1 00:00:00,240 --> 00:00:12,000 Speaker 1: I've just received a call from Secretary Clinton. She congratulated us. 2 00:00:12,280 --> 00:00:18,960 Speaker 1: It's about us on our victory, and I congratulated her. 3 00:00:19,480 --> 00:00:21,840 Speaker 1: What's the first thing that crossed your mind when you 4 00:00:21,960 --> 00:00:26,400 Speaker 1: realized Donald Trump was going to win the presidency. I 5 00:00:26,480 --> 00:00:28,639 Speaker 1: think I was just shocked, like the rest of the 6 00:00:28,680 --> 00:00:31,040 Speaker 1: country and the rest of the world. I was at 7 00:00:31,040 --> 00:00:34,040 Speaker 1: home with my girlfriend in San Francisco, and we were 8 00:00:34,080 --> 00:00:36,920 Speaker 1: just watching the returns come in. It took me a 9 00:00:36,960 --> 00:00:40,560 Speaker 1: while to process it all too, honestly, But Bobby good Lot, 10 00:00:40,560 --> 00:00:43,320 Speaker 1: who's the founder of a political startup called Open Vote, 11 00:00:44,080 --> 00:00:47,120 Speaker 1: he immediately started thinking about the role the tech industry 12 00:00:47,159 --> 00:00:50,280 Speaker 1: may have played before even the last swing states were called. 13 00:00:50,320 --> 00:00:53,640 Speaker 1: Before Trump gave his victory speech, Bobby was writing up 14 00:00:53,640 --> 00:00:55,560 Speaker 1: a post on Facebook that would end up getting a 15 00:00:55,600 --> 00:00:59,520 Speaker 1: lot of attention. So I was watching me returns come 16 00:00:59,560 --> 00:01:02,440 Speaker 1: in and very soon. Don don't mean that what was 17 00:01:02,480 --> 00:01:05,800 Speaker 1: about to happen. I think I posted around nine o'clock 18 00:01:05,840 --> 00:01:08,160 Speaker 1: on electa night. A lot of people will have from 19 00:01:08,160 --> 00:01:12,440 Speaker 1: realization there. Obviously, Uh, the elections did not go the 20 00:01:12,440 --> 00:01:14,679 Speaker 1: way I had hoped. I think a lot of us 21 00:01:14,880 --> 00:01:17,319 Speaker 1: on the losing side here are kind of going through 22 00:01:17,840 --> 00:01:21,240 Speaker 1: the kind of classic stages of grief. You know, maybe 23 00:01:21,240 --> 00:01:26,520 Speaker 1: one of those first kind of instincts is a Bobby 24 00:01:26,840 --> 00:01:29,680 Speaker 1: was angry at a very specific force in the election. 25 00:01:30,080 --> 00:01:34,160 Speaker 1: Highly partisan news outlets their fuel, he said, with social 26 00:01:34,200 --> 00:01:39,600 Speaker 1: media and especially Facebook, he said, quote sadly, news feed 27 00:01:39,640 --> 00:01:43,600 Speaker 1: optimizes for engagement. As we've learned in this election, bullshit 28 00:01:43,760 --> 00:01:46,520 Speaker 1: is highly engaging. He said. It should be a wake 29 00:01:46,600 --> 00:01:49,880 Speaker 1: up call. Bobby's post was notable because he used to 30 00:01:49,960 --> 00:01:52,800 Speaker 1: work at Facebook. When he said that Facebook was what 31 00:01:52,920 --> 00:01:55,600 Speaker 1: fueled some of the news sites that propelled Trump to win, 32 00:01:56,320 --> 00:01:58,440 Speaker 1: he was talking about the company that he poured his 33 00:01:58,480 --> 00:02:02,040 Speaker 1: heart and soul into for four years. The debate that 34 00:02:02,080 --> 00:02:06,440 Speaker 1: followed on Bobby's Facebook wall, publicly viewable, featured a lot 35 00:02:06,480 --> 00:02:09,680 Speaker 1: of influential people in Silicon Valley. There are a bunch 36 00:02:09,680 --> 00:02:13,040 Speaker 1: of people who seemed to sympathize with his view, and 37 00:02:13,240 --> 00:02:15,760 Speaker 1: there are also a couple of executives at Facebook who's 38 00:02:15,800 --> 00:02:18,600 Speaker 1: shot back. Yeah. And what caught my eye was this 39 00:02:18,720 --> 00:02:22,239 Speaker 1: terist exchange between Bobby and Andrew Bosworth, this long time 40 00:02:22,280 --> 00:02:26,480 Speaker 1: executive at Facebook. He also helped create the news feed um. 41 00:02:26,600 --> 00:02:30,079 Speaker 1: Bosworth wrote, news feed isn't perfect, but it is at 42 00:02:30,200 --> 00:02:34,720 Speaker 1: least or more diverse than the alternatives which dominated consumption 43 00:02:34,760 --> 00:02:37,760 Speaker 1: in the late nineties and early odds. And this exchange 44 00:02:37,840 --> 00:02:41,240 Speaker 1: that unfolded was a little window into the conversation that 45 00:02:41,400 --> 00:02:45,040 Speaker 1: erupted all over Silicon Valley. It's the thing that we've 46 00:02:45,040 --> 00:02:47,840 Speaker 1: been all talking about in the aftermath of the election. 47 00:02:54,280 --> 00:02:57,840 Speaker 1: Hi am Aki Ito, and I'm Sarah Fryer. And now, 48 00:02:57,960 --> 00:03:02,320 Speaker 1: after the biggest electoral set in recent history, we're gonna 49 00:03:02,360 --> 00:03:05,480 Speaker 1: be doing some soul searching with the tech industry. And 50 00:03:05,520 --> 00:03:08,320 Speaker 1: the question we're asking today is this, do the tech 51 00:03:08,360 --> 00:03:11,920 Speaker 1: companies that guide our news diet, so this is Facebook, Twitter, 52 00:03:12,120 --> 00:03:15,560 Speaker 1: and Google, do they need to take that responsibility a 53 00:03:15,600 --> 00:03:19,639 Speaker 1: lot more seriously. Specifically, people are talking about two things. 54 00:03:20,040 --> 00:03:22,440 Speaker 1: One is the fake news stories that may have helped 55 00:03:22,440 --> 00:03:25,880 Speaker 1: sway people's opinions about Trump and Clinton, and how social 56 00:03:25,919 --> 00:03:29,440 Speaker 1: media helps spread that misinformation to a lot of people. 57 00:03:30,200 --> 00:03:31,760 Speaker 1: The second point has to do with the way that 58 00:03:31,800 --> 00:03:34,560 Speaker 1: Facebook shows some things over others in your news feed 59 00:03:34,880 --> 00:03:37,960 Speaker 1: and how that filtering maybe blinding you from news stories 60 00:03:38,000 --> 00:03:40,960 Speaker 1: from the opposite side of the political spectrum. Yeah, these 61 00:03:41,000 --> 00:03:44,080 Speaker 1: are long term problems that have just come into focus 62 00:03:44,120 --> 00:03:47,640 Speaker 1: in the last couple of weeks, and we're certainly not 63 00:03:47,680 --> 00:03:50,160 Speaker 1: going to solve them today, but we're going to try 64 00:03:50,160 --> 00:03:52,840 Speaker 1: to explain what's going on. And there's a lot at 65 00:03:52,840 --> 00:03:56,400 Speaker 1: stake here. As we were furiously getting this episode together, 66 00:03:57,000 --> 00:04:02,600 Speaker 1: even President Obama chimed in the major where ah, there's 67 00:04:02,640 --> 00:04:08,840 Speaker 1: so much active misinformation and it's packaged very well, and 68 00:04:08,920 --> 00:04:11,200 Speaker 1: it looks the same when you see it on a 69 00:04:11,240 --> 00:04:16,479 Speaker 1: Facebook page or you turn on your television, where some 70 00:04:18,120 --> 00:04:25,840 Speaker 1: over zealousness on the part of a US official is 71 00:04:25,880 --> 00:04:37,200 Speaker 1: equated with constant and severe repression elsewhere. If everything ah 72 00:04:37,600 --> 00:04:41,240 Speaker 1: seems to be the same and no distinctions are made, 73 00:04:41,279 --> 00:04:45,760 Speaker 1: then we won't know what to protect, we won't know 74 00:04:45,800 --> 00:04:52,240 Speaker 1: what to fight for. So Sarah, let's set the scene here. 75 00:04:52,800 --> 00:04:55,359 Speaker 1: This is the first election where the majority of people 76 00:04:55,400 --> 00:04:58,200 Speaker 1: in the US are getting their news from social media, 77 00:04:58,400 --> 00:05:01,040 Speaker 1: with two thirds of Facebook user saying they get their 78 00:05:01,040 --> 00:05:03,520 Speaker 1: news there, according to a few study of US adults. 79 00:05:04,240 --> 00:05:08,000 Speaker 1: And these are campaigns, especially Donald Trump's, that would run 80 00:05:08,000 --> 00:05:11,800 Speaker 1: primarily through social media, not just through the traditional channels 81 00:05:11,800 --> 00:05:15,000 Speaker 1: of the press and television ads. And some of these 82 00:05:15,000 --> 00:05:18,800 Speaker 1: stories had a clear agenda, sometimes based on just complete 83 00:05:18,880 --> 00:05:23,080 Speaker 1: outright lies, and they turned out to be super popular. Yeah, 84 00:05:23,120 --> 00:05:26,680 Speaker 1: BuzzFeed actually ran this analysis of election stories on Facebook 85 00:05:26,680 --> 00:05:28,840 Speaker 1: a couple of days ago and found that the top 86 00:05:28,839 --> 00:05:33,520 Speaker 1: performing one was that the Pope endorsed Donald Trump, which 87 00:05:33,560 --> 00:05:38,159 Speaker 1: of course never happened. That got almost a million shares, reactions, 88 00:05:38,200 --> 00:05:42,240 Speaker 1: and comments, and all of the top fake news stories 89 00:05:42,600 --> 00:05:46,680 Speaker 1: outperformed the top stories from RAPPI people news organizations. It's 90 00:05:46,720 --> 00:05:51,080 Speaker 1: incredible the top fake news stories did better than the 91 00:05:51,120 --> 00:05:54,479 Speaker 1: top stories from like the New York Times and traditional 92 00:05:54,520 --> 00:05:59,120 Speaker 1: news outlets. That's that's really meant that Brook Minkowski and 93 00:05:59,200 --> 00:06:02,960 Speaker 1: her staff have been working around the clock. Brooke's been 94 00:06:03,000 --> 00:06:06,159 Speaker 1: at the front lines of combating these fake stories during 95 00:06:06,200 --> 00:06:09,520 Speaker 1: the selection cycle. She's the managing editor of the fact 96 00:06:09,600 --> 00:06:15,960 Speaker 1: checking site snopes dot com. So how have you seen 97 00:06:16,279 --> 00:06:21,000 Speaker 1: the proliferation of fake news grow over the last few years. 98 00:06:21,279 --> 00:06:25,440 Speaker 1: If it has grown, it has definitely grown. It's become 99 00:06:25,640 --> 00:06:29,240 Speaker 1: sort of this beast unto itself. Although I don't want 100 00:06:29,240 --> 00:06:31,640 Speaker 1: to give the false impression that it did not exist 101 00:06:31,720 --> 00:06:34,880 Speaker 1: before two years ago. I mean, rumors and rumormongering and 102 00:06:35,040 --> 00:06:38,120 Speaker 1: fake news has been around for a long time. Satire 103 00:06:38,160 --> 00:06:39,960 Speaker 1: has been around for a long time. But I think 104 00:06:39,960 --> 00:06:43,520 Speaker 1: the difference now is that it's easily monetized and people 105 00:06:43,560 --> 00:06:46,080 Speaker 1: are finally catching onto the fact that you can get 106 00:06:46,120 --> 00:06:49,240 Speaker 1: outrage clicks and fear clicks and make a lot of 107 00:06:49,320 --> 00:06:51,800 Speaker 1: advertising money in the process. I mean, it adds up 108 00:06:52,000 --> 00:06:53,839 Speaker 1: so much if you have enough websites and you have 109 00:06:54,040 --> 00:06:58,840 Speaker 1: enough pages and enough aggrieved and fearful people. Here are 110 00:06:59,000 --> 00:07:02,800 Speaker 1: some fake stories she has had to debunk that a 111 00:07:02,920 --> 00:07:06,000 Speaker 1: van full of illegals went from polling place to polling 112 00:07:06,080 --> 00:07:09,360 Speaker 1: place to vote for Hillary. What about this one? Chelsea 113 00:07:09,440 --> 00:07:13,720 Speaker 1: Clinton's apartment has a secret hospital where Hillary got treatment 114 00:07:13,840 --> 00:07:17,840 Speaker 1: after her fainting spell on nine eleven. Or there's one 115 00:07:18,080 --> 00:07:21,200 Speaker 1: says Donald Trump personally sent out a plane to help 116 00:07:21,320 --> 00:07:24,440 Speaker 1: some Marines get back home after Operation Desert Storm in 117 00:07:24,440 --> 00:07:30,280 Speaker 1: the nineties. Okay, so this is probably a good time 118 00:07:30,320 --> 00:07:35,240 Speaker 1: to explain how Facebook's news feed actually works. How Facebook 119 00:07:35,320 --> 00:07:38,840 Speaker 1: shows you some stories but not others. Well, Facebook is 120 00:07:38,880 --> 00:07:41,360 Speaker 1: making sure that they're showing you content you're likely to 121 00:07:41,400 --> 00:07:44,840 Speaker 1: be interested in. That's really all they care about. They're 122 00:07:44,920 --> 00:07:48,360 Speaker 1: using signals based on what you like. Even the articles 123 00:07:48,400 --> 00:07:50,720 Speaker 1: that you read that you don't actually click like on 124 00:07:51,000 --> 00:07:53,880 Speaker 1: or share, maybe you just hover on them a little 125 00:07:53,880 --> 00:07:57,480 Speaker 1: longer than other posts. Facebook's algorithm notices and adjust to 126 00:07:57,520 --> 00:08:01,840 Speaker 1: your preference that has been weaked by fake news purveyors 127 00:08:01,880 --> 00:08:05,320 Speaker 1: because they realized that you can really harness the power 128 00:08:05,440 --> 00:08:09,240 Speaker 1: of fear and outrage in particular, and also, by the way, 129 00:08:09,240 --> 00:08:11,720 Speaker 1: that's not limited if you're an outrage. Puppies and women's 130 00:08:11,760 --> 00:08:14,920 Speaker 1: boobs also make a lot of money, sometimes kittens. So 131 00:08:15,200 --> 00:08:18,680 Speaker 1: there's all those kinds of things, and they've managed to 132 00:08:18,720 --> 00:08:20,040 Speaker 1: sort of get it to an art form, you know, 133 00:08:20,080 --> 00:08:23,560 Speaker 1: the keywords that make people angry and have them share stuff. 134 00:08:24,800 --> 00:08:28,160 Speaker 1: So it's with this backdrop that our former Facebook product 135 00:08:28,240 --> 00:08:31,480 Speaker 1: designer Bobby good Lot posted what he posted on the 136 00:08:31,560 --> 00:08:35,600 Speaker 1: night of the election, and in addition to attracting rebuttals 137 00:08:35,640 --> 00:08:38,960 Speaker 1: from some of Facebook's executives, Bobby spot so so caught 138 00:08:38,960 --> 00:08:42,560 Speaker 1: the attention of an outspoken guy in Silicon Valley at 139 00:08:42,559 --> 00:08:45,640 Speaker 1: the time. He was halfway around the world. Election night, 140 00:08:45,720 --> 00:08:50,560 Speaker 1: I was in Portugal with for Web Summit conference with 141 00:08:50,600 --> 00:08:53,000 Speaker 1: a bunch of other people from technology in San Francisco 142 00:08:53,160 --> 00:08:56,480 Speaker 1: watching you know, watching the election with were you guys 143 00:08:56,520 --> 00:08:59,120 Speaker 1: in a bar like what will? Yeah, we were in 144 00:08:59,200 --> 00:09:01,680 Speaker 1: a series of bar We kept trying to find a 145 00:09:01,720 --> 00:09:05,400 Speaker 1: place to watch it. Was still still open and uh, 146 00:09:05,520 --> 00:09:08,439 Speaker 1: you know still had like had TV with audio, So 147 00:09:08,480 --> 00:09:11,160 Speaker 1: it was it was an adventure on its own. That's 148 00:09:11,240 --> 00:09:14,600 Speaker 1: Justin Cohn, a partner at y Combinator and the founder 149 00:09:14,600 --> 00:09:18,720 Speaker 1: of Twitch, which has millions of people streaming video games 150 00:09:18,720 --> 00:09:22,120 Speaker 1: as they played them. I saw Bobby's post, and I 151 00:09:22,160 --> 00:09:24,920 Speaker 1: saw also the post of a bunch of Facebook execs 152 00:09:25,400 --> 00:09:28,559 Speaker 1: vehemently denying it right there, saying it's better. They were 153 00:09:28,800 --> 00:09:31,400 Speaker 1: very much rationalizing what they had created, right They were saying, 154 00:09:31,440 --> 00:09:34,240 Speaker 1: it's better that everyone can just consume, you know, one 155 00:09:34,280 --> 00:09:38,520 Speaker 1: of thousands of news sources. I don't agree, right, I 156 00:09:38,520 --> 00:09:40,400 Speaker 1: don't agree with that. And that night I think it 157 00:09:40,440 --> 00:09:42,520 Speaker 1: was very eye opening to see it like we are 158 00:09:43,400 --> 00:09:46,480 Speaker 1: um creating something that we don't really know what the 159 00:09:46,520 --> 00:09:50,640 Speaker 1: full consequences are, but we are basically bifurcating our our 160 00:09:50,640 --> 00:09:53,640 Speaker 1: realities into you know, you're living in the factual reality 161 00:09:53,679 --> 00:09:57,079 Speaker 1: that you want to now. I think that night was 162 00:09:57,360 --> 00:09:59,960 Speaker 1: really when I started thinking about this. And the next day, 163 00:10:00,240 --> 00:10:02,679 Speaker 1: Justin was at the conference that he was in Lisbon 164 00:10:02,800 --> 00:10:06,679 Speaker 1: for and he was with this other investor called Dave mckler. 165 00:10:07,200 --> 00:10:11,120 Speaker 1: He's the founder at five hundred Startups, which invests and 166 00:10:11,240 --> 00:10:15,440 Speaker 1: helps young startups grow. Justin hadn't slept much and tensions 167 00:10:15,440 --> 00:10:18,199 Speaker 1: were high. We all had all been watching the election 168 00:10:18,280 --> 00:10:21,520 Speaker 1: up until five am that morning before and Dave we 169 00:10:21,760 --> 00:10:24,000 Speaker 1: were on a panel together supposed to be about ego 170 00:10:24,280 --> 00:10:27,040 Speaker 1: and Dave got up and you just started screaming about 171 00:10:27,040 --> 00:10:30,680 Speaker 1: the fake news. Kissed right now? What it's wrong with you? 172 00:10:31,760 --> 00:10:34,520 Speaker 1: What is wrong with you if you're not kissed right now? 173 00:10:35,280 --> 00:10:38,240 Speaker 1: The cathology has a role in that we communicate, We 174 00:10:38,320 --> 00:10:42,120 Speaker 1: provide communication platforms for the rest of the country, and 175 00:10:42,160 --> 00:10:44,360 Speaker 1: we are allowing it to happen, just like the cable 176 00:10:44,400 --> 00:10:47,720 Speaker 1: news networks, just like talk radio. It's a propaganda medium. 177 00:10:47,720 --> 00:10:50,120 Speaker 1: And if people aren't aware of it that they're being told, 178 00:10:50,160 --> 00:10:52,280 Speaker 1: if they're being told a story of fear, that they're 179 00:10:52,280 --> 00:10:54,480 Speaker 1: being told a story of other if they're not like 180 00:10:54,559 --> 00:10:57,439 Speaker 1: understanding that people are trying to use them to get office, 181 00:10:57,679 --> 00:11:00,600 Speaker 1: then yes, told like Trump are gonna take off, and 182 00:11:00,640 --> 00:11:04,120 Speaker 1: it's arguing and our responsibility as preneurs, as citizens of 183 00:11:04,200 --> 00:11:07,120 Speaker 1: the world to make sure that does not happen. And 184 00:11:07,160 --> 00:11:09,280 Speaker 1: at first I was like really shocked he threw his 185 00:11:09,320 --> 00:11:12,280 Speaker 1: water bottle at the audience, But then I realized, Like, 186 00:11:12,520 --> 00:11:14,600 Speaker 1: you know, I started talking about it with friends of 187 00:11:14,600 --> 00:11:17,160 Speaker 1: mine app in the days following, and we started doing 188 00:11:17,160 --> 00:11:20,080 Speaker 1: some research. You can't quantify the effect it's had on 189 00:11:20,200 --> 00:11:23,720 Speaker 1: votes necessarily, but you can't not make some difference, right, 190 00:11:23,800 --> 00:11:26,120 Speaker 1: And the fact is it's a nonpartisan issue. I think 191 00:11:26,200 --> 00:11:29,560 Speaker 1: people making decisions based on fake news is not a 192 00:11:29,559 --> 00:11:32,079 Speaker 1: good idea, right. That's that I think everyone can agree 193 00:11:32,120 --> 00:11:35,440 Speaker 1: that that's actually going to be bad for American society 194 00:11:35,440 --> 00:11:39,000 Speaker 1: and discourse in general. Justin, Dave and Bobby weren't the 195 00:11:39,040 --> 00:11:42,400 Speaker 1: only people thinking about this. After the election, a lot 196 00:11:42,440 --> 00:11:46,040 Speaker 1: of stories came out essentially blaming Facebook for helping these 197 00:11:46,080 --> 00:11:49,800 Speaker 1: fake news stories go viral, and critics claim that some 198 00:11:49,880 --> 00:11:52,840 Speaker 1: of these stories may have even tipped the American electorate 199 00:11:52,920 --> 00:11:57,600 Speaker 1: in favor of Donald Trump. The pressure was mounting, and conveniently, 200 00:11:57,720 --> 00:12:00,880 Speaker 1: Facebook CEO Mark Zuckerberg was wil to appear at a 201 00:12:00,960 --> 00:12:05,079 Speaker 1: conference hosted by to Economy. I tuned in. You know, personally, 202 00:12:06,080 --> 00:12:11,040 Speaker 1: I think, Uh, the the idea that you know, fake 203 00:12:11,200 --> 00:12:14,160 Speaker 1: news on Facebook, of which you know, it's a it's 204 00:12:14,160 --> 00:12:19,400 Speaker 1: a very small amount of of the content UH influenced 205 00:12:19,400 --> 00:12:21,600 Speaker 1: the the election in any way, I think is a 206 00:12:21,640 --> 00:12:26,400 Speaker 1: pretty crazy idea, right, and it's um. You know, voters 207 00:12:26,840 --> 00:12:29,520 Speaker 1: make decisions based on their lived experience, right, I mean 208 00:12:29,559 --> 00:12:32,679 Speaker 1: they you kind of one part of this that I 209 00:12:32,720 --> 00:12:36,439 Speaker 1: think is important is we really believe in in people, right, 210 00:12:36,480 --> 00:12:39,280 Speaker 1: and that they can be like you don't generally go 211 00:12:39,440 --> 00:12:42,600 Speaker 1: wrong when you trust that people understand what they care 212 00:12:42,600 --> 00:12:45,960 Speaker 1: about and what's important to them and uh, and you 213 00:12:46,000 --> 00:12:55,000 Speaker 1: build systems that reflect that. Okay, So the founder of 214 00:12:55,120 --> 00:12:58,240 Speaker 1: Facebook is saying that Facebook didn't have an impact on 215 00:12:58,280 --> 00:13:02,520 Speaker 1: the election, right, kind of different what they tell their advertisers. 216 00:13:03,040 --> 00:13:05,880 Speaker 1: But Dave McClure, the investor who threw his water bottle 217 00:13:05,920 --> 00:13:08,400 Speaker 1: at the conference in Lisbon, he said it wasn't right 218 00:13:08,400 --> 00:13:13,800 Speaker 1: for Zuckerberg to deflect responsibility for this. I mean whether 219 00:13:13,920 --> 00:13:16,520 Speaker 1: or not their media company, they certainly have a responsibility 220 00:13:16,559 --> 00:13:21,760 Speaker 1: in terms of allowing inaccurate news reports to have substantial impact. 221 00:13:22,000 --> 00:13:25,160 Speaker 1: That there's certainly news story on there that are clearly fabricated, 222 00:13:25,160 --> 00:13:27,040 Speaker 1: that we're being seen by hundreds of thousands, if not 223 00:13:27,160 --> 00:13:29,240 Speaker 1: millions of people, and to suggest that that's not going 224 00:13:29,280 --> 00:13:32,840 Speaker 1: to have impact on an election, it's just very dissigenous. 225 00:13:33,000 --> 00:13:36,440 Speaker 1: The remark to suggest that Facebook isn't influential in terms 226 00:13:36,480 --> 00:13:40,600 Speaker 1: of any kind of content is preposterous. I mean, when 227 00:13:40,640 --> 00:13:45,000 Speaker 1: when Facebook is promoting numbers in the billions of people 228 00:13:45,120 --> 00:13:48,760 Speaker 1: that are using its products and daily usage numbers that 229 00:13:48,800 --> 00:13:51,679 Speaker 1: are substantial portions of the population, to suggest that they 230 00:13:51,720 --> 00:13:57,160 Speaker 1: do not have influence is just patently unbelievable. Later on 231 00:13:57,200 --> 00:14:00,719 Speaker 1: his Facebook Wall, Zuckerberg noted that end of stories and 232 00:14:00,800 --> 00:14:05,120 Speaker 1: newsfeed aren't fake, but one former Facebook employee had some 233 00:14:05,200 --> 00:14:08,600 Speaker 1: qualms with that claim. Judd Anton, who now works for Airbnb, 234 00:14:08,840 --> 00:14:11,840 Speaker 1: did some quick napkin math to find that one percent 235 00:14:11,960 --> 00:14:14,960 Speaker 1: of stories being fake. That's actually kind of big. It 236 00:14:15,000 --> 00:14:17,880 Speaker 1: could mean twelve million people see a fake news story 237 00:14:17,920 --> 00:14:21,040 Speaker 1: every day. And he notes that if one percent of 238 00:14:21,040 --> 00:14:23,760 Speaker 1: the articles in the New York Times or for that matter, 239 00:14:23,800 --> 00:14:28,440 Speaker 1: Bloomberg we're wrong. That would be absolutely unacceptable. And behind 240 00:14:28,560 --> 00:14:32,320 Speaker 1: all of this is this, Facebook isn't a news organization, right. 241 00:14:32,320 --> 00:14:35,760 Speaker 1: It doesn't write stories the way you and I do, Sarah. 242 00:14:35,800 --> 00:14:38,320 Speaker 1: And Facebook doesn't want to be the arbiter of what 243 00:14:38,600 --> 00:14:41,040 Speaker 1: is and isn't news, what is and isn't true on 244 00:14:41,040 --> 00:14:43,600 Speaker 1: the Internet. Yeah, they want to leave it to their 245 00:14:43,680 --> 00:14:46,880 Speaker 1: users to report fake and misleading content. If they were 246 00:14:46,880 --> 00:14:49,680 Speaker 1: to get too close to deciding that could open the 247 00:14:49,680 --> 00:14:53,720 Speaker 1: company after criticism. They'd have to define the truth and 248 00:14:53,760 --> 00:14:57,120 Speaker 1: they're afraid of appearing biased. Yeah, And if you compare 249 00:14:57,160 --> 00:15:00,280 Speaker 1: that to Google and Twitter, Google soonerach I has come 250 00:15:00,280 --> 00:15:02,840 Speaker 1: out and said fake news could be a problem, and 251 00:15:02,920 --> 00:15:05,000 Speaker 1: Twitter has come out and suspended a lot of high 252 00:15:05,000 --> 00:15:10,840 Speaker 1: profile white power nationalists extremist accounts. But Facebook, Yeah, like 253 00:15:11,040 --> 00:15:14,120 Speaker 1: earlier this year, there were some reports that their trending 254 00:15:14,200 --> 00:15:18,480 Speaker 1: topics editors were biased against conservatives, and the company made 255 00:15:18,520 --> 00:15:21,600 Speaker 1: a big deal of inviting conservatives to their Menlo Park 256 00:15:21,640 --> 00:15:25,760 Speaker 1: headquarters for a meeting with Mark Zuckerberg himself, and then 257 00:15:26,040 --> 00:15:29,800 Speaker 1: Facebook ended up firing their staff deciding to rely on 258 00:15:29,880 --> 00:15:32,880 Speaker 1: an algorithm for the trending tool. And based on what 259 00:15:32,920 --> 00:15:36,320 Speaker 1: I've been hearing internally, that whole ordeal sparked a lot 260 00:15:36,360 --> 00:15:39,240 Speaker 1: of debate about what Facebook role should be in news, 261 00:15:39,840 --> 00:15:45,200 Speaker 1: and after the election, that debate has intensified a lot. Okay, 262 00:15:45,280 --> 00:15:48,520 Speaker 1: so that's part one of Facebook's role in the election 263 00:15:48,680 --> 00:15:51,560 Speaker 1: according to its critics. We're going to go into another 264 00:15:51,600 --> 00:15:54,440 Speaker 1: criticism in a minute, but before we do that, I 265 00:15:54,480 --> 00:15:56,840 Speaker 1: tweeted the other day to get our listeners take on 266 00:15:56,880 --> 00:15:59,520 Speaker 1: the role of social media in this election, and what 267 00:15:59,600 --> 00:16:02,000 Speaker 1: we got was from a staff and the Geeb who 268 00:16:02,040 --> 00:16:06,000 Speaker 1: lived in Egypt during the Arab Spring protests, proving that 269 00:16:06,040 --> 00:16:15,160 Speaker 1: this issue is pretty global. Hello, I am Mustafa. I 270 00:16:15,200 --> 00:16:20,240 Speaker 1: am an Egyptian working in tech in Berlin. We had 271 00:16:20,240 --> 00:16:24,320 Speaker 1: a very similar situation in Egypt. We had our revolution 272 00:16:24,600 --> 00:16:28,680 Speaker 1: as part of the Arab Spring, and then what happened 273 00:16:28,800 --> 00:16:33,720 Speaker 1: is the counter revolution started spreading fake news about key 274 00:16:33,720 --> 00:16:38,280 Speaker 1: revolution figures and events. The regime in Egypt even created 275 00:16:38,320 --> 00:16:42,800 Speaker 1: what we now call electronic militias, which are groups of 276 00:16:42,840 --> 00:16:50,120 Speaker 1: people the regime employees to spread fake news and and 277 00:16:50,320 --> 00:16:56,320 Speaker 1: therefore trending algorithms and news feed on Facebook can pick 278 00:16:56,400 --> 00:17:01,440 Speaker 1: these up and amplify them even further. Okay, we suffered 279 00:17:01,480 --> 00:17:05,800 Speaker 1: from this a lot, and we still suffered from it. Personally, 280 00:17:06,720 --> 00:17:10,960 Speaker 1: I lost hope that anything could change. I realized that 281 00:17:11,040 --> 00:17:14,600 Speaker 1: people only hear what they want to hear. I decided 282 00:17:14,640 --> 00:17:18,200 Speaker 1: to leave the country more than a year ago, and 283 00:17:18,640 --> 00:17:21,879 Speaker 1: earlier this year, I deleted my Facebook account because I 284 00:17:21,960 --> 00:17:25,480 Speaker 1: just I can't take it anymore. And so it's the 285 00:17:25,560 --> 00:17:29,639 Speaker 1: case with what's going on in the US. I'm literally 286 00:17:29,680 --> 00:17:33,080 Speaker 1: seeing it as a flashback to what we've been having 287 00:17:33,119 --> 00:17:39,960 Speaker 1: for the past five years in Egypt. Yeah, that's incredibly 288 00:17:40,040 --> 00:17:44,080 Speaker 1: sobering and really sad um. I think that takes us 289 00:17:44,080 --> 00:17:48,159 Speaker 1: to the second criticism of Facebook. Yeah, here's justin again. 290 00:17:49,040 --> 00:17:50,639 Speaker 1: The second thing, which I think is going to be 291 00:17:50,680 --> 00:17:55,520 Speaker 1: more controversial, is whether Facebook should take steps to make 292 00:17:55,600 --> 00:17:57,880 Speaker 1: us see a more centrist point of view. I think 293 00:17:57,920 --> 00:18:01,600 Speaker 1: we are moving towards a bifurcated society where people see 294 00:18:01,640 --> 00:18:04,240 Speaker 1: different sets of facts, right, whether it's left and right, 295 00:18:04,680 --> 00:18:06,560 Speaker 1: whether you live in the cities or you live in 296 00:18:06,560 --> 00:18:09,439 Speaker 1: a rural area. And the problem with that is that 297 00:18:09,480 --> 00:18:12,719 Speaker 1: if we can't mutually agree upon some common ground, we 298 00:18:12,760 --> 00:18:14,800 Speaker 1: don't have much of a country, right. And so I 299 00:18:14,840 --> 00:18:17,840 Speaker 1: think it's very important as a society takes steps to 300 00:18:17,880 --> 00:18:21,320 Speaker 1: get out of our echo chambers and understand the other side, 301 00:18:21,760 --> 00:18:23,919 Speaker 1: the other team. And I think Facebook has a role 302 00:18:23,960 --> 00:18:26,159 Speaker 1: because it's very hard for individuals to do that. You know, 303 00:18:26,160 --> 00:18:28,400 Speaker 1: it's hard to go and seek out things that don't 304 00:18:28,400 --> 00:18:30,520 Speaker 1: confirm your own biases. It's hard for people on the left, 305 00:18:30,560 --> 00:18:32,720 Speaker 1: it's hard for people on the right. This has become 306 00:18:32,880 --> 00:18:36,920 Speaker 1: another popular observation over the last two weeks. But Mark 307 00:18:37,000 --> 00:18:42,919 Speaker 1: Zuckerberg he disagrees with this too. You know, regardless of UM, 308 00:18:42,960 --> 00:18:46,080 Speaker 1: what leaning you have on on Facebook politically, or what 309 00:18:46,119 --> 00:18:50,280 Speaker 1: your background is the you know, all the research would 310 00:18:50,320 --> 00:18:54,560 Speaker 1: show that, you know, almost everyone has some friends who 311 00:18:54,600 --> 00:18:57,720 Speaker 1: are on the other side. That means that the media 312 00:18:57,760 --> 00:19:00,199 Speaker 1: diversity and diversity of information that you're getting through a 313 00:19:00,280 --> 00:19:04,200 Speaker 1: social system like Facebook UM is going to be inherently 314 00:19:04,200 --> 00:19:07,600 Speaker 1: more diverse than what you would have gotten from, you know, 315 00:19:07,640 --> 00:19:10,679 Speaker 1: watching one of the three news stations UM and sticking 316 00:19:10,680 --> 00:19:12,800 Speaker 1: with that and having that be your newspaper, your TV 317 00:19:12,920 --> 00:19:16,919 Speaker 1: station UM twenty years ago and even more now. The 318 00:19:17,000 --> 00:19:20,959 Speaker 1: research also shows something which is a little bit less inspiring. 319 00:19:21,320 --> 00:19:25,359 Speaker 1: We studied not only UM people's exposure in news feed 320 00:19:25,560 --> 00:19:28,080 Speaker 1: to content from different points of view, but then what 321 00:19:28,119 --> 00:19:31,119 Speaker 1: people click on and engage with, And by far the 322 00:19:31,119 --> 00:19:34,840 Speaker 1: biggest filter in the system is not that the content 323 00:19:35,000 --> 00:19:36,879 Speaker 1: isn't there, that you don't have friends who support the 324 00:19:36,880 --> 00:19:39,520 Speaker 1: other candidate or that are of another religion, but that 325 00:19:39,600 --> 00:19:41,240 Speaker 1: you just don't click on it and you actually tune 326 00:19:41,280 --> 00:19:45,960 Speaker 1: it out when you see it. So if Facebook started 327 00:19:46,040 --> 00:19:50,800 Speaker 1: feeding you centrist content like Justin suggested, Zuckerberg thinks maybe 328 00:19:50,800 --> 00:19:53,760 Speaker 1: you wouldn't click on it. Anyway. Yeah, he kind of 329 00:19:53,800 --> 00:19:56,080 Speaker 1: sounds like a parent trying to get his kids to 330 00:19:56,160 --> 00:19:59,680 Speaker 1: eat more vegetables when when us kids, we actually want chocolate. 331 00:20:00,160 --> 00:20:04,200 Speaker 1: So should we talk about solutions? Yeah, here's a here's 332 00:20:04,240 --> 00:20:08,760 Speaker 1: Brooke Brinkowski's take. Remember she's the editor from snopes dot com. 333 00:20:08,800 --> 00:20:11,840 Speaker 1: It's important to note here that she actually doesn't think 334 00:20:11,920 --> 00:20:15,080 Speaker 1: Facebook or Twitter or any of the other Internet platforms 335 00:20:15,080 --> 00:20:17,920 Speaker 1: where to blame for the elections outcome. She said, that's 336 00:20:18,000 --> 00:20:21,040 Speaker 1: kind of like, you know, maybe blaming a crazy person 337 00:20:21,119 --> 00:20:24,480 Speaker 1: holding a megaphone and blaming the megaphone instead of the 338 00:20:24,480 --> 00:20:27,680 Speaker 1: crazy person. But she said she has some ideas for 339 00:20:27,720 --> 00:20:30,360 Speaker 1: how to make things better. So let's just say I'm 340 00:20:30,359 --> 00:20:32,760 Speaker 1: on Facebook, I have tons of money. I would assemble 341 00:20:32,920 --> 00:20:36,520 Speaker 1: a really good editorial team to start fact checking. Um. 342 00:20:36,560 --> 00:20:39,679 Speaker 1: I mean it's not easy. You need resources, in time, 343 00:20:39,800 --> 00:20:42,960 Speaker 1: you need man hours or women hours. I suppose I 344 00:20:43,200 --> 00:20:47,359 Speaker 1: would be sure to have journalists in their vetting the 345 00:20:47,400 --> 00:20:51,760 Speaker 1: information and misinformation, and I would have more oversight over 346 00:20:51,800 --> 00:20:54,040 Speaker 1: what they were curating as well. I mean, I appreciate 347 00:20:54,080 --> 00:20:56,040 Speaker 1: the idea, and I know that computers can help and 348 00:20:56,080 --> 00:20:59,280 Speaker 1: algorithms can help, and there are ways to ease it. 349 00:20:59,320 --> 00:21:03,760 Speaker 1: But like, you can't just rely on algorithms. I don't 350 00:21:03,760 --> 00:21:10,520 Speaker 1: think Facebook is gonna like that proposal. Well, I mean, sorry, Facebook, 351 00:21:10,520 --> 00:21:12,760 Speaker 1: but you know, and I and and I say this 352 00:21:12,800 --> 00:21:15,720 Speaker 1: as a defender of Facebook. If they're going to try 353 00:21:15,800 --> 00:21:19,240 Speaker 1: to be in the anything other than just a social network, 354 00:21:19,240 --> 00:21:21,760 Speaker 1: if they're really going to be I mean, I know 355 00:21:21,800 --> 00:21:23,400 Speaker 1: they already are, but if they're going to be more 356 00:21:23,400 --> 00:21:26,080 Speaker 1: serious about becoming a news source than they're going to 357 00:21:26,119 --> 00:21:29,000 Speaker 1: have to vet and fact check and build a team 358 00:21:29,040 --> 00:21:32,480 Speaker 1: to do so. Well, Justin's suggestion as well as days 359 00:21:32,680 --> 00:21:35,000 Speaker 1: was to come up with ways to van or at 360 00:21:35,080 --> 00:21:38,080 Speaker 1: least limit the spread of fake news sites from Facebook altogether. 361 00:21:38,480 --> 00:21:41,920 Speaker 1: And Justin felt this new sense of responsibility to make 362 00:21:41,960 --> 00:21:45,840 Speaker 1: sure that he himself wasn't contributing to these problems either. 363 00:21:46,760 --> 00:21:52,040 Speaker 1: What will you do differently starting today? Well, my first 364 00:21:52,040 --> 00:21:54,880 Speaker 1: step was I need to identify these issues and talk 365 00:21:54,920 --> 00:21:59,520 Speaker 1: about them and maybe write about them. Second step, I'm 366 00:21:59,560 --> 00:22:02,440 Speaker 1: not sure. I think we need to On the job side, 367 00:22:02,440 --> 00:22:04,919 Speaker 1: we need to think about how we're going to create 368 00:22:05,840 --> 00:22:09,240 Speaker 1: jobs and transition people for things that are going to 369 00:22:09,280 --> 00:22:14,320 Speaker 1: be like eliminated in the short to medium term. Um, 370 00:22:14,359 --> 00:22:15,960 Speaker 1: I think a lot more thought needs to go into 371 00:22:16,000 --> 00:22:20,040 Speaker 1: that in terms of I guess the information bubble, I 372 00:22:20,040 --> 00:22:23,400 Speaker 1: think we're gonna have to think about what I really 373 00:22:23,400 --> 00:22:26,040 Speaker 1: want to invest in or fund a company that is 374 00:22:26,200 --> 00:22:30,200 Speaker 1: just giving people what they want and effectively displacing a 375 00:22:30,320 --> 00:22:34,879 Speaker 1: central you know, their access to more centrist information. And 376 00:22:34,920 --> 00:22:37,320 Speaker 1: I think the answer today is no, whereas the answer, 377 00:22:37,480 --> 00:22:39,639 Speaker 1: you know, before election day might have been, well, you know, 378 00:22:39,720 --> 00:22:41,520 Speaker 1: I think it will grow very fast, so maybe it's 379 00:22:41,520 --> 00:22:45,000 Speaker 1: worth investing in anyways. So I guess that's one actionable step, 380 00:22:49,400 --> 00:22:52,119 Speaker 1: So Sarah. After a lot of this kind of commentary 381 00:22:52,200 --> 00:22:55,720 Speaker 1: from Justin and and basically everyone else, this was the 382 00:22:55,960 --> 00:22:59,960 Speaker 1: topic of conversation over the last few days, Mark Zuckerberg 383 00:23:00,200 --> 00:23:03,359 Speaker 1: came out with an update on his Facebook wall. He 384 00:23:03,440 --> 00:23:06,880 Speaker 1: seems to have had a change of heart about how 385 00:23:06,960 --> 00:23:09,879 Speaker 1: much he wants to reveal about his plans. Here he 386 00:23:10,000 --> 00:23:13,520 Speaker 1: actually goes really, um, really in depth into the number 387 00:23:13,560 --> 00:23:17,000 Speaker 1: of things he's thinking about for solving the fake news problem. 388 00:23:17,080 --> 00:23:20,560 Speaker 1: He does admit that they have a problem with fake news. Um, 389 00:23:20,600 --> 00:23:24,520 Speaker 1: sort of a one eighty from what he said earlier. Um. 390 00:23:24,720 --> 00:23:28,040 Speaker 1: The points he he notes are the same kind of 391 00:23:28,160 --> 00:23:31,760 Speaker 1: suggestions that I've been hearing in the tech community, you know, 392 00:23:32,359 --> 00:23:36,440 Speaker 1: fixing Facebook's text so that they can better detect fixed stories, 393 00:23:36,920 --> 00:23:40,879 Speaker 1: using third parties like Snopes to help them, warning people 394 00:23:41,040 --> 00:23:44,440 Speaker 1: on stories before they read or share them that they 395 00:23:44,520 --> 00:23:47,560 Speaker 1: may be fake. Um. And a lot of these things 396 00:23:47,600 --> 00:23:51,000 Speaker 1: do have pitfalls, Like you know, he's still relying on 397 00:23:51,040 --> 00:23:53,960 Speaker 1: the community to determine what is fake. And you know, 398 00:23:54,000 --> 00:23:56,640 Speaker 1: based on what the people I've talked to, people tend 399 00:23:56,680 --> 00:23:59,159 Speaker 1: to mark things as fake even when they just disagree 400 00:23:59,200 --> 00:24:02,239 Speaker 1: with them. Um, So there are this is not going 401 00:24:02,280 --> 00:24:06,240 Speaker 1: to be an easy problem to solve still, um, but 402 00:24:06,320 --> 00:24:09,919 Speaker 1: at least he's getting a little closer. One thing I 403 00:24:10,000 --> 00:24:12,800 Speaker 1: love about this post though, is he says he wants 404 00:24:12,800 --> 00:24:19,120 Speaker 1: to disrupt fake news economics, and that's his his admitting 405 00:24:19,280 --> 00:24:24,200 Speaker 1: that Facebook is responsible for fake news economics. Um, that 406 00:24:24,280 --> 00:24:29,359 Speaker 1: these these posts exist because they are rewarded by his 407 00:24:29,440 --> 00:24:33,119 Speaker 1: current algorithm. That's right. These are the teenagers that BuzzFeed 408 00:24:33,119 --> 00:24:36,919 Speaker 1: has reported in uh Macedonia who are making tons and 409 00:24:37,000 --> 00:24:39,840 Speaker 1: tons of money out of these fake outrage stories that 410 00:24:39,920 --> 00:24:42,399 Speaker 1: go viral on Facebook. Or a couple of guys in 411 00:24:42,680 --> 00:24:46,040 Speaker 1: California that the Washington Post profile this weekend that are 412 00:24:46,119 --> 00:24:49,920 Speaker 1: just like writing as many conspiracy posts as they can 413 00:24:50,240 --> 00:24:55,119 Speaker 1: for the money. Um, this is really an area that 414 00:24:55,119 --> 00:24:59,000 Speaker 1: that Facebook can make moves, And you know Zuckerberg, I 415 00:24:59,000 --> 00:25:01,920 Speaker 1: want to read a little bit of what he says here. Um. 416 00:25:01,960 --> 00:25:04,840 Speaker 1: He says, Normally we wouldn't share specifics about our work 417 00:25:04,880 --> 00:25:07,560 Speaker 1: in progress, but given the importance of these issues and 418 00:25:07,600 --> 00:25:10,040 Speaker 1: the amount of interest in the topic, I do want 419 00:25:10,080 --> 00:25:12,720 Speaker 1: to outline some of the projects we already have underway. 420 00:25:12,760 --> 00:25:16,040 Speaker 1: So these are things that will be happening. Yeah. Yeah, 421 00:25:16,040 --> 00:25:19,720 Speaker 1: It sounds like these discussions were already taking place inside 422 00:25:19,760 --> 00:25:22,399 Speaker 1: Facebook even before he came out with this post, but 423 00:25:22,840 --> 00:25:26,800 Speaker 1: given the tenor of the conversation over the last two weeks, 424 00:25:27,320 --> 00:25:30,240 Speaker 1: he had no choice but to actually come out and 425 00:25:30,240 --> 00:25:33,120 Speaker 1: and say, yes, we hear you, we are working on it. 426 00:25:35,000 --> 00:25:37,080 Speaker 1: When I spoke to Bobby good Lot the other day, 427 00:25:37,080 --> 00:25:40,000 Speaker 1: our author of the critical Facebook post, it was clear 428 00:25:40,119 --> 00:25:43,480 Speaker 1: that he had softened his take. He said that after 429 00:25:43,560 --> 00:25:46,320 Speaker 1: doing some soul searching of his own, he gained a 430 00:25:46,320 --> 00:25:49,199 Speaker 1: lot of sympathy for the good engineers of Facebook, to 431 00:25:49,280 --> 00:25:52,080 Speaker 1: whom he owes gratitude for being able to see pictures 432 00:25:52,080 --> 00:25:56,200 Speaker 1: of his baby niece on the regular Facebook's problems, he said, 433 00:25:56,640 --> 00:25:58,959 Speaker 1: are the same problems we just have in our culture 434 00:25:58,960 --> 00:26:02,840 Speaker 1: at large. You can't change underline reality here. All these 435 00:26:03,359 --> 00:26:06,160 Speaker 1: systems are built on top of the kind of real, 436 00:26:06,400 --> 00:26:09,280 Speaker 1: the real connections we have in the real world. Yeah. 437 00:26:09,280 --> 00:26:11,080 Speaker 1: I think a lot of people are looking for figures 438 00:26:11,119 --> 00:26:15,800 Speaker 1: to point right now, and I think it's it's, you know, 439 00:26:15,800 --> 00:26:17,760 Speaker 1: the nswer to a lot of this. It's more complicated 440 00:26:17,760 --> 00:26:27,199 Speaker 1: than that. And that's it for this week's Decryptid And 441 00:26:27,320 --> 00:26:30,480 Speaker 1: what are your thoughts on Silicon Valley's impact on the election? 442 00:26:30,760 --> 00:26:33,639 Speaker 1: You can tweet at me at AKO seven and I'm 443 00:26:33,680 --> 00:26:36,560 Speaker 1: at Sarah Fryar, or you can send a voice memo 444 00:26:36,680 --> 00:26:39,879 Speaker 1: to our producer Pia get Cardi at p g A 445 00:26:40,119 --> 00:26:43,760 Speaker 1: d k A r I at Bloomberg dot net. We 446 00:26:43,880 --> 00:26:46,320 Speaker 1: might play your thoughts on a future program the way 447 00:26:46,359 --> 00:26:49,800 Speaker 1: we played mus Staff is voice memo Today. We're still 448 00:26:49,800 --> 00:26:52,280 Speaker 1: a new program, and we'd love your help in spreading 449 00:26:52,280 --> 00:26:55,040 Speaker 1: the word. Please subscribe to our show on iTunes or 450 00:26:55,040 --> 00:26:58,119 Speaker 1: wherever you get your podcasts, and leave us a rating 451 00:26:58,119 --> 00:27:01,840 Speaker 1: and review. This episode Zone was produced by Pierre Gagcari, 452 00:27:02,040 --> 00:27:05,359 Speaker 1: Magnus Hendrickson, and Liz Smith. Alec McCabe as head of 453 00:27:05,359 --> 00:27:13,119 Speaker 1: Bloomberg podcasts. We'll see you next week. H