WEBVTT - How Redheads Work

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<v Speaker 1>Brought to you by the reinvented two thousand twelve camera.

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<v Speaker 1>It's ready. Are you welcome to Stuff you should know

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<v Speaker 1>from House Stuff Works dot Com? Hey, and welcome to

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<v Speaker 1>the podcast. I'm Josh Clark and I am Chuck Bryant. Hey, Chuck.

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<v Speaker 1>How's that? It was good? Good? Yeah, I'm working on

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<v Speaker 1>my radio thing. I like it. Your voice is smooth?

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<v Speaker 1>So is good? Smooth? Is spider smelt? Spider silk spun

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<v Speaker 1>from goats milk? Nothing? How's that right? So? Um? As

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<v Speaker 1>you know, I am a huge fan of Dr Werner

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<v Speaker 1>hobber Mill. I did know that, did you? Yeah? But

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<v Speaker 1>I don't think any of anyone else did. Wow. I

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<v Speaker 1>had never told anybody that before. Is it that obvious?

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<v Speaker 1>I just had a sense it's my T shirt? Isn't right? Well?

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<v Speaker 1>For those of you who don't know who Dr harber

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<v Speaker 1>Mill is, he is a sex researcher at the Universe

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<v Speaker 1>City of Hamburg in Germany. Hello Germany. Uh and um

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<v Speaker 1>Dr hopper Mill Uh did a study that I read

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<v Speaker 1>about recently on the Daily Mail. So basically I'm just

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<v Speaker 1>letting it all hang out here. I followed the careers

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<v Speaker 1>of clinical sex researchers, and I read the Daily mail. Um,

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<v Speaker 1>but there there was a study he he did that

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<v Speaker 1>I ran across um where he compared the sex lives

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<v Speaker 1>of redheads with the sex lives of brunettes and blonds.

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<v Speaker 1>And he found just statistically speaking, he he didn't really

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<v Speaker 1>actually sadly, he did pose uh an idea of why

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<v Speaker 1>because the case. We'll get to that in a second.

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<v Speaker 1>But he he found that redheads um have a noticeably

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<v Speaker 1>act much more active sex life than any other people

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<v Speaker 1>with any other hair color. Interesting, and the thing that

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<v Speaker 1>that kind of got me was that, um, the same

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<v Speaker 1>goes for people who die their hair red. And and

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<v Speaker 1>get this, uh, the the esteem doctor said that women

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<v Speaker 1>who are in a committed relationship and dye their hair red,

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<v Speaker 1>that is a really big red flag to the guy.

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<v Speaker 1>Oh that they may be stepping out there looking right.

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<v Speaker 1>Yeah yeah, So Emily ever done that? Uh yeah she

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<v Speaker 1>she she went red a little for for a time.

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<v Speaker 1>What was this? I think it was before we were married. Okay, yeah,

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<v Speaker 1>right exactly. You're like, I knew my kid looked like

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<v Speaker 1>the male man. Yeah, so um, this is what what

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<v Speaker 1>were you getting at here? Well? Here, you're ready? So

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<v Speaker 1>so the doctor basically says, well, redheads have a fiery

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<v Speaker 1>temperament and and they're they're very passionate, which is just

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<v Speaker 1>so it is, and it's not necessarily true. And the

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<v Speaker 1>more I looked into it, the more I lies that

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<v Speaker 1>redheads are among the most maligned and stereotyped people of

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<v Speaker 1>any hair colored, redheaded, blonde's the phrase red headed stepchild,

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<v Speaker 1>redheaded step child. Um. Did you know also that there

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<v Speaker 1>was a uh there actually twice there's been this this

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<v Speaker 1>big news cycle about redheads going extinct. Yeah, I've heard

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<v Speaker 1>about that two thousand five and two thousand seven, which

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<v Speaker 1>is not true. No, we just should say that right away. No,

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<v Speaker 1>there was one in two thousand seven. That's the most

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<v Speaker 1>recent one that that said that. Um, the Oxford Hair Institute,

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<v Speaker 1>which sounds so official. Um, it's said that that redheads

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<v Speaker 1>will be extinct by twenties sixty, right, because of the

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<v Speaker 1>recessive gene that carries red hair. In theory that could

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<v Speaker 1>that could die out. Do you want to get into genetics?

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<v Speaker 1>Do you uh prefer not to, but I think we

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<v Speaker 1>have to. Let's do it. Okay, let's just give a

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<v Speaker 1>brief overview redheads are. That's a phenotype. It's a it's

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<v Speaker 1>a physical trait. You can see it, you can you

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<v Speaker 1>can sense it. Um, they're they're genotype. The genetic trait

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<v Speaker 1>that that makes them red heads is this, Uh, it's

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<v Speaker 1>a recessive gene. It's a mutation in the MC one

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<v Speaker 1>our gene. Yes, and that is the melanocortin one receptor gene. Okay,

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<v Speaker 1>So the m c R one gene is responsible for

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<v Speaker 1>a certain pigment productions, and red heads actually uh overproduce

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<v Speaker 1>a red pigment called THEO melanin, and that which gives

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<v Speaker 1>them their red hair, and they underproduce you melanin EU melanin,

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<v Speaker 1>which uh gives them a pale skin. It's a darker brown.

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<v Speaker 1>It's a it's a brown pigment, right, which is underproduced.

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<v Speaker 1>And it's actually a genetic mutation it is. Did you

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<v Speaker 1>know that? Okay? So, like you said, it's also receptive, recessive,

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<v Speaker 1>which means it can skip generations and uh then reappear

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<v Speaker 1>you know, much later. Yeah, you or I could actually

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<v Speaker 1>have a mutated m c R one gene. And although

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<v Speaker 1>neither one of us has red hair, we'll never know

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<v Speaker 1>until we have kids with red hair. If either one

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<v Speaker 1>of us comes up with a kid with red hair,

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<v Speaker 1>it means that you and your wife both had this

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<v Speaker 1>recessive gene, it got together and the kid had to

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<v Speaker 1>have this mutated gene because of the the chromosomal contributions

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<v Speaker 1>by the parents. It means infidelity. Again. Yeah, it depends,

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<v Speaker 1>you know, I mean it could have It could have been.

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<v Speaker 1>It depends on what Emily did back when she dyed

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<v Speaker 1>her hair red, right, although you probably know by now

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<v Speaker 1>right if she had a child. Yeah, yeah, I've been

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<v Speaker 1>around the whole time. Okay, alright, So, um, so they

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<v Speaker 1>are not becoming extinct. Not true, No, they could, though

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<v Speaker 1>it would take something on the order of an evolutionary bottleneck, which,

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<v Speaker 1>as we all know, um would basically make all of

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<v Speaker 1>us mouth breathers because all the rampant familial inbreeding that

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<v Speaker 1>would it would take to you know, expand the genetic pool. Again,

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<v Speaker 1>it's entirely possible if everybody who had the recessive UM gene,

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<v Speaker 1>the MCR one mutation, um, if all of them died out,

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<v Speaker 1>there goes redheads. Technically, that's the case with everything exactly now.

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<v Speaker 1>There there may be a higher likelihood in an evolutionary bottleneck,

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<v Speaker 1>or it might take a less of an evolutionary bottleneck

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<v Speaker 1>for redheads to die out because they are it is

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<v Speaker 1>rare um. But yeah, they're They're definitely gonna be around beyond. Yeah.

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<v Speaker 1>I know quite a few redheads myself. So do I

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<v Speaker 1>know virtually none. I'm actually trying to think right here.

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<v Speaker 1>I can't come up with a single redhead. Yeah, I know, couple.

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<v Speaker 1>Actually we don't have anyone on staff either, do we.

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<v Speaker 1>This is gonna drive me crazy. Well, of course Candice

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<v Speaker 1>are old partner. Forget I don't know she's she really is.

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<v Speaker 1>And you know what, she kind of proves the good

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<v Speaker 1>doctors stier. She's fiery, she's spunky girl. She definitely is

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<v Speaker 1>is Okay, So redheads are gonna be around for a while,

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<v Speaker 1>including Candice, I imagine. Yes, And uh they they are

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<v Speaker 1>as as we said, my very shaky thesis for this

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<v Speaker 1>podcast are much maligned. I've got another piece of supporting

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<v Speaker 1>evidence that redheads are often mistreated. Yes, I know where

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<v Speaker 1>you're going here, do you? Yeah? Okay, so you want

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<v Speaker 1>to tell him about this this study. Yeah, it turns

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<v Speaker 1>out that and this is a cool little fact that

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<v Speaker 1>you can share with your friends and family. Redheads actually

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<v Speaker 1>require more anesthetic when undergoing surgery. Yeah, and apparently the

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<v Speaker 1>medical establishment, especially among anesthesiologists and an esthetist. Uh, this

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<v Speaker 1>is common knowledge, but there hadn't been an actual study

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<v Speaker 1>quantifying this before two thousand two, and these University of

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<v Speaker 1>Louisville researchers conducted this kind of UM are cruel, little archaic, maybe, Yeah.

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<v Speaker 1>When I read this, I thought there's got to be

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<v Speaker 1>a better way to find this out, but you know,

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<v Speaker 1>maybe the not. Yeah, So what we're talking about was, UM,

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<v Speaker 1>this this Louisville study, they took twenty female subjects um,

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<v Speaker 1>ten brunettes, I believe, ten redheads. All of them were

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<v Speaker 1>on virtually the same menstrual cycle, which ruled out any

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<v Speaker 1>hormonal explanation for for this, because apparently UM hormones can

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<v Speaker 1>contribute to your susceptibility or rejection of anesthesia. And um,

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<v Speaker 1>they gave them all the gas. They gave him what

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<v Speaker 1>is a desk flurane um, which is a general anesthetic gas.

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<v Speaker 1>And they knocked these women out and then they got

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<v Speaker 1>medieval on their asses. They used I looked at I

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<v Speaker 1>looked this up. They used bilateral intradermal needles to deliver

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<v Speaker 1>the electric shocks. So basically they were poking these women

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<v Speaker 1>with needles and delivering shocks, electric shocks into their body

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<v Speaker 1>to see if they would react and feel pain. Yeah,

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<v Speaker 1>because when you're when you're unconscious, it's much different from

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<v Speaker 1>from sleeping. When you're unconscious, your pain gateway is shut down.

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<v Speaker 1>Just why they do it for surgery. You don't want

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<v Speaker 1>someone digging into your chest cavity and be able to

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<v Speaker 1>feel it. Right, And it's it's it's it's a different

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<v Speaker 1>state and actually scary enough. We don't fully understand how uh,

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<v Speaker 1>anesthesia works on the brain. We don't know enough about

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<v Speaker 1>the brain. We just kind of know it works. You know,

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<v Speaker 1>we've figured out, I guess through trial and error patients

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<v Speaker 1>dying left and right, what the what the right ratio

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<v Speaker 1>is for the average person. Right, it's a tough job.

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<v Speaker 1>Very Oh, it's yeah, have the highest insurance premiums and

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<v Speaker 1>they also make some pretty good coin definitely. Yeah. So

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<v Speaker 1>if you're thinking of trying to get into the medical field,

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<v Speaker 1>you want to make a bunch of money, go anesthesia

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<v Speaker 1>and redheads. Exactly. So okay, let's get back to this.

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<v Speaker 1>So they're they're sitting there um delivering shocks to these

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<v Speaker 1>redheads and actually brunettes. Everyone in the UM in the

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<v Speaker 1>study was treated equally cruelly. And um, they're they're delivering shocks,

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<v Speaker 1>and and they they would decrease the gas or increase

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<v Speaker 1>the gas depending on the reaction until they stopped getting

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<v Speaker 1>pain reactions. So then the other really kind of startling

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<v Speaker 1>aspect of the study was that one of the researchers

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<v Speaker 1>described the shocks as um intolerable to a conscious person. Right,

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<v Speaker 1>So these weren't like little like oh I just like

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<v Speaker 1>the nine volt battery. These are electric shocks that you

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<v Speaker 1>would be like, you know, you'd come at somebody who

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<v Speaker 1>did this to you and you can move. So they

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<v Speaker 1>just keep shocking them over and over again. And then

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<v Speaker 1>they wrote down, you know, the ratios, and they came

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<v Speaker 1>up with, as you said, redheads need more on average, Yeah,

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<v Speaker 1>which is pretty substantial. It is substantial. But I mean,

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<v Speaker 1>what's what's what's the deal? Why? Well, before we move

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<v Speaker 1>on to that, just quickly, I wanted to point out

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<v Speaker 1>that another study a couple of years later, UM said

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<v Speaker 1>that the same thing happened in men. So if you're

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<v Speaker 1>a man out there, you're gonna need some extra gas.

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<v Speaker 1>It's not just for women. But because we don't know

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<v Speaker 1>exactly how anesthesia works, we don't know exactly why this

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<v Speaker 1>is true. Yeah, we they've just finally linked it, right,

0:11:06.800 --> 0:11:08.760
<v Speaker 1>they said there is a link, but we're not exactly

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<v Speaker 1>why that link is there. Well, which is the MC

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<v Speaker 1>one our gene, which is what we were talking about earlier.

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<v Speaker 1>That that that that genotype has been linked directly to

0:11:19.160 --> 0:11:23.040
<v Speaker 1>anesthesia for the first time exactly, So why what? What

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<v Speaker 1>are some of the uh, some of the reasons they've

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<v Speaker 1>they've given, Well, yeah, they don't know for sure, but um,

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<v Speaker 1>they have one explanation that, um, that gene is also

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<v Speaker 1>involved in hormones that stimulate pain receptors, which would make

0:11:35.160 --> 0:11:39.200
<v Speaker 1>sense kind of obvious route if you ask me. Uh,

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<v Speaker 1>and there I believe that another one that said that

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<v Speaker 1>the pigments themselves actually cause an increase in pain sensitivity. Yeah.

0:11:46.760 --> 0:11:49.320
<v Speaker 1>I think that was the one where they said, there's

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<v Speaker 1>a there's it's such an abundance of this pigment things

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<v Speaker 1>like to go bind to other things in our body,

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<v Speaker 1>and um, they're they're looking for something. Maybe they're the

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<v Speaker 1>pain receptors in the brain are um similar to the

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<v Speaker 1>to the pain receptors that these pigments would normally attached

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<v Speaker 1>to so it overstimulates the brain makes more sensitive to pain. Yeah. Yeah,

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<v Speaker 1>so either way, if you're a redhead, I feel bad

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<v Speaker 1>for you. I don't. I don't like pain. Yeah, but

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<v Speaker 1>being red heads kind of cool. It's like being left handed.

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<v Speaker 1>I wish I was a left handed redhead. Wow. Instead

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<v Speaker 1>I'm just a right handed burnette. I know. We're just

0:12:27.160 --> 0:12:30.199
<v Speaker 1>kind of average guys, are average average dudes. There. There

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<v Speaker 1>actually is one other good thing that came out of

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<v Speaker 1>this this study. Um it may actually spur development of

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<v Speaker 1>um a kind of anesthesia that's taylored just for redhead's. Interesting.

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<v Speaker 1>That's called pharmacogenetics. You heard of this, Yeah, okay, So

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<v Speaker 1>it's basically designing drugs to tailoring them to somebody based

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<v Speaker 1>on their genetic makeup. Right, that makes sense. It does

0:12:56.320 --> 0:12:59.079
<v Speaker 1>make sense, like it would. It definitely falls into that

0:12:59.160 --> 0:13:02.520
<v Speaker 1>controversy about genetic testing, though, doesn't it. You know, so

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<v Speaker 1>it's kind of a fine line, like keep red heads

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<v Speaker 1>out of pain, or you know, choose only blonde haired,

0:13:09.679 --> 0:13:12.280
<v Speaker 1>blue wide children in the future. Right, the boys from

0:13:12.280 --> 0:13:14.679
<v Speaker 1>Brazil eventually weird, you know what I would call that

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<v Speaker 1>if they actually do manufacture. This what they call it

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<v Speaker 1>red gas. Nice, That's what I call it. Nice. Yeah,

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<v Speaker 1>you couldn't call it red death would be you'd have

0:13:23.480 --> 0:13:28.120
<v Speaker 1>a terrible market share when red gas is pretty good. YEA, Well,

0:13:28.200 --> 0:13:31.040
<v Speaker 1>look for red gas in the future. Um And if

0:13:31.080 --> 0:13:34.760
<v Speaker 1>you want to know more about red heads and anesthesia extinction,

0:13:34.880 --> 0:13:37.480
<v Speaker 1>that kind of stuff, you can type those words in

0:13:37.600 --> 0:13:40.360
<v Speaker 1>in any kind of clever combination in our handy search

0:13:40.480 --> 0:13:43.760
<v Speaker 1>bar at how Stuff Works dot com. And don't go anywhere,

0:13:43.920 --> 0:13:46.760
<v Speaker 1>because Chuck's got something for you. I think it's called

0:13:47.360 --> 0:13:53.680
<v Speaker 1>listener mail. Listener mail time. See Josh, We're back here

0:13:54.160 --> 0:13:57.920
<v Speaker 1>mere seconds later. And um, I have an exceptional listener

0:13:57.960 --> 0:14:00.320
<v Speaker 1>mail here. This is what I've titled it. And keep

0:14:00.320 --> 0:14:02.600
<v Speaker 1>a little folder of exceptional mail. And I've been holding

0:14:02.600 --> 0:14:04.440
<v Speaker 1>onto this one for a while. And you might remember

0:14:04.520 --> 0:14:08.320
<v Speaker 1>this from our buddy Greg Storkin who wrote us at

0:14:08.360 --> 0:14:11.319
<v Speaker 1>top ten. Remember that, Oh yeah, this is one of

0:14:11.320 --> 0:14:15.880
<v Speaker 1>our first mask So I'm gonna give this. I'm gonna

0:14:15.880 --> 0:14:17.480
<v Speaker 1>give Greg his too. I'm not gonna read all ten,

0:14:17.559 --> 0:14:19.920
<v Speaker 1>but he basically wrote a top ten reasons why he's

0:14:19.920 --> 0:14:22.200
<v Speaker 1>obsessed with stuff you should know. So I'm just gonna

0:14:22.200 --> 0:14:25.120
<v Speaker 1>go over a few of my favorites. Uh, you purposely

0:14:25.240 --> 0:14:28.000
<v Speaker 1>leave early for work and then take side streets along

0:14:28.040 --> 0:14:29.960
<v Speaker 1>the way, simply to have more time to listen to

0:14:30.000 --> 0:14:34.080
<v Speaker 1>your new episode. So this guy's further in his commute. Uh.

0:14:34.280 --> 0:14:36.280
<v Speaker 1>You hum the jazzy theme song as you go about

0:14:36.320 --> 0:14:38.920
<v Speaker 1>your day, which I do as well. You have more

0:14:38.960 --> 0:14:40.800
<v Speaker 1>fun learning from Josh and Chuck than you did from

0:14:40.800 --> 0:14:45.440
<v Speaker 1>your super hot organic chemistry professor, which is awesome. A

0:14:45.520 --> 0:14:47.640
<v Speaker 1>little piece of you dies when you hear the theme

0:14:47.720 --> 0:14:49.880
<v Speaker 1>music fade back in signaling the end of the episode.

0:14:50.120 --> 0:14:52.720
<v Speaker 1>It's pretty sad. And his number one reason was you

0:14:52.840 --> 0:14:55.360
<v Speaker 1>have a full fledged man crush on Josh and Chuck.

0:14:56.320 --> 0:15:00.200
<v Speaker 1>And we bring this up because we've had, oddly quite

0:15:00.240 --> 0:15:02.000
<v Speaker 1>a few men write us and say they have man

0:15:02.120 --> 0:15:05.600
<v Speaker 1>crushes and we're super hot organic chemistry teachers. It's just

0:15:05.720 --> 0:15:08.800
<v Speaker 1>just weird. But the man crushed phenomenon is is a

0:15:08.920 --> 0:15:12.000
<v Speaker 1>real thing. I know you have quite a few bromance Yeah,

0:15:12.440 --> 0:15:15.560
<v Speaker 1>I know, Actor John Leguizamo. You're very hot for him.

0:15:15.680 --> 0:15:18.000
<v Speaker 1>I don't like to talk about it. And one day

0:15:18.080 --> 0:15:20.720
<v Speaker 1>that I will meet John Leguizamo, I'm not really holding

0:15:20.760 --> 0:15:23.640
<v Speaker 1>out hope. I don't want to touch him or anything.

0:15:23.720 --> 0:15:26.200
<v Speaker 1>It's more just like being next to him, you know

0:15:26.240 --> 0:15:27.520
<v Speaker 1>what I'm saying, to have him like punch me in

0:15:27.520 --> 0:15:28.960
<v Speaker 1>the store and be like, Hey, Josh, how's it going.

0:15:29.000 --> 0:15:30.760
<v Speaker 1>I think that's what a man crushes. It really means.

0:15:30.800 --> 0:15:31.960
<v Speaker 1>It's what you want to do, is you want to

0:15:32.000 --> 0:15:33.320
<v Speaker 1>go out and have a beer with this, Like I

0:15:33.400 --> 0:15:36.000
<v Speaker 1>have a tremendous man crush on George Clooney. Yeah, because

0:15:36.000 --> 0:15:37.520
<v Speaker 1>I want to go hang out with George Clooney and

0:15:37.560 --> 0:15:39.960
<v Speaker 1>talk about basketball and drink a beer. You know, you

0:15:40.040 --> 0:15:42.680
<v Speaker 1>know it's underrated these days, but there is such things

0:15:42.760 --> 0:15:45.560
<v Speaker 1>platonic law. Yeah, if he kissed me, I wouldn't. That's

0:15:45.600 --> 0:15:48.600
<v Speaker 1>not platonic. Yeah, but I wouldn't. It's George Clooney. It

0:15:48.640 --> 0:15:51.480
<v Speaker 1>would be a good story. It depends on how forceful

0:15:51.520 --> 0:15:55.400
<v Speaker 1>a kiss was, right, true, and how shading he like, Well,

0:15:55.480 --> 0:15:58.240
<v Speaker 1>if you wanna tell Chuck or I about your recent

0:15:58.480 --> 0:16:00.920
<v Speaker 1>romance or who you have am and crush on, or

0:16:01.240 --> 0:16:02.960
<v Speaker 1>you want to send us a top ten list, and

0:16:03.040 --> 0:16:05.720
<v Speaker 1>by the way, Greg, you can't expect a T shirt

0:16:05.800 --> 0:16:08.680
<v Speaker 1>for that top ten list, but definitely send us to

0:16:08.720 --> 0:16:12.600
<v Speaker 1>your size and your mailing address. Uh to the email

0:16:12.600 --> 0:16:15.200
<v Speaker 1>address for button to give. Actually, you've already got it,

0:16:15.280 --> 0:16:17.280
<v Speaker 1>so just send it again, will you? And if you

0:16:17.360 --> 0:16:18.960
<v Speaker 1>want to send us one for the first time, you're

0:16:18.960 --> 0:16:21.520
<v Speaker 1>not quite certain who to address it to, what email

0:16:21.520 --> 0:16:23.680
<v Speaker 1>address you need to ship it off to? You want

0:16:23.720 --> 0:16:27.680
<v Speaker 1>to send it to stuff podcast at how stuff works

0:16:28.160 --> 0:16:34.120
<v Speaker 1>dot com for more on this and thousands of other topics.

0:16:34.400 --> 0:16:39.000
<v Speaker 1>Is it how stuff works dot com brought to you

0:16:39.080 --> 0:16:42.440
<v Speaker 1>by the reinvented two thousand twelve camera. It's ready, are

0:16:42.520 --> 0:16:42.560
<v Speaker 1>you