1 00:00:00,800 --> 00:00:05,400 Speaker 1: All of their listeners. I'm Marta Martinez, Senior producer Latino USA. 2 00:00:05,960 --> 00:00:08,560 Speaker 1: And one of my favorite things about my job is 3 00:00:08,600 --> 00:00:11,320 Speaker 1: that I get to report on people who you'll rarely 4 00:00:11,360 --> 00:00:14,720 Speaker 1: hear anywhere else on the radio. People like me who 5 00:00:14,720 --> 00:00:18,520 Speaker 1: mix English and Spanish when they speak, and yes, who 6 00:00:18,760 --> 00:00:22,720 Speaker 1: have an accent. Happy thirtieth anniversary to Latino USA and 7 00:00:22,880 --> 00:00:27,400 Speaker 1: mutees gratias for celebrating with us. This is Latino USA, 8 00:00:27,560 --> 00:00:30,479 Speaker 1: the radio journal of News and Kurturre Latino USA. 9 00:00:30,760 --> 00:00:35,199 Speaker 2: Let Latino USA. I'm Maria Inojosa. We bring you stories 10 00:00:35,200 --> 00:00:38,760 Speaker 2: that are underreported but that mattered to you, overlooked by 11 00:00:38,760 --> 00:00:40,519 Speaker 2: the rest of the media, and while the country is 12 00:00:40,560 --> 00:00:42,960 Speaker 2: struggling to deal with these, we listen to the stories 13 00:00:42,960 --> 00:00:46,920 Speaker 2: of black and Latino Studio United, Latino Front, a cultural 14 00:00:46,960 --> 00:00:52,520 Speaker 2: renaissance organizing at the forefront of the movement. I'm Maria Inojosa, 15 00:00:52,800 --> 00:00:53,479 Speaker 2: nose Bayan. 16 00:00:55,880 --> 00:00:58,760 Speaker 3: I was shocked that there was all this history in 17 00:00:58,800 --> 00:01:01,360 Speaker 3: my homeland and the borderline and no one had ever 18 00:01:01,400 --> 00:01:02,080 Speaker 3: told it to me. 19 00:01:06,400 --> 00:01:10,280 Speaker 2: From Fuduro Media and PRX, It's Latino USA. I'm Mariao 20 00:01:10,360 --> 00:01:15,520 Speaker 2: Posa Today. Revolution in the Borderlands, A conversation about the 21 00:01:15,560 --> 00:01:26,679 Speaker 2: book Bad Mexicans, Kelly Lytel Hernandez defines herself as a 22 00:01:26,880 --> 00:01:32,480 Speaker 2: historian of race, immigration, and mass incarceration, but her work 23 00:01:32,920 --> 00:01:34,920 Speaker 2: doesn't just look to the past. 24 00:01:35,319 --> 00:01:38,080 Speaker 3: For me, as a historian, I really am grappling with 25 00:01:38,319 --> 00:01:41,880 Speaker 3: contemporary issues. I'm trying to figure out how so much 26 00:01:42,000 --> 00:01:47,160 Speaker 3: of the violence of the state becomes directed at black, brown, 27 00:01:47,360 --> 00:01:48,680 Speaker 3: indigenous folks. 28 00:01:48,960 --> 00:01:53,080 Speaker 2: In twenty nineteen, Kelly received the prestigious MacArthur Genius Grant 29 00:01:53,400 --> 00:01:57,080 Speaker 2: for her work documenting the human and fiscal costs of 30 00:01:57,280 --> 00:02:02,520 Speaker 2: mass incarceration in Los Angeles. That research sparked another project, 31 00:02:02,960 --> 00:02:05,560 Speaker 2: this time with a focus on both sides of the 32 00:02:05,680 --> 00:02:14,160 Speaker 2: US Mexico border. In her book Bad Mexicans, Race, Empire, 33 00:02:14,280 --> 00:02:18,440 Speaker 2: and Revolution in the Borderlands, Kelly looks to a story 34 00:02:18,520 --> 00:02:22,080 Speaker 2: at the turn of the twentieth century which is left 35 00:02:22,080 --> 00:02:24,000 Speaker 2: out of most history books. 36 00:02:24,400 --> 00:02:29,720 Speaker 3: It's got spies and infiltrators, and arm battles and secret codes, 37 00:02:29,760 --> 00:02:32,399 Speaker 3: and love affairs and betrayals. It's got all the makings 38 00:02:32,400 --> 00:02:34,840 Speaker 3: of an incredibly cinematic ribbon tale. 39 00:02:35,120 --> 00:02:39,400 Speaker 2: Back then, a group of Mexican revolutionaries worked to overthrow 40 00:02:39,520 --> 00:02:44,400 Speaker 2: a dictator in their home country. They were called Los Magonistas, 41 00:02:44,440 --> 00:02:48,680 Speaker 2: and both the US and Mexico worked to suppress their revolution. 42 00:02:49,880 --> 00:02:53,520 Speaker 2: In this episode, Kelly will share how those efforts continue 43 00:02:53,560 --> 00:02:58,440 Speaker 2: to shape border enforcement as we know it today. Here's 44 00:02:58,600 --> 00:03:01,240 Speaker 2: historian Kelly Lytel Hernandez. 45 00:03:08,000 --> 00:03:10,600 Speaker 3: My name is Kelly Lytel Hernandez, and I am a 46 00:03:10,600 --> 00:03:14,840 Speaker 3: professor of History, afric American Studies, and Urban Planning at UCLA, 47 00:03:15,360 --> 00:03:17,840 Speaker 3: where I also direct the Ralph J. Bunch Center for 48 00:03:17,880 --> 00:03:21,320 Speaker 3: African American Studies. As a historian, I spend a lot 49 00:03:21,320 --> 00:03:24,440 Speaker 3: of my time in the archives, which means I go 50 00:03:24,520 --> 00:03:29,359 Speaker 3: to Washington, d C. Or Mexico City, or Berkeley or 51 00:03:29,400 --> 00:03:33,040 Speaker 3: Oakland or right here in Los Angeles, and I try 52 00:03:33,080 --> 00:03:35,560 Speaker 3: to find a bunch of old records, old documents. I 53 00:03:35,640 --> 00:03:40,800 Speaker 3: scavenge through boxes looking for pieces of paper, fragments from 54 00:03:40,840 --> 00:03:43,880 Speaker 3: the past to try to understand what decisions were made, 55 00:03:43,920 --> 00:03:46,800 Speaker 3: why were they made, who did it impact, and how 56 00:03:47,160 --> 00:03:51,040 Speaker 3: changes over time led to our contemporary conditions. And then 57 00:03:51,080 --> 00:03:53,600 Speaker 3: I also get the pleasure of reading other people's books, 58 00:03:54,960 --> 00:04:02,360 Speaker 3: lots and lots of books. This book is called Bad Mexicans, Race, 59 00:04:02,560 --> 00:04:05,880 Speaker 3: Empire and Revolution in the Borderlands. In some ways, I 60 00:04:05,920 --> 00:04:09,920 Speaker 3: decided to write this book once Donald Trump was running 61 00:04:09,920 --> 00:04:14,600 Speaker 3: for office, and he disparaged Mexican migrants as bad own Price. 62 00:04:17,320 --> 00:04:21,120 Speaker 3: I know of another autocrat from another time period who 63 00:04:21,160 --> 00:04:24,039 Speaker 3: tried to disparage a group of Mexican migrants by calling 64 00:04:24,080 --> 00:04:33,320 Speaker 3: them malos Mexicanos or bad Mexicans. So the title malos 65 00:04:33,360 --> 00:04:38,000 Speaker 3: Mexicanos is a term that the dictator of Mexico, a 66 00:04:38,040 --> 00:04:41,840 Speaker 3: man named Portfito Diaz, used to disparage this group of 67 00:04:41,839 --> 00:04:46,320 Speaker 3: Mexican dissidents in the United States in the early twentieth century. 68 00:04:46,680 --> 00:04:51,680 Speaker 3: A good Mexican is someone who is quiet, compliant, who 69 00:04:51,720 --> 00:04:55,679 Speaker 3: works throughout the season and then goes home. A bad 70 00:04:55,760 --> 00:05:00,719 Speaker 3: Mexican is someone who organizes and demands and asserts their 71 00:05:00,839 --> 00:05:04,080 Speaker 3: rights and their dignity. And so, in some ways I'm 72 00:05:04,120 --> 00:05:08,520 Speaker 3: playing right with this term. I'm picking up what Portfrio 73 00:05:08,560 --> 00:05:13,680 Speaker 3: Diaz and the Anglo Americans laid down. But I'm also, 74 00:05:13,839 --> 00:05:18,839 Speaker 3: more important embracing this notion of revolutionary meganos who are 75 00:05:18,960 --> 00:05:24,600 Speaker 3: changing the conditions of their lives through migration and insurgency. 76 00:05:26,360 --> 00:05:30,560 Speaker 3: This book focuses on the Mexican Revolution, an event of 77 00:05:30,800 --> 00:05:34,240 Speaker 3: global import that tells the story of a group of 78 00:05:34,440 --> 00:05:37,800 Speaker 3: dissidents and rebels who were cotton pickers and miners, and 79 00:05:38,320 --> 00:05:42,120 Speaker 3: migrant workers and intellectuals. How they force both the United 80 00:05:42,160 --> 00:05:45,919 Speaker 3: States and the Mexican governments to grapple with the dreams 81 00:05:46,080 --> 00:05:57,280 Speaker 3: and the demands of Mexico's dispossessed. Who's not interested in 82 00:05:57,320 --> 00:05:59,840 Speaker 3: talking about the Mexican Revolution was get into a room 83 00:05:59,880 --> 00:06:01,480 Speaker 3: together for five minutes. I want to talk to you 84 00:06:01,480 --> 00:06:03,480 Speaker 3: about it and bring you on board. But it's the 85 00:06:03,480 --> 00:06:08,000 Speaker 3: first social revolution in the world of the twentieth century. 86 00:06:08,520 --> 00:06:13,719 Speaker 3: It challenges the rise of Anglo American supremacy at the 87 00:06:13,760 --> 00:06:17,880 Speaker 3: turn of the twentieth century. It challenges white supremacy here 88 00:06:18,120 --> 00:06:22,640 Speaker 3: in the United States. It's an extraordinarily important moment in 89 00:06:22,720 --> 00:06:28,279 Speaker 3: Mexican history, in the United States history, but also global history. 90 00:06:29,720 --> 00:06:34,120 Speaker 3: The Mexican Revolution began to throw a particular man out 91 00:06:34,160 --> 00:06:38,160 Speaker 3: of office in Mexico. His name was Portogio Dias and 92 00:06:38,320 --> 00:06:41,400 Speaker 3: he had been president of Mexico between eighteen seventy six 93 00:06:41,600 --> 00:06:46,599 Speaker 3: and nineteen eleven. He promised to bring order to Mexico, 94 00:06:46,839 --> 00:06:49,279 Speaker 3: and for him that meant Hymn staying in power for 95 00:06:49,360 --> 00:06:53,400 Speaker 3: the next several decades. He also promised to bring progress 96 00:06:53,440 --> 00:06:58,680 Speaker 3: to Mexico and feodeas that meant making Mexico a node 97 00:06:58,920 --> 00:07:03,680 Speaker 3: in the global econom me inviting in foreign investors to 98 00:07:03,760 --> 00:07:06,440 Speaker 3: come and buy up land or to be given land, 99 00:07:06,960 --> 00:07:10,720 Speaker 3: and then to build up railroads and industrial farming and 100 00:07:10,800 --> 00:07:18,840 Speaker 3: mining and banking and other industries. One really important thing 101 00:07:19,240 --> 00:07:22,160 Speaker 3: about the reign of view of Diaz is that he 102 00:07:22,280 --> 00:07:25,600 Speaker 3: did not do it alone, and he was absolutely dependent 103 00:07:25,680 --> 00:07:29,480 Speaker 3: upon support from the United States government and most important 104 00:07:29,720 --> 00:07:33,520 Speaker 3: on US investors who came to Mexico and bought up 105 00:07:33,720 --> 00:07:38,280 Speaker 3: millions of acres of land and began major industries in Mexico. 106 00:07:38,920 --> 00:07:44,280 Speaker 3: We're talking about the Guggenheims, the Rockefellers, Dohini, and many 107 00:07:44,360 --> 00:07:49,200 Speaker 3: other really familiar names from the Robber Baron period. These 108 00:07:49,240 --> 00:07:52,160 Speaker 3: folks go into Mexico and they either make their millions 109 00:07:52,200 --> 00:07:56,200 Speaker 3: there or they multiply their millions there and their land. 110 00:07:56,400 --> 00:08:02,960 Speaker 3: Their labor tactics debt servitude company towns, a segregated workforce 111 00:08:03,480 --> 00:08:07,120 Speaker 3: that is all protected by Portoyo Diaz and his military. 112 00:08:07,800 --> 00:08:11,040 Speaker 3: But also he had a roving police force known as 113 00:08:11,520 --> 00:08:15,440 Speaker 3: Los Grurales, and they would go around and if someone 114 00:08:15,480 --> 00:08:18,400 Speaker 3: tried to escape debt servitude, they would hunt them down 115 00:08:18,440 --> 00:08:23,200 Speaker 3: and bring them back. And so it is this relationship 116 00:08:23,280 --> 00:08:27,160 Speaker 3: between US investors and portfoo Dias that is really important. 117 00:08:27,560 --> 00:08:35,080 Speaker 3: They each need one another. People around the world, especially 118 00:08:35,080 --> 00:08:39,640 Speaker 3: the elite hail Portfoyo Diaz as being an extraordinary leader. 119 00:08:40,040 --> 00:08:45,120 Speaker 3: But many Mexicans experienced this as a dictatorship or this 120 00:08:45,240 --> 00:08:49,840 Speaker 3: project of progress that does make Mexico a thriving economy 121 00:08:49,840 --> 00:08:53,840 Speaker 3: in any ways, this progress also leads the mass dispossession 122 00:08:54,040 --> 00:08:58,400 Speaker 3: of Campecinos and indigenous communities across Mexico. So millions of 123 00:08:58,400 --> 00:09:02,120 Speaker 3: families lose their land, become landless, and begin to migrate 124 00:09:02,200 --> 00:09:05,760 Speaker 3: and wander in search of work. First they migrate and 125 00:09:05,760 --> 00:09:08,800 Speaker 3: they wander within Mexico, and then they begin to follow 126 00:09:08,880 --> 00:09:11,840 Speaker 3: those railroads that they're building that lead straight up to 127 00:09:11,840 --> 00:09:15,040 Speaker 3: the United States and begin to cross the border into 128 00:09:15,040 --> 00:09:18,840 Speaker 3: the United States. The man at the center of this 129 00:09:18,960 --> 00:09:23,920 Speaker 3: rebellion was Ricardo Floris Magoon, and he was a writer 130 00:09:24,200 --> 00:09:27,480 Speaker 3: a journalist in Mexico City. He ran a newspaper with 131 00:09:27,559 --> 00:09:33,280 Speaker 3: his brother Jesus. The newspapers called Rahanracium a Regeneration, and 132 00:09:33,720 --> 00:09:36,760 Speaker 3: on the pages of that newspaper in their early years 133 00:09:36,800 --> 00:09:41,040 Speaker 3: of the nineteen hundreds, Riccardo Flotis Magone did something that 134 00:09:41,040 --> 00:09:44,120 Speaker 3: nobody else dared to do, and he would write on 135 00:09:44,160 --> 00:09:47,800 Speaker 3: the front page. He would name check Puffio Diaz as 136 00:09:47,840 --> 00:09:53,240 Speaker 3: a dictator, as a tyrant, as someone who had stolen 137 00:09:53,320 --> 00:09:58,200 Speaker 3: democracy from Mexico, and someone who had made Mexicans quote 138 00:09:58,520 --> 00:10:03,600 Speaker 3: servants of foreigners. Now that is an indicator of how 139 00:10:03,880 --> 00:10:07,760 Speaker 3: bold Ricardo Floris Macgone was. Everybody had a lot of 140 00:10:07,760 --> 00:10:11,840 Speaker 3: gripes about Portfolio Diaz, but usually would target lower level 141 00:10:11,880 --> 00:10:15,839 Speaker 3: officials in his regime. Nobody went after Portfolio Diaz himself. 142 00:10:16,200 --> 00:10:20,240 Speaker 3: Ricardo Floris Magone did. And what this helps us to 143 00:10:20,320 --> 00:10:23,240 Speaker 3: understand is that Ricardo Flores Magone one he was brilliant. 144 00:10:23,360 --> 00:10:29,719 Speaker 3: He was absolutely intensely scintillatingly brilliant. He was also courageous, 145 00:10:29,800 --> 00:10:33,360 Speaker 3: and he was bold. And he becomes a leader of 146 00:10:33,440 --> 00:10:38,000 Speaker 3: this more radical group of organizers who are now known 147 00:10:38,040 --> 00:10:45,200 Speaker 3: as Maguinistas. So, Ricardo Floris Magone is working with his 148 00:10:45,280 --> 00:10:48,680 Speaker 3: brother and a group of other journalists in Mexico City, 149 00:10:49,000 --> 00:10:52,719 Speaker 3: and Portfolio Diaz has them arrested numerous times. As the 150 00:10:52,800 --> 00:10:56,800 Speaker 3: printing press is smash, No newspaper in Mexico is allowed 151 00:10:56,800 --> 00:10:59,720 Speaker 3: to publish the words Ricardo Floris Magon and his friends 152 00:11:00,800 --> 00:11:03,920 Speaker 3: and It's at this point that Ricardo and his friends 153 00:11:04,320 --> 00:11:08,480 Speaker 3: quietly flee Mexico and go up to the United States. 154 00:11:08,559 --> 00:11:12,360 Speaker 3: They cross in at Laredo, Texas, and they begin trying 155 00:11:12,360 --> 00:11:17,880 Speaker 3: to relaunch their newspaper portfolio. Dias send spies after them, 156 00:11:18,240 --> 00:11:20,880 Speaker 3: and even though they're living on the run, they were 157 00:11:20,920 --> 00:11:24,600 Speaker 3: able to relaunch their rebel newspaper, Rejnacion. They're able to 158 00:11:24,600 --> 00:11:28,920 Speaker 3: smuggle it into Mexico. Migrant workers take it with them everywhere, 159 00:11:28,960 --> 00:11:31,360 Speaker 3: and they read it by campfire, and they read it 160 00:11:31,440 --> 00:11:34,520 Speaker 3: at work sites and then their homes. They begin to 161 00:11:34,520 --> 00:11:43,920 Speaker 3: spread the word of revolution. I'm a child of the Borderlands. 162 00:11:43,960 --> 00:11:47,160 Speaker 3: I grew up in San Diego, California, and I had 163 00:11:47,200 --> 00:11:50,640 Speaker 3: never heard of Los Maagonistas when I was coming of age. 164 00:11:51,120 --> 00:11:53,559 Speaker 3: And when I learned about them first in graduate school, 165 00:11:53,600 --> 00:11:58,040 Speaker 3: I was taking a course on Mexican history, I was stunned. 166 00:12:00,200 --> 00:12:02,920 Speaker 3: In the middle of this book about the Mexican Revolution 167 00:12:03,200 --> 00:12:07,480 Speaker 3: was this paragraph or two about this extraordinary group of 168 00:12:07,520 --> 00:12:11,440 Speaker 3: people who had fled to the United States and helped 169 00:12:11,480 --> 00:12:15,719 Speaker 3: to inspire the outbreak in the Mexican Revolution from US territory. 170 00:12:16,240 --> 00:12:19,520 Speaker 3: And so I was really I was shocked that there 171 00:12:19,559 --> 00:12:22,719 Speaker 3: was all this history in my homeland, in the borderlands, 172 00:12:22,960 --> 00:12:29,800 Speaker 3: and no one had ever told it to me. The 173 00:12:29,880 --> 00:12:33,200 Speaker 3: reason why we know so much about the Maguonistas is 174 00:12:33,240 --> 00:12:36,240 Speaker 3: because of all those spies who were following them them 175 00:12:36,400 --> 00:12:39,760 Speaker 3: everywhere and stealing their mail. The spies would take their 176 00:12:39,760 --> 00:12:44,200 Speaker 3: mail out of the US Postal Service offices, open up 177 00:12:44,240 --> 00:12:46,760 Speaker 3: the envelopes, copy down their letters, and then send the 178 00:12:46,800 --> 00:12:49,839 Speaker 3: letters back on their way, with the goal being that 179 00:12:50,280 --> 00:12:53,760 Speaker 3: if they could surveil wherever the Magunesas were going and 180 00:12:53,880 --> 00:12:56,600 Speaker 3: wherever they were going to have their next attack on Mexico, 181 00:12:57,520 --> 00:13:00,000 Speaker 3: the US or Mexican governments could suppress those attacks before 182 00:13:00,040 --> 00:13:03,040 Speaker 3: or they began. The Magonistas knew that they were being followed, 183 00:13:03,120 --> 00:13:07,199 Speaker 3: so they began to write in secret code, and everything 184 00:13:07,200 --> 00:13:10,640 Speaker 3: that's stolen from them ended up being archived in Mexico City, 185 00:13:10,760 --> 00:13:13,600 Speaker 3: a bit of it at UC Berkeley as well, and 186 00:13:13,640 --> 00:13:15,959 Speaker 3: so it's that archive of stolen letters from the front 187 00:13:15,960 --> 00:13:19,640 Speaker 3: lines of the Magonestas revolution that is the body of 188 00:13:19,640 --> 00:13:22,400 Speaker 3: evidence that we have today to tell their story, and 189 00:13:22,480 --> 00:13:25,880 Speaker 3: so it's a really riveting archive. As a historian, there's 190 00:13:25,960 --> 00:13:30,040 Speaker 3: not much better than frontline letters from revolutionaries to one another. 191 00:13:32,040 --> 00:13:35,719 Speaker 3: So once Ricardo Florier's Macgone and his colleagues come to 192 00:13:35,840 --> 00:13:39,760 Speaker 3: United States and they begin organizing. The United States government 193 00:13:39,880 --> 00:13:42,600 Speaker 3: begins to work very closely with the Diaz regime, and 194 00:13:42,679 --> 00:13:46,320 Speaker 3: they stick together a cross border counter insurgency team to 195 00:13:46,440 --> 00:13:50,560 Speaker 3: be able to thwart the coming revolution. That I think 196 00:13:50,640 --> 00:13:57,720 Speaker 3: is what surprised me, how pervasive and committed and significant 197 00:13:58,080 --> 00:14:01,680 Speaker 3: the commitment of the United States government will to suppress 198 00:14:01,760 --> 00:14:06,079 Speaker 3: this relatively small band of Mexican radicals in the early 199 00:14:06,120 --> 00:14:09,960 Speaker 3: twentieth century. There were many segments of the United States 200 00:14:10,040 --> 00:14:13,679 Speaker 3: government that contributed to this cross border counter insurgency team. 201 00:14:14,200 --> 00:14:18,760 Speaker 3: The United States Marshalls, US Department of State, Department of Justice, 202 00:14:19,080 --> 00:14:24,160 Speaker 3: US Postal Service, local police and sheriffs across the country, 203 00:14:24,280 --> 00:14:29,000 Speaker 3: the US Immigration Service were all involved across the country 204 00:14:29,240 --> 00:14:35,280 Speaker 3: to try to round up, arrest, deport, extradite, even kidnap 205 00:14:35,320 --> 00:14:47,200 Speaker 3: if possible, as many Maguinistas as they could. President Teddy 206 00:14:47,320 --> 00:14:51,760 Speaker 3: Roosevelt had just started a new police force called the 207 00:14:51,800 --> 00:14:54,960 Speaker 3: Bureau of Investigation or Teddy Roosevelt. He wanted them to 208 00:14:54,960 --> 00:14:58,640 Speaker 3: go out west and to deal with land theft issues. 209 00:14:58,960 --> 00:15:01,480 Speaker 3: But as soon as the mach Nistas attack Mexico in 210 00:15:01,560 --> 00:15:04,320 Speaker 3: June of nineteen oh eight, Roosevelt and the head of 211 00:15:04,320 --> 00:15:07,480 Speaker 3: the Department of Justice pivot and they turn this new 212 00:15:07,520 --> 00:15:10,360 Speaker 3: Bureau of Investigation, which goes on to become the Federal 213 00:15:10,440 --> 00:15:16,040 Speaker 3: Bureau of Investigation the FBI, to suppressing the Magonistas, to 214 00:15:16,120 --> 00:15:19,520 Speaker 3: rounding them up and arresting them everywhere across the country. 215 00:15:19,880 --> 00:15:23,080 Speaker 3: And so in fact, the FBI, which goes on to 216 00:15:23,120 --> 00:15:26,560 Speaker 3: be a counter insertaency super force across the twentieth century, 217 00:15:27,040 --> 00:15:30,840 Speaker 3: cut its teeth on trying to stop the outbreak of 218 00:15:30,880 --> 00:15:35,960 Speaker 3: the nineteen ten Mexican Revolution and failing in that project. 219 00:15:38,160 --> 00:15:40,960 Speaker 3: I think what surprised me most is how central the 220 00:15:40,960 --> 00:15:45,760 Speaker 3: Magonistas are to key developments in US history. But we've 221 00:15:45,760 --> 00:15:48,200 Speaker 3: never talked about them before because we don't talk about 222 00:15:48,240 --> 00:15:52,840 Speaker 3: Mexican American history. When you read a US textbook and 223 00:15:52,880 --> 00:15:55,960 Speaker 3: you hear about the history of Emma Goldman and the 224 00:15:56,080 --> 00:16:01,920 Speaker 3: anarchists or labor revolutionaries, Eugeni Devs and others, you don't 225 00:16:01,960 --> 00:16:06,000 Speaker 3: ever hear about Ricardo Flotus Macgona and the Magunistas. They 226 00:16:06,000 --> 00:16:08,960 Speaker 3: were right there at the center of everything. Ricardo and 227 00:16:09,000 --> 00:16:13,200 Speaker 3: Emma were friends, they collaborated, they talk, and they're being 228 00:16:13,280 --> 00:16:18,480 Speaker 3: hunted by Mexican spies, consular officials, and the United States 229 00:16:18,520 --> 00:16:24,880 Speaker 3: government everywhere they go. I think it's really important that 230 00:16:24,920 --> 00:16:29,440 Speaker 3: we begin to tell these stories, all stories, so we 231 00:16:29,520 --> 00:16:33,240 Speaker 3: see how connected we are to one another, that we 232 00:16:33,280 --> 00:16:37,800 Speaker 3: see how entangled our histories and our futures are. And 233 00:16:37,840 --> 00:16:41,720 Speaker 3: so I hope that we continue to broaden what is 234 00:16:41,800 --> 00:16:48,240 Speaker 3: understood as US history, and the Magunistas would certainly be 235 00:16:48,280 --> 00:16:51,320 Speaker 3: a part of that story. One of the reasons why 236 00:16:51,640 --> 00:16:55,760 Speaker 3: there are children in cages at the border is because 237 00:16:55,840 --> 00:16:58,400 Speaker 3: when you don't have a history, you don't have humanity. 238 00:16:58,880 --> 00:17:04,040 Speaker 3: Families we are arriving are stripped of belonging and membership 239 00:17:04,400 --> 00:17:09,639 Speaker 3: to this broader community. The Magunsas have a powerful legacy. 240 00:17:09,920 --> 00:17:13,880 Speaker 3: Minimum we know that they helped to inspire and invigorate 241 00:17:14,240 --> 00:17:18,359 Speaker 3: the Giganagigono movement of the nineteen sixties and the nineteen seventies. 242 00:17:18,440 --> 00:17:22,400 Speaker 3: Are taken as four mothers and four fathers of that revolution. 243 00:17:23,200 --> 00:17:28,560 Speaker 3: They continue to inspire radicals and organizers around the world today. 244 00:17:28,600 --> 00:17:31,159 Speaker 3: I mean Ricardo Floris Magone's image is one of the 245 00:17:31,160 --> 00:17:37,280 Speaker 3: most iconic images in organizing circles. I hope that a 246 00:17:37,359 --> 00:17:42,880 Speaker 3: story is riveting as the Magonistas can help introduce new 247 00:17:42,920 --> 00:17:46,320 Speaker 3: people to Mexican American history and that they keep going 248 00:17:46,359 --> 00:17:49,320 Speaker 3: like the Magunsa should be a gateway book, right or 249 00:17:49,320 --> 00:17:52,199 Speaker 3: a gateway story that. Man, if I didn't know this, 250 00:17:53,080 --> 00:17:55,080 Speaker 3: what else did I not know? Let me go pick 251 00:17:55,160 --> 00:17:57,720 Speaker 3: up some more books, let me go watch some more documentaries, 252 00:17:57,800 --> 00:18:00,679 Speaker 3: let me go talk to some more elders to figure 253 00:18:00,720 --> 00:18:03,640 Speaker 3: out this history and everything that I have to learn 254 00:18:03,720 --> 00:18:05,320 Speaker 3: and benefit because of it. 255 00:18:14,440 --> 00:18:18,160 Speaker 2: That was historian Kelly Lydel Hernandez talking about her book 256 00:18:18,280 --> 00:18:50,920 Speaker 2: Bad Mexicans, Race, Empire and Revolution in the Borderlands. This 257 00:18:51,000 --> 00:18:55,520 Speaker 2: episode was produced by Victoria Strada and edited by Daisy Contreras. 258 00:18:55,560 --> 00:18:58,960 Speaker 2: It was mixed by J. J. Carubin. The Latino USA 259 00:18:59,040 --> 00:19:04,760 Speaker 2: team includes Renando Leanos Junior, Andrea Lopez Grussado, Lori mar Marquez, 260 00:19:05,080 --> 00:19:11,320 Speaker 2: Marta Martinez, Benileei Ramirez, Mike Sargent, Nour Saudi, and Nancy Trujillo. 261 00:19:11,800 --> 00:19:15,480 Speaker 2: Our director of engineering is Stephanie Lebau. Our senior engineer 262 00:19:15,520 --> 00:19:19,119 Speaker 2: is Julia Caruso. Additional engineering support by Gabriel A. Bayez. 263 00:19:19,520 --> 00:19:22,760 Speaker 2: Our marketing manager is Luis Luna. Our theme music was 264 00:19:22,800 --> 00:19:26,359 Speaker 2: composed by Zenia Rubinos. I'm your host and executive producer 265 00:19:26,400 --> 00:19:29,320 Speaker 2: Maria jo Josa join us again on our next episode. 266 00:19:29,359 --> 00:19:32,040 Speaker 2: In the meantime, look for us on social media and 267 00:19:32,119 --> 00:19:35,160 Speaker 2: remember not t mayes estea proxima. 268 00:19:35,040 --> 00:19:41,480 Speaker 3: Jaou Latino USA is made possible in part by California Endowment, 269 00:19:41,800 --> 00:19:45,119 Speaker 3: building a strong state by improving the health of all Californians, 270 00:19:45,680 --> 00:19:50,440 Speaker 3: the William and Flora Hewlett Foundation for more than fifty years, 271 00:19:51,000 --> 00:19:56,240 Speaker 3: advancing ideas and supporting institutions to promote a better world 272 00:19:56,800 --> 00:20:03,200 Speaker 3: at Hewlett dot org, and the Heising Simon's Foundation Unlocking knowledge, 273 00:20:03,359 --> 00:20:08,480 Speaker 3: opportunity and possibilities more at hsfoundation dot org.