1 00:00:03,040 --> 00:00:06,560 Speaker 1: Welcome to Stuff to Blow Your Mind, a production of iHeartRadio. 2 00:00:09,960 --> 00:00:12,840 Speaker 2: Hey you, welcome to Stuff to Blow your Mind. Listener mail. 3 00:00:12,960 --> 00:00:15,880 Speaker 3: This is Robert Lamb and this is Joe McCormick. And 4 00:00:15,960 --> 00:00:18,160 Speaker 3: it's Monday, the day of each week that we read 5 00:00:18,239 --> 00:00:20,599 Speaker 3: back messages sent into the Stuff to Blow Your Mind 6 00:00:20,680 --> 00:00:23,560 Speaker 3: email account. If you've never gotten in touch before and 7 00:00:23,600 --> 00:00:25,400 Speaker 3: you would like to give it a shot, you can 8 00:00:25,440 --> 00:00:28,720 Speaker 3: reach us at contact at stuff to Blow your Mind 9 00:00:28,960 --> 00:00:32,320 Speaker 3: dot com. Let's see rob I think I'm going to 10 00:00:32,400 --> 00:00:34,879 Speaker 3: kick things off today with a response to some of 11 00:00:34,920 --> 00:00:39,200 Speaker 3: our older episodes on numeracy the human number sense. 12 00:00:39,800 --> 00:00:40,760 Speaker 2: All right, let's have it. 13 00:00:41,320 --> 00:00:49,159 Speaker 3: This is from Charlotte. Charlotte says, Hi, thank you for 14 00:00:49,200 --> 00:00:51,400 Speaker 3: a great podcast. A while ago, I listened to your 15 00:00:51,400 --> 00:00:55,560 Speaker 3: episode on numerosity and the approximate number system where you 16 00:00:55,600 --> 00:00:58,280 Speaker 3: mentioned that we still don't know much about the ideology 17 00:00:58,360 --> 00:01:02,040 Speaker 3: of this phenomenon, where it comes from. Therefore, I would 18 00:01:02,120 --> 00:01:04,880 Speaker 3: just like to highlight that I published an article last 19 00:01:05,000 --> 00:01:09,240 Speaker 3: year on the heritability of the approximate number system in infancy. 20 00:01:09,640 --> 00:01:12,520 Speaker 3: This is the first study on the heritability of the 21 00:01:12,560 --> 00:01:16,920 Speaker 3: ans the approximate number system and the largest infant twin 22 00:01:17,080 --> 00:01:19,960 Speaker 3: study in the world. We found that the ANS was 23 00:01:20,080 --> 00:01:23,800 Speaker 3: partly heritable but also largely influenced by factors unique to 24 00:01:23,840 --> 00:01:27,240 Speaker 3: each twin. Not sure if this is interest of interest 25 00:01:27,280 --> 00:01:30,399 Speaker 3: to you, but here's the link anyway, Best regards, Charlotte. 26 00:01:31,000 --> 00:01:33,600 Speaker 3: So Oh man, I love getting email like this. Always 27 00:01:33,640 --> 00:01:37,760 Speaker 3: love to hear from a researcher who's done direct research 28 00:01:37,800 --> 00:01:40,520 Speaker 3: on a topic we touched on. So I looked into 29 00:01:41,319 --> 00:01:46,120 Speaker 3: this paper. This is by Charlotte Victorson at All published 30 00:01:46,200 --> 00:01:49,600 Speaker 3: in the journal Developmental Science just this year twenty twenty three, 31 00:01:50,000 --> 00:01:54,320 Speaker 3: called infant sense of approximate numerosity, heritability and link to 32 00:01:54,400 --> 00:01:58,600 Speaker 3: other concurrent traits. So, as Charlotte said, the paper is 33 00:01:58,640 --> 00:02:01,440 Speaker 3: looking at the approximate number system, which is a very 34 00:02:01,440 --> 00:02:04,640 Speaker 3: interesting ability that we have in our brains. Of course, 35 00:02:04,640 --> 00:02:07,840 Speaker 3: it's obvious that we can look at two groups of 36 00:02:07,880 --> 00:02:10,840 Speaker 3: objects and tell which group is bigger by counting the 37 00:02:10,880 --> 00:02:13,400 Speaker 3: objects in each group, but actually we can do it 38 00:02:13,440 --> 00:02:17,239 Speaker 3: without counting. So the approximate number system is the ability 39 00:02:17,280 --> 00:02:21,880 Speaker 3: to distinguish the numerical magnitude of different groups of objects 40 00:02:22,160 --> 00:02:26,040 Speaker 3: without relying on language or symbols. So, in fact, to 41 00:02:26,080 --> 00:02:29,000 Speaker 3: be able to look at like two groups of things 42 00:02:29,000 --> 00:02:31,840 Speaker 3: and know which one has more in it without counting, 43 00:02:32,560 --> 00:02:36,760 Speaker 3: And the supplies typically to groups of items greater than four. 44 00:02:37,120 --> 00:02:39,639 Speaker 3: There could be more than four numbers in it when 45 00:02:39,639 --> 00:02:42,160 Speaker 3: you're just comparing like two of something to three of something. 46 00:02:42,560 --> 00:02:46,520 Speaker 3: Apparently the brain uses a different system, but obviously this 47 00:02:46,560 --> 00:02:49,280 Speaker 3: is a paramount use in our lives. We use it 48 00:02:49,320 --> 00:02:51,920 Speaker 3: all the time, in fact, without even realizing we're doing it. 49 00:02:51,960 --> 00:02:54,280 Speaker 3: So like the approximate number system is how you can 50 00:02:54,320 --> 00:02:57,560 Speaker 3: look at two bushes that each have hundreds of berries 51 00:02:57,639 --> 00:03:00,440 Speaker 3: on them and just immediately see that one bush has 52 00:03:00,520 --> 00:03:03,040 Speaker 3: more berries than the other, even though you didn't count them, 53 00:03:03,120 --> 00:03:05,400 Speaker 3: and you didn't rely on any words or numbers to 54 00:03:05,440 --> 00:03:08,960 Speaker 3: form that judgment, And so I was doing a bit 55 00:03:09,000 --> 00:03:13,200 Speaker 3: of background. The accuracy of a person's approximate number system, 56 00:03:13,840 --> 00:03:17,720 Speaker 3: it seems, is usually measured by finding the smallest ratio 57 00:03:17,960 --> 00:03:22,200 Speaker 3: of difference that you can reliably tell apart without counting. So, 58 00:03:22,440 --> 00:03:25,680 Speaker 3: for example, if you show me two scattering you flash 59 00:03:25,720 --> 00:03:28,760 Speaker 3: at me two scatterings of red dots on a screen, quickly, 60 00:03:29,320 --> 00:03:32,080 Speaker 3: I might reliably be able to tell that a group 61 00:03:32,120 --> 00:03:34,960 Speaker 3: of one hundred and thirty dots is greater than a 62 00:03:34,960 --> 00:03:38,440 Speaker 3: group of just one hundred dots, but I cannot reliably 63 00:03:38,480 --> 00:03:41,920 Speaker 3: tell the difference between one hundred and five dots and 64 00:03:41,920 --> 00:03:44,560 Speaker 3: one hundred dots, And so from there you would keep 65 00:03:44,600 --> 00:03:47,560 Speaker 3: on sort of narrowing it down until you eventually determine 66 00:03:47,680 --> 00:03:50,920 Speaker 3: what the threshold is, like how big the difference needs 67 00:03:50,960 --> 00:03:54,400 Speaker 3: to be before you can usually tell them apart. And 68 00:03:54,680 --> 00:03:57,040 Speaker 3: that might be a difference of ten percent or twenty 69 00:03:57,040 --> 00:04:00,960 Speaker 3: percent or whatever. Before you reliably get it right with babies, 70 00:04:01,360 --> 00:04:04,080 Speaker 3: which are studied in this paper, obviously you need a 71 00:04:04,080 --> 00:04:07,040 Speaker 3: different kind of test. I think they used a gaze 72 00:04:07,360 --> 00:04:10,520 Speaker 3: tracking apparatus to see what the babies were looking at 73 00:04:10,560 --> 00:04:13,560 Speaker 3: to determine whether they were sensing novelty. 74 00:04:14,440 --> 00:04:16,719 Speaker 2: Just strap that right onto their heads, right. 75 00:04:17,960 --> 00:04:20,000 Speaker 3: So yeah, it turns out we do have a sense 76 00:04:20,760 --> 00:04:24,200 Speaker 3: for approximate numerosity even in infancy before we can count 77 00:04:24,240 --> 00:04:27,719 Speaker 3: at all. But it's not super well developed. It's certainly 78 00:04:27,760 --> 00:04:29,960 Speaker 3: not as well developed as it will be in adulthood. 79 00:04:30,320 --> 00:04:34,279 Speaker 3: And this paper and Developmental Science, where our listener here 80 00:04:34,440 --> 00:04:38,120 Speaker 3: was the lead author, it tested five hundred and fourteen 81 00:04:38,400 --> 00:04:42,719 Speaker 3: five month old twin subjects, and I was just thinking, wow, 82 00:04:42,760 --> 00:04:46,120 Speaker 3: that must have been the process for assembling that sample 83 00:04:46,120 --> 00:04:49,120 Speaker 3: group must have been interesting, and it tested them to 84 00:04:49,120 --> 00:04:53,200 Speaker 3: figure out what portion of the infant skill for approximate 85 00:04:53,279 --> 00:04:57,760 Speaker 3: numerosity is heritable. Of course, studies on identical identical twins 86 00:04:57,800 --> 00:05:00,880 Speaker 3: are very useful for figuring out two what extent things 87 00:05:00,920 --> 00:05:04,480 Speaker 3: are genetic or heritable? And the author's right quote. We 88 00:05:04,560 --> 00:05:08,279 Speaker 3: found a small to moderate but statistically significant effect of 89 00:05:08,360 --> 00:05:13,760 Speaker 3: genetic factors on approximate number system acuity, but only when 90 00:05:13,839 --> 00:05:17,279 Speaker 3: differences in numerosity were relatively large, such as in a 91 00:05:17,400 --> 00:05:21,320 Speaker 3: one to four ratio. So to the extent you know 92 00:05:21,360 --> 00:05:24,040 Speaker 3: that there was evidence for a genetic difference in how 93 00:05:24,080 --> 00:05:27,680 Speaker 3: babies can tell the difference in numbers of objects. That 94 00:05:27,720 --> 00:05:31,640 Speaker 3: difference in acuity only manifested for big differences in numbers 95 00:05:31,640 --> 00:05:35,960 Speaker 3: for babies. They also found that this acuity for finding 96 00:05:36,040 --> 00:05:40,080 Speaker 3: difference in approximate numbers was quote not positively associated with 97 00:05:40,160 --> 00:05:44,720 Speaker 3: concurrent attentional, cognitive or motor abilities. So in a way, 98 00:05:44,760 --> 00:05:46,520 Speaker 3: it seems to be sort of its own thing. 99 00:05:47,920 --> 00:05:48,560 Speaker 2: Fascinating. 100 00:05:49,000 --> 00:05:52,279 Speaker 3: So anyway, thank you so much Charlotte for getting in 101 00:05:52,320 --> 00:05:55,080 Speaker 3: touch for sharing relevant research with us. This is one 102 00:05:55,080 --> 00:05:57,560 Speaker 3: of my favorite kinds of email. So researchers out there, 103 00:05:57,560 --> 00:06:00,279 Speaker 3: if you're listening. If you've published a paper on the 104 00:06:00,279 --> 00:06:02,080 Speaker 3: topic we talked about, you want to share it with us, 105 00:06:02,080 --> 00:06:05,000 Speaker 3: and especially if you want to explain it and offer 106 00:06:05,080 --> 00:06:08,680 Speaker 3: some interpretive context, please always send it in contact at 107 00:06:08,720 --> 00:06:11,719 Speaker 3: stuff to Blow your Mind dot com. It is absolutely 108 00:06:11,800 --> 00:06:12,880 Speaker 3: of interest to us. 109 00:06:13,279 --> 00:06:17,640 Speaker 2: Yeah, absolutely, all right. We also heard from folks already 110 00:06:17,680 --> 00:06:21,440 Speaker 2: about our Future Shock series they were doing revisiting the 111 00:06:21,440 --> 00:06:25,719 Speaker 2: topic of Alvin and heid Toffler's Future Shock from nineteen seventy. 112 00:06:26,320 --> 00:06:27,800 Speaker 2: I'm going to start off with just a couple of 113 00:06:27,800 --> 00:06:31,400 Speaker 2: messages from our discord server. Now, if you're wondering, well, 114 00:06:31,480 --> 00:06:33,600 Speaker 2: WHOA there's a discord server for Stuff to Blow your Mind? 115 00:06:33,600 --> 00:06:36,040 Speaker 2: There is, indeed, and if you would like to access it, 116 00:06:36,120 --> 00:06:38,479 Speaker 2: just email us at that email address that we just 117 00:06:38,520 --> 00:06:40,560 Speaker 2: shared with you, and we'll share again at the end 118 00:06:40,560 --> 00:06:50,440 Speaker 2: of this program. Anyway, one user named Ymz says, quote 119 00:06:50,800 --> 00:06:53,440 Speaker 2: Rob's wife cracks me up. Future Shock is not real. 120 00:06:53,800 --> 00:06:56,440 Speaker 2: I feel the same way, but I'm still enjoying the discussion. 121 00:06:57,120 --> 00:07:01,479 Speaker 2: And then we had then one of our listeners, Steve 122 00:07:01,600 --> 00:07:03,920 Speaker 2: here I believe, chimes in and says, I feel it 123 00:07:03,960 --> 00:07:06,599 Speaker 2: is real. What Joe said about AI killing day jobs 124 00:07:06,600 --> 00:07:10,080 Speaker 2: for various artists trying to subsidize personal work not the 125 00:07:10,120 --> 00:07:15,000 Speaker 2: soul is stuff that AI scraped, homogenized plagiaristic generations so 126 00:07:15,120 --> 00:07:18,640 Speaker 2: often are is spot on. Radiologists, surgeons, and many other 127 00:07:18,680 --> 00:07:21,920 Speaker 2: professions are already being affected. This does not have to 128 00:07:21,920 --> 00:07:25,280 Speaker 2: be a bad thing, but it is already happening. Even 129 00:07:25,280 --> 00:07:27,720 Speaker 2: though many experts said just a handful of years ago 130 00:07:27,720 --> 00:07:30,320 Speaker 2: that these changes were at least a decade away. This 131 00:07:30,400 --> 00:07:32,560 Speaker 2: episode is pure stuff to blow your mind. Gold. I 132 00:07:32,560 --> 00:07:36,240 Speaker 2: would add that if the primary force motivating future artists 133 00:07:36,280 --> 00:07:39,800 Speaker 2: of any kind involves winning the favor of almighty algorithms 134 00:07:40,000 --> 00:07:44,559 Speaker 2: while maximizing likes over convictions and personal vision, a dark 135 00:07:44,640 --> 00:07:47,920 Speaker 2: age of empty digital kitch will add all the minds 136 00:07:47,920 --> 00:07:48,640 Speaker 2: of the masses. 137 00:07:49,400 --> 00:07:52,160 Speaker 3: My inclination is to agree with you there, Steve. I 138 00:07:52,200 --> 00:07:56,040 Speaker 3: think the metrics used to measure the quality of a 139 00:07:56,080 --> 00:07:59,200 Speaker 3: piece of media on social media sites and other platforms 140 00:07:59,640 --> 00:08:02,960 Speaker 3: are off and actually do not have a huge amount 141 00:08:02,960 --> 00:08:06,520 Speaker 3: of overlap with what actually brings value to our lives. 142 00:08:07,120 --> 00:08:09,960 Speaker 3: There may be things that you're very likely to click 143 00:08:10,200 --> 00:08:13,640 Speaker 3: like on or reshare that are really of quite shallow 144 00:08:13,720 --> 00:08:18,400 Speaker 3: interest to you, whereas you were less likely to use 145 00:08:18,520 --> 00:08:23,800 Speaker 3: the metric tract interactions on the platform itself that are 146 00:08:23,840 --> 00:08:26,720 Speaker 3: all the platform can really care about. There are things 147 00:08:26,720 --> 00:08:29,400 Speaker 3: where you're less likely to do that, but that actual 148 00:08:29,400 --> 00:08:31,720 Speaker 3: piece of content is much more valuable to you. 149 00:08:32,520 --> 00:08:35,040 Speaker 2: Yeah. I mean, there's plenty of stuff that's clickable and memeable, 150 00:08:35,440 --> 00:08:38,240 Speaker 2: but it doesn't mean it actually improves your life. I mean, 151 00:08:38,360 --> 00:08:41,040 Speaker 2: I think about I can have cheeseburger every day, but 152 00:08:41,480 --> 00:08:46,200 Speaker 2: it doesn't really really impact my life at all. It 153 00:08:46,320 --> 00:08:50,560 Speaker 2: just occasionally makes me chuckle or shake my head. And 154 00:08:50,600 --> 00:08:52,440 Speaker 2: that was a human creation, by the way, that was 155 00:08:52,480 --> 00:08:55,280 Speaker 2: not AI. I'd like to see AI try to top 156 00:08:55,360 --> 00:08:56,439 Speaker 2: I can have cheeseburger. 157 00:08:57,360 --> 00:09:00,320 Speaker 3: I feel like the kind of engagement and value that 158 00:09:00,400 --> 00:09:05,040 Speaker 3: is easily tracked on digital platforms will end up prioritizing 159 00:09:05,720 --> 00:09:09,280 Speaker 3: things that people like in a very shallow and non 160 00:09:09,320 --> 00:09:13,400 Speaker 3: committal way, and things that actually involve you more intellectually 161 00:09:13,520 --> 00:09:17,120 Speaker 3: or emotionally or whatever will will suffer for that. 162 00:09:17,880 --> 00:09:21,160 Speaker 2: Yeah, all right. We also heard from Fletch in Discord. 163 00:09:21,240 --> 00:09:25,480 Speaker 2: Fletch is a frequent contributor to discussions there chimes in 164 00:09:25,679 --> 00:09:30,760 Speaker 2: about Tharg's future Shocks in the British comic book series 165 00:09:30,800 --> 00:09:32,640 Speaker 2: two thousand and AD. I guess it's more than a series. 166 00:09:32,720 --> 00:09:36,839 Speaker 2: It's like a publication. Fletch says Tharg's Future Shocks in 167 00:09:36,880 --> 00:09:39,080 Speaker 2: two thousand and eight was kind of a Twilight Zone 168 00:09:39,120 --> 00:09:43,640 Speaker 2: series of one off weird tales, if memory serves, One 169 00:09:43,679 --> 00:09:47,319 Speaker 2: of them was the basis of the Richard Stanley movie Hardware. 170 00:09:48,040 --> 00:09:52,280 Speaker 2: Judge Dread also occasionally featured a class of adversary called 171 00:09:52,520 --> 00:09:57,280 Speaker 2: fut seats, citizens driven to psychotic outburst by the future 172 00:09:57,320 --> 00:09:59,760 Speaker 2: shock of living in mega city one. 173 00:10:01,640 --> 00:10:03,520 Speaker 3: Well, you know, in defense of the Tofflers, I don't 174 00:10:03,520 --> 00:10:05,839 Speaker 3: know if they were quite picturing the creation of like 175 00:10:07,520 --> 00:10:10,559 Speaker 3: mad zombies running amok due to future shock. I think 176 00:10:10,559 --> 00:10:15,000 Speaker 3: it was more like a state of mostly characterized by 177 00:10:15,080 --> 00:10:19,600 Speaker 3: anxiety and stress and all of the downstream effects of 178 00:10:19,640 --> 00:10:20,720 Speaker 3: anxiety and stress. 179 00:10:21,440 --> 00:10:24,360 Speaker 2: Well, I either don't remember or have not encountered. The 180 00:10:24,400 --> 00:10:29,080 Speaker 2: futzis myself in the Judge Dread comics that I've read. 181 00:10:29,120 --> 00:10:33,120 Speaker 2: But I think it is important to recognize that the tone, 182 00:10:33,280 --> 00:10:35,920 Speaker 2: at least for a lot of Judge Dread comics is 183 00:10:36,040 --> 00:10:41,040 Speaker 2: more absurdist and inhumorous, something that if you've just seen 184 00:10:41,040 --> 00:10:42,840 Speaker 2: the movies you might not get, especially if you've just 185 00:10:42,840 --> 00:10:45,800 Speaker 2: seen like the more recent film The Carl Urban One, 186 00:10:45,840 --> 00:10:47,679 Speaker 2: which was a lot of fun. I really enjoyed that 187 00:10:48,000 --> 00:10:53,640 Speaker 2: one and an action packed flick, but it does significantly 188 00:10:53,679 --> 00:10:57,040 Speaker 2: dial down the absurdest humor that is I think inherent 189 00:10:57,120 --> 00:10:57,720 Speaker 2: in the world. 190 00:10:58,480 --> 00:10:59,440 Speaker 3: But was he the law? 191 00:11:00,080 --> 00:11:03,040 Speaker 2: Yeah, he's the law, but he also has like like 192 00:11:03,080 --> 00:11:05,160 Speaker 2: he has a like a like a robot made with 193 00:11:05,559 --> 00:11:07,960 Speaker 2: an Italian accent. If I remember, you know, there's all 194 00:11:07,960 --> 00:11:12,280 Speaker 2: sorts of really odd things that occur in his life, 195 00:11:12,360 --> 00:11:14,360 Speaker 2: in the life of everyone living in Mega City one. 196 00:11:14,480 --> 00:11:16,720 Speaker 2: It's like, it's intentionally absurd. 197 00:11:17,080 --> 00:11:18,679 Speaker 3: When is it my turn to be the law? 198 00:11:21,120 --> 00:11:23,080 Speaker 2: Well, you have to go through the program like everybody else. 199 00:11:23,240 --> 00:11:27,280 Speaker 3: Okay, I guess somebody's got to be the law. Okay. 200 00:11:27,360 --> 00:11:35,840 Speaker 3: This next message is from email. This comes from two 201 00:11:36,160 --> 00:11:40,560 Speaker 3: two says Hi Joe and Robert, a longtime listener, first 202 00:11:40,600 --> 00:11:43,600 Speaker 3: time writer. I wanted to express my deep resonance with 203 00:11:43,640 --> 00:11:47,440 Speaker 3: your recent episode on future shock. As a professional technologist. 204 00:11:47,800 --> 00:11:51,080 Speaker 3: The discussion struck a chord I couldn't quite articulate before. 205 00:11:51,120 --> 00:11:54,240 Speaker 3: The concept of future shock, akin to culture shock, but 206 00:11:54,360 --> 00:11:57,280 Speaker 3: caused by the relentless march of time and evolving standards, 207 00:11:57,559 --> 00:12:00,840 Speaker 3: truly resonated with me. In my work. My team is 208 00:12:00,880 --> 00:12:04,280 Speaker 3: often seen as pioneers and innovation, yet we perceive our 209 00:12:04,320 --> 00:12:08,800 Speaker 3: efforts as merely keeping pace with competitors. This disparity in 210 00:12:08,880 --> 00:12:12,720 Speaker 3: perception between our groundbreaking work and how it's perceived creates 211 00:12:12,760 --> 00:12:15,800 Speaker 3: a significant gap between our team, the creators, and our 212 00:12:15,840 --> 00:12:19,360 Speaker 3: target audience, the users. I want to extend my heartfelt 213 00:12:19,360 --> 00:12:21,760 Speaker 3: thanks for shedding light on the insights from a fifty 214 00:12:21,840 --> 00:12:25,080 Speaker 3: year old novel. Well, it wasn't a novel, but we 215 00:12:25,080 --> 00:12:28,480 Speaker 3: can get into that that so accurately captures the daily 216 00:12:28,600 --> 00:12:33,960 Speaker 3: challenges my team and I face. Best two Well, first 217 00:12:33,960 --> 00:12:36,040 Speaker 3: of all, thank you for getting in touch and sharing 218 00:12:36,080 --> 00:12:39,640 Speaker 3: your perspective on that. I find it interesting that you 219 00:12:39,840 --> 00:12:43,559 Speaker 3: mistakenly thought, based on our discussion, that The Future Shock 220 00:12:43,640 --> 00:12:46,240 Speaker 3: is a novel. It is not a novel. But the 221 00:12:46,240 --> 00:12:49,200 Speaker 3: Tofflers do point out that a lot of the work 222 00:12:49,200 --> 00:12:52,760 Speaker 3: of futurology is similar to the work of fiction writing 223 00:12:53,120 --> 00:12:57,240 Speaker 3: and the work of writing science fiction. Obviously, if you 224 00:12:57,320 --> 00:13:00,880 Speaker 3: are a disciplined person who's trying to make accurate predictions 225 00:13:00,920 --> 00:13:04,920 Speaker 3: about reality, you're going to be more constrained, probably than 226 00:13:05,120 --> 00:13:08,760 Speaker 3: a fiction writer, because fiction writers have all kinds of 227 00:13:08,800 --> 00:13:13,320 Speaker 3: different relationships with reality. Some of them may be trying 228 00:13:13,320 --> 00:13:16,720 Speaker 3: to go for as hard and accurate a prediction of 229 00:13:16,720 --> 00:13:18,920 Speaker 3: what they think will happen in reality as possible, but 230 00:13:19,000 --> 00:13:21,880 Speaker 3: many writers are going for a kind of more exaggerated 231 00:13:21,920 --> 00:13:26,400 Speaker 3: satirical approach, or are including things they don't think are 232 00:13:26,440 --> 00:13:30,240 Speaker 3: actually likely to happen in order to create a world 233 00:13:30,360 --> 00:13:32,800 Speaker 3: where they can illustrate things about human life or something 234 00:13:32,840 --> 00:13:35,200 Speaker 3: like that. But they do highlight that there are big 235 00:13:35,240 --> 00:13:38,840 Speaker 3: similarities between writing science fiction and doing serious futurology, and 236 00:13:38,880 --> 00:13:42,480 Speaker 3: they point to the work of great science fiction authors 237 00:13:42,520 --> 00:13:47,160 Speaker 3: as being truly important in helping helping create what they 238 00:13:47,200 --> 00:13:51,520 Speaker 3: call the shock absorbers for coming changes in technology and culture. 239 00:13:51,920 --> 00:13:54,600 Speaker 2: Yeah, that's a great point, Yeah, because like on one hand, 240 00:13:54,640 --> 00:13:58,040 Speaker 2: something like Mega City one from two thousand and eight eight, 241 00:13:58,080 --> 00:14:03,520 Speaker 2: you know, it's not really so much prediction about what, 242 00:14:04,080 --> 00:14:06,920 Speaker 2: you know, supercities of the future might look like. It's 243 00:14:06,960 --> 00:14:10,360 Speaker 2: more a commentary and kind of a you know, a 244 00:14:10,440 --> 00:14:14,160 Speaker 2: change in commentary on where we are now. But you know, 245 00:14:14,200 --> 00:14:16,480 Speaker 2: I guess it's always the case with science with science fiction. 246 00:14:16,559 --> 00:14:20,640 Speaker 2: But then yeah, you have other works that that engage 247 00:14:20,640 --> 00:14:23,800 Speaker 2: in both activities, you know, a little bit predictive but 248 00:14:23,920 --> 00:14:29,240 Speaker 2: also as always speaking to contemporary anxieties, fears, and hopes. 249 00:14:30,040 --> 00:14:33,760 Speaker 3: Another thing I want to mention about this email. The 250 00:14:33,760 --> 00:14:36,960 Speaker 3: writer doesn't say exactly what products it is that they're 251 00:14:37,000 --> 00:14:41,200 Speaker 3: working on in the technology space, but still I think 252 00:14:41,200 --> 00:14:43,680 Speaker 3: it's interesting that it highlights a lot of us who 253 00:14:43,840 --> 00:14:46,800 Speaker 3: don't work in the tech space just kind of assume 254 00:14:46,880 --> 00:14:51,080 Speaker 3: that people who do are like the masters of future progress. 255 00:14:51,160 --> 00:14:53,560 Speaker 3: They're like the ones who are on top of it. 256 00:14:53,640 --> 00:14:56,680 Speaker 3: They figure out what's going to happen next, and they've 257 00:14:56,760 --> 00:15:00,800 Speaker 3: you know, they they understand what's going on. But I 258 00:15:00,840 --> 00:15:03,280 Speaker 3: think that that may often not be the case. In fact, 259 00:15:03,360 --> 00:15:04,840 Speaker 3: I think a lot of people who work in the 260 00:15:04,840 --> 00:15:10,359 Speaker 3: technology sector are just they're they're feeling also confused and overwhelmed, 261 00:15:10,360 --> 00:15:12,720 Speaker 3: and you know, they know the one thing, the project 262 00:15:12,800 --> 00:15:14,920 Speaker 3: that they're working on, and what they're trying to do 263 00:15:15,080 --> 00:15:18,600 Speaker 3: to achieve that, but may perceive the other, you know, 264 00:15:18,760 --> 00:15:21,640 Speaker 3: other changes in technology in the world around them as 265 00:15:21,640 --> 00:15:24,960 Speaker 3: being a thing that is hard to understand and outside 266 00:15:25,000 --> 00:15:28,240 Speaker 3: their control and and happening faster than they can keep 267 00:15:28,320 --> 00:15:28,560 Speaker 3: up with. 268 00:15:29,320 --> 00:15:39,480 Speaker 2: Yeah, all right, here's another one. This one comes to 269 00:15:39,520 --> 00:15:42,520 Speaker 2: us from Taylor. Taylor says, Hello, Robin, Joe, happy to 270 00:15:42,560 --> 00:15:46,080 Speaker 2: oblige your request for decision fatigue and future shock experiences 271 00:15:46,600 --> 00:15:48,400 Speaker 2: like the two of you. I'm not sure what to 272 00:15:48,440 --> 00:15:51,320 Speaker 2: make of the top fours predictions about decision fatigue regarding 273 00:15:51,360 --> 00:15:55,520 Speaker 2: personal style, but I've definitely experienced the phenomenon in another 274 00:15:55,600 --> 00:15:58,520 Speaker 2: aspect of my life. I've been an avid video game 275 00:15:58,520 --> 00:16:00,640 Speaker 2: player for as long as I can remember, but it 276 00:16:00,680 --> 00:16:03,480 Speaker 2: felt overwhelmed in recent years by the sheer quantity of 277 00:16:03,520 --> 00:16:06,520 Speaker 2: compelling video game releases. When I was growing up, it 278 00:16:06,560 --> 00:16:09,440 Speaker 2: was a reasonable desire to experience every video game that 279 00:16:09,480 --> 00:16:12,120 Speaker 2: piqued my interest, But as the medium has grown, that 280 00:16:12,200 --> 00:16:17,200 Speaker 2: expectation has fled away from me at an accelerating pace. Today, 281 00:16:17,240 --> 00:16:19,880 Speaker 2: a gamer of any persuasion could gluck themselves on their 282 00:16:19,920 --> 00:16:23,480 Speaker 2: favorite genre day in and day out and never complete 283 00:16:23,520 --> 00:16:27,280 Speaker 2: all the offerings available to them. I'm certain my assessment 284 00:16:27,360 --> 00:16:30,680 Speaker 2: is partially colored by the information bias of childhood, when 285 00:16:30,680 --> 00:16:33,440 Speaker 2: my ability to consume video games was defined by the 286 00:16:33,440 --> 00:16:37,640 Speaker 2: consoles I owned, my allowance, my parents, content restrictions, and 287 00:16:37,640 --> 00:16:40,520 Speaker 2: my greater free time. But the data backs me up here. 288 00:16:40,600 --> 00:16:45,200 Speaker 2: According to the market data company Statista, the number of 289 00:16:45,240 --> 00:16:48,440 Speaker 2: new video games published on the popular video game platform 290 00:16:48,600 --> 00:16:52,240 Speaker 2: Steam skyrocketed from four hundred and thirty four in twenty 291 00:16:52,280 --> 00:16:55,360 Speaker 2: twelve to teny nine hundred and sixty three in twenty 292 00:16:55,400 --> 00:16:58,880 Speaker 2: twenty two, and the rampant development increase isn't the only 293 00:16:58,920 --> 00:17:02,920 Speaker 2: bit of future shock effecting my favorite hobby. Playing a cooperative, competitive, 294 00:17:02,960 --> 00:17:05,840 Speaker 2: or narrative video game is definitely a form of quote 295 00:17:05,880 --> 00:17:09,200 Speaker 2: unquote serious leisure, akin to reading a book or watching 296 00:17:09,200 --> 00:17:12,040 Speaker 2: a movie, and is similarly threatened by the many things 297 00:17:12,080 --> 00:17:15,680 Speaker 2: competing for our attention moment to moment. In response, many 298 00:17:15,680 --> 00:17:19,520 Speaker 2: game developers compete for user attention by shifting their games 299 00:17:19,600 --> 00:17:23,840 Speaker 2: to quote unquote living game models, where content is drip 300 00:17:23,920 --> 00:17:27,159 Speaker 2: dead instead of being released as a single, discrete experience. 301 00:17:27,920 --> 00:17:32,000 Speaker 2: All of these changes have introduced sour frustration into a 302 00:17:32,080 --> 00:17:35,440 Speaker 2: hobby I've always enjoyed and left me with a constant 303 00:17:35,440 --> 00:17:38,000 Speaker 2: fear of missing out. If I choose to play X game, 304 00:17:38,240 --> 00:17:40,240 Speaker 2: what might I be missing from Y and Z game. 305 00:17:40,720 --> 00:17:43,879 Speaker 2: It's a similar experience to the phenomenon Rob described of 306 00:17:44,240 --> 00:17:47,159 Speaker 2: browsing a streaming platform until going to bed instead of 307 00:17:47,200 --> 00:17:50,399 Speaker 2: watching any movies at all. Ultimately, I have had to 308 00:17:50,440 --> 00:17:53,040 Speaker 2: reconcile myself to the reality that there are many exciting 309 00:17:53,040 --> 00:17:54,920 Speaker 2: things in the world I don't have time to experience. 310 00:17:54,960 --> 00:17:58,800 Speaker 2: Perhaps these abundant choices give us greater self determination than 311 00:17:58,840 --> 00:18:01,960 Speaker 2: ever before, but the fatigue of making these decisions takes 312 00:18:01,960 --> 00:18:05,040 Speaker 2: a toll, and I'm not certain whether I'm happier for it. 313 00:18:05,480 --> 00:18:07,399 Speaker 2: As ever, thank you for creating your wonderfully weird and 314 00:18:07,440 --> 00:18:09,760 Speaker 2: stimulating podcast. I look forward to the rest of your 315 00:18:09,840 --> 00:18:14,480 Speaker 2: future Shock series. Cheers Taylor. Ps. I also often find 316 00:18:14,480 --> 00:18:17,399 Speaker 2: myself racing through one game in the anticipation of another 317 00:18:17,440 --> 00:18:20,720 Speaker 2: game's pending release, which diminishes my enjoyment of both. I 318 00:18:20,720 --> 00:18:23,560 Speaker 2: imagine this kind of race to keep up with media 319 00:18:23,680 --> 00:18:25,240 Speaker 2: isn't unique to video games. 320 00:18:25,600 --> 00:18:27,800 Speaker 3: Well, thank you, Taylor. No, I don't think it is, 321 00:18:28,200 --> 00:18:30,760 Speaker 3: And yeah, I think this is. This is an excellent perspective, 322 00:18:30,800 --> 00:18:33,320 Speaker 3: and in one sense, there's a feeling that, like, well, 323 00:18:33,320 --> 00:18:35,920 Speaker 3: what what does one have to complain about with this 324 00:18:35,960 --> 00:18:38,919 Speaker 3: particular issue. You know that there are more great games 325 00:18:38,960 --> 00:18:41,840 Speaker 3: to enjoy than ever before, But there is this other 326 00:18:41,920 --> 00:18:46,680 Speaker 3: side to it, because we're we're not necessarily always made 327 00:18:46,920 --> 00:18:50,600 Speaker 3: happier by having more things to choose from, like there 328 00:18:51,840 --> 00:18:54,879 Speaker 3: is a there is a psychological cost that comes with 329 00:18:55,040 --> 00:18:58,560 Speaker 3: this greater diversity of content in the world, even if 330 00:18:58,640 --> 00:19:00,879 Speaker 3: in certain ways you could you could absolutely say it's 331 00:19:00,880 --> 00:19:01,440 Speaker 3: a good thing. 332 00:19:02,880 --> 00:19:05,439 Speaker 2: Yeah, I feel like just ten years ago, it was 333 00:19:05,480 --> 00:19:08,600 Speaker 2: more likely that my friends and I would be playing 334 00:19:08,600 --> 00:19:11,560 Speaker 2: the same games. Yeah, you know, And nowadays it's like 335 00:19:11,560 --> 00:19:13,480 Speaker 2: there's just so many choices. None of us are playing 336 00:19:13,520 --> 00:19:16,080 Speaker 2: the same games because I mean, and in a way, 337 00:19:16,200 --> 00:19:18,560 Speaker 2: you know that we have such great options. You can 338 00:19:18,640 --> 00:19:23,400 Speaker 2: just whatever if you're more into you know, simulation versus 339 00:19:23,720 --> 00:19:26,880 Speaker 2: you know, something real time, I don't know whatever. The distinction, 340 00:19:27,280 --> 00:19:29,760 Speaker 2: like you're just going to sort of go down that hallway, 341 00:19:29,800 --> 00:19:32,000 Speaker 2: go down that avenue, and your friends are going to 342 00:19:32,040 --> 00:19:34,000 Speaker 2: go down their own hallways and avenues, and then you 343 00:19:34,720 --> 00:19:36,720 Speaker 2: it seems like it's less often that I have something 344 00:19:36,720 --> 00:19:40,200 Speaker 2: to connect with with them in the video game realm. 345 00:19:40,480 --> 00:19:43,320 Speaker 3: I've had exactly the same experience years ago. It used 346 00:19:43,359 --> 00:19:45,040 Speaker 3: to be like if I was playing a game that 347 00:19:45,119 --> 00:19:47,520 Speaker 3: was probably also the same game that my friend was 348 00:19:47,560 --> 00:19:51,600 Speaker 3: currently playing, and now it's like, I don't know. Also, 349 00:19:51,640 --> 00:19:56,199 Speaker 3: I'm rarely playing something new. Yeah, I'm always like years 350 00:19:56,200 --> 00:19:58,000 Speaker 3: behind whatever the hot thing is. 351 00:19:58,760 --> 00:20:02,479 Speaker 2: Yeah. Yeah, sometimes that's easier because it's already out, it's cheaper, 352 00:20:03,160 --> 00:20:06,239 Speaker 2: and it's like Okay, I'm going to I'm going into this, 353 00:20:06,359 --> 00:20:08,399 Speaker 2: but it's not like a living system that I have 354 00:20:08,440 --> 00:20:09,520 Speaker 2: to live with as well. 355 00:20:10,040 --> 00:20:12,920 Speaker 3: Right, it's gotten all the patches and now it's ten 356 00:20:12,960 --> 00:20:15,000 Speaker 3: bucks instead of sixty. Right. 357 00:20:15,960 --> 00:20:17,359 Speaker 2: But yeah, and the other side, coming back to what 358 00:20:17,400 --> 00:20:19,520 Speaker 2: Taylor said, these games these days, some of these games 359 00:20:19,560 --> 00:20:23,280 Speaker 2: are so long, and you have so many other games 360 00:20:23,359 --> 00:20:25,040 Speaker 2: or other experiences in life you want to get to. 361 00:20:25,200 --> 00:20:29,040 Speaker 2: It's just you end up feeling this rush in the 362 00:20:29,440 --> 00:20:32,320 Speaker 2: latter portion of it if you actually complete the game 363 00:20:32,359 --> 00:20:35,600 Speaker 2: at all, which you know, makes it feel a little 364 00:20:35,640 --> 00:20:38,320 Speaker 2: more hollow, because it's like, I'm not even completely enjoying 365 00:20:38,960 --> 00:20:41,160 Speaker 2: the back half of this game because I'm thinking about 366 00:20:41,200 --> 00:20:42,960 Speaker 2: the next thing that I am going to try and 367 00:20:43,000 --> 00:20:46,200 Speaker 2: make time to play. And yeah, and I think part 368 00:20:46,240 --> 00:20:48,800 Speaker 2: of that's a product of just length and scope of 369 00:20:48,840 --> 00:20:51,800 Speaker 2: these games, the whole play to Extinction model on some 370 00:20:51,880 --> 00:20:54,919 Speaker 2: of them, for sure. As I've said before, I actually 371 00:20:55,000 --> 00:20:56,680 Speaker 2: kind of get excited when I see a review for 372 00:20:56,720 --> 00:20:58,399 Speaker 2: a game and people are like and it's so short. 373 00:20:58,480 --> 00:21:00,480 Speaker 2: I'm like, great, yeah, wonderful. 374 00:21:01,400 --> 00:21:05,480 Speaker 3: I totally agree. I really appreciate a well crafted, tight 375 00:21:05,800 --> 00:21:08,480 Speaker 3: video game. I like one that's tight. It's like the 376 00:21:08,520 --> 00:21:11,639 Speaker 3: whole experience is there. Maybe it could even be played 377 00:21:11,640 --> 00:21:15,359 Speaker 3: in one long sitting. And it's all good because like, 378 00:21:15,440 --> 00:21:18,000 Speaker 3: this whole thing is the main experience you were meaning 379 00:21:18,040 --> 00:21:20,399 Speaker 3: to get. It's not like an open world that you 380 00:21:20,520 --> 00:21:24,400 Speaker 3: explore for one hundred hours or something of variable quality. 381 00:21:25,040 --> 00:21:26,679 Speaker 2: Yeah, no, grind, none of that. 382 00:21:27,280 --> 00:21:29,920 Speaker 3: But anyway, Taylor, Yes, it does seem we were talking 383 00:21:29,960 --> 00:21:32,800 Speaker 3: mainly I guess about like like books and movies and 384 00:21:32,880 --> 00:21:35,760 Speaker 3: music in the episode, but I think video games follow 385 00:21:36,880 --> 00:21:40,520 Speaker 3: an absolutely similar pattern. Yeah, all right. Next message comes 386 00:21:40,520 --> 00:21:49,000 Speaker 3: from Matt. Matt says, Hey, Robin Joe, longtime listener and 387 00:21:49,000 --> 00:21:51,760 Speaker 3: big fan here, just wanted to share the perfect example 388 00:21:51,880 --> 00:21:56,879 Speaker 3: of future shock, gentlemen, I present you Squidward. And then 389 00:21:56,960 --> 00:21:59,080 Speaker 3: there was a link. Matt says. It's a link to 390 00:21:59,119 --> 00:22:03,479 Speaker 3: a thirty second clip from SpongeBob in which Squidward, SpongeBob's neighbor, 391 00:22:04,320 --> 00:22:06,720 Speaker 3: ends up in the future and has a short mental 392 00:22:06,760 --> 00:22:10,800 Speaker 3: breakdown over the changes. But then Matt says, I know 393 00:22:10,880 --> 00:22:13,000 Speaker 3: links from strangers on the Internet can be dicey. You 394 00:22:13,000 --> 00:22:16,439 Speaker 3: can also just search Squidward Future and find it easily. 395 00:22:16,520 --> 00:22:19,280 Speaker 3: Keep on doing what you'all do, Thanks Matt. Matt I 396 00:22:19,320 --> 00:22:23,000 Speaker 3: appreciate that. Note. Yes, I am very hesitant to click 397 00:22:23,040 --> 00:22:25,240 Speaker 3: links in listener emails, not because I don't trust you 398 00:22:25,320 --> 00:22:28,439 Speaker 3: all out there, but it's just, you know, it's smart 399 00:22:28,480 --> 00:22:32,840 Speaker 3: to be hesitant about clicking things, so appreciate the search terms. 400 00:22:32,880 --> 00:22:35,160 Speaker 3: Anybody else who wants us to click something that would 401 00:22:35,200 --> 00:22:37,639 Speaker 3: be helpful as well. 402 00:22:39,320 --> 00:22:44,760 Speaker 2: So this episode specifically, it's from the first season of SpongeBob. 403 00:22:45,000 --> 00:22:48,920 Speaker 2: It's episode fourteen A and its title is SB one 404 00:22:49,000 --> 00:22:54,240 Speaker 2: twenty nine. You can definitely find clips from this episode 405 00:22:54,280 --> 00:22:56,880 Speaker 2: all over the place, and certainly on YouTube. I would 406 00:22:56,920 --> 00:22:59,480 Speaker 2: advise folks to go for the slightly longer clip. I 407 00:22:59,480 --> 00:23:02,639 Speaker 2: had not seen this before before Matt brought it to 408 00:23:02,720 --> 00:23:07,080 Speaker 2: my attention here. I watched it last night with my wife, 409 00:23:07,119 --> 00:23:08,320 Speaker 2: and I think I'm gonna have to go back and 410 00:23:08,359 --> 00:23:11,960 Speaker 2: watch the full episode as well. I agree that this 411 00:23:12,359 --> 00:23:16,480 Speaker 2: absolutely nails the extreme essence of future shock, because, yes, 412 00:23:16,520 --> 00:23:19,199 Speaker 2: squid Word is in the future where everything is chrome, 413 00:23:20,080 --> 00:23:23,840 Speaker 2: there are multiple SpongeBob clones greeting him, there's high technology, 414 00:23:24,920 --> 00:23:27,679 Speaker 2: he's he's his eyes have been open to the to 415 00:23:27,760 --> 00:23:31,720 Speaker 2: the realities and paradoxes of time travel, and it causes 416 00:23:31,760 --> 00:23:34,240 Speaker 2: him to just lower himself to the floor, to the 417 00:23:34,320 --> 00:23:38,240 Speaker 2: chrome floor, curl up into sort of a what is 418 00:23:38,280 --> 00:23:40,920 Speaker 2: in yoga known as a boat pose, and just start 419 00:23:40,960 --> 00:23:47,359 Speaker 2: going future future. And Yeah, I feel like this is 420 00:23:47,680 --> 00:23:50,240 Speaker 2: I'm gonna have to make this my default behavior for 421 00:23:50,320 --> 00:23:53,120 Speaker 2: anytime I feel overwhelmed by technological change. 422 00:23:53,359 --> 00:23:56,119 Speaker 3: But squidward, once you're there, it's not the future anymore. 423 00:23:56,160 --> 00:23:56,840 Speaker 3: It's the present. 424 00:23:59,119 --> 00:24:00,800 Speaker 2: I think he does get back. He's like, I would 425 00:24:00,800 --> 00:24:03,200 Speaker 2: just want to go back. Okay, but like I said, 426 00:24:03,200 --> 00:24:05,240 Speaker 2: I need to watch the full episode to get the 427 00:24:05,440 --> 00:24:08,399 Speaker 2: whole story. But it looks marvelous. I haven't seen a 428 00:24:08,400 --> 00:24:11,520 Speaker 2: lot of SpongeBob, but what I have seen is super weird, 429 00:24:11,560 --> 00:24:13,439 Speaker 2: and every time I see something like this, I just 430 00:24:13,480 --> 00:24:15,760 Speaker 2: reminded of how weird it is and how I need 431 00:24:15,800 --> 00:24:17,800 Speaker 2: to make room for more SpongeBob in my life. 432 00:24:18,119 --> 00:24:20,760 Speaker 3: Yeah. I don't know any SpongeBob, but this was great. 433 00:24:20,800 --> 00:24:23,960 Speaker 3: Thank you, Matt. Okay, I think we need to close 434 00:24:24,000 --> 00:24:26,120 Speaker 3: it out there for today, but we've got some great 435 00:24:26,119 --> 00:24:28,160 Speaker 3: messages still in the bag that we'll have to say 436 00:24:28,200 --> 00:24:31,280 Speaker 3: for next time, including some responses to our episode, our 437 00:24:31,320 --> 00:24:35,200 Speaker 3: Weird House on Danger, Diabolic, and other things to come, 438 00:24:35,320 --> 00:24:38,240 Speaker 3: so tune in next week and keep sending the listener 439 00:24:38,280 --> 00:24:39,800 Speaker 3: mail our way, So. 440 00:24:39,880 --> 00:24:42,879 Speaker 2: Yeah, see you next Monday. But as always we'll have 441 00:24:42,920 --> 00:24:46,159 Speaker 2: core episodes on Tuesdays and Thursdays for you. We'll have 442 00:24:47,200 --> 00:24:49,879 Speaker 2: we usually have an artifact or a monster fact or 443 00:24:49,920 --> 00:24:52,520 Speaker 2: something of that nature on Wednesdays, and then on Fridays 444 00:24:52,520 --> 00:24:54,560 Speaker 2: we set aside most serious concerns to just talk about 445 00:24:54,560 --> 00:24:56,879 Speaker 2: a weird movie on Weird House Cinema. 446 00:24:57,080 --> 00:25:00,560 Speaker 3: Huge thanks to our excellent audio producer jj Pos. If 447 00:25:00,600 --> 00:25:02,399 Speaker 3: you would like to get in touch with us with 448 00:25:02,440 --> 00:25:05,119 Speaker 3: feedback on this episode or any other, to suggest a 449 00:25:05,200 --> 00:25:07,679 Speaker 3: topic for the future, or just to say hello, you 450 00:25:07,720 --> 00:25:18,560 Speaker 3: can email us at contact at stuffdo Blowyourmind dot com. 451 00:25:18,680 --> 00:25:21,639 Speaker 1: Stuff to Blow Your Mind is production of iHeartRadio. For 452 00:25:21,720 --> 00:25:24,520 Speaker 1: more podcasts from my heart Radio, visit the iHeartRadio app, 453 00:25:24,640 --> 00:25:27,399 Speaker 1: Apple Podcasts, or wherever you listen to your favorite shows.