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Speaker 1: the king, he asked for a bowl of water. There's

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Speaker 1: some variation in exactly what happened next as described in

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Speaker 1: later accounts, but in general it was more than just

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Speaker 1: a laying on of hands or an anointing with water.

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Speaker 1: Combining the miraculous with the medical. Edward dipped his fingers

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Speaker 1: in the water and touched the woman's abscesses, which opened

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Speaker 1: up and drained, with some of the descriptions of what

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Speaker 1: came out being far grosser than others. He kept dipping

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Speaker 1: his fingers and washing and pressing until all of the

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Speaker 1: putrescence was gone, and then he ordered the woman to

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Speaker 1: be fed and cared for out of the royal purse

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Speaker 1: until she recovered. I will repeat that if you go

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Speaker 1: read up about this on the Internet. Some of the

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Speaker 1: descriptions are incredibly graphic. I originally had more graphics stuff

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Speaker 1: in here, and then I was like, you know what,

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Speaker 1: we're going to read this at ten o'clock in the morning,

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Speaker 1: when we're both a little you know, still getting used

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Speaker 1: to the day. Maybe this is a little too intense.

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Speaker 1: I'm okay with the abscess draining. I'm still back on

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Speaker 1: slimy meat and oh no. So there's some debate about

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Speaker 1: whether this woman's uh symptoms were really scrawfula or whether

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Speaker 1: it was some other condition, but regardless, this one event

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Speaker 1: solidified the connection between the King's Evil and scrawfula, and

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Speaker 1: soon the royal ability to cure through touch was connected

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Speaker 1: pretty much only to scrawfula. Thomas Fern, who's treatise on

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Speaker 1: Scrawfula we referenced in part one, wrote quote, but I

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Speaker 1: beg leave here to make one digression, by the way,

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Speaker 1: about our English term for the struma or scrawfula, as

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Speaker 1: at it as as it is now commonly called the

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Speaker 1: King's evil and everybody's mouth before I begin to define

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Speaker 1: what I have hitherto only been describing by name. And

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Speaker 1: some writers think that this name was given to any

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Speaker 1: scraw fulis or streamist disease long before Edward the Confessor's time.

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Speaker 1: But however, all agree at least that from his reign

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Speaker 1: it was called nothing else generally, and I may say

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Speaker 1: vulgarly too, but the king's evil in England. Fern also

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Speaker 1: wrote that the ability to heal it through touch was

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Speaker 1: quote a particular gift to him at first, and to

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Speaker 1: nobody before him, as a singular reward of his holiness.

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Speaker 1: And it was from their hereditary through the monarchy, at

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Speaker 1: least according to this guy. This event also comes up

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Speaker 1: in the work of Shakespeare, and Act four of Macbeth.

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Speaker 1: McDuff and Malcolm are standing outside Edward the Confessor's palace

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Speaker 1: and a doctor comes through and mentions that there's a

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Speaker 1: crowd of people inside seeking the king's touch. Malcolm then

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Speaker 1: explains to McDuff what is going on. Quote just called

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Speaker 1: the evil a most miraculous work in this good king,

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Speaker 1: which often, since my here remained in England, I have

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Speaker 1: seen him do. How he solicits heaven himself best known knows,

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Speaker 1: but strangely visited people all swollen, an ulcerous, pitiful to

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Speaker 1: the eye, the mere despair of surgery, he yours hanging

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Speaker 1: a golden stamp about their necks, put on with holy prayers,

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Speaker 1: and to spoken to the succeeding royalty. He leaves the

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Speaker 1: healing benediction with this strange virtue. He hath a heavenly

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Speaker 1: gift of prophecy, and sundry blessings hang about his throne

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Speaker 1: that speak him full of grace. Although this scene takes

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Speaker 1: place outside the palace of Edward the Confessor, his treatment

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Speaker 1: of this woman for scrapula seems to have been a

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Speaker 1: one time thing performed on one person, not a mass

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Speaker 1: ceremony with a coin involved. However, it's a really good

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Speaker 1: description of what this practice morphed into in later centuries,

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Speaker 1: as monarchs in England and France started touching large groups

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Speaker 1: of subjects at special ceremonies and holidays. Okay, even though

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Speaker 1: Shakespeare was writing about Edward the Confessor, here he was

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Speaker 1: describing was what was actually happening while he was living,

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Speaker 1: when people went to get cured of the king's evil.

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Speaker 1: Louis the sixth of France he ruled from eleven oh

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Speaker 1: eight to eleven thirty seven, viewed this practice as quote customary,

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Speaker 1: and he treated whole crowds with laying on of hands

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Speaker 1: and the sign of the cross. Edward the First of England,

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Speaker 1: who ruled from twelve seventy two to seven, touched more

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Speaker 1: than five hundred of his subjects to cure them of

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Speaker 1: scrophula in the course of a single month. By the

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Speaker 1: end of his reign, he was touching more than a

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Speaker 1: thousand people every year. People traveled great distances to the

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Speaker 1: court of Philip the Fourth of France, who ruled from

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Speaker 1: twelve eighty five to thirteen fourteen, and the people who

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Speaker 1: traveled the farthest to see him were also rewarded with

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Speaker 1: large sums of alms. Are the fourth of France, who

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Speaker 1: ruled from fifteen eighty nine to sixteen ten, touched up

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Speaker 1: to fifteen hundred people in one single ceremony. I'm just

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Speaker 1: gonna interject here that seems like a bad public health moves.

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Speaker 1: That's I was thinking about, like the germs, that how

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Speaker 1: did all of these mode arcs not constantly become ill themselves? Question?

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Speaker 1: Because they were magical? Clearly. Uh. It was Edward the

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Speaker 1: Third of England, who ruled from to thirteen seventy seven,

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Speaker 1: who first started presenting those he touched with a coin,

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Speaker 1: which was described in that passage that Tracy read from Macbeth.

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Speaker 1: These coins became an ongoing practice known as angels or

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Speaker 1: touch pieces, and were sometimes strung through with a ribbon

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Speaker 1: to be worn as a talisman. Edward the Third's father

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Speaker 1: Edward the Second, also started the practice of the monarch

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Speaker 1: donating gold or silver on Good Friday, which would be

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Speaker 1: made into cramp rings said to have healing powers. For

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Speaker 1: the most part, the first few generations of this royal

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Speaker 1: touch were viewed as an outward expression of the monarch's

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Speaker 1: personal sanctity, and f the monarch didn't have a lot

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Speaker 1: of personal sanctity and the gift would go away. For example,

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Speaker 1: Philip the First was Canada franks from in sixty to

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Speaker 1: eleven oh eight, and he reportedly did practice the royal

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Speaker 1: touch at first, until he became too sinful for it

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Speaker 1: to work for him. He wound up having the nickname

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Speaker 1: Philip the Amorous. But that connection to personal piety shifted

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Speaker 1: a little bit after the Protestant Reformation, and we're going

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Speaker 1: to talk about that after we paused one more time

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Speaker 1: for a sponsor break. Over the years, some circular logic

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Speaker 1: grew up around the king's evil and the royal touch.

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Speaker 1: Scraffula was the king's evil because kings could cure it,

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Speaker 1: and kings could could cure scraffula because it was the

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Speaker 1: king's evil. Following this same pattern, the monarch's practice of

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Speaker 1: the royal touch started to be used as evidence of

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Speaker 1: the monarch's legitimacy as the monarch. If the monarch did

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Speaker 1: this thing, clearly they were legitimately the monarch. It sounds

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Speaker 1: a lot like the Lord of the Rings legend from

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Speaker 1: Gondor out the hands of the king, or the hands

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Speaker 1: of a healer, and so shall the rightful king be known.

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Speaker 1: This shows up especially in the post Reformation reign of

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Speaker 1: Queen Elizabeth the First, who was queen from fifteen fifty

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Speaker 1: eight until her death in sixteen o three. Her first

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Speaker 1: attempts at the king's touch seemed reluctant. However, after Pope

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Speaker 1: Pious the Fifth excommunicated her and declared her a pretended

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Speaker 1: queen and a heretic, she revived the practice in part

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Speaker 1: because her detractors claimed that God had taken the gift

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Speaker 1: away from her for her heresy, and in one account,

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Speaker 1: a Catholic woman came to her and begged to be cured,

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Speaker 1: and when Elizabeth's touch was successful, the woman announced that

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Speaker 1: the papal bull was clearly null because God was still

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Speaker 1: working through the queen. Today's episode of the podcast was

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Speaker 1: inspired by this description of Charles the Second's revival of

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Speaker 1: the practice during the restoration. Under the reign of Charles

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Speaker 1: the Second's father, Charles the First, a form for healing

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Speaker 1: at the hands of the king had become a part

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Speaker 1: of the Book of Common Prayer. Charles the First had

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Speaker 1: also had touch peace coins meanted that were inscribed and

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Speaker 1: Latin translated to quote the love of the people is

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Speaker 1: the King's protection. He got executed, so apparently love was

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Speaker 1: not enough protection for him. Charles the First was king

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Speaker 1: until he was executed for high treason and the monarchy

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Speaker 1: was abolished. Oliver Cromwell then became Lord Protector of England,

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Speaker 1: Ireland and Scotland. Cromwell was not a king and did

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Speaker 1: not practice the royal touch, but Charles the Second, while

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Speaker 1: in exile, continued the practice, in part as evidence of

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Speaker 1: his place on the throne. When the monarchy was restored,

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Speaker 1: Charles the Second's touch pieces were inscribed with the Latin

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Speaker 1: for glory to God alone. John Evelyn wrote about Charles

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Speaker 1: the Second's reinstatement of the practice of the royal touch

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Speaker 1: after the restoration of the monarchy in his diary for

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Speaker 1: July six sixty. Here's what it's said. His Majesty began

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Speaker 1: first to touch for the evil according to custom. Thus

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Speaker 1: his Majesty, sitting under his state in the banqueting house,

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Speaker 1: the surgeons caused the sick to be brought or led

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Speaker 1: up to the throne, where they kneeling. The King strokes

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Speaker 1: their faces or cheeks with both his hands at once,

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Speaker 1: at which instant a chaplain and his formalities, says quote,

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Speaker 1: he has he put his hands upon them, and he

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Speaker 1: healed them. This is said to everyone in particular. When

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Speaker 1: they have all been touched, they come up again in

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Speaker 1: the same order, and the other chaplain, kneeling and having

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Speaker 1: an angel gold strong on white ribbon on his arm,

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Speaker 1: delivers them one by one, who is Majesty who puts

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Speaker 1: them about the next of the touch as they pass,

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Speaker 1: while the first chaplain repeats, quote, this is the true

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Speaker 1: light who came into the world. Then follows an epistle,

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Speaker 1: at first a gospel with the with the liturgy prayers

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Speaker 1: for the sick, with some alteration. Lastly the blessing, then

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Speaker 1: the Lord Chamberlain and the Controller of the household bring

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Speaker 1: a basin your towel for his majesty to wash. Samuel

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Speaker 1: Peeps wrote about it as well on April thirteenth, sixteen

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Speaker 1: sixty one, writing quote, I went to the banquet house

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Speaker 1: and there saw the King heel the first time that

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Speaker 1: I ever saw him do it, which he did with

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Speaker 1: great gravity, and it seemed to me to be an

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Speaker 1: ugly office and a simple one. Apparently, Charles the Second

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Speaker 1: also had to set up a system to keep people

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Speaker 1: from coming back for seconds. Basically, Charles the Second used

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Speaker 1: the King's touch on ninety thousand subjects between sixteen sixty

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Speaker 1: and sixteen eighty two. He and his court also tried

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Speaker 1: to put a stop to anyone else treating scrapula through

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Speaker 1: the laying on of hands. Charles the First had taken

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Speaker 1: similar steps in his reign, and they had both also

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Speaker 1: taken steps to keep people from coming back repeatedly. In

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Speaker 1: sixteen thirty seven, a father and his seventh son were

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Speaker 1: investigated for their use of the son's purported healing powers.

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Speaker 1: A neighbor had had scrophula, and the child's grandmother had

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Speaker 1: held the baby's hand up to the neighbor's neck, who

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00:25:14,640 --> 00:25:18,359
Speaker 1: had been reportedly been cured. Father and son went on

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00:25:18,400 --> 00:25:21,199
Speaker 1: to treat many more people, but were told to stop it.

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00:25:22,320 --> 00:25:25,600
Speaker 1: They were, however, spared for their punishment because folks were

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Speaker 1: basically afraid that their followers were would be angered if

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Speaker 1: they were treated too harshly. Similarly, Valentine Great Rakes, also

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Speaker 1: known as the Stroker, had been a lieutenant in Oliver

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Speaker 1: Cromwell's army, but went on to become something of a

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Speaker 1: faith healer. In sixteen sixty two, he was suddenly struck

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Speaker 1: by the knowledge that he had the power to heal

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Speaker 1: the king's evil. He started healing people with prayers and

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Speaker 1: laying on of hands, and eventually his fame spread far

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Speaker 1: enough that he was summoned before the court in order

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Speaker 1: to stop. After repeated orders from increasingly more powerful figures

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Speaker 1: within the church failed to get him to stop, the

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Speaker 1: ecclesiastical Court decided that they were risking the ire of

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Speaker 1: his followers, and they gave up. He finally wound up

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Speaker 1: being summoned to Whitehall to appear before Charles the Second,

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Speaker 1: the results of which did not make it into the

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Speaker 1: historical record. It's it's there are so many different ways

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Speaker 1: that conversation could have gone because he and Charles the

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Speaker 1: Second were both touching a whole lot of people to

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Speaker 1: try to hear their scrappula. So it's it's not clear

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Speaker 1: whether Charles the Second was like, dude, you gotta lay off,

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Speaker 1: this is my territory, or whether it was more like

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Speaker 1: a meeting of the faith healers, or maybe they touched

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Speaker 1: each other an event horizon opened up and things got

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Speaker 1: really crazy. No. So, the idea of the royal touch

427
00:26:53,880 --> 00:26:58,760
Speaker 1: as being evidence for who was the legitimate ruler appeared

428
00:26:58,920 --> 00:27:02,440
Speaker 1: once again during the Laurious Revolution and the Jacobite attempts

429
00:27:02,480 --> 00:27:05,920
Speaker 1: to return the Stewarts to the throne. William the Third,

430
00:27:06,040 --> 00:27:08,480
Speaker 1: also known as William of Orange, and his wife Mary

431
00:27:08,640 --> 00:27:13,800
Speaker 1: became joint monarchs in six nine. William only only performed

432
00:27:13,880 --> 00:27:17,600
Speaker 1: the royal touch once, saying afterward quote God give you

433
00:27:17,640 --> 00:27:23,520
Speaker 1: better health and more sense. Meanwhile, the exiled Stewart's, including

434
00:27:23,560 --> 00:27:26,800
Speaker 1: Bonnie Prince Charlie, kept up the habit, and Queen Anne,

435
00:27:27,040 --> 00:27:30,679
Speaker 1: last monarch of the House of Stewart, touched hundreds of subjects.

436
00:27:31,600 --> 00:27:34,719
Speaker 1: One was writer Samuel Johnson, who she touched when he

437
00:27:34,800 --> 00:27:37,879
Speaker 1: was just two years old. In the words of John

438
00:27:37,960 --> 00:27:42,840
Speaker 1: Kent three treatise on Scraffla, which we read from earlier

439
00:27:42,840 --> 00:27:45,800
Speaker 1: in the show quote, it appears that Queen Anne was

440
00:27:45,840 --> 00:27:51,080
Speaker 1: the last sovereign who practiced such a ridiculous and superstitious imposition,

441
00:27:52,119 --> 00:27:54,879
Speaker 1: and successor George the first put an end to the

442
00:27:54,880 --> 00:27:58,520
Speaker 1: practice in England after becoming king in seventeen fourteen because

443
00:27:58,520 --> 00:28:01,760
Speaker 1: he thought it was just a superstitiou. In in France,

444
00:28:01,840 --> 00:28:04,879
Speaker 1: the France Revolution put an end to the practice by

445
00:28:04,960 --> 00:28:10,280
Speaker 1: overthrowing the monarchy in see what you did and how

446
00:28:10,320 --> 00:28:14,479
Speaker 1: we can't have the King's touch? Uh. There is of

447
00:28:14,520 --> 00:28:17,720
Speaker 1: course lots of debate about what was really going on here,

448
00:28:17,840 --> 00:28:20,880
Speaker 1: from both a medical and a religious sense. There were

449
00:28:20,960 --> 00:28:23,439
Speaker 1: doctors and clergy alike who viewed the practice with a

450
00:28:23,520 --> 00:28:26,320
Speaker 1: lot of skepticism. It wasn't like everybody believed that this

451
00:28:26,400 --> 00:28:31,000
Speaker 1: was a legitimate healing practice. Uh. In spite of the

452
00:28:31,040 --> 00:28:33,359
Speaker 1: fact that speaking out against the royal touch got at

453
00:28:33,400 --> 00:28:37,600
Speaker 1: least one person convicted for treason, much like all of

454
00:28:37,640 --> 00:28:41,560
Speaker 1: the other people who were told to stop being faith

455
00:28:41,600 --> 00:28:45,719
Speaker 1: healers with scrapula, this guy was ultimately pardoned because they

456
00:28:45,720 --> 00:28:50,880
Speaker 1: were afraid of angering his followers. One common cause of

457
00:28:50,920 --> 00:28:54,760
Speaker 1: scrapula and medieval and early modern Europe was contracting a

458
00:28:54,800 --> 00:28:58,480
Speaker 1: bovine form of tuberculosis through drinking contaminated milk. And this

459
00:28:58,600 --> 00:29:02,080
Speaker 1: comes up a whole lot modern treatments of this whole phenomenon.

460
00:29:02,800 --> 00:29:06,120
Speaker 1: This form of the condition didn't typically lead to other

461
00:29:06,280 --> 00:29:11,440
Speaker 1: symptoms of tuberculosis, and it often resolved itself later, giving

462
00:29:11,480 --> 00:29:14,920
Speaker 1: the patient a heightened immunity to pulmonary tuberculosis as well.

463
00:29:14,960 --> 00:29:16,440
Speaker 1: So there are a lot of people who were like,

464
00:29:16,560 --> 00:29:20,080
Speaker 1: maybe because so many people were getting this bovine form

465
00:29:20,080 --> 00:29:24,000
Speaker 1: of tuberculosis through contaninated milk and then it was resolving

466
00:29:24,120 --> 00:29:28,440
Speaker 1: coincidentally after the monarch touched them, maybe that explains it all.

467
00:29:29,240 --> 00:29:33,720
Speaker 1: But that's really not uh really not quite an adequate

468
00:29:34,800 --> 00:29:38,600
Speaker 1: explanation for something that went on for that many centuries.

469
00:29:40,440 --> 00:29:44,960
Speaker 1: It's a very long time and thousands of people. Yeah,

470
00:29:45,160 --> 00:29:49,960
Speaker 1: I wonder, um if there's much on the record about

471
00:29:50,000 --> 00:29:53,760
Speaker 1: the timeline of the healing, right, like, other than the

472
00:29:53,800 --> 00:29:59,000
Speaker 1: one where there's discussion of the pressing of the abscesses

473
00:29:59,080 --> 00:30:02,520
Speaker 1: and draining them. You know, it's is it as though

474
00:30:02,560 --> 00:30:07,440
Speaker 1: people magically walked away with unswollen necks and we're instantly

475
00:30:07,640 --> 00:30:09,800
Speaker 1: healed according to the record. Or is it a case

476
00:30:09,840 --> 00:30:13,040
Speaker 1: where it probably was just it running its course and

477
00:30:13,080 --> 00:30:15,160
Speaker 1: they're like, the King touched me three weeks ago, and

478
00:30:15,200 --> 00:30:19,440
Speaker 1: I feel much better now, yeah, Or are people selectively

479
00:30:19,520 --> 00:30:23,360
Speaker 1: remembering the people who got better, right, and not remembering

480
00:30:24,000 --> 00:30:26,920
Speaker 1: the folks who didn't. Uh. Like I said at the

481
00:30:26,960 --> 00:30:29,360
Speaker 1: top of the show, I knew that this was a

482
00:30:29,440 --> 00:30:33,880
Speaker 1: thing among medieval marks. I had no idea that it

483
00:30:33,920 --> 00:30:36,720
Speaker 1: continued on and on and on all the way until

484
00:30:36,720 --> 00:30:39,960
Speaker 1: the French Revolution. That's just uh through me for a

485
00:30:40,040 --> 00:30:42,840
Speaker 1: little bit of a loop. Hey, if you liked today's

486
00:30:42,920 --> 00:30:47,240
Speaker 1: episode of our show, you might also like a podcast

487
00:30:47,280 --> 00:30:50,360
Speaker 1: I love a whole lot called saw Bones. Saw Bones

488
00:30:50,520 --> 00:30:55,440
Speaker 1: is a show about medical history that is not medical opinion.

489
00:30:55,560 --> 00:31:02,360
Speaker 1: It is very fun by Justin and Dr Sidney McIlroy. Um.

490
00:31:02,400 --> 00:31:06,440
Speaker 1: Really it's Dr Sidney McIlroy who is the doctor and

491
00:31:06,520 --> 00:31:10,000
Speaker 1: Justin is kind of her comedic foil. I love them

492
00:31:10,000 --> 00:31:13,360
Speaker 1: so yeah. This month you might notice on the Internet

493
00:31:13,360 --> 00:31:15,960
Speaker 1: there are a lot of podcasts talking about trying other podcasts.

494
00:31:16,000 --> 00:31:20,560
Speaker 1: It is a rising Tide Lifts all boat kind of

495
00:31:20,560 --> 00:31:24,520
Speaker 1: initiative called tripod, I said, all boats as and we're

496
00:31:24,520 --> 00:31:28,480
Speaker 1: all in the same one, which we kind of are. Uh.

497
00:31:28,600 --> 00:31:33,800
Speaker 1: So we will on our Twitter. Uh, we will tweet

498
00:31:33,800 --> 00:31:36,360
Speaker 1: out a little bit about say Bones with a hashtag tripod.

499
00:31:36,960 --> 00:31:39,480
Speaker 1: You can learn more about them. Check out their show.

500
00:31:39,640 --> 00:31:42,440
Speaker 1: I really really enjoy it. They have done a lot

501
00:31:42,440 --> 00:31:46,400
Speaker 1: of stuff that is both very funny, very informative, sometimes

502
00:31:46,520 --> 00:31:53,040
Speaker 1: very gross, which is when Justin is like mmmmmmm uh.

503
00:31:53,120 --> 00:31:55,440
Speaker 1: And you also can participate in all of this. You

504
00:31:55,480 --> 00:31:58,680
Speaker 1: can tell your friends about podcasts you enjoy and hashtag

505
00:31:58,720 --> 00:32:02,200
Speaker 1: them tripods. So folks can find all of these cool

506
00:32:02,240 --> 00:32:06,440
Speaker 1: recommendations in one place. How about listener mail, Tracy, I

507
00:32:06,480 --> 00:32:08,760
Speaker 1: do have listener mail. First, I'm gonna thank you. I'm

508
00:32:08,760 --> 00:32:12,560
Speaker 1: gonna thank listener Nicole, who sent us a card and

509
00:32:12,640 --> 00:32:18,440
Speaker 1: a postcard and some Laura c. Cord chocolates. I ate them.

510
00:32:18,600 --> 00:32:23,920
Speaker 1: They were delicious. Thanks so, thank you so much for

511
00:32:23,920 --> 00:32:27,800
Speaker 1: sending them. And then I also have an actual email. Uh.

512
00:32:27,800 --> 00:32:31,040
Speaker 1: And this is from Renee. And Renee has written about

513
00:32:31,160 --> 00:32:34,440
Speaker 1: Executive Order nineties sixty six and the internment of Japanese

514
00:32:34,480 --> 00:32:38,400
Speaker 1: Americans during World War Two. Renee says, Hello, Tracy and Holly,

515
00:32:38,760 --> 00:32:41,360
Speaker 1: I'm finally writing in to share an interesting family story

516
00:32:41,400 --> 00:32:45,720
Speaker 1: that connects to the recent podcast on Japanese internment. Growing up,

517
00:32:46,000 --> 00:32:49,440
Speaker 1: my grandfather always told my dad, if anyone asks what

518
00:32:49,600 --> 00:32:52,360
Speaker 1: you are or where you're from, tell them you're an American.

519
00:32:52,760 --> 00:32:55,400
Speaker 1: We my father, my brother, and myself assumed that my

520
00:32:55,440 --> 00:32:58,760
Speaker 1: grandfather insisted on being called an American because of the

521
00:32:58,800 --> 00:33:02,440
Speaker 1: discrimination he faced as a Mexican American mechanical engineer in

522
00:33:02,480 --> 00:33:05,840
Speaker 1: the nineteen fifties. Many of the companies that hired him

523
00:33:05,880 --> 00:33:09,680
Speaker 1: only did so because his white colleagues vouched for him.

524
00:33:09,720 --> 00:33:11,720
Speaker 1: It was not until about ten years ago that my

525
00:33:11,840 --> 00:33:15,840
Speaker 1: family learned that my paternal grandfather was half Mexican and

526
00:33:15,880 --> 00:33:19,160
Speaker 1: half Japanese. We were shocked, to say the least. My

527
00:33:19,240 --> 00:33:21,800
Speaker 1: father spent the first fifty years of his life thinking

528
00:33:21,840 --> 00:33:25,120
Speaker 1: that his family ancestry was Mexican in German, the German

529
00:33:25,160 --> 00:33:29,360
Speaker 1: ancestry coming from his mother's side. In addition to this astonishment,

530
00:33:29,440 --> 00:33:32,000
Speaker 1: my father and I learned more about our family history

531
00:33:32,000 --> 00:33:35,680
Speaker 1: at my great uncle's one birthday. There, my father and

532
00:33:35,760 --> 00:33:39,040
Speaker 1: I spoke with family members about this secret of being Japanese.

533
00:33:39,480 --> 00:33:42,280
Speaker 1: We learned that during World War Two, the family had

534
00:33:42,360 --> 00:33:45,000
Speaker 1: changed their surname for the sake of privacy. It was

535
00:33:45,040 --> 00:33:48,880
Speaker 1: originally a hyphenated surname that contained a part that's recognizably

536
00:33:48,960 --> 00:33:52,760
Speaker 1: Mexican and a part that's recognizably Japanese, and they changed

537
00:33:52,800 --> 00:33:56,440
Speaker 1: it to just being the part that is more Mexican

538
00:33:56,480 --> 00:34:00,880
Speaker 1: in origin. Additionally, the family story goes that the Mexican

539
00:34:00,920 --> 00:34:03,520
Speaker 1: mother and her ten children were actually taken to a

540
00:34:03,600 --> 00:34:07,440
Speaker 1: processing center to be sent to a concentration camp. However,

541
00:34:07,640 --> 00:34:10,080
Speaker 1: the mother and children lived in a Mexican neighborhood in

542
00:34:10,120 --> 00:34:13,520
Speaker 1: Los Angeles, and the Japanese father was deceased long before

543
00:34:13,520 --> 00:34:17,160
Speaker 1: the war. Supposedly, the Mexican neighbors rallied and support and

544
00:34:17,160 --> 00:34:19,560
Speaker 1: wrote letters and signed a petition that the family had

545
00:34:19,600 --> 00:34:23,160
Speaker 1: no connection to Japan or Japanese culture. After this, the

546
00:34:23,200 --> 00:34:26,080
Speaker 1: family was released from custody and returned to their Mexican

547
00:34:26,200 --> 00:34:30,279
Speaker 1: enclave and changed their last name. My grandfather and one

548
00:34:30,320 --> 00:34:32,359
Speaker 1: of his brothers went on to serve in World War Two.

549
00:34:32,480 --> 00:34:35,160
Speaker 1: That my grandfather was the only one to see combat.

550
00:34:35,640 --> 00:34:37,799
Speaker 1: And then she goes on to talk about his being

551
00:34:37,840 --> 00:34:41,040
Speaker 1: wounded and sent back into the field. Uh and then

552
00:34:41,239 --> 00:34:45,600
Speaker 1: his medical discharged papers are clearly stamped with race Mexican.

553
00:34:46,400 --> 00:34:49,560
Speaker 1: I apologize for the drawing out anecdate. However, I'm fascinated

554
00:34:49,600 --> 00:34:51,839
Speaker 1: by the story of a mixed race family during World

555
00:34:51,840 --> 00:34:54,280
Speaker 1: War Two. I haven't verified the story of being taken

556
00:34:54,280 --> 00:34:57,640
Speaker 1: to a processing center and their eventual release. It maybe

557
00:34:57,680 --> 00:35:01,279
Speaker 1: an exaggerated story of elderly family members for all I know.

558
00:35:01,880 --> 00:35:04,000
Speaker 1: What I do know is that my grandfather and the

559
00:35:04,040 --> 00:35:07,800
Speaker 1: majority of his siblings refused to acknowledge their Japanese ancestry

560
00:35:07,840 --> 00:35:11,120
Speaker 1: until very recently due to prejudice. Many of them were

561
00:35:11,200 --> 00:35:14,400
Speaker 1: called derogatory slurs, spat on, and beat up. It was

562
00:35:14,440 --> 00:35:17,600
Speaker 1: apparently particularly hard on the sisters. Also, I think this

563
00:35:17,640 --> 00:35:21,120
Speaker 1: is a particularly illustrative example of how immigrants and the

564
00:35:21,160 --> 00:35:24,120
Speaker 1: American born children navigate what it means to be an American,

565
00:35:24,400 --> 00:35:27,520
Speaker 1: which many times means denying their cultural heritage and changing

566
00:35:27,600 --> 00:35:30,279
Speaker 1: their names. I've been a constant listener at Stephine miss

567
00:35:30,280 --> 00:35:33,279
Speaker 1: In history class since when I worked in a university

568
00:35:33,360 --> 00:35:36,480
Speaker 1: library archive, where I spent our scanning newspapers into an

569
00:35:36,480 --> 00:35:40,120
Speaker 1: online database. Leaveless to say I needed some mental stimulation

570
00:35:40,160 --> 00:35:43,480
Speaker 1: to get through the monotony. I truly appreciate the research

571
00:35:43,520 --> 00:35:45,440
Speaker 1: and heart you put into the podcast. I hope you

572
00:35:45,480 --> 00:35:47,400
Speaker 1: find this story interesting and feel free to use it

573
00:35:47,440 --> 00:35:50,040
Speaker 1: on the podcast. All the best renew Renee. Thank you

574
00:35:50,080 --> 00:35:55,480
Speaker 1: Renee for that story. We talked a little bit about

575
00:35:55,560 --> 00:35:59,520
Speaker 1: people who um who were biracial or multiracial, but not

576
00:35:59,560 --> 00:36:01,400
Speaker 1: a not a whole lot, and we definitely did not

577
00:36:01,440 --> 00:36:06,920
Speaker 1: get into um people who had shared Mexican and Japanese ancestry,

578
00:36:06,920 --> 00:36:09,719
Speaker 1: So thank you so much for writing to us about that.

579
00:36:09,760 --> 00:36:11,879
Speaker 1: We also have gotten quite a number of people who

580
00:36:11,880 --> 00:36:16,440
Speaker 1: have told us how to say Tuley Lake Yes, which

581
00:36:16,920 --> 00:36:22,200
Speaker 1: if we had been able to see Allegiance before we

582
00:36:22,239 --> 00:36:25,560
Speaker 1: recorded those shows, we would have known. It is one

583
00:36:25,560 --> 00:36:27,359
Speaker 1: of the many things that I looked up and did

584
00:36:27,400 --> 00:36:30,480
Speaker 1: not find in any of the sources that we normally

585
00:36:30,600 --> 00:36:33,759
Speaker 1: use how to say so uh. If you would like

586
00:36:33,840 --> 00:36:36,040
Speaker 1: to write to us about this or any other podcast

587
00:36:36,120 --> 00:36:39,200
Speaker 1: where History podcasts at how Stuffworks dot com. We're also

588
00:36:39,239 --> 00:36:41,520
Speaker 1: on Facebook at Facebook dot com slash miss in History

589
00:36:41,520 --> 00:36:44,359
Speaker 1: and on Twitter at miss in History. Our tumblers miss

590
00:36:44,400 --> 00:36:46,680
Speaker 1: in History dot tumbler dot com, or on panterest at

591
00:36:46,680 --> 00:36:49,560
Speaker 1: pinterest dot com slash missed in History, and our instagram

592
00:36:49,640 --> 00:36:52,800
Speaker 1: is missed in History One more time. If you want

593
00:36:52,840 --> 00:36:57,080
Speaker 1: to try out some new podcast Recommend some new podcasts

594
00:36:57,400 --> 00:37:02,080
Speaker 1: to folks, hashtag them tripod uh, and check out saw Bones.

595
00:37:02,160 --> 00:37:04,440
Speaker 1: I super enjoy them, and we should say that is

596
00:37:04,920 --> 00:37:08,719
Speaker 1: t r y d YEP t r y p o D.

597
00:37:09,320 --> 00:37:11,319
Speaker 1: You can come to our parent company's website, which is

598
00:37:11,320 --> 00:37:13,560
Speaker 1: how stuff works dot com to find out all kinds

599
00:37:13,600 --> 00:37:17,600
Speaker 1: of information about strange medical conditions from the past, weird

600
00:37:17,680 --> 00:37:21,040
Speaker 1: practices that used to be classified as medicine that aren't anymore.

601
00:37:21,640 --> 00:37:23,880
Speaker 1: And you can come to our website, which is missed

602
00:37:23,880 --> 00:37:25,960
Speaker 1: in History dot com and you will find an archive

603
00:37:26,040 --> 00:37:28,640
Speaker 1: of every episode we have ever done, which is searchable,

604
00:37:28,680 --> 00:37:30,560
Speaker 1: and you will also find our show notes for the

605
00:37:30,560 --> 00:37:32,759
Speaker 1: episodes Holly and I have done. So you can do

606
00:37:32,800 --> 00:37:34,800
Speaker 1: all that and a whole lot more at how stuff

607
00:37:34,800 --> 00:37:42,360
Speaker 1: works dot com or missed in History dot com. For

608
00:37:42,520 --> 00:37:44,800
Speaker 1: more on this and thousands of other topics, is it

609
00:37:44,880 --> 00:37:58,360
Speaker 1: how stuff works dot com