1 00:00:00,040 --> 00:00:03,239 Speaker 1: Hey, history enthusiasts, you get not one, but two events 2 00:00:03,240 --> 00:00:07,520 Speaker 1: in history today. With that said, on with the show. Hi, 3 00:00:08,000 --> 00:00:11,559 Speaker 1: I'm Eves and welcome to this Day in History class, 4 00:00:11,920 --> 00:00:14,520 Speaker 1: a show that uncovers a little bit more about history 5 00:00:14,960 --> 00:00:27,000 Speaker 1: every day. The day was June nineteen o eight. The 6 00:00:27,080 --> 00:00:31,240 Speaker 1: ship Casato arrived in the port of Santos, south of 7 00:00:31,320 --> 00:00:35,720 Speaker 1: Sal Paulo, Brazil. The ship was carrying the first Japanese 8 00:00:35,720 --> 00:00:40,640 Speaker 1: immigrants to come to Brazil. Seven eighty one Japanese passengers 9 00:00:40,680 --> 00:00:42,879 Speaker 1: took the trip from the port of Kobe to the 10 00:00:42,920 --> 00:00:46,680 Speaker 1: port of Santos to work at coffee plantations. As the 11 00:00:46,760 --> 00:00:50,400 Speaker 1: Japanese government had been promoting immigration as a way to 12 00:00:50,479 --> 00:00:55,760 Speaker 1: solve social and economic issues. There were Japanese individuals who 13 00:00:55,800 --> 00:01:00,320 Speaker 1: migrated to Brazil before the Casato madus arrival, but this 14 00:01:00,400 --> 00:01:04,319 Speaker 1: day is considered the official beginning of Japanese mass immigration 15 00:01:04,360 --> 00:01:08,759 Speaker 1: to Brazil. From the seventeenth century to the nineteenth century, 16 00:01:09,040 --> 00:01:13,920 Speaker 1: Japan operated under a seclusion policy enacted by the Tokugawa 17 00:01:13,959 --> 00:01:17,040 Speaker 1: Shogunate that kept it isolated from the rest of the world. 18 00:01:17,680 --> 00:01:20,880 Speaker 1: This period was called sakoku, which can be translated as 19 00:01:20,959 --> 00:01:26,319 Speaker 1: closed country. During this period, Japan restricted trade and relations 20 00:01:26,319 --> 00:01:29,960 Speaker 1: with other countries. Most foreign nationals were not allowed to 21 00:01:30,040 --> 00:01:33,679 Speaker 1: enter Japan, and Japanese people were not allowed to leave 22 00:01:33,720 --> 00:01:37,200 Speaker 1: the country without a license, with harsh punishments if they 23 00:01:37,240 --> 00:01:41,119 Speaker 1: did do so. Some of the goals of Sakoku were 24 00:01:41,160 --> 00:01:46,119 Speaker 1: to cut off Western colonial and religious influences, to control commerce, 25 00:01:46,319 --> 00:01:50,480 Speaker 1: and to strengthen Tokugawa authority in Japan and East Asia. 26 00:01:51,640 --> 00:01:54,840 Speaker 1: Japan was not completely shut off from the world during 27 00:01:54,880 --> 00:01:58,800 Speaker 1: these two hundred plus years. The Dutch, Chinese, and Koreans 28 00:01:58,840 --> 00:02:02,440 Speaker 1: had access to Japan in and Nagasaki was prominent as 29 00:02:02,480 --> 00:02:06,080 Speaker 1: one of Japan's international cities at the time. But the 30 00:02:06,120 --> 00:02:09,800 Speaker 1: isolation policy ended in the eighteen fifties when the country 31 00:02:09,880 --> 00:02:13,600 Speaker 1: was pressured to sign treaties restoring diplomatic relations with the 32 00:02:13,680 --> 00:02:18,480 Speaker 1: United States and other countries. Once Japan opened its doors, 33 00:02:18,800 --> 00:02:23,919 Speaker 1: Japanese people began migrating abroad. In eighteen sixty eight, more 34 00:02:23,960 --> 00:02:26,960 Speaker 1: than one hundred Japanese people went to Hawaii to work 35 00:02:27,040 --> 00:02:32,200 Speaker 1: on sugarcane plantations. Others went to work on farms in Guam. 36 00:02:32,240 --> 00:02:35,440 Speaker 1: But conditions and treatment of the Japanese were poor in 37 00:02:35,520 --> 00:02:39,720 Speaker 1: foreign countries, and the recruitment and transport of the Japanese 38 00:02:39,760 --> 00:02:44,440 Speaker 1: contract labors was not authorized by the Meiji government. The 39 00:02:44,480 --> 00:02:47,239 Speaker 1: government banned people from immigrating out of the country for 40 00:02:47,280 --> 00:02:51,320 Speaker 1: the next two decades, but in eighteen eighty five, after 41 00:02:51,400 --> 00:02:55,600 Speaker 1: Japan and Hawaii entered an agreement, Japanese people began leaving 42 00:02:55,639 --> 00:03:01,079 Speaker 1: in droves to Hawaii, Thursday Island, New Caledonia, as Australia, Fiji, 43 00:03:01,120 --> 00:03:05,680 Speaker 1: and other South Pacific locations under labor contracts. The plan 44 00:03:05,800 --> 00:03:08,040 Speaker 1: was for them to return to Japan with money after 45 00:03:08,120 --> 00:03:12,680 Speaker 1: a few years. Japanese people also began immigrating to Latin 46 00:03:12,720 --> 00:03:17,320 Speaker 1: America and North America. The later policies restricted Japanese immigration 47 00:03:17,360 --> 00:03:21,680 Speaker 1: to the US and Canada. As anti Japanese sentiment rose 48 00:03:21,720 --> 00:03:25,440 Speaker 1: in North America and Australia, the Japanese began looking to 49 00:03:25,560 --> 00:03:31,680 Speaker 1: South America. Impoverished farmers were facing rapid industrialization in Japan, 50 00:03:32,200 --> 00:03:37,320 Speaker 1: while Brazil needed more cheap labor on plantations. Japan encouraged 51 00:03:37,360 --> 00:03:41,000 Speaker 1: immigration to South America as a way to deal with poverty, 52 00:03:41,480 --> 00:03:47,080 Speaker 1: food shortages, and over population. On April nineteen o eight, 53 00:03:47,400 --> 00:03:50,960 Speaker 1: the Casato Madu left the port of Kobe carrying hundreds 54 00:03:51,000 --> 00:03:54,280 Speaker 1: of Japanese immigrants who hoped to earn a lot of 55 00:03:54,320 --> 00:03:57,680 Speaker 1: money and take it back to their families, and on 56 00:03:57,760 --> 00:04:01,680 Speaker 1: June eighteenth, the ship reached the Santo Support. Most of 57 00:04:01,720 --> 00:04:04,920 Speaker 1: the people on the ship were farmers from fourteen prefectures, 58 00:04:05,160 --> 00:04:10,720 Speaker 1: including Okinawa, Kagoshima, and Kumamoto. Besides the seven hundred and 59 00:04:10,760 --> 00:04:13,720 Speaker 1: eighty one migrants who were set to work at coffee plantations, 60 00:04:14,120 --> 00:04:17,400 Speaker 1: ten of the passengers on board were traveling without contracts. 61 00:04:18,640 --> 00:04:21,640 Speaker 1: The laborers were sent to work on several different farms. 62 00:04:22,240 --> 00:04:27,279 Speaker 1: Many owners provided the Japanese laborers with housing, clothing, and food, 63 00:04:28,279 --> 00:04:31,920 Speaker 1: but wages were low and living and working conditions were poor. 64 00:04:32,920 --> 00:04:36,279 Speaker 1: Some migrants left the farms to work other jobs, while 65 00:04:36,360 --> 00:04:41,520 Speaker 1: others started their own plantations. Japanese communities formed in the country. 66 00:04:42,720 --> 00:04:45,240 Speaker 1: From nineteen o eight until the beginning of the Pacific 67 00:04:45,279 --> 00:04:48,799 Speaker 1: War in nineteen fifty one, nearly one hundred and eighty 68 00:04:48,880 --> 00:04:54,240 Speaker 1: nine thousand Japanese people migrated to Brazil. The overwhelming majority 69 00:04:54,320 --> 00:04:57,839 Speaker 1: of those people are estimated not to have returned to Japan. 70 00:04:58,720 --> 00:05:02,640 Speaker 1: From nineteen fifty three nineteen seventy three, tens of thousands 71 00:05:02,760 --> 00:05:06,880 Speaker 1: more Japanese people moved to Brazil. Today, Brazil is home 72 00:05:06,920 --> 00:05:10,640 Speaker 1: to the largest population of Japanese people outside of Japan. 73 00:05:11,960 --> 00:05:14,279 Speaker 1: I'm Eve Jeff Ko and hopefully you know a little 74 00:05:14,279 --> 00:05:18,240 Speaker 1: more about history today than you did yesterday. If you 75 00:05:18,320 --> 00:05:21,359 Speaker 1: have any burning questions or comments to tell us, you 76 00:05:21,400 --> 00:05:25,120 Speaker 1: can find us on Twitter, Instagram and Facebook at t 77 00:05:25,600 --> 00:05:29,919 Speaker 1: d I h C Podcast. I have a news show 78 00:05:30,000 --> 00:05:33,599 Speaker 1: called Unpopular. It's about people in the past who challenge 79 00:05:33,640 --> 00:05:37,680 Speaker 1: the status quo and we're sometimes persecuted for it. You 80 00:05:37,720 --> 00:05:40,840 Speaker 1: can listen anywhere. You listen to This Day in History Class. 81 00:05:41,880 --> 00:05:51,599 Speaker 1: Thanks again for listening, and we'll see you tomorrow. Hello everyone, 82 00:05:51,760 --> 00:05:54,760 Speaker 1: I'm Eves and welcome to This Day in History Class, 83 00:05:54,760 --> 00:05:57,360 Speaker 1: a podcast that really believes in the saying you learn 84 00:05:57,480 --> 00:06:08,960 Speaker 1: something new every day. The day was June eleven, just 85 00:06:09,160 --> 00:06:13,000 Speaker 1: after sunset several months from Canterbury reportedly saw the moon 86 00:06:13,080 --> 00:06:16,839 Speaker 1: split into two and explode into flames. This happened on 87 00:06:16,920 --> 00:06:20,640 Speaker 1: June on the Julian calendar, but took place on June 88 00:06:21,440 --> 00:06:26,520 Speaker 1: when going by the Gregorian calendar. English chronicler Gervais wrote 89 00:06:26,560 --> 00:06:31,560 Speaker 1: about the event. According to translations, Gervais set the following Now, 90 00:06:31,600 --> 00:06:34,000 Speaker 1: there was a bright new moon, and as usual in 91 00:06:34,040 --> 00:06:37,080 Speaker 1: that phase, its horns were tilted towards the east, and 92 00:06:37,160 --> 00:06:40,760 Speaker 1: suddenly the upper horns split into From the midpoint of 93 00:06:40,800 --> 00:06:44,520 Speaker 1: this division, a flaming torch sprang up, spewing out over 94 00:06:44,560 --> 00:06:49,920 Speaker 1: a considerable distance fire, hot coals, and sparks. Gervais went 95 00:06:49,920 --> 00:06:52,279 Speaker 1: on to say that the quote moon throps like a 96 00:06:52,279 --> 00:06:55,560 Speaker 1: wounded snake, and that the phenomenon happened a dozen or 97 00:06:55,560 --> 00:07:01,240 Speaker 1: more times. In six planetary geology, Jack D. Hert Tongus 98 00:07:01,320 --> 00:07:05,640 Speaker 1: paper about the eleven seventy observation was published in the 99 00:07:05,680 --> 00:07:08,599 Speaker 1: paper Heart Tongue said that the event was likely not 100 00:07:08,800 --> 00:07:12,600 Speaker 1: just the product of someone's imagination. He suggested that the 101 00:07:12,600 --> 00:07:16,600 Speaker 1: phenomenon could have occurred because of cloud layers or turbulence 102 00:07:16,640 --> 00:07:20,960 Speaker 1: in the Earth's atmosphere. He also suggested that a meteoroid 103 00:07:21,080 --> 00:07:23,360 Speaker 1: could have been along the line of sight to the Moon, 104 00:07:24,520 --> 00:07:27,720 Speaker 1: but his best guess was that the description was consistent 105 00:07:27,760 --> 00:07:31,320 Speaker 1: with an impact on the lunar surface. He acknowledged that 106 00:07:31,360 --> 00:07:34,760 Speaker 1: the probability of such a lunar impact happening during recorded 107 00:07:34,840 --> 00:07:38,480 Speaker 1: history was small. Based on the location and sides of 108 00:07:38,480 --> 00:07:41,720 Speaker 1: the event, he concluded that the supposed impact observed that 109 00:07:41,840 --> 00:07:45,720 Speaker 1: day formed the crater Giordano Bruno, which was named after 110 00:07:45,760 --> 00:07:50,280 Speaker 1: an Italian philosopher and Friar. The crater is about fourteen 111 00:07:50,280 --> 00:07:53,920 Speaker 1: miles or two kilometers in diameter. It's on the far 112 00:07:54,000 --> 00:07:56,280 Speaker 1: side of the Moon and is one of the youngest 113 00:07:56,360 --> 00:07:59,720 Speaker 1: large craters on the lunar surface. But the idea that 114 00:07:59,720 --> 00:08:03,600 Speaker 1: the eater was formed in medieval times is not universally accepted. 115 00:08:04,120 --> 00:08:06,960 Speaker 1: A study released in two thousand one suggested that the 116 00:08:07,000 --> 00:08:10,520 Speaker 1: event people witnessed in eleven seventy eight was not the 117 00:08:10,600 --> 00:08:14,600 Speaker 1: impact that created Giordana Bruno. It said that this kind 118 00:08:14,600 --> 00:08:17,920 Speaker 1: of impact would cause a week long meteor storm on Earth, 119 00:08:18,400 --> 00:08:21,040 Speaker 1: but there is no evidence that such a storm occurred. 120 00:08:22,120 --> 00:08:25,080 Speaker 1: Other researchers have suggested that the creater formed more than 121 00:08:25,120 --> 00:08:27,440 Speaker 1: a million years ago, and as far as what the 122 00:08:27,480 --> 00:08:31,720 Speaker 1: monks actually saw, modern theories posit that a meteor exploded 123 00:08:31,800 --> 00:08:34,600 Speaker 1: as it passed in front of the Moon. Only the 124 00:08:34,640 --> 00:08:36,440 Speaker 1: monks would have been able to see the event from 125 00:08:36,440 --> 00:08:40,760 Speaker 1: their specific location on Earth. There's still debate over the 126 00:08:40,800 --> 00:08:45,040 Speaker 1: true formation age of Giordana Brunow. I'm Eves Jeff Code 127 00:08:45,040 --> 00:08:47,800 Speaker 1: and hopefully you know a little more about history today 128 00:08:47,840 --> 00:08:51,160 Speaker 1: than you did yesterday, and if you have any comments 129 00:08:51,280 --> 00:08:54,080 Speaker 1: or suggestions, you can send them to us at this 130 00:08:54,200 --> 00:08:56,800 Speaker 1: day and I heard media dot com. If you prefer 131 00:08:56,880 --> 00:08:59,080 Speaker 1: to hit us s up on social media, leave us 132 00:08:59,080 --> 00:09:02,840 Speaker 1: a note at t D i h C Podcast on Facebook, Twitter, 133 00:09:02,960 --> 00:09:06,040 Speaker 1: or Instagram. Thanks so much for listening to the show 134 00:09:06,080 --> 00:09:19,440 Speaker 1: and we'll see you tomorrow. For more podcasts from I 135 00:09:19,480 --> 00:09:22,160 Speaker 1: Heart Radio, visit the I Heart Radio app, Apple Podcasts, 136 00:09:22,240 --> 00:09:23,920 Speaker 1: or wherever you listen to your favorite shows.