1 00:00:01,080 --> 00:00:04,000 Speaker 1: Welcome to House to Works Now. I'm your host, Lauren Vogelbaum, 2 00:00:04,120 --> 00:00:10,440 Speaker 1: a researcher and writer. Here at House to Works. Every week, 3 00:00:10,480 --> 00:00:12,760 Speaker 1: I'm bringing you three stories from our team about the 4 00:00:12,800 --> 00:00:16,840 Speaker 1: weird and wondrous advances we've seen in science, technology, and culture. 5 00:00:17,400 --> 00:00:20,160 Speaker 1: This week, we ask could you pick up a new 6 00:00:20,160 --> 00:00:23,720 Speaker 1: physical skill without having to concentrate on learning it? We 7 00:00:23,760 --> 00:00:27,120 Speaker 1: also answer that question, and spoiler alert, the answer is yes, 8 00:00:27,200 --> 00:00:31,600 Speaker 1: and it involves haptic feedback. Unrelated, we peel back the 9 00:00:31,680 --> 00:00:35,839 Speaker 1: veils of time to peer into America's worst cup of coffee, 10 00:00:36,680 --> 00:00:41,040 Speaker 1: But first steph editor Christopher hassiotis via freelance writer Patrick J. 11 00:00:41,240 --> 00:00:44,080 Speaker 1: Kaiger has an election story for us, and don't worry, 12 00:00:44,080 --> 00:00:46,880 Speaker 1: We're not going to political on you. This one's about 13 00:00:46,920 --> 00:00:49,879 Speaker 1: why u s national elections are held on a Tuesday 14 00:00:49,880 --> 00:00:53,279 Speaker 1: in November and why some people are campaigning to change that. 15 00:00:57,000 --> 00:00:59,440 Speaker 1: Holding elections on a Tuesday in November has been a 16 00:00:59,440 --> 00:01:02,440 Speaker 1: tradition in the United States since the eighteen forties, but 17 00:01:02,560 --> 00:01:05,640 Speaker 1: these days, that weekday timing makes it difficult for many 18 00:01:05,680 --> 00:01:08,399 Speaker 1: people to exercise their right to vote. That's why some 19 00:01:08,440 --> 00:01:11,399 Speaker 1: activists want to switch to a better system. According to 20 00:01:11,440 --> 00:01:14,000 Speaker 1: New data from the Pew Research Center, the US ranks 21 00:01:14,040 --> 00:01:17,040 Speaker 1: relatively low among other countries, at only twenty seven in 22 00:01:17,080 --> 00:01:19,800 Speaker 1: the world for voter participation. In the two thousand twelve 23 00:01:19,880 --> 00:01:25,160 Speaker 1: general and presidential election, only fifty of eligible voters cast ballots. 24 00:01:25,160 --> 00:01:29,200 Speaker 1: That's embarrassingly low compared to Belgium's seven percent participation rate, 25 00:01:29,480 --> 00:01:31,839 Speaker 1: and it puts the United States barely above the voting 26 00:01:31,920 --> 00:01:35,560 Speaker 1: rate in former Soviet republics like Estonia and Slovenia, which 27 00:01:35,640 --> 00:01:38,760 Speaker 1: don't even have a centuries old tradition of democracy, and 28 00:01:38,840 --> 00:01:41,680 Speaker 1: participation gets even worse than years when the country doesn't 29 00:01:41,680 --> 00:01:44,600 Speaker 1: elect a president. In the two thousand fourteen mid terms, 30 00:01:44,640 --> 00:01:47,600 Speaker 1: for instance, only thirty six percent of the US voting 31 00:01:47,600 --> 00:01:50,840 Speaker 1: age population cast ballots. So what's up with that? Why 32 00:01:50,880 --> 00:01:54,440 Speaker 1: do so few Americans vote? Well, some simply may not 33 00:01:54,600 --> 00:01:57,200 Speaker 1: like the candidates running in a given year or prefer 34 00:01:57,240 --> 00:02:00,120 Speaker 1: to do something else that day. Hey, maybe some and 35 00:02:00,200 --> 00:02:04,000 Speaker 1: forgot that an election was happening despite the bludgeoning media coverage. 36 00:02:04,320 --> 00:02:06,760 Speaker 1: But according to the Pew survey of registered voters who 37 00:02:06,800 --> 00:02:10,040 Speaker 1: didn't vote in two thousand fourteen, the biggest single reason 38 00:02:10,120 --> 00:02:13,720 Speaker 1: given was scheduled conflicts with work or school, which kept 39 00:02:13,720 --> 00:02:18,239 Speaker 1: thirty of those registered voters from exercising their rights. These 40 00:02:18,240 --> 00:02:21,240 Speaker 1: scheduled conflicts occur in large part because of an eighteen 41 00:02:21,320 --> 00:02:24,320 Speaker 1: forty five federal law which designated a week day as 42 00:02:24,360 --> 00:02:29,120 Speaker 1: election day, specifically the first Tuesday after the first Monday 43 00:02:29,160 --> 00:02:34,040 Speaker 1: of November. But an organization called Why Tuesday is advocating 44 00:02:34,040 --> 00:02:36,919 Speaker 1: a solution that's already being used successfully in other countries 45 00:02:37,200 --> 00:02:40,720 Speaker 1: like Belgium, France, Germany, and India. The group wants to 46 00:02:40,800 --> 00:02:43,399 Speaker 1: change voting law and hold elections at a time that's 47 00:02:43,400 --> 00:02:47,160 Speaker 1: better suited for modern day Americans. Ideally, they'd like to 48 00:02:47,200 --> 00:02:49,600 Speaker 1: see election day held on a weekend, though as a 49 00:02:49,639 --> 00:02:52,880 Speaker 1: fallback option, they'd consider making election day of federal holiday 50 00:02:52,919 --> 00:02:56,000 Speaker 1: all its own. Why Tuesday co founder and political scientists 51 00:02:56,080 --> 00:02:59,400 Speaker 1: Norman j. Ornstein says that the current election day is 52 00:02:59,440 --> 00:03:01,519 Speaker 1: an outmode and holdover from an age in which the 53 00:03:01,560 --> 00:03:05,359 Speaker 1: country was very different from today, more rural and more pious. 54 00:03:05,919 --> 00:03:09,480 Speaker 1: As Ornstein explains it, thety five law was written to 55 00:03:09,520 --> 00:03:12,560 Speaker 1: take into account the needs of a primarily a grarian society. 56 00:03:13,080 --> 00:03:16,680 Speaker 1: There was no uber, no cars, no subway trains. Farmers 57 00:03:16,720 --> 00:03:18,919 Speaker 1: had to get their products to market in wagons, which 58 00:03:19,000 --> 00:03:22,400 Speaker 1: usually required a whole day of travel, and for religious reasons, 59 00:03:22,600 --> 00:03:25,560 Speaker 1: they needed to be home for the Sabbath. Additionally, people 60 00:03:25,600 --> 00:03:27,919 Speaker 1: settled their accounts in those days on the first day 61 00:03:27,919 --> 00:03:31,359 Speaker 1: of the month, so they couldn't vote then. Given those constraints, 62 00:03:31,639 --> 00:03:34,160 Speaker 1: the first Tuesday that falls after the first Monday in 63 00:03:34,200 --> 00:03:37,480 Speaker 1: November seemed like the best choice at the time, but 64 00:03:37,560 --> 00:03:41,440 Speaker 1: that timing isn't so convenient in a modern, industrialized, technologically 65 00:03:41,440 --> 00:03:44,480 Speaker 1: advanced society like ours. The majority of people who work 66 00:03:44,560 --> 00:03:47,920 Speaker 1: typically do so during the day from Monday through Friday, 67 00:03:48,080 --> 00:03:50,560 Speaker 1: and we have to vote near where we live, which 68 00:03:50,600 --> 00:03:53,320 Speaker 1: isn't necessarily near where we work, making it hard to 69 00:03:53,360 --> 00:03:55,840 Speaker 1: vote on a lunch break, for instance. If it were 70 00:03:55,920 --> 00:03:58,640 Speaker 1: up to Ornstein, he would switch election day to a weekend, 71 00:03:59,040 --> 00:04:02,040 Speaker 1: more specifically a twenty four hour period from noon on 72 00:04:02,080 --> 00:04:05,440 Speaker 1: Saturday to noon on Sunday. It also holds three days 73 00:04:05,440 --> 00:04:07,920 Speaker 1: of early voting on Wednesday through Friday of the week 74 00:04:07,960 --> 00:04:11,440 Speaker 1: before the Saturday Sunday election. That would allow flexibility for 75 00:04:11,480 --> 00:04:14,440 Speaker 1: people with work, religious practices, or out of town travel 76 00:04:14,440 --> 00:04:17,640 Speaker 1: on weekends to vote, and to make voting even easier 77 00:04:17,960 --> 00:04:20,279 Speaker 1: or Innstein would set up remote voting stations where people 78 00:04:20,320 --> 00:04:22,400 Speaker 1: could vote no matter where they lived in a city 79 00:04:22,480 --> 00:04:25,520 Speaker 1: or state, using ballots personalized to their home location and 80 00:04:25,560 --> 00:04:28,919 Speaker 1: local issues. Instead of moving voting day, why not just 81 00:04:29,000 --> 00:04:31,960 Speaker 1: make it a national holiday? Ornstein argues that it would 82 00:04:31,960 --> 00:04:34,520 Speaker 1: be more complicated that way. Setting up a new holiday 83 00:04:34,600 --> 00:04:38,000 Speaker 1: is an expensive proposition for the economy, he explains, and 84 00:04:38,320 --> 00:04:40,520 Speaker 1: if you tried to piggyback it on Veterans Day a 85 00:04:40,520 --> 00:04:44,159 Speaker 1: week later, as some have proposed, veterans might feel understandably 86 00:04:44,200 --> 00:04:47,320 Speaker 1: short changed. Ornstein suggests, we've stayed with Tuesday more out 87 00:04:47,320 --> 00:04:50,200 Speaker 1: of inertia than resistance. It's changed and how we vote 88 00:04:50,240 --> 00:04:51,880 Speaker 1: is something that interests you, and you'd like to learn 89 00:04:51,880 --> 00:04:55,680 Speaker 1: more about Ornstein's organization, check out Why Tuesday dot org 90 00:04:56,040 --> 00:04:58,919 Speaker 1: or reach out to your own government representative. Change doesn't 91 00:04:58,960 --> 00:05:05,799 Speaker 1: happen by itself. After next up, senior writer Jonathan Strickland 92 00:05:05,880 --> 00:05:10,000 Speaker 1: talks about the potential feature of learning particular skills. In 93 00:05:10,040 --> 00:05:13,279 Speaker 1: a recent study, participants were able to learn Morse code 94 00:05:13,279 --> 00:05:20,520 Speaker 1: without even trying in less than four hours. What if 95 00:05:20,560 --> 00:05:23,039 Speaker 1: you could pick up a new skill without having to 96 00:05:23,160 --> 00:05:27,000 Speaker 1: concentrate on learning it. Researchers at the Georgia Institute of 97 00:05:27,000 --> 00:05:30,760 Speaker 1: Technology have done it with morse code using Google Glass 98 00:05:30,920 --> 00:05:34,840 Speaker 1: and passive haptic learning or PHL. But what does that mean. 99 00:05:35,400 --> 00:05:38,520 Speaker 1: Let's break it down. The approach is passive because the 100 00:05:38,600 --> 00:05:41,120 Speaker 1: user doesn't need to engage with the process in an 101 00:05:41,120 --> 00:05:45,120 Speaker 1: active way. Haptic refers to feedback through touch, so a 102 00:05:45,160 --> 00:05:49,520 Speaker 1: passive haptic learning system teaches users through touch without them 103 00:05:49,560 --> 00:05:52,680 Speaker 1: having to focus on it. In this case, Google Glass 104 00:05:52,760 --> 00:05:56,040 Speaker 1: provided the touch. Similar to most cell phones, Google Glass 105 00:05:56,040 --> 00:05:59,719 Speaker 1: contains a small vibrating mechanism to alert users to notifications. 106 00:06:00,080 --> 00:06:03,599 Speaker 1: In Google Glass, the mechanism rests just behind the user's 107 00:06:03,640 --> 00:06:06,159 Speaker 1: ear and since a low frequency sound that is not 108 00:06:06,360 --> 00:06:09,919 Speaker 1: heard but felt as a vibration. In their study, the 109 00:06:10,000 --> 00:06:13,240 Speaker 1: researchers at Georgia Tech took advantage of this design to 110 00:06:13,320 --> 00:06:16,200 Speaker 1: have the motor tap out characters in morse code while 111 00:06:16,279 --> 00:06:20,720 Speaker 1: users were distracted with another task. Twelve participants wore Google 112 00:06:20,720 --> 00:06:24,200 Speaker 1: Glass while playing an online game for twenty minutes. While 113 00:06:24,240 --> 00:06:27,520 Speaker 1: they concentrated on the game, half the participants would feel 114 00:06:27,560 --> 00:06:30,200 Speaker 1: the vibrating motor tap out each letter of a word 115 00:06:30,240 --> 00:06:33,360 Speaker 1: in morse code. A voice would also say each letter 116 00:06:33,520 --> 00:06:36,320 Speaker 1: through a small speaker on the headset. The other half 117 00:06:36,320 --> 00:06:39,640 Speaker 1: of the participants, the control group heard the audio cues 118 00:06:39,800 --> 00:06:44,960 Speaker 1: but didn't receive any haptic feedback. The researchers tested participants 119 00:06:44,960 --> 00:06:47,960 Speaker 1: on their ability to write Morse code, input Morse code 120 00:06:48,000 --> 00:06:51,479 Speaker 1: on the glass touch pad, and write letters from morse signals. 121 00:06:51,839 --> 00:06:55,400 Speaker 1: They found that in under four hours, the experimental group 122 00:06:55,440 --> 00:06:59,000 Speaker 1: displayed greater competence with Morse code than the control group. 123 00:06:59,279 --> 00:07:04,000 Speaker 1: In fact, experimental group was accurate when encoding each letter 124 00:07:04,000 --> 00:07:06,680 Speaker 1: of the alphabet in a final test, the control group 125 00:07:06,760 --> 00:07:10,960 Speaker 1: was only accurate. The pH L studies group at Georgia 126 00:07:11,000 --> 00:07:14,160 Speaker 1: Tech previously used similar methods to teach people brail or 127 00:07:14,200 --> 00:07:17,160 Speaker 1: to play the piano, but in those cases, subjects felt 128 00:07:17,240 --> 00:07:20,640 Speaker 1: vibrations on their respective fingers. This study showed that you 129 00:07:20,680 --> 00:07:23,800 Speaker 1: can also use vibrations elsewhere on the body, not just 130 00:07:23,880 --> 00:07:27,720 Speaker 1: the fingers, to pick up information. PHL might be useful 131 00:07:27,760 --> 00:07:31,200 Speaker 1: in several practical applications, though the researchers are quick to 132 00:07:31,240 --> 00:07:34,880 Speaker 1: point out that learning Morse code probably isn't one of them. 133 00:07:34,920 --> 00:07:38,240 Speaker 1: It could work well with various text based interfaces, such 134 00:07:38,280 --> 00:07:40,920 Speaker 1: as learning to touch type on a standard keyboard or 135 00:07:40,960 --> 00:07:44,240 Speaker 1: smart watch, but the researchers also stressed that it's not 136 00:07:44,320 --> 00:07:47,720 Speaker 1: a magical way to learn anything, You're not likely to 137 00:07:47,880 --> 00:07:51,280 Speaker 1: pick up a deep understanding of quantum mechanics this way. 138 00:07:51,440 --> 00:07:54,280 Speaker 1: In previous work, the research group found that people would 139 00:07:54,280 --> 00:07:57,600 Speaker 1: forget skills learned with PHL over time, but that it 140 00:07:57,640 --> 00:08:00,040 Speaker 1: didn't take long for them to become competent agin in 141 00:08:00,400 --> 00:08:03,880 Speaker 1: once they picked the haptic technology back up. But there's 142 00:08:03,880 --> 00:08:07,320 Speaker 1: a lot that remains mysterious. What's the threshold we need 143 00:08:07,360 --> 00:08:09,840 Speaker 1: to meet to learn a new task with PHL and 144 00:08:09,880 --> 00:08:12,880 Speaker 1: how long would we retain that skill. We don't have 145 00:08:12,920 --> 00:08:16,239 Speaker 1: answers to those questions yet, but it's clear PHL could 146 00:08:16,240 --> 00:08:22,440 Speaker 1: have multiple applications and augment the way we learned. Finally, 147 00:08:22,480 --> 00:08:25,360 Speaker 1: this week, senior writer Robert Lamb tells the tale of 148 00:08:25,440 --> 00:08:30,040 Speaker 1: food industrialization gone wrong in the American Civil War. Demand 149 00:08:30,080 --> 00:08:32,800 Speaker 1: for coffee on the front lines led to an infamously 150 00:08:32,960 --> 00:08:39,080 Speaker 1: terrible cup of show. War is hell, and sometimes the 151 00:08:39,120 --> 00:08:42,200 Speaker 1: coffee is to consider the American Civil War, a four 152 00:08:42,320 --> 00:08:45,000 Speaker 1: year blood bath that divided the nation and claimed the 153 00:08:45,040 --> 00:08:48,400 Speaker 1: lives of between sixty and eight hundred and fifty thousand 154 00:08:48,679 --> 00:08:52,240 Speaker 1: Union and Confederate soldiers. Looking back on such dark times, 155 00:08:52,240 --> 00:08:55,479 Speaker 1: there's a certain solace to be found in moments of humanity, 156 00:08:55,840 --> 00:08:58,920 Speaker 1: like sweeping acts of moral responsibility, or just the small 157 00:08:59,000 --> 00:09:02,720 Speaker 1: fragments of everyday life that are sprinkled amongst the madness, 158 00:09:02,720 --> 00:09:07,920 Speaker 1: such as complaining about wretched coffee. Food industrialization has always 159 00:09:07,920 --> 00:09:11,720 Speaker 1: progressed alongside modern warfare. An army, as the saying goes, 160 00:09:11,800 --> 00:09:15,800 Speaker 1: marches on its stomach, so the streamline production, preservation, and 161 00:09:15,840 --> 00:09:20,400 Speaker 1: delivery of food offers a definitive military advantage. Evaporated milk 162 00:09:20,480 --> 00:09:24,000 Speaker 1: is a fantastic example of a successful industrialized food product. 163 00:09:24,280 --> 00:09:27,240 Speaker 1: It's essentially just milk dried into a paste and in 164 00:09:27,280 --> 00:09:29,960 Speaker 1: the process pasteurized. All you have to do is add 165 00:09:30,000 --> 00:09:34,280 Speaker 1: water and behold, you've got yourself some reconstituted milk. Condensed 166 00:09:34,280 --> 00:09:36,760 Speaker 1: milk is roughly the same idea, only with a whole 167 00:09:36,760 --> 00:09:39,640 Speaker 1: lot more sugar added. It's not perfect, but it gets 168 00:09:39,640 --> 00:09:42,520 Speaker 1: the job done, which is why the US government purchased 169 00:09:42,520 --> 00:09:45,679 Speaker 1: bookoo's of condensed milk for Union Army field rations. But 170 00:09:45,760 --> 00:09:48,920 Speaker 1: great ideas often lead to terrible ones. In this case, 171 00:09:49,360 --> 00:09:52,600 Speaker 1: the essence of coffee food engineers wondered, hey, if we 172 00:09:52,600 --> 00:09:55,240 Speaker 1: can successfully evaporate a glass of milk, and why not 173 00:09:55,320 --> 00:09:58,280 Speaker 1: an entire cup of joe? This was no trivial matter. 174 00:09:58,320 --> 00:10:01,160 Speaker 1: As John Grinsman explains in his New York Times article 175 00:10:01,360 --> 00:10:04,680 Speaker 1: how Coffee fueled the Civil War. The Union Army thrived 176 00:10:04,720 --> 00:10:08,160 Speaker 1: on coffee. It was their nerve tonic, their sustainer, General 177 00:10:08,240 --> 00:10:12,440 Speaker 1: Benjamin Butler, even considered it a decisive strategic factor. The 178 00:10:12,480 --> 00:10:15,880 Speaker 1: modernization of coffee was nothing short of the modernization of 179 00:10:15,920 --> 00:10:19,600 Speaker 1: the war effort itself, and so George Hummell unleashed the 180 00:10:19,720 --> 00:10:24,239 Speaker 1: essence of coffee on an unsuspecting world, evaporating vast quantities 181 00:10:24,280 --> 00:10:27,160 Speaker 1: of the stuff, complete with boardings, condensed milk and sugar 182 00:10:27,360 --> 00:10:30,679 Speaker 1: into what is often described as a thick brown sludge 183 00:10:30,760 --> 00:10:34,880 Speaker 1: or a noxious black grease. By all accounts, Union soldiers 184 00:10:34,920 --> 00:10:37,920 Speaker 1: abhorred the stuff. And these were men who, according to Grinsman, 185 00:10:38,120 --> 00:10:41,640 Speaker 1: would brew coffee with water from quote brackish bays and 186 00:10:41,679 --> 00:10:45,000 Speaker 1: Mississippi mud liquid their horses would not drink if that's 187 00:10:45,040 --> 00:10:47,760 Speaker 1: what it took to sharpen their nerves and minds on 188 00:10:47,800 --> 00:10:51,880 Speaker 1: the wet stone of holy caffeine. Despite the labels insistence 189 00:10:51,960 --> 00:10:55,840 Speaker 1: that the product was celebrated and more wholesome than pure coffee, 190 00:10:56,040 --> 00:10:59,160 Speaker 1: the essence of coffee tested even the standards of these 191 00:10:59,240 --> 00:11:02,240 Speaker 1: hardened soldiers, and if that weren't bad enough, the men's 192 00:11:02,280 --> 00:11:07,000 Speaker 1: already supercharged bowels were sometimes further corrupted by spoiled milk 193 00:11:07,240 --> 00:11:11,040 Speaker 1: sold by sketchy dairymen. According to writer David A. Norris, 194 00:11:11,080 --> 00:11:14,800 Speaker 1: so attempts to cut the reconstituted essence with fresh milk 195 00:11:14,880 --> 00:11:17,880 Speaker 1: could prove a risky gamble. The essence of coffee was 196 00:11:17,920 --> 00:11:21,520 Speaker 1: soon removed as a ration, but its reputation lingered. A 197 00:11:21,559 --> 00:11:25,000 Speaker 1: few determined and potentially massochistic Civil War rean actors have 198 00:11:25,120 --> 00:11:28,480 Speaker 1: recently attempted to recreate the stuff. While some claim to 199 00:11:28,520 --> 00:11:32,120 Speaker 1: have improved on the recipe and concocted something really quite good, 200 00:11:32,400 --> 00:11:35,080 Speaker 1: others report the creation of a tough caffy that must 201 00:11:35,080 --> 00:11:38,000 Speaker 1: be broken up with a rifle butt on cold days 202 00:11:38,080 --> 00:11:41,160 Speaker 1: before boiling. Can anything good be said for the essence 203 00:11:41,200 --> 00:11:44,240 Speaker 1: of coffee? Well? According to historian James T. Hickey, First 204 00:11:44,360 --> 00:11:47,720 Speaker 1: Lady Mary Todd Lincoln may have incorporated the stuff into 205 00:11:47,720 --> 00:11:51,400 Speaker 1: a high caffeine molasses sweet and concoction to treat her 206 00:11:51,440 --> 00:11:55,440 Speaker 1: frequent migraines. Plus Union soldiers who could stomach the stuff 207 00:11:55,559 --> 00:11:59,640 Speaker 1: undoubtedly got their fix a jolt of psychoactive stimulation, and 208 00:11:59,679 --> 00:12:02,640 Speaker 1: that helped push them toward victory in the War between 209 00:12:02,640 --> 00:12:04,959 Speaker 1: the States. So think about that the next time your 210 00:12:04,960 --> 00:12:09,080 Speaker 1: barista serves you a less than perfect pumpkin spy soy latte. 211 00:12:09,160 --> 00:12:16,960 Speaker 1: At least you're not forced to endure EF. That's our 212 00:12:17,000 --> 00:12:19,320 Speaker 1: show for this week. Thank you so much for tuning in. 213 00:12:19,600 --> 00:12:21,600 Speaker 1: And hey, if you're listening to this on the day 214 00:12:21,640 --> 00:12:24,679 Speaker 1: that the episode comes out, go vote tomorrow for whoever 215 00:12:24,840 --> 00:12:28,520 Speaker 1: and whatever. Just vote. If you're not subscribed to this 216 00:12:28,600 --> 00:12:31,559 Speaker 1: podcast yet, do that thing and send us links to 217 00:12:31,559 --> 00:12:33,800 Speaker 1: anything you'd like to hear us cover, plus a photo 218 00:12:33,800 --> 00:12:36,200 Speaker 1: of your Halloween costume. You can send me an email 219 00:12:36,240 --> 00:12:39,360 Speaker 1: at now Podcast at how stuff works dot com, and 220 00:12:39,480 --> 00:12:41,840 Speaker 1: of course, for lots of more stories like these, head 221 00:12:41,840 --> 00:12:44,600 Speaker 1: on over to our home planet now dot how stuff 222 00:12:44,640 --> 00:13:01,960 Speaker 1: works dot com.